PT J
AU Reyners, M
   Eberhart-Phillips, D
   Stuart, G
AF Reyners, Martin
   Eberhart-Phillips, Donna
   Stuart, Graham
TI The role of fluids in lower-crustal earthquakes near continental rifts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID taupo volcanic zone; new-zealand; north-island; seismicity; subduction; constraints; evolution; beneath; vp/vs; vp
AB The occurrence of earthquakes in the lower crust near continental rifts has long been puzzling, as the lower crust is generally thought to be too hot for brittle failure to occur(1,2). Such anomalous events have usually been explained in terms of the lower crust being cooler than normal(3,4). But if the lower crust is indeed cold enough to produce earthquakes, then the uppermost mantle beneath it should also be cold enough(2), and yet uppermost mantle earthquakes are not observed(5). Numerous lower-crustal earthquakes occur near the southwestern termination of the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), an active continental rift in New Zealand(6). Here we present three-dimensional tomographic imaging of seismic velocities and seismic attenuation in this region using data from a dense seismograph deployment(7). We find that crustal earthquakes accurately relocated with our three-dimensional seismic velocity model form a continuous band along the rift, deepening from mostly less than 10 km in the central TVZ to depths of 30 - 40 km in the lower crust, 30 km southwest of the termination of the volcanic zone. These earthquakes often occur in swarms, suggesting fluid movement in critically loaded fault zones(8). Seismic velocities within the band are also consistent with the presence of fluids, and the deepening seismicity parallels the boundary between high seismic attenuation ( interpreted as partial melt) within the central TVZ and low seismic attenuation in the crust to the southwest. This linking of upper and lower-crustal seismicity and crustal structure allows us to propose a common explanation for all the seismicity, involving the weakening of faults on the periphery of an otherwise dry, mafic crust by hot fluids, including those exsolved from underlying melt. Such fluids may generally be an important driver of lower-crustal seismicity near continental rifts.
C1 GNS Sci, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
C3 Earth Sciences New Zealand; GNS Science - New Zealand; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Leeds
RP Reyners, M (corresponding author), GNS Sci, POB 30 368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand.
EM m.reyners@gns.cri.nz
NR 30
TC 109
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7139
BP 1075
EP 1078
DI 10.1038/nature05743
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 160NU
UT WOS:000245950400048
PM 17460671
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, JH
   Koh, H
   Kim, M
   Kim, Y
   Lee, SY
   Karess, RE
   Lee, SH
   Shong, M
   Kim, JM
   Kim, J
   Chung, JK
AF Lee, Jun Hee
   Koh, Hyongjong
   Kim, Myungjin
   Kim, Yongsung
   Lee, Soo Young
   Karess, Roger E.
   Lee, Sang-Hee
   Shong, Minho
   Kim, Jin-Man
   Kim, Jaeseob
   Chung, Jongkyeong
TI Energy-dependent regulation of cell structure by AMP-activated protein kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID myosin-ii; nonmuscle myosin; light-chain; cytokinesis; mutants; roles; disc
AB AMP-activated protein kinase ( AMPK, also known as SNF1A) has been primarily studied as a metabolic regulator that is activated in response to energy deprivation(1). Although there is relatively ample information on the biochemical characteristics of AMPK, not enough data exist on the in vivo function of the kinase. Here, using the Drosophila model system, we generated the first animal model with no AMPK activity and discovered physiological functions of the kinase. Surprisingly, AMPK-null mutants were lethal with severe abnormalities in cell polarity and mitosis, similar to those of lkb1-null mutants. Constitutive activation of AMPK restored many of the phenotypes of lkb1-null mutants, suggesting that AMPK mediates the polarity- and mitosis-controlling functions of the LKB1 serine/threonine kinase. Interestingly, the regulatory site of non-muscle myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC; also known as MLC2)(2,3) was directly phosphorylated by AMPK. Moreover, the phosphomimetic mutant of MRLC3 rescued the AMPK-null defects in cell polarity and mitosis, suggesting MRLC is a critical downstream target of AMPK. Furthermore, the activation of AMPK by energy deprivation was sufficient to cause dramatic changes in cell shape, inducing complete polarization and brush border formation in the human LS174T cell line, through the phosphorylation of MRLC. Taken together, our results demonstrate that AMPK has highly conserved roles across metazoan species not only in the control of metabolism, but also in the regulation of cellular structures.
C1 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Natl Creat Res Initiat Ctr Cell Growth Regulat, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
   Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Biol Sci, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
   CNRS, Ctr Genet Mol, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Korea Basic Sci Inst, Div Electron Microscop Res, Taejon 305333, South Korea.
   Chungnam Natl Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Taejon 301721, South Korea.
   Chungnam Natl Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Taejon 301721, South Korea.
   GenExel, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
C3 Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST); Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI); Chungnam National University; Chungnam National University
RP Chung, JK (corresponding author), Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Natl Creat Res Initiat Ctr Cell Growth Regulat, 373-1 Kusong Dong, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
EM jchung@kaist.ac.kr
NR 21
TC 356
Z9 418
U1 1
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7147
BP 1017
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature05828
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180NU
UT WOS:000247373100050
PM 17486097
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Batterham, RL
   ffytche, DH
   Rosenthal, JM
   Zelaya, FO
   Barker, GJ
   Withers, DJ
   Williams, SCR
AF Batterham, Rachel L.
   ffytche, Dominic H.
   Rosenthal, J. Miranda
   Zelaya, Fernando O.
   Barker, Gareth J.
   Withers, Dominic J.
   Williams, Steven C. R.
TI PYY modulation of cortical and hypothalamic brain areas predicts feeding behaviour in humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human orbitofrontal cortex; food-intake; peptide-yy; acute hypoglycemia; obese subjects; appetite; activation; satiation; chocolate; reward
AB The ability to maintain adequate nutrient intake is critical for survival. Complex interrelated neuronal circuits have developed in the mammalian brain to regulate many aspects of feeding behaviour, from food-seeking to meal termination. The hypothalamus and brainstem are thought to be the principal homeostatic brain areas responsible for regulating body weight(1,2). However, in the current 'obesogenic' human environment food intake is largely determined by non-homeostatic factors including cognition, emotion and reward, which are primarily processed in corticolimbic and higher cortical brain regions(3). Although the pleasure of eating is modulated by satiety and food deprivation increases the reward value of food, there is currently no adequate neurobiological account of this interaction between homeostatic and higher centres in the regulation of food intake in humans(1,4,5). Here we show, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, that peptide YY3-36 (PYY), a physiological gut-derived satiety signal, modulates neural activity within both corticolimbic and higher-cortical areas as well as homeostatic brain regions. Under conditions of high plasma PYY concentrations, mimicking the fed state, changes in neural activity within the caudolateral orbital frontal cortex predict feeding behaviour independently of meal-related sensory experiences. In contrast, in conditions of low levels of PYY, hypothalamic activation predicts food intake. Thus, the presence of a postprandial satiety factor switches food intake regulation from a homeostatic to a hedonic, corticolimbic area. Our studies give insights into the neural networks in humans that respond to a specific satiety signal to regulate food intake. An increased understanding of how such homeostatic and higher brain functions are integrated may pave the way for the development of new treatment strategies for obesity.
C1 UCL, Dept Med, Ctr Diabet & Endocrinol, London WC1E 6JJ, England.
   Kings Coll London, Ctr Neuroimaging Sci, Inst Psychiat, London SE5 8AF, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; King's College London
RP Batterham, RL (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Med, Ctr Diabet & Endocrinol, London WC1E 6JJ, England.
EM r.batterham@ucl.ac.uk
FU MRC [G108/551] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G108/551] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [G108/551] Funding Source: Medline
NR 38
TC 354
Z9 409
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 106
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06212
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800046
PM 17934448
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rancz, EA
   Ishikawa, T
   Duguid, I
   Chadderton, P
   Mahon, S
   Häusser, M
AF Rancz, Ede A.
   Ishikawa, Taro
   Duguid, Ian
   Chadderton, Paul
   Mahon, Severine
   Haeusser, Michael
TI High-fidelity transmission of sensory information by single cerebellar mossy fibre boutons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID granule cell layer; in-vivo; purkinje-cells; rat; responses; synapse; cortex; brain; integration; morphology
AB Understanding the transmission of sensory information at individual synaptic connections requires knowledge of the properties of presynaptic terminals and their patterns of firing evoked by sensory stimuli. Such information has been difficult to obtain because of the small size and inaccessibility of nerve terminals in the central nervous system. Here we show, by making direct patch- clamp recordings in vivo from cerebellar mossy fibre boutons - the primary source of synaptic input to the cerebellar cortex(1,2) - that sensory stimulation can produce bursts of spikes in single boutons at very high instantaneous firing frequencies ( more than 700 Hz). We show that the mossy fibre - granule cell synapse exhibits high- fidelity transmission at these frequencies, indicating that the rapid burst of excitatory postsynaptic currents underlying the sensory- evoked response of granule cells(3) can be driven by such a presynaptic spike burst. We also demonstrate that a single mossy fibre can trigger action potential bursts in granule cells in vitro when driven with in vivo firing patterns. These findings suggest that the relay from mossy fibre to granule cell can act in a 'detonator' fashion, such that a single presynaptic afferent may be sufficient to transmit the sensory message. This endows the cerebellar mossy fibre system with remarkable sensitivity and high fidelity in the transmission of sensory information.
C1 UCL, Wolfson Inst Biomed Res, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Dept Physiol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP Häusser, M (corresponding author), UCL, Wolfson Inst Biomed Res, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM m.hausser@ucl.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [068699] Funding Source: Medline
NR 33
TC 229
Z9 265
U1 1
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1245
EP U12
DI 10.1038/nature05995
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200053
PM 18097412
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Linz, B
   Balloux, F
   Moodley, Y
   Manica, A
   Liu, H
   Roumagnac, P
   Falush, D
   Stamer, C
   Prugnolle, F
   van der Merwe, SW
   Yamaoka, Y
   Graham, DY
   Perez-Trallero, E
   Wadstrom, T
   Suerbaum, S
   Achtman, M
AF Linz, Bodo
   Balloux, Francois
   Moodley, Yoshan
   Manica, Andrea
   Liu, Hua
   Roumagnac, Philippe
   Falush, Daniel
   Stamer, Christiana
   Prugnolle, Franck
   van der Merwe, Schalk W.
   Yamaoka, Yoshio
   Graham, David Y.
   Perez-Trallero, Emilio
   Wadstrom, Torkel
   Suerbaum, Sebastian
   Achtman, Mark
TI An African origin for the intimate association between humans and Helicobacter pylori
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-populations; genetic diversity; infection; expansion; geography; evolution; distance; history; model
AB Infection of the stomach by helicobacter pylori is ubiquitous among humans. However, although H. pylori strains from different geographic areas are associated with clear phylogeographic differentiation(1-4), the age of an association between these bacteria with humans remains highly controversial(5,6). Here we show, using sequences from a large data set of bacterial strains that, as in humans, genetic diversity in H. pylori decreases with geographic distance from east Africa, the cradle of modern humans. We also observe similar clines of genetic isolation by distance (IBD) for both H. pylori and its human host at a worldwide scale. Like humans, simulations indicate that H. pylori seems to have spread from east Africa around 58,000 yr ago. Even at more restricted geographic scales, where IBD tends to become blurred, principal component clines in H. pylori from Europe strongly resemble the classical clines for Europeans described by Cavalli-Sforza and colleagues(7). Taken together, our results establish that anatomically modern humans were already infected by H. pylori before their migrations from Africa and demonstrate that H. pylori has remained intimately associated with their human host populations ever since.
C1 Max Planck Inst Infekt Biol, Dept Mol Biol, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Genet, Theoret & Mol Populat Genet Grp, Cambridge CB2 3EH, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Evolut Ecol Grp, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Stat, Oxford OX1 3SY, England.
   Ctr IRD Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 2724, IRD, F-34394 Montpellier 05, France.
   Univ Pretoria, Dept Internal Med & Gastroenterol, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Med Gastroenterol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Michael E DeBakey VA Med Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Donostia Hosp, Dept Microbiol, San Sebastian, Spain.
   Lund Univ, Dept Lab Med, SE-22632 Lund, Sweden.
   Hannover Med Sch, Inst Med Mikrobiol & Krankenhaushyg, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; University of Oxford; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Montpellier; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); University of Pretoria; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College Medical Hospital; University Hospital Donostia; Lund University; Hannover Medical School
RP Achtman, M (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Infekt Biol, Dept Mol Biol, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
EM fb255@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk; Suerbaum.Sebastian@mh-hannover.de; achtman@mpiib-berlin.mpg.de
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/C007123/1] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/C007123/1] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust [069662] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 689
Z9 818
U1 1
U2 86
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7130
BP 915
EP 918
DI 10.1038/nature05562
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 138CR
UT WOS:000244341200049
PM 17287725
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lentink, D
   Müller, UK
   Stamhuis, EJ
   de Kat, R
   van Gestel, W
   Veldhuis, LLM
   Henningsson, P
   Hedenström, A
   Videler, JJ
   van Leeuwen, JL
AF Lentink, D.
   Muller, U. K.
   Stamhuis, E. J.
   de Kat, R.
   van Gestel, W.
   Veldhuis, L. L. M.
   Henningsson, P.
   Hedenstrom, A.
   Videler, J. J.
   van Leeuwen, J. L.
TI How swifts control their glide performance with morphing wings
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flight; aerodynamics; orientation; tunnel; birds
AB Gliding birds continually change the shape and size of their wings(1-6), presumably to exploit the profound effect of wing morphology on aerodynamic performance(7-9). That birds should adjust wing sweep to suit glide speed has been predicted qualitatively by analytical glide models(2,10), which extrapolated the wing's performance envelope from aerodynamic theory. Here we describe the aerodynamic and structural performance of actual swift wings, as measured in a wind tunnel, and on this basis build a semiempirical glide model. By measuring inside and outside swifts' behavioural envelope, we show that choosing the most suitable sweep can halve sink speed or triple turning rate. Extended wings are superior for slow glides and turns; swept wings are superior for fast glides and turns. This superiority is due to better aerodynamic performance - with the exception of fast turns. Swept wings are less effective at generating lift while turning at high speeds, but can bear the extreme loads. Finally, our glide model predicts that cost-effective gliding occurs at speeds of 8 - 10 m s(-1), whereas agility-related figures of merit peak at 15 - 25 m s(-1). In fact, swifts spend the night ('roost') in flight at 8 - 10 m s(-1) ( ref. 11), thus our model can explain this choice for a resting behaviour(11,12). Morphing not only adjusts birds' wing performance to the task at hand, but could also control the flight of future aircraft(7).
C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Expt Zool Grp, NL-6709 PG Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Leiden Univ, Inst Biol, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Lund Univ, Dept Theoret Ecol, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden.
   Delft Univ Technol, Dept Aerosp Engn, NL-2629 HS Delft, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Dept Marine Biol, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.
C3 Wageningen University & Research; Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Lund University; Delft University of Technology; University of Groningen
RP Lentink, D (corresponding author), Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Expt Zool Grp, NL-6709 PG Wageningen, Netherlands.
EM david.lentink@wur.nl
NR 30
TC 279
Z9 341
U1 12
U2 173
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7139
BP 1082
EP 1085
DI 10.1038/nature05733
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 160NU
UT WOS:000245950400050
PM 17460673
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schumacher, MA
   Glover, TC
   Brzoska, AJ
   Jensen, SO
   Dunham, TD
   Skurray, RA
   Firth, N
AF Schumacher, Maria A.
   Glover, Tiffany C.
   Brzoska, Anthony J.
   Jensen, Slade O.
   Dunham, Thomas D.
   Skurray, Ronald A.
   Firth, Neville
TI Segrosome structure revealed by a complex of ParR with centromere DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; plasmid r1; angstrom resolution; beta-sheets; protein; segregation; actin; recognition; helix; partition
AB The stable inheritance of genetic material depends on accurate DNA partition. Plasmids serve as tractable model systems to study DNA segregation because they require only a DNA centromere, a centromere- binding protein and a force- generating ATPase. The centromeres of partition ( par) systems typically consist of a tandem arrangement of direct repeats(1-7). The best- characterized par system contains a centromere- binding protein called ParR and an ATPase called ParM. In the first step of segregation, multiple ParR proteins interact with the centromere repeats to form a large nucleoprotein complex of unknown structure called the segrosome, which binds ParM filaments(4,8-10). pSK41 ParR binds a centromere consisting of multiple 20- base- pair ( bp) tandem repeats to mediate both transcription autoregulation and segregation. Here we report the structure of the pSK41 segrosome revealed in the crystal structure of a ParR - DNA complex. In the crystals, the 20- mer tandem repeats stack pseudo- continuously to generate the full- length centromere with the ribbon - helix - helix ( RHH) fold of ParR binding successive DNA repeats as dimer- of- dimers. Remarkably, the dimer- of- dimers assemble in a continuous protein super- helical array, wrapping the DNA about its positive convex surface to form a large segrosome with an open, solenoid-shaped structure, suggesting a mechanism for ParM capture and subsequent plasmid segregation.
C1 Univ Texas Houston, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Unit 1000, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Sydney, Sch Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Health Science Center Houston; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Sydney
RP Schumacher, MA (corresponding author), Univ Texas Houston, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Unit 1000, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM maschuma@mdanderson.org
NR 34
TC 82
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1268
EP U15
DI 10.1038/nature06392
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200058
PM 18097417
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Young, DW
   Hassan, MQ
   Pratap, J
   Galindo, M
   Zaidi, SK
   Lee, SH
   Yang, XQ
   Xie, RL
   Javed, A
   Underwood, JM
   Furcinitti, P
   Imbalzano, AN
   Penman, S
   Nickerson, JA
   Montecino, MA
   Lian, JB
   Stein, JL
   van Wijnen, AJ
   Stein, GS
AF Young, Daniel W.
   Hassan, Mohammad Q.
   Pratap, Jitesh
   Galindo, Mario
   Zaidi, Sayyed K.
   Lee, Suk-hee
   Yang, Xiaoqing
   Xie, Ronglin
   Javed, Amjad
   Underwood, Jean M.
   Furcinitti, Paul
   Imbalzano, Anthony N.
   Penman, Sheldon
   Nickerson, Jeffrey A.
   Montecino, Martin A.
   Lian, Jane B.
   Stein, Janet L.
   van Wijnen, Andre J.
   Stein, Gary S.
TI Mitotic occupancy and lineage-specific transcriptional control of rRNA genes by Runx2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymerase-i transcription; cell-cycle; rdna transcription; nuclear-matrix; ubf; proteins; dna; rb; differentiation; chromosm
AB Regulation of ribosomal RNA genes is a fundamental process that supports the growth of cells and is tightly coupled with cell differentiation. Although rRNA transcriptional control by RNA polymerase I (Pol I) and associated factors is well studied, the lineage-specific mechanisms governing rRNA expression remain elusive(1). Runt-related transcription factors Runx1, Runx2 and Runx3 establish and maintain cell identity(2), and convey phenotypic information through successive cell divisions for regulatory events that determine cell cycle progression or exit in progeny cells(3). Here we establish that mammalian Runx2 not only controls lineage commitment and cell proliferation by regulating genes transcribed by RNA Pol II, but also acts as a repressor of RNA Pol I mediated rRNA synthesis. Within the condensed mitotic chromosomes we find that Runx2 is retained in large discrete foci at nucleolar organizing regions where rRNA genes reside. These Runx2 chromosomal foci are associated with open chromatin, colocalize with the RNA Pol I transcription factor UBF1, and undergo transition into nucleoli at sites of rRNA synthesis during interphase. Ribosomal RNA transcription and protein synthesis are enhanced by Runx2 deficiency that results from gene ablation or RNA interference, whereas induction of Runx2 specifically and directly represses rDNA promoter activity. Runx2 forms complexes containing the RNA Pol I transcription factors UBF1 and SL1, co-occupies the rRNA gene promoter with these factors in vivo, and affects local chromatin histone modifications at rDNA regulatory regions. Thus Runx2 is a critical mechanistic link between cell fate, proliferation and growth control. Our results suggest that lineage-specific control of ribosomal biogenesis may be a fundamental function of transcription factors that govern cell fate.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Ctr Canc, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Concepcion, Dept Biol Mol, Fac Ciencias Biol, Concepcion, Chile.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Universidad de Concepcion
RP Stein, GS (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
EM gary.stein@umassmed.edu
FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR049069] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases [R01AR049069] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 197
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7126
BP 442
EP 446
DI 10.1038/nature05473
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 128WD
UT WOS:000243689500043
PM 17251981
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nakayama, Y
   Pauzauskie, PJ
   Radenovic, A
   Onorato, RM
   Saykally, RJ
   Liphardt, J
   Yang, PD
AF Nakayama, Yuri
   Pauzauskie, Peter J.
   Radenovic, Aleksandra
   Onorato, Robert M.
   Saykally, Richard J.
   Liphardt, Jan
   Yang, Peidong
TI Tunable nanowire nonlinear optical probe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2-photon excitation; orthorhombic knbo3; refractive-index; microscopy; resolution; manipulation; scale
AB One crucial challenge for subwavelength optics has been the development of a tunable source of coherent laser radiation for use in the physical, information and biological sciences that is stable at room temperature and physiological conditions. Current advanced near-field imaging techniques using fibre-optic scattering probes(1,2) have already achieved spatial resolution down to the 20-nm range. Recently reported far-field approaches for optical microscopy, including stimulated emission depletion(3), structured illumination(4), and photoactivated localization microscopy(5), have enabled impressive, theoretically unlimited spatial resolution of fluorescent bio-molecular complexes. Previous work with laser tweezers(6-8) has suggested that optical traps could be used to create novel spatial probes and sensors. Inorganic nanowires have diameters substantially below the wavelength of visible light and have electronic and optical properties(9,10) that make them ideal for subwavelength laser and imaging technology. Here we report the development of an electrode-free, continuously tunable coherent visible light source compatible with physiological environments, from individual potassium niobate (KNbO3) nanowires. These wires exhibit efficient second harmonic generation, and act as frequency converters, allowing the local synthesis of a wide range of colours via sum and difference frequency generation. We use this tunable nanometric light source to implement a novel form of subwavelength microscopy, in which an infrared laser is used to optically trap and scan a nanowire over a sample, suggesting a wide range of potential applications in physics, chemistry, materials science and biology.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Biophys Grad Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Sony Corp, Mat Labs, Kanagawa 2430021, Japan.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Sony Corporation
RP Liphardt, J (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM liphardt@physics.berkeley.edu; p_yang@berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 528
Z9 575
U1 6
U2 477
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7148
BP 1098
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature05921
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 183HT
UT WOS:000247564600034
PM 17597756
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McGregor, AP
   Orgogozo, V
   Delon, I
   Zanet, J
   Srinivasan, DG
   Payre, F
   Stern, DL
AF McGregor, Alistair P.
   Orgogozo, Virginie
   Delon, Isabelle
   Zanet, Jennifer
   Srinivasan, Dayalan G.
   Payre, Francois
   Stern, David L.
TI Morphological evolution through multiple cis-regulatory mutations at a single
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila-melanogaster; epidermis differentiation; expression; gene; wingless; maize; ovo/shavenbaby; parallelism; germline; proteins
AB One central, and yet unsolved, question in evolutionary biology is the relationship between the genetic variants segregating within species and the causes of morphological differences between species. The classic neo-darwinian view postulates that species differences result from the accumulation of small-effect changes at multiple loci. However, many examples support the possible role of larger abrupt changes in the expression of developmental genes in morphological evolution(1-3). Although this evidence might be considered a challenge to a neo-darwinian micromutationist view of evolution, there are currently few examples of the actual genes causing morphological differences between species(4-10). Here we examine the genetic basis of a trichome pattern difference between Drosophila species, previously shown to result from the evolution of a single gene, shavenbaby (svb), probably through cis-regulatory changes(6). We first identified three distinct svb enhancers from D. melanogaster driving reporter gene expression in partly overlapping patterns that together recapitulate endogenous svb expression. All three homologous enhancers from D. sechellia drive expression in modified patterns, in a direction consistent with the evolved svb expression pattern. To test the influence of these enhancers on the actual phenotypic difference, we conducted interspecific genetic mapping at a resolution sufficient to recover multiple intragenic recombinants. This functional analysis revealed that independent genetic regions upstream of svb that overlap the three identified enhancers are collectively required to generate the D. sechellia trichome pattern. Our results demonstrate that the accumulation of multiple small-effect changes at a single locus underlies the evolution of a morphological difference between species. These data support the view that alleles of large effect that distinguish species may sometimes reflect the accumulation of multiple mutations of small effect at select genes.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Ctr Dev Biol, F-31062 Toulouse 4, France.
C3 Princeton University
RP Stern, DL (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM dstern@princeton.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM063622] Funding Source: Medline
NR 37
TC 253
Z9 316
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7153
BP 587
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature05988
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 195XV
UT WOS:000248446700042
PM 17632547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de la Rocha, J
   Doiron, B
   Shea-Brown, E
   Josic, K
   Reyes, A
AF de la Rocha, Jaime
   Doiron, Brent
   Shea-Brown, Eric
   Josic, Kresimir
   Reyes, Alex
TI Correlation between neural spike trains increases with firing rate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pyramidal neurons; visual-cortex; discharge; cells; synchronization; computation; population; macaque; input; weak
AB Populations of neurons in the retina(1-3), olfactory system(4), visual(5) and somatosensory(6) thalamus, and several cortical regions(7-10) show temporal correlation between the discharge times of their action potentials ( spike trains). Correlated firing has been linked to stimulus encoding(9), attention(11), stimulus discrimination(4), and motor behaviour(12). Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying correlated spiking are poorly understood(2,3,13-20), and its coding implications are still debated(13,16,21,22). It is not clear, for instance, whether correlations between the discharges of two neurons are determined solely by the correlation between their afferent currents, or whether they also depend on the mean and variance of the input. We addressed this question by computing the spike train correlation coefficient of unconnected pairs of in vitro cortical neurons receiving correlated inputs. Notably, even when the input correlation remained fixed, the spike train output correlation increased with the firing rate, but was largely independent of spike train variability. With a combination of analytical techniques and numerical simulations using 'integrate- and- fire' neuron models we show that this relationship between output correlation and firing rate is robust to input heterogeneities. Finally, this overlooked relationship is replicated by a standard threshold- linear model, demonstrating the universality of the result. This connection between the rate and correlation of spiking activity links two fundamental features of the neural code.
C1 NYU, Ctr Neural Sci, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   NYU, Courant Inst Math Sci, New York, NY 10012 USA.
   Univ Houston, Dept Math, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
C3 New York University; New York University; University of Houston System; University of Houston
RP Doiron, B (corresponding author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Math, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
EM jrocha@cns.nyu.edu; bdoiron@cns.nyu.edu
NR 30
TC 525
Z9 615
U1 1
U2 77
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7155
BP 802
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature06028
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200HJ
UT WOS:000248754200039
PM 17700699
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hittinger, CT
   Carroll, SB
AF Hittinger, Chris Todd
   Carroll, Sean B.
TI Gene duplication and the adaptive evolution of a classic genetic switch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast saccharomyces-cerevisiae; kluyveromyces-lactis; transcriptional inducer; genome duplication; gal genes; expression; divergence; galactokinase; elements; protein
AB How gene duplication and divergence contribute to genetic novelty and adaptation has been of intense interest, but experimental evidence has been limited. The genetic switch controlling the yeast galactose use pathway includes two paralogous genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that encode a co-inducer (GAL3) and a galactokinase (GAL1). These paralogues arose from a single bifunctional ancestral gene as is still present in Kluyveromyces lactis. To determine which evolutionary processes shaped the evolution of the two paralogues, here we assess the effects of precise replacement of coding and non-coding sequences on organismal fitness. We suggest that duplication of the ancestral bifunctional gene allowed for the resolution of an adaptive conflict between the transcriptional regulation of the two gene functions. After duplication, previously disfavoured binding site configurations evolved that divided the regulation of the ancestral gene into two specialized genes, one of which ultimately became one of the most tightly regulated genes in the genome.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Genet Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Hittinger, CT (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Genet Lab, 1525 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM cthittinger@wustl.edu
NR 50
TC 345
Z9 424
U1 2
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7163
BP 677
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature06151
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 218VV
UT WOS:000250045000034
PM 17928853
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kimoto, K
   Asaka, T
   Nagai, T
   Saito, M
   Matsui, Y
   Ishizuka, K
AF Kimoto, Koji
   Asaka, Toru
   Nagai, Takuro
   Saito, Mitsuhiro
   Matsui, Yoshio
   Ishizuka, Kazuo
TI Element-selective imaging of atomic columns in a crystal using STEM and EELS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inelastic-scattering; electron-microscopy; loss spectroscopy
AB Microstructure characterization has become indispensable to the study of complex materials, such as strongly correlated oxides, and can obtain useful information about the origin of their physical properties. Although atomically resolved measurements have long been possible, an important goal in microstructure characterization is to achieve element-selective imaging at atomic resolution. A combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS)(1,2) is a promising technique for atomic-column analysis. However, two-dimensional analysis has not yet been performed owing to several difficulties, such as delocalization in inelastic scattering or instrumentation instabilities. Here we demonstrate atomic-column imaging of a crystal specimen using localized inelastic scattering and a stabilized scanning transmission electron microscope(3). The atomic columns of La, Mn and O in the layered manganite La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7 are visualized as two-dimensional images.
C1 Natl Inst Mat Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan.
   HREM Res Inc, Higashimatsuyama, Saitama 3550055, Japan.
C3 National Institute for Materials Science
RP Kimoto, K (corresponding author), Natl Inst Mat Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan.
EM kimoto.koji@nims.go.jp
NR 24
TC 315
Z9 348
U1 1
U2 200
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 702
EP 704
DI 10.1038/nature06352
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700049
PM 17965728
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burch, JL
   Goldstein, J
   Lewis, WS
   Young, DT
   Coates, AJ
   Dougherty, MK
   André, N
AF Burch, J. L.
   Goldstein, J.
   Lewis, W. S.
   Young, D. T.
   Coates, A. J.
   Dougherty, M. K.
   Andre, N.
TI Tethys and Dione as sources of outward-flowing plasma in Saturn's magnetosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID voyager-1; transport
AB Rotating at over twice the angular speed of Earth, Saturn imposes a rapid spin on its magnetosphere. As a result, cold, dense plasma is believed to be flung outward from the inner magnetosphere by centrifugal force and replaced by hotter, more tenuous plasma from the outer magnetosphere. The centrifugal interchange(1) of plasmas in rotating magnetospheres was predicted many years ago(2-4) and was conclusively demonstrated by observations in Jupiter's magnetosphere(5-7), which - like that of Saturn ( but unlike that of Earth) - is rotationally dominated. Recent observations in Saturn's magnetosphere(8-10) have revealed narrow injections of hot, tenuous plasma believed to be the inward-moving portion of the centrifugal interchange cycle. Here we report observations of the distribution of the angle between the electron velocity vector and the magnetic field vector ('pitch angle') obtained in the cold, dense plasma adjacent to these inward injection regions. The observed pitch-angle distributions are indicative of outward plasma flow and consistent with centrifugal interchange in Saturn's magnetosphere. Further, we conclude that the observed double-peaked ('butterfly') pitch-angle distributions result from the transport of plasma from regions near the orbits of Dione and Tethys, supporting the idea of distinct plasma tori associated with these moons(11-13).
C1 SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA.
   UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2BZ, England.
   European Space Agcy, Res & Sci Support Dept, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
C3 Southwest Research Institute; University of London; University College London; Imperial College London; European Space Agency
RP Lewis, WS (corresponding author), SW Res Inst, PO Drawer 28510, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA.
EM wlewis@swri.edu
NR 20
TC 54
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7146
BP 833
EP 835
DI 10.1038/nature05906
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 178FV
UT WOS:000247207500038
PM 17568741
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barton, ES
   White, DW
   Cathelyn, JS
   Brett-McClellan, KA
   Engle, M
   Diamond, MS
   Miller, VL
   Virgin, HW
AF Barton, Erik S.
   White, Douglas W.
   Cathelyn, Jason S.
   Brett-McClellan, Kelly A.
   Engle, Michael
   Diamond, Michael S.
   Miller, Virginia L.
   Virgin, Herbert W.
TI Herpesvirus latency confers symbiotic protection from bacterial infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID murine gammaherpesvirus 68; epstein-barr-virus; cd8(+) t-cells; gamma-interferon; cytomegalovirus; immunity; antigen; memory; cd4; ebv
AB All humans become infected with multiple herpesviruses during childhood. After clearance of acute infection, herpesviruses enter a dormant state known as latency. Latency persists for the life of the host and is presumed to be parasitic, as it leaves the individual at risk for subsequent viral reactivation and disease(1). Here we show that herpesvirus latency also confers a surprising benefit to the host. Mice latently infected with either murine gammaherpesvirus 68 or murine cytomegalovirus, which are genetically highly similar to the human pathogens Epstein - Barr virus and human cytomegalovirus(2), respectively, are resistant to infection with the bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia pestis. Latency-induced protection is not antigen specific but involves prolonged production of the antiviral cytokine interferon-gamma and systemic activation of macrophages. Latency thereby upregulates the basal activation state of innate immunity against subsequent infections. We speculate that herpesvirus latency may also sculpt the immune response to self and environmental antigens through establishment of a polarized cytokine environment. Thus, whereas the immune evasion capabilities and lifelong persistence of herpesviruses are commonly viewed as solely pathogenic, our data suggest that latency is a symbiotic relationship with immune benefits for the host.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Microbiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Div Rheumatol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Virgin, HW (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
EM virgin@wustl.edu
NR 30
TC 596
Z9 712
U1 1
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7142
BP 326
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature05762
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 168JK
UT WOS:000246520300047
PM 17507983
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kreitzer, AC
   Malenka, RC
AF Kreitzer, Anatol C.
   Malenka, Robert C.
TI Endocannabinoid-mediated rescue of striatal LTD and motor deficits in Parkinson's disease models
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID term synaptic depression; dopamine d2 receptors; basal ganglia; gene-expression; plasticity; neurons; hydrolysis; mice; interneurons; inhibition
AB The striatum is a major forebrain nucleus that integrates cortical and thalamic afferents and forms the input nucleus of the basal ganglia(1,2). Striatal projection neurons target the substantia nigra pars reticulata ( direct pathway) or the lateral globus pallidus ( indirect pathway). Imbalances between neural activity in these two pathways have been proposed to underlie the profound motor deficits observed in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease(3,4). However, little is known about differences in cellular and synaptic properties in these circuits. Indeed, current hypotheses suggest that these cells express similar forms of synaptic plasticity(5,6). Here we show that excitatory synapses onto indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons (MSNs) exhibit higher release probability and larger N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor currents than direct-pathway synapses. Moreover, indirect-pathway MSNs selectively express endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression (eCB-LTD), which requires dopamine D2 receptor activation. In models of Parkinson's disease, indirect-pathway eCB-LTD is absent but is rescued by a D2 receptor agonist or inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation. Administration of these drugs together in vivo reduces parkinsonian motor deficits, suggesting that endocannabinoid-mediated depression of indirect-pathway synapses has a critical role in the control of movement. These findings have implications for understanding the normal functions of the basal ganglia, and also suggest approaches for the development of therapeutic drugs for the treatment of striatal-based brain disorders.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Nancy Pritzker Lab, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Malenka, RC (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Nancy Pritzker Lab, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM malenka@stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 594
Z9 719
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7128
BP 643
EP 647
DI 10.1038/nature05506
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133UM
UT WOS:000244039400043
PM 17287809
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Motoyama, EM
   Yu, G
   Vishik, IM
   Vajk, OP
   Mang, PK
   Greven, M
AF Motoyama, E. M.
   Yu, G.
   Vishik, I. M.
   Vajk, O. P.
   Mang, P. K.
   Greven, M.
TI Spin correlations in the electron-doped high-transition-temperature superconductor Nd2-xCexCuO4±δ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic order
AB High-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductivity develops near antiferromagnetic phases, and it is possible that magnetic excitations contribute to the superconducting pairing mechanism. To assess the role of antiferromagnetism, it is essential to understand the doping and temperature dependence of the two-dimensional antiferromagnetic spin correlations. The phase diagram is asymmetric with respect to electron and hole doping, and for the comparatively less-studied electron-doped materials, the antiferromagnetic phase extends much further with doping(1,2) and appears to overlap with the superconducting phase. The archetypal electron-doped compound Nd2-xCexCuO4+/-delta (NCCO) shows bulk superconductivity above x approximate to 0.13 ( refs 3, 4), while evidence for antiferromagnetic order has been found up to x approximate to 0.17 ( refs 2, 5, 6). Here we report inelastic magnetic neutron-scattering measurements that point to the distinct possibility that genuine long-range antiferromagnetism and superconductivity do not coexist. The data reveal a magnetic quantum critical point where superconductivity first appears, consistent with an exotic quantum phase transition between the two phases(7). We also demonstrate that the pseudogap phenomenon in the electron-doped materials, which is associated with pronounced charge anomalies(8-11), arises from a build-up of spin correlations, in agreement with recent theoretical proposals(12,13).
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; Stanford University
RP Greven, M (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM greven@stanford.edu
NR 24
TC 201
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7124
BP 186
EP 189
DI 10.1038/nature05437
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124QF
UT WOS:000243384300046
PM 17215839
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richardson, LJ
   Deming, D
   Horning, K
   Seager, S
   Harrington, J
AF Richardson, L. Jeremy
   Deming, Drake
   Horning, Karen
   Seager, Sara
   Harrington, Joseph
TI A spectrum of an extrasolar planet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spitzer-space-telescope; giant planets; hd 209458b; infrared observations; transiting planet; secondary eclipse; thermal emission; hot jupiters; atmospheres; hd-209458b
AB Of the over 200 known extrasolar planets, 14 exhibit transits in front of their parent stars as seen from Earth. Spectroscopic observations of the transiting planets can probe the physical conditions of their atmospheres(1,2). One such technique(3,4) can be used to derive the planetary spectrum by subtracting the stellar spectrum measured during eclipse ( planet hidden behind star) from the combined-light spectrum measured outside eclipse ( star+planet). Although several attempts have been made from Earth-based observatories, no spectrum has yet been measured for any of the established extrasolar planets. Here we report a measurement of the infrared spectrum (7.5 - 13.2 mu m) of the transiting extrasolar planet HD 209458b. Our observations reveal a hot thermal continuum for the planetary spectrum, with an approximately constant ratio to the stellar flux over this wavelength range. Superposed on this continuum is a broad emission peak centred near 9.65 mu m that we attribute to emission by silicate clouds. We also find a narrow, unidentified emission feature at 7.78 mu m. Models of these 'hot Jupiter('5) planets predict a flux peak(6-9) near 10 mu m, where thermal emission from the deep atmosphere emerges relatively unimpeded by water absorption, but models dominated by water fit the observed spectrum poorly.
C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Exoplanets & Stellar Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Syst Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Florida Inst Technol, Dept Phys & Space Sci, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Cent Florida, Dept Phys, Orlando, FL 32816 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Florida Institute of Technology; Carnegie Institution for Science; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); State University System of Florida; University of Central Florida
RP Richardson, LJ (corresponding author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Exoplanets & Stellar Astrophys Lab, Mail Code 667, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
EM lee.richardson@colorado.edu
NR 30
TC 157
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7130
BP 892
EP 895
DI 10.1038/nature05636
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 138CR
UT WOS:000244341200043
PM 17314975
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grieneisen, VA
   Xu, J
   Marée, AFM
   Hogeweg, P
   Scheres, B
AF Grieneisen, Veronica A.
   Xu, Jian
   Maree, Athanasius F. M.
   Hogeweg, Paulien
   Scheres, Ben
TI Auxin transport is sufficient to generate a maximum and gradient guiding root growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID box protein tir1; arabidopsis-thaliana; efflux; pin; phyllotaxis; pattern; meristem; receptor; network; tissue
AB The plant growth regulator auxin controls cell identity, cell division and cell expansion. Auxin efflux facilitators (PINs) are associated with auxin maxima in distal regions of both shoots and roots. Here we model diffusion and PIN-facilitated auxin transport in and across cells within a structured root layout. In our model, the stable accumulation of auxin in a distal maximum emerges from the auxin flux pattern. We have experimentally tested model predictions of robustness and self-organization. Our model explains pattern formation and morphogenesis at timescales from seconds to weeks, and can be understood by conceptualizing the root as an 'auxin capacitor'. A robust auxin gradient associated with the maximum, in combination with separable roles of auxin in cell division and cell expansion, is able to explain the formation, maintenance and growth of sharply bounded meristematic and elongation zones. Directional permeability and diffusion can fully account for stable auxin maxima and gradients that can instruct morphogenesis.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Dept Biol, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Utrecht University
RP Scheres, B (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Dept Biol, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM b.scheres@uu.nl
NR 38
TC 712
Z9 807
U1 1
U2 192
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1008
EP 1013
DI 10.1038/nature06215
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000042
PM 17960234
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adamantidis, AR
   Zhang, F
   Aravanis, AM
   Deisseroth, K
   De Lecea, L
AF Adamantidis, Antoine R.
   Zhang, Feng
   Aravanis, Alexander M.
   Deisseroth, Karl
   De Lecea, Luis
TI Neural substrates of awakening probed with optogenetic control of hypocretin neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transgenic mice; excitable cells; optical control; sleep; narcolepsy; channelrhodopsin-2; activation; photostimulation; circuitry; responses
AB The neural underpinnings of sleep involve interactions between sleep-promoting areas such as the anterior hypothalamus, and arousal systems located in the posterior hypothalamus, the basal forebrain and the brainstem(1,2). Hypocretin(3) (Hcrt, also known as orexin(4))-producing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus(5) are important for arousal stability(2), and loss of Hcrt function has been linked to narcolepsy(6-9). However, it is unknown whether electrical activity arising from Hcrt neurons is sufficient to drive awakening from sleep states or is simply correlated with it. Here we directly probed the impact of Hcrt neuron activity on sleep state transitions with in vivo neural photostimulation(10-18), genetically targeting channelrhodopsin-2 to Hcrt cells and using an optical fibre to deliver light deep in the brain, directly into the lateral hypothalamus, of freely moving mice. We found that direct, selective, optogenetic photostimulation of Hcrt neurons increased the probability of transition to wakefulness from either slow wave sleep or rapid eye movement sleep. Notably, photostimulation using 5-30 Hz light pulse trains reduced latency to wakefulness, whereas 1 Hz trains did not. This study establishes a causal relationship between frequency-dependent activity of a genetically defined neural cell type and a specific mammalian behaviour central to clinical conditions and neurobehavioural physiology.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Bioengn, James H Clark Ctr W083, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University
RP De Lecea, L (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, 701B Welch Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
EM deissero@stanford.edu; llecea@stanford.edu
FU NIH HHS [DP1 OD000616] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 995
Z9 1215
U1 5
U2 243
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 420
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature06310
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600055
PM 17943086
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Akimov, AV
   Mukherjee, A
   Yu, CL
   Chang, DE
   Zibrov, AS
   Hemmer, PR
   Park, H
   Lukin, MD
AF Akimov, A. V.
   Mukherjee, A.
   Yu, C. L.
   Chang, D. E.
   Zibrov, A. S.
   Hemmer, P. R.
   Park, H.
   Lukin, M. D.
TI Generation of single optical plasmons in metallic nanowires coupled to quantum dots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silver nanowires; cavity; fluorescence; luminescence; propagation; atom
AB Control over the interaction between single photons and individual optical emitters is an outstanding problem in quantum science and engineering. It is of interest for ultimate control over light quanta(1), as well as for potential applications such as efficient photon collection(2), single-photon switching(3) and transistors(4), and long-range optical coupling of quantum bits(5,6). Recently, substantial advances have been made towards these goals, based on modifying photon fields around an emitter using high-finesse optical cavities(2,3,5-8). Here we demonstrate a cavity-free, broadband approach for engineering photon-emitter interactions(4,9) via subwavelength confinement of optical fields near metallic nanostructures(10-13). When a single CdSe quantum dot is optically excited in close proximity to a silver nanowire, emission from the quantum dot couples directly to guided surface plasmons in the nanowire, causing the wire's ends to light up. Non-classical photon correlations between the emission from the quantum dot and the ends of the nanowire demonstrate that the latter stems from the generation of single, quantized plasmons. Results from a large number of devices show that efficient coupling is accompanied by more than 2.5-fold enhancement of the quantum dot spontaneous emission, in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   RAS, PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow 119991, Russia.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Science Lebedev Physical Institute
RP Park, H (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM Hongkun_Park@harvard.edu
NR 31
TC 1299
Z9 1448
U1 2
U2 589
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 402
EP 406
DI 10.1038/nature06230
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600051
PM 18004381
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Milne, JC
   Lambert, PD
   Schenk, S
   Carney, DP
   Smith, JJ
   Gagne, DJ
   Jin, L
   Boss, O
   Perni, RB
   Vu, CB
   Bemis, JE
   Xie, R
   Disch, JS
   Ng, PY
   Nunes, JJ
   Lynch, AV
   Yang, HY
   Galonek, H
   Israelian, K
   Choy, W
   Iffland, A
   Lavu, S
   Medvedik, O
   Sinclair, DA
   Olefsky, JM
   Jirousek, MR
   Elliott, PJ
   Westphal, CH
AF Milne, Jill C.
   Lambert, Philip D.
   Schenk, Simon
   Carney, David P.
   Smith, Jesse J.
   Gagne, David J.
   Jin, Lei
   Boss, Olivier
   Perni, Robert B.
   Vu, Chi B.
   Bemis, Jean E.
   Xie, Roger
   Disch, Jeremy S.
   Ng, Pui Yee
   Nunes, Joseph J.
   Lynch, Amy V.
   Yang, Hongying
   Galonek, Heidi
   Israelian, Kristine
   Choy, Wendy
   Iffland, Andre
   Lavu, Siva
   Medvedik, Oliver
   Sinclair, David A.
   Olefsky, Jerrold M.
   Jirousek, Michael R.
   Elliott, Peter J.
   Westphal, Christoph H.
TI Small molecule activators of SIRT1 as therapeutics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID life-span extension; calorie restriction; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; sir2-like proteins; insulin-resistance; cell-survival; longevity; nad; deacetylase; glucose
AB Calorie restriction extends lifespan and produces a metabolic profile desirable for treating diseases of ageing such as type 2 diabetes(1,2). SIRT1, an NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase, is a principal modulator of pathways downstream of calorie restriction that produce beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity(3-9). Resveratrol, a polyphenolic SIRT1 activator, mimics the anti-ageing effects of calorie restriction in lower organisms and in mice fed a high-fat diet ameliorates insulin resistance, increases mitochondrial content, and prolongs survival10-14. Here we describe the identification and characterization of small molecule activators of SIRT1 that are structurally unrelated to, and 1,000-fold more potent than, resveratrol. These compounds bind to the SIRT1 enzyme-peptide substrate complex at an allosteric site amino-terminal to the catalytic domain and lower the Michaelis constant for acetylated substrates. In diet-induced obese and genetically obese mice, these compounds improve insulin sensitivity, lower plasma glucose, and increase mitochondrial capacity. In Zucker fa/fa rats, hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp studies demonstrate that SIRT1 activators improve whole-body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver. Thus, SIRT1 activation is a promising new therapeutic approach for treating diseases of ageing such as type 2 diabetes.
C1 Sirtris Pharmaceut Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol & Metab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Paul F Glenn Labs Biol Mech Aging, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Westphal, CH (corresponding author), Sirtris Pharmaceut Inc, 790 Mem Dr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM cwestphal@sirtrispharma.com
FU NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG019719, P01 AG027916, R01 AG028730] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute on Aging [R01AG019719] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 28
TC 1486
Z9 1688
U1 5
U2 322
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 712
EP 716
DI 10.1038/nature06261
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700052
PM 18046409
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hakonarson, H
   Grant, SFA
   Bradfield, JP
   Marchand, L
   Kim, CE
   Glessner, JT
   Grabs, R
   Casalunovo, T
   Taback, SP
   Frackelton, EC
   Lawson, ML
   Robinson, LJ
   Skraban, R
   Lu, Y
   Chiavacci, RM
   Stanley, CA
   Kirsch, SE
   Rappaport, EF
   Orange, JS
   Monos, DS
   Devoto, M
   Qu, HQ
   Polychronakos, C
AF Hakonarson, Hakon
   Grant, Struan F. A.
   Bradfield, Jonathan P.
   Marchand, Luc
   Kim, Cecilia E.
   Glessner, Joseph T.
   Grabs, Rosemarie
   Casalunovo, Tracy
   Taback, Shayne P.
   Frackelton, Edward C.
   Lawson, Margaret L.
   Robinson, Luke J.
   Skraban, Robert
   Lu, Yang
   Chiavacci, Rosetta M.
   Stanley, Charles A.
   Kirsch, Susan E.
   Rappaport, Eric F.
   Orange, Jordan S.
   Monos, Dimitri S.
   Devoto, Marcella
   Qu, Hui-Qi
   Polychronakos, Constantin
TI A genome-wide association study identifies KIAA0350 as a type 1 diabetes gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase; natural-killer-cells; susceptibility genes; functional variant; insulin gene; locus; mellitus; autoimmunity; mhc; polymorphisms
AB Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insufficient production of insulin(1). A number of genetic determinants of T1D have already been established through candidate gene studies, primarily within the major histocompatibility complex(2-4) but also within other loci(5-12). To identify new genetic factors that increase the risk of T1D, we performed a genome-wide association study in a large paediatric cohort of European descent. In addition to confirming previously identified loci(2-9), we found that T1D was significantly associated with variation within a 233-kb linkage disequilibrium block on chromosome 16p13. This region contains KIAA0350, the gene product of which is predicted to be a sugar-binding, C-type lectin. Three common non-coding variants of the gene (rs2903692, rs725613 and rs17673553) in strong linkage disequilibrium reached genome-wide significance for association with T1D. A subsequent transmission disequilibrium test replication study in an independent cohort confirmed the association. These results indicate that KIAA0350 might be involved in the pathogenesis of T1D and demonstrate the utility of the genome-wide association approach in the identification of previously unsuspected genetic determinants of complex traits.
C1 Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Ctr Appl Genom, Abramson Res Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Abramson Res Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Dept Pediat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Human Genet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Endocrinol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   McGill Univ, Dept Pediat, Montreal, PQ H3H 1P3, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Human Genet, Montreal, PQ H3H 1P3, Canada.
   Univ Manitoba, Dept Pediat & Child Hlth, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0Z2, Canada.
   Univ Ottawa, Div Endocrinol, Childrens Hosp Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
   Markham Stouffville Hosp, Markham, ON L3P 7P3, Canada.
   Childrens Hosp Philadelphia Nucleic Acid & Prot C, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Ctr Clin Epidemiol & Biostat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; McGill University; McGill University; University of Manitoba; University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP Hakonarson, H (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Ctr Appl Genom, Abramson Res Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM hakonarson@chop.edu; constantin.polychronakos@mcgill.ca
NR 35
TC 442
Z9 517
U1 1
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7153
BP 591
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature06010
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 195XV
UT WOS:000248446700043
PM 17632545
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dettman, JR
   Sirjusingh, C
   Kohn, LM
   Anderson, JB
AF Dettman, Jeremy R.
   Sirjusingh, Caroline
   Kohn, Linda M.
   Anderson, James B.
TI Incipient speciation by divergent adaptation and antagonistic epistasis in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antifungal drug-resistance; mismatch repair system; experimental evolution; budding yeast; saccharomyces; hybrid; bottlenecks; mechanisms; drosophila; sterility
AB Establishing the conditions that promote the evolution of reproductive isolation and speciation has long been a goal in evolutionary biology(1-3). In ecological speciation, reproductive isolation between populations evolves as a by-product of divergent selection and the resulting environment-specific adaptations(4-6). The leading genetic model of reproductive isolation predicts that hybrid inferiority is caused by antagonistic epistasis between incompatible alleles at interacting loci(1,7). The fundamental link between divergent adaptation and reproductive isolation through genetic incompatibilities has been predicted(1,4,5), but has not been directly demonstrated experimentally. Here we empirically tested key predictions of speciation theory by evolving the initial stages of speciation in experimental populations of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After replicate populations adapted to two divergent environments, we consistently observed the evolution of two forms of postzygotic isolation in hybrids: reduced rate of mitotic reproduction and reduced efficiency of meiotic reproduction. This divergent selection resulted in greater reproductive isolation than parallel selection, as predicted by the ecological speciation theory. Our experimental system allowed controlled comparison of the relative importance of ecological and genetic isolation, and we demonstrated that hybrid inferiority can be ecological and/or genetic in basis. Overall, our results show that adaptation to divergent environments promotes the evolution of reproductive isolation through antagonistic epistasis, providing evidence of a plausible common avenue to speciation and adaptive radiation in nature.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; University Toronto Mississauga
RP Dettman, JR (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
EM jdettman@utm.utoronto.ca
NR 30
TC 164
Z9 198
U1 2
U2 91
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7144
BP 585
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature05856
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 172YZ
UT WOS:000246842000047
PM 17538619
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richter, S
   Geldner, N
   Schrader, J
   Wolters, H
   Stierhof, YD
   Rios, G
   Koncz, C
   Robinson, DG
   Jürgens, G
AF Richter, Sandra
   Geldner, Niko
   Schrader, Jarmo
   Wolters, Hanno
   Stierhof, York-Dieter
   Rios, Gabino
   Koncz, Csaba
   Robinson, David G.
   Juergens, Gerd
TI Functional diversification of closely related ARF-GEFs in protein secretion and recycling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide-exchange factors; brefeldin-a; auxin transport; factors gea1p; plant-cells; arabidopsis; golgi; gnom; localization; trafficking
AB Guanine-nucleotide exchange factors on ADP-ribosylation factor GTPases (ARF-GEFs) regulate vesicle formation in time and space by activating ARF substrates on distinct donor membranes(1). Mammalian GBF1 (ref. 2) and yeast Gea1/2 ( ref. 3) ARF-GEFs act at Golgi membranes, regulating COPI-coated vesicle formation. In contrast, their Arabidopsis thaliana homologue GNOM (GN) is required for endosomal recycling, playing an important part in development(4). This difference indicates an evolutionary divergence of trafficking pathways between animals and plants, and raised the question of how endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi transport is regulated in plants. Here we demonstrate that the closest homologue of GNOM in Arabidopsis, GNOM-LIKE1 (GNL1; NM_ 123312; At5g39500), performs this ancestral function. GNL1 localizes to and acts primarily at Golgi stacks, regulating COPI-coated vesicle formation. Surprisingly, GNOM can functionally substitute for GNL1, but not vice versa. Our results suggest that large ARF-GEFs of the GBF1 class perform a conserved role in endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi trafficking and secretion, which is done by GNL1 and GNOM in Arabidopsis, whereas GNOM has evolved to perform an additional plant-specific function of recycling from endosomes to the plasma membrane. Duplication and diversification of ARF-GEFs in plants contrasts with the evolution of entirely new classes of ARF-GEFs(5) for endosomal trafficking in animals, which illustrates the independent evolution of complex endosomal pathways in the two kingdoms.
C1 Univ Tubingen, ZMBP, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Pflanzenzuchtung, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
   Heidelberg Univ, Dept Cell Biol, Heidelberg Inst Plant Sci, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Max Planck Society; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP Jürgens, G (corresponding author), Univ Tubingen, ZMBP, Auf Morgenstelle 3, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
EM gerd.juergens@zmbp.uni-tuebingen.de
NR 30
TC 190
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7152
BP 488
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature05967
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 193VG
UT WOS:000248302700050
PM 17653190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hessell, AJ
   Hangartner, L
   Hunter, M
   Havenith, CEG
   Beurskens, FJ
   Bakker, JM
   Lanigan, CMS
   Landucci, G
   Forthal, DN
   Parren, PWHI
   Marx, PA
   Burton, DR
AF Hessell, Ann J.
   Hangartner, Lars
   Hunter, Meredith
   Havenith, Carin E. G.
   Beurskens, Frank J.
   Bakker, Joost M.
   Lanigan, Caroline M. S.
   Landucci, Gary
   Forthal, Donald N.
   Parren, Paul W. H. I.
   Marx, Preston A.
   Burton, Dennis R.
TI Fc receptor but not complement binding is important in antibody protection against HIV
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; rhesus macaques; monoclonal-antibody; neutralizing antibody; mediated protection; dendritic cells; in-vitro; transmission; replication; challenge
AB Most successful vaccines elicit neutralizing antibodies and this property is a high priority when developing an HIV vaccine(1,2). Indeed, passively administered neutralizing antibodies have been shown to protect against HIV challenge in some of the best available animal models. For example, antibodies given intravenously can protect macaques against intravenous or mucosal SHIV (an HIV/SIV chimaera) challenge and topically applied antibodies can protect macaques against vaginal SHIV challenge(3,4). However, the mechanism(s) by which neutralizing antibodies afford protection against HIV is not understood and, in particular, the role of antibody Fc-mediated effector functions is unclear. Here we report that there is a dramatic decrease in the ability of a broadly neutralizing antibody to protect macaques against SHIV challenge when Fc receptor and complement-binding activities are engineered out of the antibody. No loss of antibody protective activity is associated with the elimination of complement binding alone. Our in vivo results are consistent with in vitro assays indicating that interaction of Fc-receptor-bearing effector cells with antibody-complexed infected cells is important in reducing virus yield from infected cells. Overall, the data suggest the potential importance of activity against both infected cells and free virus for effective protection against HIV.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Immunol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Tulane Univ, Tulane Natl Primate Res Ctr, Covington, LA 70433 USA.
   Genmab, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Tulane University; Genmab; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Burton, DR (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Immunol, 10666 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM burton@scripps.edu
NR 30
TC 778
Z9 1000
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7158
BP 101
EP U75
DI 10.1038/nature06106
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207ED
UT WOS:000249233500044
PM 17805298
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jeltes, T
   McNamara, JM
   Hogervorst, W
   Vassen, W
   Krachmalnicoff, V
   Schellekens, M
   Perrin, A
   Chang, H
   Boiron, D
   Aspect, A
   Westbrook, CI
AF Jeltes, T.
   McNamara, J. M.
   Hogervorst, W.
   Vassen, W.
   Krachmalnicoff, V.
   Schellekens, M.
   Perrin, A.
   Chang, H.
   Boiron, D.
   Aspect, A.
   Westbrook, C. I.
TI Comparison of the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect for bosons and fermions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intensity interferometry; impenetrable bosons; electrons; physics; gas
AB Fifty years ago, Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) discovered photon bunching in light emitted by a chaotic source(1), highlighting the importance of two-photon correlations(2) and stimulating the development of modern quantum optics(3). The quantum interpretation of bunching relies on the constructive interference between amplitudes involving two indistinguishable photons, and its additive character is intimately linked to the Bose nature of photons. Advances in atom cooling and detection have led to the observation and full characterization of the atomic analogue of the HBT effect with bosonic atoms(4-6). By contrast, fermions should reveal an antibunching effect ( a tendency to avoid each other). Antibunching of fermions is associated with destructive two-particle interference, and is related to the Pauli principle forbidding more than one identical fermion to occupy the same quantum state. Here we report an experimental comparison of the fermionic and bosonic HBT effects in the same apparatus, using two different isotopes of helium: He-3 ( a fermion) and He-4 ( a boson). Ordinary attractive or repulsive interactions between atoms are negligible; therefore, the contrasting bunching and antibunching behaviour that we observe can be fully attributed to the different quantum statistics of each atomic species. Our results show how atom - atom correlation measurements can be used to reveal details in the spatial density(7,8) or momentum correlations(9) in an atomic ensemble. They also enable the direct observation of phase effects linked to the quantum statistics of a many-body system, which may facilitate the study of more exotic situations(10).
C1 Univ Paris Sud, Lab Charles Fabry, Inst Opt, CNRS, F-91127 Palaiseau, France.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Ctr Laser, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Vassen, W (corresponding author), Univ Paris Sud, Lab Charles Fabry, Inst Opt, CNRS, Campus Polytech RD 128, F-91127 Palaiseau, France.
EM w.vassen@few.vu.nl; christoph.westbrook@institutoptique.fr
NR 30
TC 302
Z9 341
U1 0
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7126
BP 402
EP 405
DI 10.1038/nature05513
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 128WD
UT WOS:000243689500033
PM 17251973
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nenci, A
   Becker, C
   Wullaert, A
   Gareus, R
   van Loo, G
   Danese, S
   Huth, M
   Nikolaev, A
   Neufert, C
   Madison, B
   Gumucio, D
   Neurath, MF
   Pasparakis, M
AF Nenci, Arianna
   Becker, Christoph
   Wullaert, Andy
   Gareus, Ralph
   van Loo, Geert
   Danese, Silvio
   Huth, Marion
   Nikolaev, Alexei
   Neufert, Clemens
   Madison, Blair
   Gumucio, Deborah
   Neurath, Markus F.
   Pasparakis, Manolis
TI Epithelial NEMO links innate immunity to chronic intestinal inflammation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; deficient mice; cancer development; colon-cancer; disease; gamma; activation; expression; deletion; colitis
AB Deregulation of intestinal immune responses seems to have a principal function in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease(1-4). The gut epithelium is critically involved in the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis-acting as a physical barrier separating luminal bacteria and immune cells, and also expressing antimicrobial peptides(3,5,6). However, the molecular mechanisms that control this function of gut epithelial cells are poorly understood. Here we show that the transcription factor NF kappa B, a master regulator of pro-inflammatory responses(7,8), functions in gut epithelial cells to control epithelial integrity and the interaction between the mucosal immune system and gut microflora. Intestinal epithelial-cell-specific inhibition of NF-kappa B through conditional ablation of NEMO ( also called I kappa B kinase-gamma ( IKK gamma)) or both IKK1 ( IKK alpha) and IKK2 ( IKK beta)-IKK subunits essential for NF-kappa B activation(7-9)-spontaneously caused severe chronic intestinal inflammation in mice. NF-kappa B deficiency led to apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells, impaired expression of antimicrobial peptides and translocation of bacteria into the mucosa. Concurrently, this epithelial defect triggered a chronic inflammatory response in the colon, initially dominated by innate immune cells but later also involving T lymphocytes. Deficiency of the gene encoding the adaptor protein MyD88 prevented the development of intestinal inflammation, demonstrating that Toll-like receptor activation by intestinal bacteria is essential for disease pathogenesis in this mouse model. Furthermore, NEMO deficiency sensitized epithelial cells to tumour-necrosis factor ( TNF)-induced apoptosis, whereas TNF receptor-1 inactivation inhibited intestinal inflammation, demonstrating that TNF receptor-1 signalling is crucial for disease induction. These findings demonstrate that a primary NF-kappa B signalling defect in intestinal epithelial cells disrupts immune homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract, causing an inflammatory-bowel-disease-like phenotype. Our results identify NF-kappa B signalling in the gut epithelium as a critical regulator of epithelial integrity and intestinal immune homeostasis, and have important implications for understanding the mechanisms controlling the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease.
C1 Univ Cologne, Inst Genet, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
   EMBL, Mouse Biol Unit, I-00016 Monterotondo, Italy.
   Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Dept Med, Lab Clin Immunol 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
   IRCCS Gastroenterol, Ist Clin Humanitas, Div Gastroenterol, I-20089 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Ctr Organogenesis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Cologne; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Pasparakis, M (corresponding author), Univ Cologne, Inst Genet, Zulpicher Str 47, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
EM pasparakis@uni-koeln.de
NR 29
TC 891
Z9 1055
U1 2
U2 97
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7135
BP 557
EP 561
DI 10.1038/nature05698
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150TQ
UT WOS:000245242900053
PM 17361131
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watanabe, K
   Toh, Y
   Suto, K
   Shimizu, Y
   Oka, N
   Wada, T
   Tomita, K
AF Watanabe, Kazunori
   Toh, Yukimatsu
   Suto, Kyoko
   Shimizu, Yoshihiro
   Oka, Natsuhisa
   Wada, Takeshi
   Tomita, Kozo
TI Protein-based peptide-bond formation by aminoacyl-tRNA protein transferase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID n-end rule; substrate recognition; crystal-structures; pathway; system; family; nucleotides; mechanism; insights; subunit
AB Eubacterial leucyl/phenylalanyl-tRNA protein transferase (LF-transferase) catalyses peptide-bond formation by using Leu-tRNA(Leu) (or Phe-tRNA(Phe)) and an amino-terminal Arg (or Lys) of a protein, as donor and acceptor substrates, respectively. However, the catalytic mechanism of peptide-bond formation by LF-transferase remained obscure. Here we determine the structures of complexes of LF-transferase and phenylalanyl adenosine, with and without a short peptide bearing an N-terminal Arg. Combining the two separate structures into one structure as well as mutation studies reveal the mechanism for peptide-bond formation by LF-transferase. The electron relay from Asp 186 to Gln 188 helps Gln 188 to attract a proton from the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal Arg of the acceptor peptide. This generates the attacking nucleophile for the carbonyl carbon of the aminoacyl bond of the aminoacyl-tRNA, thus facilitating peptide-bond formation. The protein-based mechanism for peptide-bond formation by LF-transferase is similar to the reverse reaction of the acylation step observed in the peptide hydrolysis reaction by serine proteases.
C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Inst Biol Resources & Funct, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Dept Med Genome Sci, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778562, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); University of Tokyo
RP Tomita, K (corresponding author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Inst Biol Resources & Funct, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.
EM kozo-tomita@aist.go.jp
NR 35
TC 74
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 867
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature06167
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600038
PM 17891155
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gupta, S
   Collier, JS
   Palmer-Felgate, A
   Potter, G
AF Gupta, Sanjeev
   Collier, Jenny S.
   Palmer-Felgate, Andy
   Potter, Graeme
TI Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pleistocene rivers; european rivers; history; britain; region; earth
AB Megaflood events involving sudden discharges of exceptionally large volumes of water are rare, but can significantly affect landscape evolution, continental-scale drainage patterns and climate change(1). It has been proposed that a significant flood event eroded a network of large ancient valleys on the floor of the English Channel - the narrow seaway between England and France(2-4). This hypothesis has remained untested through lack of direct evidence, and alternative non-catastrophist ideas have been entertained for valley formation(5,6). Here we analyse a new regional bathymetric map of part of the English Channel derived from high-resolution sonar data, which shows the morphology of the valley in unprecedented detail. We observe a large bedrock-floored valley that contains a distinct assemblage of landforms, including streamlined islands and longitudinal erosional grooves, which are indicative of large-scale subaerial erosion by high-magnitude water discharges. Our observations support the megaflood model, in which breaching of a rock dam at the Dover Strait instigated catastrophic drainage of a large pro-glacial lake in the southern North Sea basin(2). We suggest that megaflooding provides an explanation for the permanent isolation of Britain from mainland Europe during interglacial high-sea-level stands(7), and consequently for patterns of early human colonisation of Britain together with the large-scale reorganization of palaeodrainage in northwest Europe(4).
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Earth Sci & Engn, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   UK Hydrog Off, Taunton TA1 2DN, Somerset, England.
C3 Imperial College London; NERC National Oceanography Centre
RP Gupta, S (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Earth Sci & Engn, London SW7 2AZ, England.
EM s.gupta@imperial.ac.uk
NR 31
TC 212
Z9 230
U1 1
U2 81
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7151
BP 342
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature06018
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 191GC
UT WOS:000248118300055
PM 17637667
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nugent, FS
   Penick, EC
   Kauer, JA
AF Nugent, Fereshteh S.
   Penick, Esther C.
   Kauer, Julie A.
TI Opioids block long-term potentiation of inhibitory synapses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ventral tegmental area; gamma-vinyl-gaba; dopamine neurons; nitric-oxide; synaptic-transmission; single exposure; cocaine; morphine; release; ltp
AB Excitatory brain synapses are strengthened or weakened in response to specific patterns of synaptic activation, and these changes in synaptic strength are thought to underlie persistent pathologies such as drug addiction, as well as learning(1). In contrast, there are few examples of synaptic plasticity of inhibitory GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-releasing synapses. Here we report long-term potentiation of GABA(A)-mediated synaptic transmission (LTPGABA) onto dopamine neurons of the rat brain ventral tegmental area, a region required for the development of drug addiction. This novel form of LTP is heterosynaptic, requiring postsynaptic NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor activation at glutamate synapses, but resulting from increased GABA release at neighbouring inhibitory nerve terminals. NMDA receptor activation produces nitric oxide, a retrograde signal released from the postsynaptic dopamine neuron. Nitric oxide initiates LTPGABA by activating guanylate cyclase in GABA-releasing nerve terminals. Exposure to morphine both in vitro and in vivo prevents LTPGABA. Whereas brief treatment with morphine in vitro blocks LTPGABA by inhibiting presynaptic glutamate release, in vivo exposure to morphine persistently interrupts signalling from nitric oxide to guanylate cyclase. These neuroadaptations to opioid drugs might contribute to early stages of addiction, and may potentially be exploited therapeutically using drugs targeting GABA(A) receptors.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Mol Pharmacol Physiol & Biotechnol, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Brown University
RP Kauer, JA (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Mol Pharmacol Physiol & Biotechnol, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
EM Julie_Kauer@brown.edu
NR 30
TC 248
Z9 316
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7139
BP 1086
EP 1090
DI 10.1038/nature05726
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 160NU
UT WOS:000245950400051
PM 17460674
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoffman, JI
   Forcada, J
   Trathan, PN
   Amos, W
AF Hoffman, J. I.
   Forcada, J.
   Trathan, P. N.
   Amos, W.
TI Female fur seals show active choice for males that are heterozygous and unrelated
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arctocephalus-gazella; lek paradox; parental relatedness; mate choice; grey seal; paternity; selection; evolution; fitness; capture
AB Much debate surrounds the exact rules that influence mating behaviour, and in particular the selective forces that explain the evolution of female preferences. A key example is the lek paradox, in which female choice is expected rapidly to become ineffective owing to loss of additive genetic variability for the preferred traits(1-3). Here we exploit a remarkable system in which female fur seals exert choice by moving across a crowded breeding colony to visit largely static males. We show that females move further to maximize the balance between male high multilocus heterozygosity and low relatedness. Such a system shows that female choice can be important even in a strongly polygynous species, and at the same time may help to resolve the lek paradox because heterozygosity has low heritability and inbreeding avoidance means there is no single 'best' male for all females.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey
RP Hoffman, JI (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
EM jih24@cam.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [bas010017] Funding Source: researchfish; NERC [bas010017] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 30
TC 162
Z9 185
U1 1
U2 70
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7130
BP 912
EP 914
DI 10.1038/nature05558
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 138CR
UT WOS:000244341200048
PM 17287726
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, F
   Podell, ER
   Zaug, AJ
   Yang, YT
   Baciu, P
   Cech, TR
   Lei, M
AF Wang, Feng
   Podell, Elaine R.
   Zaug, Arthur J.
   Yang, Yuting
   Baciu, Paul
   Cech, Thomas R.
   Lei, Ming
TI The POT1-TPP1 telomere complex is a telomerase processivity factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID end-binding-protein; human pot1; length regulator; oxytricha-nova; dna-binding; in-vitro; chromosome; subunit; trf1; tin2
AB Telomeres were originally defined as chromosome caps that prevent the natural ends of linear chromosomes from undergoing deleterious degradation and fusion events. POT1 ( protection of telomeres) protein binds the single-stranded G-rich DNA overhangs at human chromosome ends and suppresses unwanted DNA repair activities. TPP1 is a previously identified binding partner of POT1 that has been proposed to form part of a six-protein shelterin complex at telomeres. Here, the crystal structure of a domain of human TPP1 reveals an oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding fold that is structurally similar to the beta-subunit of the telomere end-binding protein of a ciliated protozoan, suggesting that TPP1 is the missing beta-subunit of human POT1 protein. Telomeric DNA end-binding proteins have generally been found to inhibit rather than stimulate the action of the chromosome end-replicating enzyme, telomerase. In contrast, we find that TPP1 and POT1 form a complex with telomeric DNA that increases the activity and processivity of the human telomerase core enzyme. We propose that POT1 - TPP1 switches from inhibiting telomerase access to the telomere, as a component of shelterin, to serving as a processivity factor for telomerase during telomere extension.
C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Lei, M (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, MSRBIII 5301D,1150 W Med Ctr Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM leim@umich.edu
NR 38
TC 566
Z9 732
U1 3
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7127
BP 506
EP 510
DI 10.1038/nature05454
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 131KI
UT WOS:000243867300036
PM 17237768
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Storici, F
   Bebenek, K
   Kunkel, TA
   Gordenin, DA
   Resnick, MA
AF Storici, Francesca
   Bebenek, Katarzyna
   Kunkel, Thomas A.
   Gordenin, Dmitry A.
   Resnick, Michael A.
TI RNA-templated DNA repair
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-strand breaks; reverse-transcriptase; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; polymerase-eta; reca protein; recombination; ribonucleotides; replication; oligonucleotides; retrotransposons
AB RNA can act as a template for DNA synthesis in the reverse transcription of retroviruses and retrotransposons(1) and in the elongation of telomeres(2). Despite its abundance in the nucleus, there has been no evidence for a direct role of RNA as a template in the repair of any chromosomal DNA lesions, including DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are repaired in most organisms by homologous recombination or by non-homologous end joining(3). An indirect role for RNA in DNA repair, following reverse transcription and formation of a complementary DNA, has been observed in the non-homologous joining of DSB ends(4,5). In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which homologous recombination is efficient(3), RNA was shown to mediate recombination, but only indirectly through a cDNA intermediate(6,7) generated by the reverse transcriptase function of Ty retrotransposons in Ty particles in the cytoplasm(8). Although pairing between duplex DNA and single-strand (ss) RNA can occur in vitro(9,10) and in vivo(11), direct homologous exchange of genetic information between RNA and DNA molecules has not been observed. We show here that RNA can serve as a template for DNA synthesis during repair of a chromosomal DSB in yeast. The repair was accomplished with RNA oligonucleotides complementary to the broken ends. This and the observation that even yeast replicative DNA polymerases such as alpha and delta can copy short RNA template tracts in vitro demonstrate that RNA can transfer genetic information in vivo through direct homologous interaction with chromosomal DNA.
C1 NIEHS, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, US Dept HHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
RP Resnick, MA (corresponding author), NIEHS, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, US Dept HHS, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
EM resnick@niehs.nih.gov
FU Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 ES065072] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 183
Z9 211
U1 2
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7142
BP 338
EP 341
DI 10.1038/nature05720
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 168JK
UT WOS:000246520300050
PM 17429354
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Savaldi-Goldstein, S
   Peto, C
   Chory, J
AF Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal
   Peto, Charles
   Chory, Joanne
TI The epidermis both drives and restricts plant shoot growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis-thaliana; brassinosteroid biosynthesis; stem elongation; leaf-shape; gene; expression; cytochrome-p450; cells; wall
AB The size of an organism is genetically determined, yet how a plant or animal achieves its final size is largely unknown. The shoot of higher plants has a simple conserved body plan based on three major tissue systems: the epidermal (L1), sub-epidermal (L2) and inner ground and vascular (L3) tissues. Which tissue system drives or restricts growth has been a subject of debate for over a century(1-4). Here, we use dwarf, brassinosteroid biosynthesis and brassinosteroid response mutants in conjunction with tissue-specific expression of these components as tools to examine the role of the epidermis in shoot growth. We show that expression of the brassinosteroid receptor or a brassinosteroid biosynthetic enzyme in the epidermis, but not in the vasculature, of null mutants is sufficient to rescue their dwarf phenotypes. Brassinosteroid signalling from the epidermis is not sufficient to establish normal vascular organization. Moreover, shoot growth is restricted when brassinosteroids are depleted from the epidermis and brassinosteroids act locally within a leaf. We conclude that the epidermis both promotes and restricts shoot growth by providing a nonautonomous signal to the ground tissues.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Plant Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Neuronal Struct & Funct Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Salk Institute; Salk Institute
RP Chory, J (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Plant Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM chory@salk.edu
NR 26
TC 368
Z9 425
U1 1
U2 73
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7132
BP 199
EP 202
DI 10.1038/nature05618
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 143JS
UT WOS:000244718100043
PM 17344852
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rowland, HM
   Ihalainen, E
   Lindström, L
   Mappes, J
   Speed, MP
AF Rowland, Hannah M.
   Ihalainen, Eira
   Lindstrom, Leena
   Mappes, Johanna
   Speed, Michael P.
TI Co-mimics have a mutualistic relationship despite unequal defences
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mullerian mimicry; natural-selection; phylogenetic evidence; alternative prey; warning-color; evolution; predation; dynamics; model
AB In the first clear mathematical treatment of natural selection, Muller(1) proposed that a shared warning signal ( mimicry) would benefit defended prey species by sharing out the per capita mortality incurred during predator education. Although mimicry is a mainstay of adaptationist thinking, there has been repeated debate on whether there is a mutualistic or a parasitic relationship between unequally defended co-mimic species(2-5). Here we show that the relationship between unequally defended species is mutualistic. We examined this in a 'novel world'(6) of artificial prey with wild predators ( great tit, Parus major). We kept the abundance of a highly defended prey ('model') constant and increased the density of a moderately defended prey ('defended mimic') of either perfect or imperfect mimetic resemblance to the model. Both model and defended mimic showed a net benefit from a density-dependent decrease in their per capita mortality. Even when the effect of dilution through density was controlled for, defended mimics did not induce additional attacks on the model, but we found selection for accurate signal mimicry. In comparison, the addition of fully edible (batesian) mimics did increase additional attacks on the model, but as a result of dilution this resulted in no overall increase in per capita mortality. By ignoring the effects of density, current theories may have overestimated the parasitic costs imposed by less defended mimics on highly defended models.
C1 Univ Liverpool, Sch Biol Sci, Liverpool L69 7ZB, Merseyside, England.
   Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
C3 University of Liverpool; University of Jyvaskyla
RP Rowland, HM (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Sch Biol Sci, Biosci Bldg,Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZB, Merseyside, England.
EM h.m.rowland@liv.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 125
Z9 134
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7149
BP 64
EP 67
DI 10.1038/nature05899
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185OS
UT WOS:000247720900038
PM 17611539
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matthews, AGW
   Kuo, AJ
   Ramón-Maiques, S
   Han, SM
   Champagne, KS
   Ivanov, D
   Gallardo, M
   Carney, D
   Cheung, P
   Ciccone, DN
   Walter, KL
   Utz, PJ
   Shi, Y
   Kutateladze, TG
   Yang, W
   Gozani, O
   Oettinger, MA
AF Matthews, Adam G. W.
   Kuo, Alex J.
   Ramon-Maiques, Santiago
   Han, Sunmi
   Champagne, Karen S.
   Ivanov, Dmitri
   Gallardo, Mercedes
   Carney, Dylan
   Cheung, Peggie
   Ciccone, David N.
   Walter, Kay L.
   Utz, Paul J.
   Shi, Yang
   Kutateladze, Tatiana G.
   Yang, Wei
   Gozani, Or
   Oettinger, Marjorie A.
TI RAG2 PHD finger couples histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation with V(D)J recombination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-terminus; b-cell; gene rearrangement; plant homeodomain; pre-b; methylation; binding; transposition; transcription; activation
AB Nuclear processes such as transcription, DNA replication and recombination are dynamically regulated by chromatin structure. Eukaryotic transcription is known to be regulated by chromatin-associated proteins containing conserved protein domains that specifically recognize distinct covalent post- translational modifications on histones. However, it has been unclear whether similar mechanisms are involved in mammalian DNA recombination. Here we show that RAG2 - an essential component of the RAG1/2 V(D)J recombinase, which mediates antigen- receptor gene assembly(1) - contains a plant homeodomain ( PHD) finger that specifically recognizes histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 4 ( H3K4me3). The high- resolution crystal structure of the mouse RAG2 PHD finger bound to H3K4me3 reveals the molecular basis of H3K4me3- recognition by RAG2. Mutations that abrogate RAG2's recognition of H3K4me3 severely impair V( D) J recombination in vivo. Reducing the level of H3K4me3 similarly leads to a decrease in V(D)J recombination in vivo. Notably, a conserved tryptophan residue ( W453) that constitutes a key structural component of the K4me3- binding surface and is essential for RAG2's recognition of H3K4me3 is mutated in patients with immunodeficiency syndromes. Together, our results identify a new function for histone methylation in mammalian DNA recombination. Furthermore, our results provide the first evidence indicating that disrupting the read- out of histone modifications can cause an inherited human disease.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   NIDDK, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Aurora, CO 80045 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Stanford University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Stanford University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Oettinger, MA (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM ogozani@stanford.edu; oettinger@frodo.mgh.harvard.edu
FU National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities; National Cancer Institute; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institute of Nursing Research; National Institute on Aging; National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research [P30AI060354] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIAID NIH HHS [P30 AI060354] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM048026] Funding Source: Medline
NR 40
TC 385
Z9 484
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1106
EP U18
DI 10.1038/nature06431
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900092
PM 18033247
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kimchi, T
   Xu, J
   Dulac, C
AF Kimchi, Tali
   Xu, Jennings
   Dulac, Catherine
TI A functional circuit underlying male sexual behaviour in the female mouse brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mice mus-musculus; mutant mice; courtship behavior; vomeronasal organ; pheromone; discrimination; reproduction; trp2; vocalizations; transduction
AB In mice, pheromone detection is mediated by the vomeronasal organ and the main olfactory epithelium. Male mice that are deficient for Trpc2, an ion channel specifically expressed in VNO neurons and essential for VNO sensory transduction, are impaired in sex discrimination and male-male aggression. We report here that Trpc2(-/-) female mice show a reduction in female-specific behaviour, including maternal aggression and lactating behaviour. Strikingly, mutant females display unique characteristics of male sexual and courtship behaviours such as mounting, pelvic thrust, solicitation, anogenital olfactory investigation, and emission of complex ultrasonic vocalizations towards male and female conspecific mice. The same behavioural phenotype is observed after VNO surgical removal in adult animals, and is not accompanied by disruption of the oestrous cycle and sex hormone levels. These findings suggest that VNO-mediated pheromone inputs act in wild-type females to repress male behaviour and activate female behaviours. Moreover, they imply that functional neuronal circuits underlying male-specific behaviours exist in the normal female mouse brain.
C1 Harvard Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Dulac, C (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM kimhi@fas.harvard.edu; dulac@fas.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 328
Z9 390
U1 3
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7157
BP 1009
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature06089
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 205EU
UT WOS:000249097600029
PM 17676034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taylor, PD
   Day, T
   Wild, G
AF Taylor, Peter D.
   Day, Troy
   Wild, Geoff
TI Evolution of cooperation in a finite homogeneous graph
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kin selection; viscous populations; inclusive fitness; stability; altruism; evolve; model
AB Recent theoretical studies of selection in finite structured populations(1-7) have worked with one of two measures of selective advantage of an allele: fixation probability and inclusive fitness. Each approach has its own analytical strengths, but given certain assumptions they provide equivalent results(1). In most instances the structure of the population can be specified by a network of nodes connected by edges ( that is, a graph)(8-10), and much of the work here has focused on a continuous-time model of evolution, first described by ref. 11. Working in this context, we provide an inclusive fitness analysis to derive a surprisingly simple analytical condition for the selective advantage of a cooperative allele in any graph for which the structure satisfies a general symmetry condition ('bi-transitivity'). Our results hold for a broad class of population structures, including most of those analysed previously, as well as some for which a direct calculation of fixation probability has appeared intractable. Notably, under some forms of population regulation, the ability of a cooperative allele to invade is seen to be independent of the nature of population structure ( and in particular of how game partnerships are specified) and is identical to that for an unstructured population. For other types of population regulation our results reveal that cooperation can invade if players choose partners along relatively 'high-weight' edges.
C1 Queens Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
C3 Queens University - Canada
RP Taylor, PD (corresponding author), Queens Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
EM peter.taylor@queensu.ca
NR 19
TC 273
Z9 291
U1 1
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7143
BP 469
EP 472
DI 10.1038/nature05784
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 170VA
UT WOS:000246693100046
PM 17522682
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giraud, M
   Taubert, R
   Vandiedonck, C
   Ke, XY
   Levi-Strauss, M
   Pagani, F
   Baralle, FE
   Eymard, B
   Tranchant, C
   Gajdos, P
   Vincent, A
   Willcox, N
   Beeson, D
   Kyewski, B
   Garchon, HJ
AF Giraud, Matthieu
   Taubert, Richard
   Vandiedonck, Claire
   Ke, Xiayi
   Levi-Strauss, Matthieu
   Pagani, Franco
   Baralle, Francisco E.
   Eymard, Bruno
   Tranchant, Christine
   Gajdos, Philippe
   Vincent, Angela
   Willcox, Nick
   Beeson, David
   Kyewski, Bruno
   Garchon, Henri-Jean
TI An IRF8-binding promoter variant and AIRE control CHRNA1 promiscuous expression in thymus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID autoimmune regulator aire; t-cell tolerance; insulin expression; myasthenia-gravis; epithelial-cells; gene-expression; iddm2 locus; transcription; mutation; alleles
AB Promiscuous expression of tissue-restricted auto-antigens in the thymus imposes T-cell tolerance and provides protection from autoimmune diseases(1-3). Promiscuous expression of a set of self-antigens occurs in medullary thymic epithelial cells(4,5) and is partly controlled by the autoimmune regulator (AIRE), a nuclear protein for which loss-of-function mutations cause the type 1 autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome(6,7). However, additional factors must be involved in the regulation of this promiscuous expression. Here we describe a mechanism controlling thymic transcription of a prototypic tissue-restricted human auto-antigen gene, CHRNA1. This gene encodes the alpha-subunit of the muscle acetylcholine receptor, which is the main target of pathogenic auto-antibodies in autoimmune myasthenia gravis(8,9). On re-sequencing theCHRNA1 gene, we identified a functional bi-allelic variant in the promoter that is associated with early onset of disease in two independent human populations (France and United Kingdom). We show that this variant prevents binding of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) and abrogates CHRNA1 promoter activity in thymic epithelial cells in vitro. Notably, both the CHRNA1 promoter variant and AIRE modulate CHRNA1 messenger RNA levels in human medullary thymic epithelial cells ex vivo and also in a transactivation assay. These findings reveal a critical function of AIRE and the interferon signalling pathway in regulating quantitative expression of this auto-antigen in the thymus, suggesting that together they set the threshold for self-tolerance versus autoimmunity.
C1 INSERM, U580, F-75015 Paris, France.
   Univ Paris 05, F-75015 Paris, France.
   Univ Oxford, Weatherhall Inst Mol Med, Neurosci Grp, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
   German Canc Res Ctr, Tumor Immunol Program, Div Dev Immunol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Manchester, CIGMR, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Univ Manchester, ARC, Epidemiol Unit, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Int Ctr Genet Engn & Biotechnol, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
   Hop La Pitie Salpetriere, Inst Myol, F-75013 Paris, France.
   CHRU, Hop Civil, Serv Neurol, F-67091 Strasbourg, France.
   Hop Raymond Poincare, Serv Reanimat, F-92380 Garches, France.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris Cite; University of Oxford; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); University of Manchester; University of Manchester; International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Pitie-Salpetriere - APHP; Sorbonne Universite; CHU Strasbourg; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Raymond-Poincare - APHP
RP Garchon, HJ (corresponding author), INSERM, U580, F-75015 Paris, France.
EM garchon@necker.fr
FU Medical Research Council [G117/490] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G117/490] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [G117/490] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 28
TC 150
Z9 168
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7156
BP 934
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature06066
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202OM
UT WOS:000248912900048
PM 17687331
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McLean, DL
   Fan, JY
   Higashijima, S
   Hale, ME
   Fetcho, JR
AF McLean, David L.
   Fan, Jingyi
   Higashijima, Shin-ichi
   Hale, Melina E.
   Fetcho, Joseph R.
TI A topographic map of recruitment in spinal cord
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID larval zebrafish; motoneurons; interneurons; neurons; networks; muscles; identification; coordination; ontogeny; identity
AB Animals move over a range of speeds by using rhythmic networks of neurons located in the spinal cord(1-6). Here we use electrophysiology and in vivo imaging in larval zebrafish ( Danio rerio) to reveal a systematic relationship between the location of a spinal neuron and the minimal swimming frequency at which the neuron is active. Ventral motor neurons and excitatory interneurons are rhythmically active at the lowest swimming frequencies, with increasingly more dorsal excitatory neurons engaged as swimming frequency rises. Inhibitory interneurons follow the opposite pattern. These inverted patterns of recruitment are independent of cell soma size among interneurons, but may be partly explained by concomitant dorso-ventral gradients in input resistance. Laser ablations of ventral, but not dorsal, excitatory interneurons perturb slow movements, supporting a behavioural role for the topography. Our results reveal an unexpected pattern of organization within zebrafish spinal cord that underlies the production of movements of varying speeds.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Okazaki Inst Integrat Biosci, Natl Inst Nat Sci, Aichi 4448787, Japan.
   Natl Inst Physiol Sci, Aichi 4448787, Japan.
C3 Cornell University; University of Chicago; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (OIIB); National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS)
RP Fetcho, JR (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM jrf49@cornell.edu
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS026539] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 292
Z9 348
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7131
BP 71
EP 75
DI 10.1038/nature05588
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140RY
UT WOS:000244525600039
PM 17330042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Galy, V
   France-Lanord, C
   Beyssac, O
   Faure, P
   Kudrass, H
   Palhol, F
AF Galy, Valier
   France-Lanord, Christian
   Beyssac, Olivier
   Faure, Pierre
   Kudrass, Hermann
   Palhol, Fabien
TI Efficient organic carbon burial in the Bengal fan sustained by the Himalayan erosional system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID matter; bay; transport; sediments; constraints; evolution; rivers; ocean; cycle; c-13
AB Continental erosion controls atmospheric carbon dioxide levels on geological timescales through silicate weathering, riverine transport and subsequent burial of organic carbon in oceanic sediments(1). The efficiency of organic carbon deposition in sedimentary basins is however limited by the organic carbon load capacity of the sediments and organic carbon oxidation in continental margins. At the global scale, previous studies have suggested that about 70 per cent of riverine organic carbon is returned to the atmosphere, such as in the Amazon basin(2-4). Here we present a comprehensive organic carbon budget for the Himalayan erosional system, including source rocks, river sediments and marine sediments buried in the Bengal fan. We show that organic carbon export is controlled by sediment properties, and that oxidative loss is negligible during transport and deposition to the ocean. Our results indicate that 70 to 85 per cent of the organic carbon is recent organic matter captured during transport, which serves as a net sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. The amount of organic carbon deposited in the Bengal basin represents about 10 to 20 per cent of the total terrestrial organic carbon buried in oceanic sediments. High erosion rates in the Himalayas generate high sedimentation rates and low oxygen availability in the Bay of Bengal that sustain the observed extreme organic carbon burial efficiency. Active orogenic systems generate enhanced physical erosion and the resulting organic carbon burial buffers atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, thereby exerting a negative feedback on climate over geological timescales.
C1 CNRS, ENS Paris, Geol Lab, INSU, F-75005 Paris 5, France.
   Nancy Univ, CNRS, G2R INSU, F-54506 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France.
   Fed Inst Geosci & Nat Resources, D-30655 Hannover, Germany.
   Nancy Univ, CRPG, CNRS, INSU, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Lorraine; Universite de Lorraine; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU)
RP Galy, V (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, 360 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM vgaly@whoi.edu
NR 35
TC 580
Z9 656
U1 5
U2 284
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 407
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature06273
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600052
PM 18004382
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hamlin, JK
   Wynn, K
   Bloom, P
AF Hamlin, J. Kiley
   Wynn, Karen
   Bloom, Paul
TI Social evaluation by preverbal infants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID faces; inferences
AB The capacity to evaluate other people is essential for navigating the social world. Humans must be able to assess the actions and intentions of the people around them, and make accurate decisions about who is friend and who is foe, who is an appropriate social partner and who is not. Indeed, all social animals benefit from the capacity to identify individual conspecifics that may help them, and to distinguish these individuals from others that may harm them. Human adults evaluate people rapidly and automatically on the basis of both behaviour and physical features(1-6), but the ontogenetic origins and development of this capacity are not well understood. Here we show that 6- and 10-month-old infants take into account an individual's actions towards others in evaluating that individual as appealing or aversive: infants prefer an individual who helps another to one who hinders another, prefer a helping individual to a neutral individual, and prefer a neutral individual to a hindering individual. These findings constitute evidence that preverbal infants assess individuals on the basis of their behaviour towards others. This capacity may serve as the foundation for moral thought and action, and its early developmental emergence supports the view that social evaluation is a biological adaptation.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Hamlin, JK (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM kiley.hamlin@yale.edu; karen.wynn@yale.edu
NR 24
TC 987
Z9 1230
U1 12
U2 285
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 557
EP U13
DI 10.1038/nature06288
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500049
PM 18033298
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jin, D
   Liu, HX
   Hirai, H
   Torashima, T
   Nagai, T
   Lopatina, O
   Shnayder, NA
   Yamada, K
   Noda, M
   Seike, T
   Fujita, K
   Takasawa, S
   Yokoyama, S
   Koizumi, K
   Shiraishi, Y
   Tanaka, S
   Hashii, M
   Yoshihara, T
   Higashida, K
   Islam, MS
   Yamada, N
   Hayashi, K
   Noguchi, N
   Kato, I
   Okamoto, H
   Matsushima, A
   Salmina, A
   Munesue, T
   Shimizu, N
   Mochida, S
   Asano, M
   Higashida, H
AF Jin, Duo
   Liu, Hong-Xiang
   Hirai, Hirokazu
   Torashima, Takashi
   Nagai, Taku
   Lopatina, Olga
   Shnayder, Natalia A.
   Yamada, Kiyofumi
   Noda, Mami
   Seike, Toshihiro
   Fujita, Kyota
   Takasawa, Shin
   Yokoyama, Shigeru
   Koizumi, Keita
   Shiraishi, Yoshitake
   Tanaka, Shigenori
   Hashii, Minako
   Yoshihara, Toru
   Higashida, Kazuhiro
   Islam, Mohammad Saharul
   Yamada, Nobuaki
   Hayashi, Kenshi
   Noguchi, Naoya
   Kato, Ichiro
   Okamoto, Hiroshi
   Matsushima, Akihiro
   Salmina, Alla
   Munesue, Toshio
   Shimizu, Nobuaki
   Mochida, Sumiko
   Asano, Masahide
   Higashida, Haruhiro
TI CD38 is critical for social behaviour by regulating oxytocin secretion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclic-adp-ribose; adenine-dinucleotide phosphate; release; ca2+; recognition; brain; neuropeptides; neurobiology; transduction; vasopressin
AB CD38, a transmembrane glycoprotein with ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity, catalyses the formation of Ca2+ signalling molecules, but its role in the neuroendocrine system is unknown. Here we show that adult CD38 knockout (CD38(-/-)) female and male mice show marked defects in maternal nurturing and social behaviour, respectively, with higher locomotor activity. Consistently, the plasma level of oxytocin (OT), but not vasopressin, was strongly decreased in CD38(-/-) mice. Replacement of OT by subcutaneous injection or lentiviral-vector-mediated delivery of human CD38 in the hypothalamus rescued social memory and maternal care in CD38(-/-) mice. Depolarization-induced OT secretion and Ca2+ elevation in oxytocinergic neurohypophysial axon terminals were disrupted in CD38(-/-) mice; this was mimicked by CD38 metabolite antagonists in CD38(+/+) mice. These results reveal that CD38 has a key role in neuropeptide release, thereby critically regulating maternal and social behaviours, and may be an element in neurodevelopmental disorders.
C1 Kanazawa Univ, 21st Century COE Program Innovat Brain Sci & Dev, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9208640, Japan.
   Kanazawa Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Cellular Neurophysiol, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9208640, Japan.
   Kanazawa Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Biophys Genet, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9208640, Japan.
   Kanazawa Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Anat, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9208640, Japan.
   Kanazawa Univ, Adv Sci Res Ctr, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9208640, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, SORST, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9208640, Japan.
   Kanazawa Univ, Sch Nat Sci & Technol, Lab Neuropsychopharmacol, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201192, Japan.
   Kanazawa Univ, Inst Nat & Environm Technol, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201192, Japan.
   Kyushu Univ, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Lab Pathophysiol, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Adv Biol Sci Regenerat, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan.
   Kanazawa Univ Hosp, Cent Clin Lab, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9208641, Japan.
   Kanazawa Univ Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9208641, Japan.
   Toyama Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Toyama 9300194, Japan.
   Nanao Natl Hosp, Nanao 9208531, Japan.
   Krasnoyarsk State Med Acad, Dept Med Chem & Biochem, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia.
   Tokyo Med Univ, Dept Physiol, Tokyo, Japan.
C3 Kanazawa University; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Kanazawa University; Kanazawa University; Kyushu University; Tohoku University; Tohoku University; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa University; University of Toyama; Krasnoyarsk State Medical University; Tokyo Medical University
RP Higashida, H (corresponding author), Kanazawa Univ, 21st Century COE Program Innovat Brain Sci & Dev, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9208640, Japan.
EM haruhiro@med.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
NR 44
TC 547
Z9 596
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7131
BP 41
EP 45
DI 10.1038/nature05526
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140RY
UT WOS:000244525600032
PM 17287729
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hansen, SK
   Rainey, PB
   Haagensen, JAJ
   Molin, S
AF Hansen, Susse Kirkelund
   Rainey, Paul B.
   Haagensen, Janus A. J.
   Molin, Soren
TI Evolution of species interactions in a biofilm community
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microbial biofilms; pseudomonas-putida; diversity; biodiversity; coexistence; environment; competition; adaptation; dynamics; ecology
AB Biofilms are spatially structured communities of microbes whose function is dependent on a complex web of symbiotic interactions(1,2). Localized interactions within these assemblages are predicted to affect the coexistence of the component species(3-5), community structure(6) and function(7-10), but there have been few explicit empirical analyses of the evolution of interactions(11). Here we show, with the use of a two-species community, that selection in a spatially structured environment leads to the evolution of an exploitative interaction. Simple mutations in the genome of one species caused it to adapt to the presence of the other, forming an intimate and specialized association. The derived community was more stable and more productive than the ancestral community. Our results show that evolution in a spatially structured environment can stabilize interactions between species, provoke marked changes in their symbiotic nature and affect community function.
C1 Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
   Tech Univ Denmark, Infect Microbiol Grp, Biocentrum DTU, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
C3 University of Auckland; Technical University of Denmark
RP Rainey, PB (corresponding author), Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
EM p.rainey@auckland.ac.nz
NR 30
TC 435
Z9 520
U1 4
U2 272
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7127
BP 533
EP 536
DI 10.1038/nature05514
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 131KI
UT WOS:000243867300042
PM 17268468
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Kasteren, SI
   Kramer, HB
   Jensen, HH
   Campbell, SJ
   Kirkpatrick, J
   Oldham, NJ
   Anthony, DC
   Davis, BG
AF van Kasteren, Sander I.
   Kramer, Holger B.
   Jensen, Henrik H.
   Campbell, Sandra J.
   Kirkpatrick, Joanna
   Oldham, Neil J.
   Anthony, Daniel C.
   Davis, Benjamin G.
TI Expanding the diversity of chemical protein modification allows post-translational mimicry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID blood-brain-barrier; o-glcnac; p-selectin; terminal alkynes; in-vivo; expression; malaria; azides; glycosylation; glycoprotein
AB One of the most important current scientific paradoxes is the economy with which nature uses genes. In all higher animals studied, we have found many fewer genes than we would have previously expected. The functional outputs of the eventual products of genes seem to be far more complex than the more restricted blueprint. In higher organisms, the functions of many proteins are modulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs)(1). These alterations of amino-acid side chains lead to higher structural and functional protein diversity and are, therefore, a leading contender for an explanation for this seeming incongruity. Natural protein production methods typically produce PTM mixtures within which function is difficult to dissect or control. Until now it has not been possible to access pure mimics of complex PTMs. Here we report a chemical tagging approach that enables the attachment of multiple modifications to bacterially expressed ( bare) protein scaffolds: this approach allows reconstitution of functionally effective mimics of higher organism PTMs. By attaching appropriate modifications at suitable distances in the widely-used LacZ reporter enzyme scaffold, we created protein probes that included sensitive systems for detection of mammalian brain inflammation and disease. Through target synthesis of the desired modification, chemistry provides a structural precision and an ability to retool with a chosen PTM in a manner not available to other approaches. In this way, combining chemical control of PTM with readily available protein scaffolds provides a systematic platform for creating probes of protein PTM interactions. We therefore anticipate that this ability to build model systems 2 will allow some of this gene product complexity to be dissected, with the aim of eventually being able to completely duplicate the patterns of a particular protein's PTMs from an in vivo assay into an in vitro system.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Chem, Chem Res Lab, Oxford OX1 3TA, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Pharmacol, Oxford OX1 3QT, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford
RP Davis, BG (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Chem, Chem Res Lab, Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, England.
EM Ben.Davis@chem.ox.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [EGA17763, BB/E004350/1] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G0500853] Funding Source: Medline; BBSRC [BB/E004350/1] Funding Source: UKRI; EPSRC [EP/E000614/1] Funding Source: UKRI; MRC [G0500853] Funding Source: UKRI; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/E004350/1, EGA17763, BB/C510824/1] Funding Source: researchfish; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/D023335/1, GR/T26542/01, EP/E000614/1, EP/D023327/1, EP/D023343/1] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [G0500853] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 271
Z9 306
U1 0
U2 134
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7139
BP 1105
EP 1109
DI 10.1038/nature05757
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 160NU
UT WOS:000245950400055
PM 17460675
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Galbraith, ED
   Jaccard, SL
   Pedersen, TF
   Sigman, DM
   Haug, GH
   Cook, M
   Southon, JR
   Francois, R
AF Galbraith, Eric D.
   Jaccard, Samuel L.
   Pedersen, Thomas F.
   Sigman, Daniel M.
   Haug, Gerald H.
   Cook, Mea
   Southon, John R.
   Francois, Roger
TI Carbon dioxide release from the North Pacific abyss during the last deglaciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric co2 concentrations; santa-barbara basin; deep-water; age calibration; radiocarbon age; southern-ocean; glacial period; productivity; circulation; ventilation
AB Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were significantly lower during glacial periods than during intervening interglacial periods, but the mechanisms responsible for this difference remain uncertain. Many recent explanations call on greater carbon storage in a poorly ventilated deep ocean during glacial periods(1-5), but direct evidence regarding the ventilation and respired carbon content of the glacial deep ocean is sparse and often equivocal(6). Here we present sedimentary geochemical records from sites spanning the deep subarctic Pacific that-together with previously published results(7)-show that a poorly ventilated water mass containing a high concentration of respired carbon dioxide occupied the North Pacific abyss during the Last Glacial Maximum. Despite an inferred increase in deep Southern Ocean ventilation during the first step of the deglaciation (18,000-15,000 years ago)(4,8), we find no evidence for improved ventilation in the abyssal subarctic Pacific until a rapid transition similar to 14,600 years ago: this change was accompanied by an acceleration of export production from the surface waters above but only a small increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration(8). We speculate that these changes were mechanistically linked to a roughly coeval increase in deep water formation in the North Atlantic(9-11), which flushed respired carbon dioxide from northern abyssal waters, but also increased the supply of nutrients to the upper ocean, leading to greater carbon dioxide sequestration at mid-depths and stalling the rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Our findings are qualitatively consistent with hypotheses invoking a deglacial flushing of respired carbon dioxide from an isolated, deep ocean reservoir(1-5,12), but suggest that the reservoir may have been released in stages, as vigorous deep water ventilation switched between North Atlantic and Southern Ocean source regions.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   ETH, Inst Geol, Dept Earth Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of Victoria; Princeton University; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Galbraith, ED (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
EM egalbrai@princeton.edu
NR 39
TC 196
Z9 227
U1 3
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 890
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature06227
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600043
PM 17943127
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Easton, DF
   Pooley, KA
   Dunning, AM
   Pharoah, PDP
   Thompson, D
   Ballinger, DG
   Struewing, JP
   Morrison, J
   Field, H
   Luben, R
   Wareham, N
   Ahmed, S
   Healey, CS
   Bowman, R
   Meyer, KB
   Haiman, CA
   Kolonel, LK
   Henderson, BE
   Le Marchand, L
   Brennan, P
   Sangrajrang, S
   Gaborieau, V
   Odefrey, F
   Shen, CY
   Wu, PE
   Wang, HC
   Eccles, D
   Evans, DG
   Peto, J
   Fletcher, O
   Johnson, N
   Seal, S
   Stratton, MR
   Rahman, N
   Chenevix-Trench, G
   Bojesen, SE
   Nordestgaard, BG
   Axelsson, CK
   Garcia-Closas, M
   Brinton, L
   Chanock, S
   Lissowska, J
   Peplonska, B
   Nevanlinna, H
   Fagerholm, R
   Eerola, H
   Kang, D
   Yoo, KY
   Noh, DY
   Ahn, SH
   Hunter, DJ
   Hankinson, SE
   Cox, DG
   Hall, P
   Wedren, S
   Liu, JJ
   Low, YL
   Bogdanova, N
   Schürmann, P
   Dörk, T
   Tollenaar, RAEM
   Jacobi, CE
   Devilee, P
   Klijn, JGM
   Sigurdson, AJ
   Doody, MM
   Alexander, BH
   Zhang, JH
   Cox, A
   Brock, IW
   MacPherson, G
   Reed, MWR
   Couch, FJ
   Goode, EL
   Olson, JE
   Meijers-Heijboer, H
   van den Ouweland, A
   Uitterlinden, A
   Rivadeneira, F
   Milne, RL
   Ribas, G
   Gonzalez-Neira, A
   Benitez, J
   Hopper, JL
   McCredie, M
   Southey, M
   Giles, GG
   Schroen, C
   Justenhoven, C
   Brauch, H
   Hamann, U
   Ko, YD
   Spurdle, AB
   Beesley, J
   Chen, XQ
   Mannermaa, A
   Kosma, VM
   Kataja, V
   Hartikainen, J
   Day, NE
   Cox, DR
   Ponder, BAJ
AF Easton, Douglas F.
   Pooley, Karen A.
   Dunning, Alison M.
   Pharoah, Paul D. P.
   Thompson, Deborah
   Ballinger, Dennis G.
   Struewing, Jeffery P.
   Morrison, Jonathan
   Field, Helen
   Luben, Robert
   Wareham, Nicholas
   Ahmed, Shahana
   Healey, Catherine S.
   Bowman, Richard
   Meyer, Kerstin B.
   Haiman, Christopher A.
   Kolonel, Laurence K.
   Henderson, Brian E.
   Le Marchand, Loic
   Brennan, Paul
   Sangrajrang, Suleeporn
   Gaborieau, Valerie
   Odefrey, Fabrice
   Shen, Chen-Yang
   Wu, Pei-Ei
   Wang, Hui-Chun
   Eccles, Diana
   Evans, D. Gareth
   Peto, Julian
   Fletcher, Olivia
   Johnson, Nichola
   Seal, Sheila
   Stratton, Michael R.
   Rahman, Nazneen
   Chenevix-Trench, Georgia
   Bojesen, Stig E.
   Nordestgaard, Borge G.
   Axelsson, Christen K.
   Garcia-Closas, Montserrat
   Brinton, Louise
   Chanock, Stephen
   Lissowska, Jolanta
   Peplonska, Beata
   Nevanlinna, Heli
   Fagerholm, Rainer
   Eerola, Hannaleena
   Kang, Daehee
   Yoo, Keun-Young
   Noh, Dong-Young
   Ahn, Sei-Hyun
   Hunter, David J.
   Hankinson, Susan E.
   Cox, David G.
   Hall, Per
   Wedren, Sara
   Liu, Jianjun
   Low, Yen-Ling
   Bogdanova, Natalia
   Schuermann, Peter
   Doerk, Thilo
   Tollenaar, Rob A. E. M.
   Jacobi, Catharina E.
   Devilee, Peter
   Klijn, Jan G. M.
   Sigurdson, Alice J.
   Doody, Michele M.
   Alexander, Bruce H.
   Zhang, Jinghui
   Cox, Angela
   Brock, Ian W.
   MacPherson, Gordon
   Reed, Malcolm W. R.
   Couch, Fergus J.
   Goode, Ellen L.
   Olson, Janet E.
   Meijers-Heijboer, Hanne
   van den Ouweland, Ans
   Uitterlinden, Andre
   Rivadeneira, Fernando
   Milne, Roger L.
   Ribas, Gloria
   Gonzalez-Neira, Anna
   Benitez, Javier
   Hopper, John L.
   McCredie, Margaret
   Southey, Melissa
   Giles, Graham G.
   Schroen, Chris
   Justenhoven, Christina
   Brauch, Hiltrud
   Hamann, Ute
   Ko, Yon-Dschun
   Spurdle, Amanda B.
   Beesley, Jonathan
   Chen, Xiaoqing
   Mannermaa, Arto
   Kosma, Veli-Matti
   Kataja, Vesa
   Hartikainen, Jaana
   Day, Nicholas E.
   Cox, David R.
   Ponder, Bruce A. J.
TI Genome-wide association study identifies novel breast cancer susceptibility loci
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor receptor-2; ovarian-cancer; brca2 mutations; prostate-cancer; gene; disease; chek2-asterisk-1100delc; populations; patterns; database
AB Breast cancer exhibits familial aggregation, consistent with variation in genetic susceptibility to the disease. Known susceptibility genes account for less than 25% of the familial risk of breast cancer, and the residual genetic variance is likely to be due to variants conferring more moderate risks. To identify further susceptibility alleles, we conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study in 4,398 breast cancer cases and 4,316 controls, followed by a third stage in which 30 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for confirmation in 21,860 cases and 22,578 controls from 22 studies. We used 227,876 SNPs that were estimated to correlate with 77% of known common SNPs in Europeans at r(2) > 0.5. SNPs in five novel independent loci exhibited strong and consistent evidence of association with breast cancer (P < 10(-7)). Four of these contain plausible causative genes (FGFR2, TNRC9, MAP3K1 and LSP1). At the second stage, 1,792 SNPs were significant at the P < 0.05 level compared with an estimated 1,343 that would be expected by chance, indicating that many additional common susceptibility alleles may be identifiable by this approach.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Publ Hlth & Primary Care, CR UK Genet Epidemiol Unit, Cambridge CB1 8RN, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Oncol, Cambridge CB1 8RN, England.
   Canc Council Victoria, Canc Epidemiol Ctr, Carlton, Vic 3053, Australia.
   Univ Otago, Dept Prevent & Social Med, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand.
   Univ Melbourne, Ctr Mol Environm Genet & Analyt Epidemiol, Carlton, Vic 3053, Australia.
   Spanish Natl Canc Ctr CNIO, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
   Erasmus Univ, Dept Clin Genet, NL-3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Mayo Clin, Coll Med, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
   Univ Sheffield, Sch Med, Acad Unit Surg Oncol, Sheffield S10 2RX, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Sch Med, Inst Canc Studies, Sheffield S10 2RX, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   NCI, Radiat Epidemiol Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH,DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Erasmus MC, Dept Med Oncol, Family Canc Clin, NL-3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Human Genet, NL-2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, NL-2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med Decis Making, NL-2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Surg, NL-2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Hannover Med Sch, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
   Hannover Med Sch, Dept Radiat Oncol, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
   Genome Inst Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Epidemiol & Biostat, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Program Mol & Genet Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Ulsan, Coll Med, Ulsan 680749, South Korea.
   Natl Canc Ctr, Goyang 411769, South Korea.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Med, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Univ Helsinki, Cent Hosp, Dept Oncol, Helsinki 00029, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Cent Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Helsinki 00029, Finland.
   Nofer Inst Occupat Med, PL-90950 Lodz, Poland.
   M Sklodowska Curie Inst Oncol, PL-02781 Warsaw, Poland.
   Ctr Canc, PL-02781 Warsaw, Poland.
   NCI, Ctr Adv Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA.
   NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Rockville, MD 20852 USA.
   Univ Copenhagen, Herlev Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Biochem, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
   Univ Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Univ Hosp, Dept Breast Surg, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
   Queensland Inst Med Res, Brisbane, Qld 4006, Australia.
   Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Canc Genome Project, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Inst Canc Res, Sect Canc Genet, Sutton SM2 5NG, Surrey, England.
   Breakthrought Breast Canc Res Ctr, London SW3 6JB, England.
   Inst Canc Res, Sutton SM2 5NG, Surrey, England.
   Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London WC1E 7HT, England.
   St Marys Hosp, Reg Genet Serv, Manchester M13 0JH, Lancs, England.
   Princess Anne Hosp, Wessex Clin Genet Serv, Southampton SO16 5YA, Hants, England.
   Acad Sinica, Inst Biomed Sci, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
   NCI, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
   Int Agcy Res Canc, F-69008 Lyon, France.
   Univ Hawaii, Canc Res Ctr Hawaii, Program Epidemiol, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Keck Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA.
   MRC, Dunn Clin Nutr Ctr, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Publ Hlth & Primary Care, EPIC, Cambridge CB1 8RN, England.
   NCI, Lab Populat Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Perlegen Sci Inc, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA.
   Univ Melbourne, Dept Pathol, Genet Epidemiol Lab, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
   Vaasa Cent Hosp, Dept Oncol, Vaasa 65130, Finland.
   Kuopio Univ Hosp, Dept Oncol, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
   Kuopio Univ Hosp, Dept Pathol, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
   Univ Kuopio, Inst Clin Med Pathol & Forens Med, FIN-70210 Kuopio, Finland.
   Peter MacCallum Canc Ctr, Melbourne, Vic 3002, Australia.
   Evangel Kliniken Bonn GGmbh, Johanniter Krankenhaus, D-53113 Bonn, Germany.
   Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Tubingen, D-72074 Tubingen, Germany.
   Dr Margarete Fischer Bosch Inst Clin Pharmacol, D-70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; Cancer Council Victoria; University of Otago; University of Melbourne; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas (CNIO); Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; Mayo Clinic; University of Sheffield; University of Sheffield; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); NIH National Cancer Institute- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus MC; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC); Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC); Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC); Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC); Hannover Medical School; Hannover Medical School; Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR); A*STAR - Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS); Karolinska Institutet; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; University of Ulsan; National Cancer Center - Korea (NCC); Seoul National University (SNU); University of Helsinki; Helsinki University Central Hospital; University of Helsinki; Helsinki University Central Hospital; Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine; Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); NIH National Cancer Institute- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics; University of Copenhagen; Herlev & Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Bispebjerg Hospital; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of Cambridge; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; University of Manchester; Academia Sinica - Taiwan; World Health Organization; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); University of Hawaii System; Cancer Research Center of Hawaii; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Cambridge; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); University of Melbourne; Vaasa Central Hospital; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio University Hospital; University of Eastern Finland; Peter Maccallum Cancer Center; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Eberhard Karls University Hospital
RP Easton, DF (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Publ Hlth & Primary Care, CR UK Genet Epidemiol Unit, Cambridge CB1 8RN, England.
EM d.easton@srl.cam.ac.uk
FU Cancer Research UK [A3353] Funding Source: Medline; Breast Cancer Now [2004NOV49, BREAST CANCER NOW RESEARCH CENTRE] Funding Source: Medline
NR 40
TC 1835
Z9 2140
U1 0
U2 237
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7148
BP 1087
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature05887
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 183HT
UT WOS:000247564600032
PM 17529967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cavalieri, AL
   Müller, N
   Uphues, T
   Yakovlev, VS
   Baltuska, A
   Horvath, B
   Schmidt, B
   Blümel, L
   Holzwarth, R
   Hendel, S
   Drescher, M
   Kleineberg, U
   Echenique, PM
   Kienberger, R
   Krausz, F
   Heinzmann, U
AF Cavalieri, A. L.
   Mueller, N.
   Uphues, Th.
   Yakovlev, V. S.
   Baltuska, A.
   Horvath, B.
   Schmidt, B.
   Bluemel, L.
   Holzwarth, R.
   Hendel, S.
   Drescher, M.
   Kleineberg, U.
   Echenique, P. M.
   Kienberger, R.
   Krausz, F.
   Heinzmann, U.
TI Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron dynamics; photoemission
AB Comprehensive knowledge of the dynamic behaviour of electrons in condensed-matter systems is pertinent to the development of many modern technologies, such as semiconductor and molecular electronics, optoelectronics, information processing and photo-voltaics. Yet it remains challenging to probe electronic processes, many of which take place in the attosecond (1 as = 10(-18) s) regime. In contrast, atomic motion occurs on the femtosecond (1 fs = 10(-15) s) timescale and has been mapped in solids in real time(1,2) using femtosecond X-ray sources(3). Here we extend the attosecond techniques(4,5) previously used to study isolated atoms in the gas phase to observe electron motion in condensed-matter systems and on surfaces in real time. We demonstrate our ability to obtain direct time-domain access to charge dynamics with attosecond resolution by probing photoelectron emission from single-crystal tungsten. Our data reveal a delay of approximately 100 attoseconds between the emission of photoelectrons that originate from localized core states of the metal, and those that are freed from delocalized conduction-band states. These results illustrate that attosecond metrology constitutes a powerful tool for exploring not only gas-phase systems, but also fundamental electronic processes occurring on the attosecond timescale in condensed-matter systems and on surfaces.
C1 Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Bielefeld, Fak Phys, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Dept Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Photon, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
   Menlo Syst GmbH, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   Univ Hamburg, Inst Expt Phys, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Basque Country, Ctr Mixto, CSIC, Dpto Fis Mat, San Sebastian 20018, Spain.
   DIPC, San Sebastian 20018, Spain.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Bielefeld; University of Munich; Technische Universitat Wien; Menlo Systems GmbH; University of Hamburg; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); University of Basque Country
RP Cavalieri, AL (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, Hans Kopfermann Str 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM adrian.cavalieri@mpq.mpg.de; krausz@lmu.de; uheinzm@physik.uni-bielefeld.de
NR 30
TC 936
Z9 1043
U1 4
U2 261
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1029
EP 1032
DI 10.1038/nature06229
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000047
PM 17960239
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zarka, P
   Lamy, L
   Cecconi, B
   Prangé, R
   Rucker, HO
AF Zarka, Philippe
   Lamy, Laurent
   Cecconi, Baptiste
   Prange, Renee
   Rucker, Helmut O.
TI Modulation of Saturn's radio clock by solar wind speed
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-frequency limit; rotation period; kilometric radiation; magnetic-field; voyager-1
AB The internal rotation rates of the giant planets can be estimated by cloud motions, but such an approach is not very precise because absolute wind speeds are not known a priori and depend on latitude(1): periodicities in the radio emissions, thought to be tied to the internal planetary magnetic field, are used instead(2-5). Saturn, despite an apparently axisymmetric magnetic field(6), emits kilometre-wavelength (radio) photons from auroral sources. This emission is modulated at a period initially identified as 10 h 39 min 24 +/- 7 s, and this has been adopted as Saturn's rotation period(3). Subsequent observations(7,8), however, revealed that this period varies by +/-6 min on a timescale of several months to years. Here we report that the kilometric radiation period varies systematically by +/-1% with a characteristic timescale of 20-30 days. Here we show that these fluctuations are correlated with solar wind speed at Saturn, meaning that Saturn's radio clock is controlled, at least in part, by conditions external to the planet's magnetosphere. No correlation is found with the solar wind density, dynamic pressure or magnetic field; the solar wind speed therefore has a special function. We also show that the long-term fluctuations are simply an average of the short-term ones, and therefore the long-term variations are probably also driven by changes in the solar wind.
C1 Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Observ Paris, Lab Etud Spatiales & Instruemntat Astrophys, F-92190 Meudon, France.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria.
C3 Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Austrian Academy of Sciences
RP Zarka, P (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Observ Paris, Lab Etud Spatiales & Instruemntat Astrophys, F-92190 Meudon, France.
EM philippe.zarka@obspm.fr
NR 30
TC 64
Z9 66
U1 1
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7167
BP 265
EP 267
DI 10.1038/nature06237
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228RC
UT WOS:000250746200053
PM 17994092
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Volkov, I
   Banavar, JR
   Hubbell, SP
   Maritan, A
AF Volkov, Igor
   Banavar, Jayanth R.
   Hubbell, Stephen P.
   Maritan, Amos
TI Patterns of relative species abundance in rainforests and coral reefs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutral biodiversity theory; density-dependence; population; diversity
AB A formidable many-body problem in ecology is to understand the complex of factors controlling patterns of relative species abundance (RSA) in communities of interacting species. Unlike many problems in physics, the nature of the interactions in ecological communities is not completely known. Although most contemporary theories in ecology start with the basic premise that species interact, here we show that a theory in which all interspecific interactions are turned off leads to analytical results that are in agreement with RSA data from tropical forests and coral reefs. The assumption of non-interacting species leads to a sampling theory for the RSA that yields a simple approximation at large scales to the exact theory. Our results show that one can make significant theoretical progress in ecology by assuming that the effective interactions among species are weak in the stationary states in species-rich communities such as tropical forests and coral reefs.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Ctr Infect Dis Dynam, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, APO, AA 34002 USA.
   Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis G Galilei, CNISM, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
   Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of Padua; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)
RP Banavar, JR (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM banavar@psu.edu; maritan@pd.infn.it
NR 29
TC 228
Z9 246
U1 6
U2 126
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 45
EP 49
DI 10.1038/nature06197
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800033
PM 17972874
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sremcevic, M
   Schmidt, J
   Salo, H
   Seiss, M
   Spahn, F
   Albers, N
AF Sremcevic, Miodrag
   Schmidt, Juergen
   Salo, Heikki
   Seiss, Martin
   Spahn, Frank
   Albers, Nicole
TI A belt of moonlets in Saturn's A ring
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID particle-size distributions; asteroid family; small satellites; encke gap; cassini; occultation; system; uranus; wakes
AB The origin and evolution of planetary rings is one of the prominent unsolved problems of planetary sciences, with direct implications for planet-forming processes in pre-planetary disks(1). The recent detection of four propeller-shaped features in Saturn's A ring(2) proved the presence of large boulder-sized moonlets in the rings(3-5). Their existence favours ring creation in a catastrophic disruption of an icy satellite rather than a co-genetic origin with Saturn, because bodies of this size are unlikely to have accreted inside the rings. Here we report the detection of eight new propeller features in an image sequence that covers the complete A ring, indicating embedded moonlets with radii between 30 m and 70 m. We show that the moonlets found are concentrated in a narrow 3,000-km-wide annulus 130,000 km from Saturn. Compared to the main population of ring particles(6-8) (radius s < 10 m), such embedded moonlets have a short lifetime(9) with respect to meteoroid impacts. Therefore, they are probably the remnants of a shattered ring-moon of Pan size or larger(2), locally contributing new material to the older ring. This supports the theory of catastrophic ring creation in a collisional cascade(9-12).
C1 Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Potsdam, Dept Phys, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
   Univ Oulu, Dept Phys Sci, Astron Div, Oulu 90014, Finland.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Potsdam; University of Oulu
RP Sremcevic, M (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, 392 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM miodrag.sremcevic@lasp.colorado.edu
NR 31
TC 67
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1019
EP 1021
DI 10.1038/nature06224
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000044
PM 17960236
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mendillo, M
   Laurent, S
   Wilson, J
   Baumgardner, J
   Konrad, J
   Karl, WC
AF Mendillo, Michael
   Laurent, Sophie
   Wilson, Jody
   Baumgardner, Jeffrey
   Konrad, Janusz
   Karl, W. Clem
TI The sources of sodium escaping from Io revealed by spectral high definition imaging
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID simulation; chlorine; features; model
AB On Jupiter's moon Io, volcanic plumes and evaporating lava flows provide hot gases to form an atmosphere that is subsequently ionized. Some of Io's plasma is captured by the planet's strong magnetic field to form a co-rotating torus at Io's distance; the remaining ions and electrons form Io's ionosphere. The torus and ionosphere are also depleted by three time-variable processes that produce a banana-shaped cloud orbiting with Io(1), a giant nebula extending out to about 500 Jupiter radii(2-5), and a jet close to Io(6-9). No spatial constraints exist for the sources of the first two; they have been inferred only from modelling the patterns seen in the trace gas sodium observed far from Io. Here we report observations that reveal a spatially confined stream that ejects sodium only from the wake of the Io-torus interaction, together with a visually distinct, spherically symmetrical outflow region arising from atmospheric sputtering. The spatial extent of the ionospheric wake that feeds the stream is more than twice that observed by the Galileo spacecraft and modelled successfully. This implies considerable variability, and therefore the need for additional modelling of volcanically-driven, episodic states of the great jovian nebula.
C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Boston University; Boston University
RP Mendillo, M (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM mendillo@bu.edu
NR 27
TC 16
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7151
BP 330
EP 332
DI 10.1038/nature06000
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 191GC
UT WOS:000248118300052
PM 17637664
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nagrath, S
   Sequist, LV
   Maheswaran, S
   Bell, DW
   Irimia, D
   Ulkus, L
   Smith, MR
   Kwak, EL
   Digumarthy, S
   Muzikansky, A
   Ryan, P
   Balis, UJ
   Tompkins, RG
   Haber, DA
   Toner, M
AF Nagrath, Sunitha
   Sequist, Lecia V.
   Maheswaran, Shyamala
   Bell, Daphne W.
   Irimia, Daniel
   Ulkus, Lindsey
   Smith, Matthew R.
   Kwak, Eunice L.
   Digumarthy, Subba
   Muzikansky, Alona
   Ryan, Paula
   Balis, Ulysses J.
   Tompkins, Ronald G.
   Haber, Daniel A.
   Toner, Mehmet
TI Isolation of rare circulating tumour cells in cancer patients by microchip technology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metastatic breast-cancer; on-a-chip; peripheral-blood; carcinoma-cells; expression; flow; microfluidics; enumeration; separation
AB Viable tumour- derived epithelial cells ( circulating tumour cells or CTCs) have been identified in peripheral blood from cancer patients and are probably the origin of intractable metastatic disease(1-4). Although extremely rare, CTCs represent a potential alternative to invasive biopsies as a source of tumour tissue for the detection, characterization and monitoring of non-haematologic cancers(5-8). The ability to identify, isolate, propagate and molecularly characterize CTC subpopulations could further the discovery of cancer stem cell biomarkers and expand the understanding of the biology of metastasis. Current strategies for isolating CTCs are limited to complex analytic approaches that generate very low yield and purity(9). Here we describe the development of a unique microfluidic platform ( the 'CTC-chip') capable of efficient and selective separation of viable CTCs from peripheral whole blood samples, mediated by the interaction of target CTCs with antibody ( EpCAM)- coated microposts under precisely controlled laminar flow conditions, and without requisite pre- labelling or processing of samples. The CTC- chip successfully identified CTCs in the peripheral blood of patients with metastatic lung, prostate, pancreatic, breast and colon cancer in 115 of 116 ( 99%) samples, with a range of 5-1,281 CTCs per ml and approximately 50% purity. In addition, CTCs were isolated in 7/7 patients with early- stage prostate cancer. Given the high sensitivity and specificity of the CTC- chip, we tested its potential utility in monitoring response to anti- cancer therapy. In a small cohort of patients with metastatic cancer undergoing systemic treatment, temporal changes in CTC numbers correlated reasonably well with the clinical course of disease as measured by standard radiographic methods. Thus, the CTC- chip provides a new and effective tool for accurate identification and measurement of CTCs in patients with cancer. It has broad implications in advancing both cancer biology research and clinical cancer management, including the detection, diagnosis and monitoring of cancer(10).
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Surg Serv, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, BioMEMS Resource Ctr, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Shriners Hosp Children, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp Canc Ctr, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Toner, M (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Surg Serv, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM mtoner@hms.harvard.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [K24 CA121990] Funding Source: Medline; NIBIB NIH HHS [P41 EB002503] Funding Source: Medline
NR 32
TC 3061
Z9 3798
U1 34
U2 2459
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1235
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature06385
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200051
PM 18097410
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lewis, RS
AF Lewis, Richard S.
TI The molecular choreography of a store-operated calcium channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cation channel; crac channels; ca2+ sensor; stim1; depletion; orai1; activation; release; trpc1; oscillations
AB Store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) serve essential functions from secretion and motility to gene expression and cell growth. A fundamental mystery is how the depletion of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates Ca2+ entry through SOCs in the plasma membrane. Recent studies using genetic approaches have identified genes encoding the ER Ca2+ sensor and a prototypic SOC, the Ca2+-release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel. New findings reveal a unique mechanism for channel activation, in which the CRAC channel and its sensor migrate independently to closely apposed sites of interaction in the ER and the plasma membrane.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Lewis, RS (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM rslewis@stanford.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM045374] Funding Source: Medline
NR 42
TC 427
Z9 527
U1 0
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7133
BP 284
EP 287
DI 10.1038/nature05637
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145VC
UT WOS:000244892900036
PM 17361175
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hayden, LA
   Watson, EB
AF Hayden, Leslie A.
   Watson, E. Bruce
TI A diffusion mechanism for core-mantle interaction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID grain-boundary; constraints; earth
AB Understanding the geochemical behaviour of the siderophile elements - those tending to form alloys with iron in natural environments - is important in the search for a deep-mantle chemical 'fingerprint' in upper mantle rocks, and also in the evaluation of models of large-scale differentiation of the Earth and terrestrial planets. These elements are highly concentrated in the core relative to the silicate mantle, but their concentrations in upper mantle rocks are higher than predicted by most core-formation models(1,2). It has been suggested that mixing of outer-core material back into the mantle following core formation may be responsible for the siderophile element ratios observed in upper mantle rocks(3). Such re-mixing has been attributed to an unspecified metal - silicate interaction in the reactive D" layer just above the core - mantle boundary(4). The siderophile elements are excellent candidates as indicators of an outer-core contribution to the mantle, but the nature and existence of possible core - mantle interactions is controversial(5). In light of the recent findings that grain-boundary diffusion of oxygen through a dry intergranular medium may be effective over geologically significant length scales(6) and that grain boundaries can be primary storage sites for incompatible lithophile elements(7), the question arises as to whether siderophile elements might exhibit similar (or greater) grain-boundary mobility. Here we report experimental results from a study of grain-boundary diffusion of siderophile elements through polycrystalline MgO that were obtained by quantifying the extent of alloy formation between initially pure metals separated by similar to 1 mm of polycrystalline MgO. Grain-boundary diffusion resulted in significant alloying of sink and source particles, enabling calculation of grain-boundary fluxes. Our computed diffusivities were high enough to allow transport of a number of siderophile elements over geologically significant length scales (tens of kilometres) over the age of the Earth. This finding establishes grain-boundary diffusion as a potential fast pathway for chemical communication between the core and mantle.
C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
C3 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
RP Hayden, LA (corresponding author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
EM haydel@rpi.edu
NR 16
TC 67
Z9 79
U1 2
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 709
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature06380
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700051
PM 18046408
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cruikshank, DP
   Dalton, JB
   Ore, CMD
   Bauer, J
   Stephan, K
   Filacchione, G
   Hendrix, AR
   Hansen, CJ
   Coradini, A
   Cerroni, P
   Tosi, F
   Capaccioni, F
   Jaumann, R
   Buratti, BJ
   Clark, RN
   Brown, RH
   Nelson, RM
   McCord, TB
   Baines, KH
   Nicholson, PD
   Sotin, C
   Meyer, AW
   Bellucci, G
   Combes, M
   Bibring, JP
   Langevin, Y
   Sicardy, B
   Matson, DL
   Formisano, V
   Drossart, P
   Mennella, V
AF Cruikshank, D. P.
   Dalton, J. B.
   Ore, C. M. Dalle
   Bauer, J.
   Stephan, K.
   Filacchione, G.
   Hendrix, A. R.
   Hansen, C. J.
   Coradini, A.
   Cerroni, P.
   Tosi, F.
   Capaccioni, F.
   Jaumann, R.
   Buratti, B. J.
   Clark, R. N.
   Brown, R. H.
   Nelson, R. M.
   McCord, T. B.
   Baines, K. H.
   Nicholson, P. D.
   Sotin, C.
   Meyer, A. W.
   Bellucci, G.
   Combes, M.
   Bibring, J.-P.
   Langevin, Y.
   Sicardy, B.
   Matson, D. L.
   Formisano, V.
   Drossart, P.
   Mennella, V.
TI Surface composition of Hyperion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phoebe; tholins; iapetus; co2
AB Hyperion, Saturn's eighth largest icy satellite, is a body of irregular shape in a state of chaotic rotation(1,2). The surface is segregated into two distinct units. A spatially dominant high-albedo unit having the strong signature of H2O ice contrasts with a unit that is about a factor of four lower in albedo and is found mostly in the bottoms of cup-like craters. Here we report observations of Hyperion's surface in the ultraviolet and near-infrared spectral regions with two optical remote sensing instruments on the Cassini spacecraft at closest approach during a fly-by on 25 - 26 September 2005. The close fly-by afforded us the opportunity to obtain separate reflectance spectra of the high-and low-albedo surface components. The low-albedo material has spectral similarities and compositional signatures that link it with the surface of Phoebe and a hemisphere-wide superficial coating on Iapetus.
C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USR SOFIA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   DLR, Inst Planetary Explorat, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   INAF IASF Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosmica, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   INAF IASF Ist Spazio Interplanetario, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Denver Fed Ctr, USGS, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Space Sci Inst NW, Winthrop, WA USA.
   Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Univ Nantes, F-44072 Nantes, France.
   Observ Paris, Dept Rech Spatial, F-95129 Meudon, France.
   Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatial, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   INAF OAC Osservat Astron Capodimonte, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; SETI Institute; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; Helmholtz Association; German Aerospace Centre (DLR); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of Arizona; University of Arizona; Cornell University; Nantes Universite; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Universite Paris Saclay; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF)
RP Cruikshank, DP (corresponding author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
EM Dale.P.Cruikshank@nasa.gov
NR 18
TC 43
Z9 47
U1 1
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7149
BP 54
EP 56
DI 10.1038/nature05948
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185OS
UT WOS:000247720900035
PM 17611536
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baier, DB
   Gatesy, SM
   Jenkins, FA
AF Baier, David B.
   Gatesy, Stephen M.
   Jenkins, Farish A., Jr.
TI A critical ligamentous mechanism in the evolution of avian flight
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pigeons columba-livia; flapping flight; speeds; range; china; bird; kinematics; shoulder; anatomy; humerus
AB Despite recent advances in aerodynamic(1,2), neuromuscular(3-5) and kinematic(6,7) aspects of avian flight and dozens of relevant fossil discoveries(8), the origin of aerial locomotion and the transition from limbs to wings continue to be debated(9,10). Interpreting this transition depends on understanding the mechanical interplay of forces in living birds, particularly at the shoulder where most wing motion takes place. Shoulder function depends on a balance of forces from muscles, ligaments and articular cartilages, as well as inertial, gravitational and aerodynamic loads on the wing(11). Here we show that the force balance system of the shoulder evolved from a primarily muscular mechanism to one in which the acrocoracohumeral ligament has a critical role. Features of the shoulder of Mesozoic birds and closely related theropod dinosaurs indicate that the evolution of flight preceded the acquisition of the ligament-based force balance system and that some basal birds are intermediate in shoulder morphology.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Brown University; Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Baier, DB (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
EM David_Baier@brown.edu
NR 30
TC 64
Z9 73
U1 1
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7125
BP 307
EP 310
DI 10.1038/nature05435
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 126HT
UT WOS:000243504700043
PM 17173029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wetzel, C
   Hu, J
   Riethmacher, D
   Benckendorff, A
   Harder, L
   Eilers, A
   Moshourab, R
   Kozlenkov, A
   Labuz, D
   Caspani, O
   Erdmann, B
   Machelska, H
   Heppenstall, PA
   Lewin, GR
AF Wetzel, Christiane
   Hu, Jing
   Riethmacher, Dieter
   Benckendorff, Anne
   Harder, Lena
   Eilers, Andreas
   Moshourab, Rabih
   Kozlenkov, Alexey
   Labuz, Dominika
   Caspani, Ombretta
   Erdmann, Bettina
   Machelska, Halina
   Heppenstall, Paul A.
   Lewin, Gary R.
TI A stomatin-domain protein essential for touch sensation in the mouse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensing ion channels; sensory neurons; c-elegans; membrane-protein; receptor neurons; mechanosensation; pain; rat; mechanoreceptor; localization
AB Touch and mechanical pain are first detected at our largest sensory surface, the skin. The cell bodies of sensory neurons that detect such stimuli are located in the dorsal root ganglia, and subtypes of these neurons are specialized to detect specific modalities of mechanical stimuli. Molecules have been identified that are necessary for mechanosensation in invertebrates but so far not in mammals. In Caenorhabditis elegans, mec-2 is one of several genes identified in a screen for touch insensitivity and encodes an integral membrane protein with a stomatin homology domain(1). Here we show that about 35% of skin mechanoreceptors do not respond to mechanical stimuli in mice with a mutation in stomatin-like protein 3 (SLP3, also called Stoml3), a mammalian mec-2 homologue that is expressed in sensory neurons. In addition, mechanosensitive ion channels found in many sensory neurons do not function without SLP3. Tactile-driven behaviours are also impaired in SLP3 mutant mice, including touch-evoked pain caused by neuropathic injury. SLP3 is therefore indispensable for the function of a subset of cutaneous mechanoreceptors, and our data support the idea that this protein is an essential subunit of a mammalian mechanotransducer.
C1 Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, Dept Neurosci, D-13125 Berlin, Germany.
   Charite Univ Med Berlin, D-13125 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Hamburg, Zentrum Mol Neurobiol, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany.
   Charite Univ Med Berlin, Klin Anaesthesiol & Operat Med, D-12200 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine; Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin; University of Hamburg; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin
RP Lewin, GR (corresponding author), Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, Dept Neurosci, Robert Rossle Str 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany.
EM glewin@mdc-berlin.de
NR 29
TC 209
Z9 250
U1 3
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7124
BP 206
EP 209
DI 10.1038/nature05394
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124QF
UT WOS:000243384300051
PM 17167420
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kavanagh, KD
   Evans, AR
   Jernvall, J
AF Kavanagh, Kathryn D.
   Evans, Alistair R.
   Jernvall, Jukka
TI Predicting evolutionary patterns of mammalian teeth from development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression patterns; tooth development; genetic-basis; 3rd molar; reduction; dentitions; growth; size; differentiation; morphogenesis
AB One motivation in the study of development is the discovery of mechanisms that may guide evolutionary change. Here we report how development governs relative size and number of cheek teeth, or molars, in the mouse. We constructed an inhibitory cascade model by experimentally uncovering the activator-inhibitor logic of sequential tooth development. The inhibitory cascade acts as a ratchet that determines molar size differences along the jaw, one effect being that the second molar always makes up one-third of total molar area. By using a macroevolutionary test, we demonstrate the success of the model in predicting dentition patterns found among murine rodent species with various diets, thereby providing an example of ecologically driven evolution along a developmentally favoured trajectory. In general, our work demonstrates how to construct and test developmental rules with evolutionary predictability in natural systems.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Evolut & Dev Unit, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; University of Helsinki
RP Kavanagh, KD (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
EM kathryn_kavanagh@yahoo.com; jernvall@fastmail.fm
NR 50
TC 344
Z9 402
U1 0
U2 80
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7161
BP 427
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature06153
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214GQ
UT WOS:000249724800033
PM 17898761
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaasalainen, M
   Durech, J
   Warner, BD
   Krugly, YN
   Gaftonyuk, NM
AF Kaasalainen, Mikko
   Durech, Josef
   Warner, Brian D.
   Krugly, Yurij N.
   Gaftonyuk, Ninel M.
TI Acceleration of the rotation of asteroid 1862 Apollo by radiation torques
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spin-state; yarkovsky
AB The anisotropic reflection and thermal re-emission of sunlight from an asteroid's surface acts as a propulsion engine. The net propulsion force (Yarkovsky effect) changes the orbital dynamics of the body at a rate that depends on its physical properties; for irregularly shaped bodies, the propulsion causes a net torque (the Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack or YORP effect) that can change the object's rotation period and the direction of its rotation axis(1,2). The Yarkovsky effect has been observed directly 3, and there is also indirect evidence of its role in the orbital evolution of asteroids over long time intervals(4-6). So far, however, only indirect evidence exists for the YORP effect through the clustering of the directions of rotation axes in asteroid families(6-8). Here we report a change in the rotation rate of the asteroid 1862 Apollo, which is best explained by the YORP mechanism. The change is fairly large and clearly visible in photometric lightcurves, amounting to one extra rotation cycle in just 40 years even though Apollo's size is well over one kilometre. This confirms the prediction that the YORP effect plays a significant part in the dynamical evolution of asteroids.
C1 Univ Helsinki, Rolf Nevanlinna Inst, Dept Math & Stat, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Charles Univ Prague, Astron Inst, Prague 18000, Czech Republic.
   Palmer Divide Observ, Colorado Springs, CO 80908 USA.
   Kharkov Natl Univ, Inst Astron, UA-61022 Kharkov, Ukraine.
   Crimean Astrophys Observ, UA-98680 Simeiz, Ukraine.
C3 University of Helsinki; Charles University Prague; Ministry of Education & Science of Ukraine; VN Karazin Kharkiv National University; Crimean Astrophysical Observatory
RP Kaasalainen, M (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Rolf Nevanlinna Inst, Dept Math & Stat, POB 68, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
EM mikko.kaasalainen@helsinki.fi
NR 28
TC 116
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7134
BP 420
EP 422
DI 10.1038/nature05614
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 148MO
UT WOS:000245079500035
PM 17344861
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lareau, LF
   Inada, M
   Green, RE
   Wengrod, JC
   Brenner, SE
AF Lareau, Liana F.
   Inada, Maki
   Green, Richard E.
   Wengrod, Jordan C.
   Brenner, Steven E.
TI Unproductive splicing of SR genes associated with highly conserved and ultraconserved DNA elements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna decay; protein-kinase; human genome; identification; events; expression; enhancers; drosophila; roles; exon
AB The human and mouse genomes share a number of long, perfectly conserved nucleotide sequences, termed ultraconserved elements(1). Whereas these regions can act as transcriptional enhancers when upstream of genes, those within genes are less well understood. In particular, the function of ultraconserved elements that overlap alternatively spliced exons of genes encoding RNA-binding proteins is unknown(1,2). Here we report that in every member of the human SR family of splicing regulators, highly or ultraconserved elements are alternatively spliced, either as alternative 'poison cassette exons' containing early in-frame stop codons, or as alternative introns in the 3' untranslated region. These alternative splicing events target the resulting messenger RNAs for degradation by means of an RNA surveillance pathway called nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Mouse orthologues of the human SR proteins exhibit the same unproductive splicing patterns. Three SR proteins have been previously shown to direct splicing of their own transcripts, and one of these is known to autoregulate its expression by coupling alternative splicing with decay(3-5); our results suggest that unproductive splicing is important for regulation of the entire SR family. We find that unproductive splicing associated with conserved regions has arisen independently in different SR genes, suggesting that splicing factors may readily acquire this form of regulation.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Brenner, SE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM brenner@compbio.berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 507
Z9 639
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7138
BP 926
EP 929
DI 10.1038/nature05676
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 158IR
UT WOS:000245785700045
PM 17361132
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lahaye, T
   Koch, T
   Fröhlich, B
   Fattori, M
   Metz, J
   Griesmaier, A
   Giovanazzi, S
   Pfau, T
AF Lahaye, Thierry
   Koch, Tobias
   Froehlich, Bernd
   Fattori, Marco
   Metz, Jonas
   Griesmaier, Axel
   Giovanazzi, Stefano
   Pfau, Tilman
TI Strong dipolar effects in a quantum ferrofluid
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Symmetry-breaking interactions have a crucial role in many areas of physics, ranging from classical ferrofluids to superfluid He-3 and d-wave superconductivity. For superfluid quantum gases, a variety of new physical phenomena arising from the symmetry-breaking interaction between electric or magnetic dipoles are expected(1). Novel quantum phases in optical lattices, such as chequerboard or supersolid phases, are predicted for dipolar bosons(2,3). Dipolar interactions can also enrich considerably the physics of quantum gases with internal degrees of freedom(4-6). Arrays of dipolar particles could be used for efficient quantum information processing(7). Here we report the realization of a chromium Bose-Einstein condensate with strong dipolar interactions. By using a Feshbach resonance, we reduce the usual isotropic contact interaction, such that the anisotropic magnetic dipole-dipole interaction between Cr-52 atoms becomes comparable in strength. This induces a change of the aspect ratio of the atom cloud; for strong dipolar interactions, the inversion of ellipticity during expansion (the usual 'smoking gun' evidence for a Bose-Einstein condensate) can be suppressed. These effects are accounted for by taking into account the dipolar interaction in the superfluid hydrodynamic equations governing the dynamics of the gas, in the same way as classical ferrofluids can be described by including dipolar terms in the classical hydrodynamic equations. Our results are a first step in the exploration of the unique properties of quantum ferrofluids.
C1 Univ Stuttgart, Inst Phys 5, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
C3 University of Stuttgart
RP Lahaye, T (corresponding author), Univ Stuttgart, Inst Phys 5, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
EM t.lahaye@physik.uni-stuttgart.de; t.pfau@physik.uni-stuttgart.de
NR 25
TC 417
Z9 451
U1 1
U2 117
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7154
BP 672
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06036
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 197ZY
UT WOS:000248598000039
PM 17687319
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parton, LE
   Ye, CP
   Coppari, R
   Enriori, PJ
   Choi, B
   Zhang, CY
   Xu, C
   Vianna, CR
   Balthasar, N
   Lee, CE
   Elmquist, JK
   Cowley, MA
   Lowell, BB
AF Parton, Laura E.
   Ye, Chian Ping
   Coppari, Roberto
   Enriori, Pablo J.
   Choi, Brian
   Zhang, Chen-Yu
   Xu, Chun
   Vianna, Claudia R.
   Balthasar, Nina
   Lee, Charlotte E.
   Elmquist, Joel K.
   Cowley, Michael A.
   Lowell, Bradford B.
TI Glucose sensing by POMC neurons regulates glucose homeostasis and is impaired in obesity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensitive k+ channels; beta-cell dysfunction; uncoupling protein-2; atp channels; hypothalamic neurons; weight homeostasis; proton leak; leptin; brain; nucleus
AB A subset of neurons in the brain, known as 'glucose-excited' neurons, depolarize and increase their firing rate in response to increases in extracellular glucose. Similar to insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells(1), glucose excitation of neurons is driven by ATP-mediated closure of ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channels(2-5). Although beta-cell-like glucose sensing in neurons is well established, its physiological relevance and contribution to disease states such as type 2 diabetes remain unknown. To address these issues, we disrupted glucose sensing in glucose-excited pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons(5) via transgenic expression of a mutant Kir6.2 subunit (encoded by the Kcnj11 gene) that prevents ATP-mediated closure of K-ATP channels(6,7). Here we show that this genetic manipulation impaired the whole-body response to a systemic glucose load, demonstrating a role for glucose sensing by POMC neurons in the overall physiological control of blood glucose. We also found that glucose sensing by POMC neurons became defective in obese mice on a high-fat diet, suggesting that loss of glucose sensing by neurons has a role in the development of type 2 diabetes. The mechanism for obesity-induced loss of glucose sensing in POMC neurons involves uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), a mitochondrial protein that impairs glucose-stimulated ATP production(8). UCP2 negatively regulates glucose sensing in POMC neurons. We found that genetic deletion of Ucp2 prevents obesity-induced loss of glucose sensing, and that acute pharmacological inhibition of UCP2 reverses loss of glucose sensing. We conclude that obesity-induced, UCP2-mediated loss of glucose sensing in glucose-excited neurons might have a pathogenic role in the development of type 2 diabetes.
C1 Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Div Neurosci, Oregon Natl Primate Res Ctr, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA.
   Nanjing Univ, Sch Life Sci, State Key Lab Pharmaceut Biotechnol, Nanjing 210093, Peoples R China.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Ctr Hypothalam Res, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon National Primate Research Center; Nanjing University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Cowley, MA (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Div Neurosci, Oregon Natl Primate Res Ctr, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA.
EM cowleym@ohsu.edu; blowell@bidmc.harvard.edu
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R37 DK053477] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 562
Z9 655
U1 2
U2 101
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7159
BP 228
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature06098
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 209NF
UT WOS:000249394500052
PM 17728716
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gourlay, CM
   Dahle, AK
AF Gourlay, C. M.
   Dahle, A. K.
TI Dilatant shear bands in solidifying metals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mushy zone; behavior; sand; failure; strain; solidification; deformation; thickness; alloys; model
AB Compacted granular materials expand in response to shear(1), and can exhibit different behaviour from that of the solids, liquids and gases of which they are composed. Application of the physics of granular materials has increased the understanding of avalanches(2), geological faults 3,4, flow in hoppers and silos 5, and soil mechanics(6,7). During the equiaxed solidification of metallic alloys, there exists a range of solid fractions where the microstructure consists of a geometrically crowded disordered assembly of crystals saturated with liquid. It is therefore natural to ask if such a microstructure deforms as a granular material and what relevance this might have to solidification processing. Here we show that partially solidified alloys can exhibit the characteristics of a cohesionless granular material, including Reynolds' dilatancy(1) and strain localization in dilatant shear bands 7 - 18 mean crystals wide. We show that this behaviour is important in defect formation during high pressure die casting of Al and Mg alloys, a global industry that contributes over $7.3 billion to the USA's economy alone(8) and is used in the manufacture of products that include mobile-phone covers and steering wheels. More broadly, these findings highlight the potential to apply the principles and modelling approaches developed in granular mechanics to the field of solidification processing, and also indicate the possible benefits that might be gained from exploring and exploiting further synergies between these fields.
C1 Univ Queensland, CAST CRC, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Univ Queensland, Australian Res Council CoE Design Light Met Mat E, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
C3 University of Queensland; University of Queensland
RP Gourlay, CM (corresponding author), Univ Queensland, CAST CRC, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
EM c.gourlay@minmet.uq.edu.au; a.dahle@minmet.uq.edu.au
NR 30
TC 215
Z9 242
U1 5
U2 165
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7123
BP 70
EP 73
DI 10.1038/nature05426
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122KG
UT WOS:000243225100037
PM 17203058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Singh, SK
   Yamashita, A
   Gouaux, E
AF Singh, Satinder K.
   Yamashita, Atsuko
   Gouaux, Eric
TI Antidepressant binding site in a bacterial homologue of neurotransmitter transporters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cysteine-scanning mutagenesis; human serotonin transporters; norepinephrine transporter; inhibition; cotransporter; mutations; receptors; mechanism; drugs; model
AB Sodium-coupled transporters are ubiquitous pumps that harness pre-existing sodium gradients to catalyse the thermodynamically unfavourable uptake of essential nutrients, neurotransmitters and inorganic ions across the lipid bilayer(1). Dysfunction of these integral membrane proteins has been implicated in glucose/galactose malabsorption(2), congenital hypothyroidism(3), Bartter's syndrome(4), epilepsy(5), depression(6), autism(7) and obsessive-compulsive disorder(8). Sodium-coupled transporters are blocked by a number of therapeutically important compounds, including diuretics(9), anticonvulsants(10) and antidepressants(11), many of which have also become indispensable tools in biochemical experiments designed to probe antagonist binding sites and to elucidate transport mechanisms. Steady-state kinetic data have revealed that both competitive(12,13) and noncompetitive(14,15) modes of inhibition exist. Antagonist dissociation experiments on the serotonin transporter (SERT) have also unveiled the existence of a low-affinity allosteric site that slows the dissociation of inhibitors from a separate high-affinity site(16). Despite these strides, atomic-level insights into inhibitor action have remained elusive. Here we screen a panel of molecules for their ability to inhibit LeuT, a prokaryotic homologue of mammalian neurotransmitter sodium symporters, and show that the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) clomipramine noncompetitively inhibits substrate uptake. Cocrystal structures show that clomipramine, along with two other TCAs, binds in an extracellular-facing vestibule about 11 angstrom above the substrate and two sodium ions, apparently stabilizing the extracellular gate in a closed conformation. Off-rate assays establish that clomipramine reduces the rate at which leucine dissociates from LeuT and reinforce our contention that this TCA inhibits LeuT by slowing substrate release. Our results represent a molecular view into noncompetitive inhibition of a sodium-coupled transporter and define principles for the rational design of new inhibitors.
C1 Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
   Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Health & Science University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University
RP Gouaux, E (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
EM gouauxe@ohsu.edu
NR 30
TC 354
Z9 424
U1 0
U2 71
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7156
BP 952
EP 956
DI 10.1038/nature06038
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202OM
UT WOS:000248912900052
PM 17687333
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanaka, S
   Umemori, T
   Hirai, K
   Muramatsu, S
   Kamimura, Y
   Araki, H
AF Tanaka, Seiji
   Umemori, Toshiko
   Hirai, Kazuyuki
   Muramatsu, Sachiko
   Kamimura, Yoichiro
   Araki, Hiroyuki
TI CDK-dependent phosphorylation of Sld2 and Sld3 initiates DNA replication in budding yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; chromosomal dna; re-replication; protein-kinase; cell-cycle; complex; gins; progression; interacts; dpb11
AB In eukaryotic cells, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have an important involvement at various points in the cell cycle. At the onset of S phase, active CDK is essential for chromosomal DNA replication(1), although its precise role is unknown. In budding yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the replication protein Sld2 (ref. 2) is an essential CDK substrate(3), but its phospho-mimetic form (Sld2-11D) alone neither affects cell growth(4) nor promotes DNA replication in the absence of CDK activity(4), suggesting that other essential CDK substrates promote DNA replication. Here we show that both an allele of CDC45 (JET1) and high-copy DPB11, in combination with Sld2-11D, separately confer CDK-independent DNA replication. Although Cdc45 is not an essential CDK substrate, CDK-dependent phosphorylation of Sld3, which associates with Cdc45 ( ref. 5), is essential and generates a binding site for Dpb11. Both the JET1 mutation and high-copy DPB11 by-pass the requirement for Sld3 phosphorylation in DNA replication. Because phosphorylated Sld2 binds to the carboxy-terminal pair of BRCT domains in Dpb11 ( ref. 4), we propose that Dpb11 connects phosphorylated Sld2 and Sld3 to facilitate interactions between replication proteins, such as Cdc45 and GINS. Our results demonstrate that CDKs regulate interactions between BRCT-domain-containing replication proteins and other phosphorylated proteins for the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication; similar regulation may take place in higher eukaryotes.
C1 Res Org Informat & Syst, Natl Inst Genet, Div Microbial Genet, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   SOKENDAI, Dept Genet, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Araki, H (corresponding author), Res Org Informat & Syst, Natl Inst Genet, Div Microbial Genet, Yata 1111 Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
EM hiaraki@lab.nig.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 368
Z9 492
U1 4
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7125
BP 328
EP 332
DI 10.1038/nature05465
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 126HT
UT WOS:000243504700048
PM 17167415
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Touboul, M
   Kleine, T
   Bourdon, B
   Palme, H
   Wieler, R
AF Touboul, M.
   Kleine, T.
   Bourdon, B.
   Palme, H.
   Wieler, R.
TI Late formation and prolonged differentiation of the Moon inferred from W isotopes in lunar metals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cosmic-ray production; bulk silicate earth; core formation; impact history; giant impact; origin; constraints; age; hf; accretion
AB The Moon is thought to have formed from debris ejected by a giant impact with the early 'proto'-Earth(1) and, as a result of the high energies involved, the Moon would have melted to form a magma ocean. The timescales for formation and solidification of the Moon can be quantified by using Hf-182-W-182 and Sm-146-Nd-142 chronometry(2-4), but these methods have yielded contradicting results. In earlier studies(3,5-7), W-182 anomalies in lunar rocks were attributed to decay of Hf-182 within the lunar mantle and were used to infer that the Moon solidified within the first, 60 million years of the Solar System. However, the dominant W-182 component in most lunar rocks reflects cosmogenic production mainly by neutron capture of Ta-181 during cosmic- ray exposure of the lunar surface(3,7), compromising a reliable interpretation in terms of Hf-182-W-182 chronometry. Here we present tungsten isotope data for lunar metals that do not contain any measurable Ta- derived W-182. All metals have identical W-182/W-184 ratios, indicating that the lunar magma ocean did not crystallize within the first, 60 Myr of the Solar System, which is no longer inconsistent with Sm - Nd chronometry(8-11). Our new data reveal that the lunar and terrestrial mantles have identical W-182/W-184. This, in conjunction with Sm-147-Nd-143 ages for the oldest lunar rocks(8-11), constrains the age of the Moon and Earth to 62(-10)(+90) Myr after formation of the Solar System. The identical W-182/W-184 ratios of the lunar and terrestrial mantles require either that the Moon is derived mainly from terrestrial material or that tungsten isotopes in the Moon and Earth's mantle equilibrated in the aftermath of the giant impact, as has been proposed to account for identical oxygen isotope compositions of the Earth and Moon(12).
C1 ETH, Inst Isotope Geochem & Mineral Resources, Dept Earth Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Mineral & Geochem, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Cologne
RP Touboul, M (corresponding author), ETH, Inst Isotope Geochem & Mineral Resources, Dept Earth Sci, Clausiusstr 25, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM touboul@erdw.ethz.ch
NR 31
TC 349
Z9 392
U1 1
U2 114
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1206
EP 1209
DI 10.1038/nature06428
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200044
PM 18097403
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bhat, MH
   Molinero, V
   Soignard, E
   Solomon, VC
   Sastry, S
   Yarger, JL
   Angell, CA
AF Bhat, M. H.
   Molinero, V.
   Soignard, E.
   Solomon, V. C.
   Sastry, S.
   Yarger, J. L.
   Angell, C. A.
TI Vitrification of a monatomic metallic liquid
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics; neutron-diffraction; amorphous-germanium; high-pressure; alloys; transition; melt; density; silicon; phases
AB Although the majority of glasses in use in technology are complex mixtures of oxides or chalcogenides, there are numerous examples of pure substances - 'glassformers' - that also fail to crystallize during cooling. Most glassformers are organic molecular systems, but there are important inorganic examples too(1,2), such as silicon dioxide and elemental selenium ( the latter being polymeric). Bulk metallic glasses can now be made(3); but, with the exception of Zr50Cu50 ( ref. 4), they require multiple components to avoid crystallization during normal liquid cooling. Two-component 'metglasses' can often be achieved by hyperquenching, but this has not hitherto been achieved with a single- component system. Glasses form when crystal nucleation rates are slow, although the factors that create the slow nucleation conditions are not well understood. Here we apply the insights gained in a recent molecular dynamics simulation study(5) to create conditions for successful vitrification of metallic liquid germanium. Our results also provide micrographic evidence for a rare polyamorphic transition preceding crystallization of the diamond cubic phase.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Univ Utah, Dept Chem, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Jawaharlal Nehru Ctr Adv Sci Res, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Department of Science & Technology (India); Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR)
RP Angell, CA (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM caa@asu.edu
NR 35
TC 203
Z9 216
U1 2
U2 185
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7155
BP 787
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature06044
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200HJ
UT WOS:000248754200035
PM 17700696
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Van Aken, BB
   Rivera, JP
   Schmid, H
   Fiebig, M
AF Van Aken, Bas B.
   Rivera, Jean-Pierre
   Schmid, Hans
   Fiebig, Manfred
TI Observation of ferrotoroidic domains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID licopo4
AB Domains are of unparalleled technological importance as they are used for information storage and for electronic, magnetic and optical switches. They are an essential property of any ferroic material. Three forms of ferroic order are widely known: ferromagnetism, a spontaneous magnetization; ferroelectricity, a spontaneous polarization; and ferroelasticity, a spontaneous strain. It is currently debated whether to include an ordered arrangement of magnetic vortices as a fourth form of ferroic order, termed ferrotoroidicity. Although there are reasons to expect this form of order from the point of view of thermodynamics(1), a crucial hallmark of the ferroic state-that is, ferrotoroidic domains has not hitherto been observed. Here ferrotoroidic domains are spatially resolved by optical second harmonic generation in LiCoPO4, where they coexist with independent antiferromagnetic domains. Their space- and time-asymmetric nature relates ferrotoroidics to multiferroics with magnetoelectric phase control(2-5) and to other systems in which space and time asymmetry leads to possibilities for future applications.
C1 Max Born Inst, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Bonn, HISKP, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Geneva, Dept Inorgan Analyt & Appl Chem, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
C3 Leibniz Association; Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics & Short Term Spectroscopy; University of Bonn; University of Geneva
RP Fiebig, M (corresponding author), Max Born Inst, Max Born Str 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
EM fiebig@hiskp.uni-bonn.de
NR 28
TC 348
Z9 369
U1 3
U2 250
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7163
BP 702
EP 705
DI 10.1038/nature06139
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 218VV
UT WOS:000250045000039
PM 17928856
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okada, Y
   Scott, G
   Ray, MK
   Mishina, Y
   Zhang, Y
AF Okada, Yuki
   Scott, Greg
   Ray, Manas K.
   Mishina, Yuji
   Zhang, Yi
TI Histone demethylase JHDM2A is critical for Tnp1 and Prm1 transcription and spermatogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID condensation; methylation; domain
AB Recent studies indicate that, similar to other covalent modifications, histone lysine methylation is subject to enzyme-catalysed reversion(1,2). So far, LSD1 (also known as AOF2) and the jumonji C (JmjC)-domain-containing proteins have been shown to possess histone demethylase activity. LSD1 catalyses removal of H3K4me2/H3K4me1 through a flavin-adenine-dinucleotide-dependent oxidation reaction(3). In contrast, JmjC-domain-containing proteins remove methyl groups from histones through a hydroxylation reaction that requires alpha-ketoglutarate and Fe(II) as cofactors(4). Although an increasing number of histone demethylases have been identified and biochemically characterized(1,2), their biological functions, particularly in the context of an animal model, are poorly characterized. Here we use a loss-of-function approach to demonstrate that the mouse H3K9me2/1-specific demethylase JHDM2A (JmjC-domain-containing histone demethylase 2A, also known as JMJD1A) is essential for spermatogenesis. We show that Jhdm2a-deficient mice exhibit post-meiotic chromatin condensation defects, and that JHDM2A directly binds to and controls the expression of transition nuclear protein 1 (Tnp1) and protamine 1 (Prm1) genes, the products of which are required for packaging and condensation of sperm chromatin. Thus, our work uncovers a role for JHDM2A in spermatogenesis and reveals transition nuclear protein and protamine genes as direct targets of JHDM2A.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   NIH, Knock Out Core, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
   NIH, Mol Dev Biol Grp, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA
RP Zhang, Y (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
EM yi_zhang@med.unc.edu
FU National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [ZICES102425] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 23
TC 317
Z9 372
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 119
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06236
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800049
PM 17943087
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xiao, B
   Heath, R
   Saiu, P
   Leiper, FC
   Leone, P
   Jing, C
   Walker, PA
   Haire, L
   Eccleston, JF
   Davis, CT
   Martin, SR
   Carling, D
   Gamblin, SJ
AF Xiao, Bing
   Heath, Richard
   Saiu, Peter
   Leiper, Fiona C.
   Leone, Philippe
   Jing, Chun
   Walker, Philip A.
   Haire, Lesley
   Eccleston, John F.
   Davis, Colin T.
   Martin, Stephen R.
   Carling, David
   Gamblin, Steven J.
TI Structural basis for AMP binding to mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fatty-acid oxidation; skeletal-muscle; gamma-subunits; mutations; system; domain; liver; gauge; beta
AB AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates cellular metabolism in response to the availability of energy and is therefore a target for type II diabetes treatment(1). It senses changes in the ratio of AMP/ATP by binding both species in a competitive manner(2). Thus, increases in the concentration of AMP activate AMPK resulting in the phosphorylation and differential regulation of a series of downstream targets that control anabolic and catabolic pathways(1,2). We report here the crystal structure of the regulatory fragment of mammalian AMPK in complexes with AMP and ATP. The phosphate groups of AMP/ATP lie in a groove on the surface of the gamma domain, which is lined with basic residues, many of which are associated with disease-causing mutations. Structural and solution studies reveal that two sites on the gamma domain bind either AMP or Mg center dot ATP, whereas a third site contains a tightly bound AMP that does not exchange. Our binding studies indicate that under physiological conditions AMPK mainly exists in its inactive form in complex with Mg center dot ATP, which is much more abundant than AMP. Our modelling studies suggest how changes in the concentration of AMP ([AMP]) enhance AMPK activity levels. The structure also suggests a mechanism for propagating AMP/ATP signalling whereby a phosphorylated residue from the alpha and/or beta subunits binds to the gamma subunit in the presence of AMP but not when ATP is bound.
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Imperial Coll, MRC, Ctr Clin Sci, London W12 0NN, England.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Imperial College London
RP Martin, SR (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, Ridgeway,Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
EM smartin@nimr.mrc.ac.uk; david.carling@csc.mrc.ac.uk; sgambli@nimr.mrc.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U117584222, MC_U120027537] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [MC_U117584222, MC_U120027537] Funding Source: Medline; MRC [MC_U117584222, MC_U120027537] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 37
TC 489
Z9 604
U1 2
U2 78
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7161
BP 496
EP U14
DI 10.1038/nature06161
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214GQ
UT WOS:000249724800048
PM 17851531
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frazer, KA
   Ballinger, DG
   Cox, DR
   Hinds, DA
   Stuve, LL
   Gibbs, RA
   Belmont, JW
   Boudreau, A
   Hardenbol, P
   Leal, SM
   Pasternak, S
   Wheeler, DA
   Willis, TD
   Yu, FL
   Yang, HM
   Zeng, CQ
   Gao, Y
   Hu, HR
   Hu, WT
   Li, CH
   Lin, W
   Liu, SQ
   Pan, H
   Tang, XL
   Wang, J
   Wang, W
   Yu, J
   Zhang, B
   Zhang, QR
   Zhao, HB
   Zhao, H
   Zhou, J
   Gabriel, SB
   Barry, R
   Blumenstiel, B
   Camargo, A
   Defelice, M
   Faggart, M
   Goyette, M
   Gupta, S
   Moore, J
   Nguyen, H
   Onofrio, RC
   Parkin, M
   Roy, J
   Stahl, E
   Winchester, E
   Ziaugra, L
   Altshuler, D
   Shen, Y
   Yao, ZJ
   Huang, W
   Chu, X
   He, YG
   Jin, L
   Liu, YF
   Shen, YY
   Sun, WW
   Wang, HF
   Wang, Y
   Wang, Y
   Xiong, XY
   Xu, L
   Waye, MMY
   Tsui, SKW
   Wong, JTF
   Galver, LM
   Fan, JB
   Gunderson, K
   Murray, SS
   Oliphant, AR
   Chee, MS
   Montpetit, A
   Chagnon, F
   Ferretti, V
   Leboeuf, M
   Olivier, JF
   Phillips, MS
   Roumy, S
   Sallée, C
   Verner, A
   Hudson, TJ
   Kwok, PY
   Cai, DM
   Koboldt, DC
   Miller, RD
   Pawlikowska, L
   Taillon-Miller, P
   Xiao, M
   Tsui, LC
   Mak, W
   Song, YQ
   Tam, PKH
   Nakamura, Y
   Kawaguchi, T
   Kitamoto, T
   Morizono, T
   Nagashima, A
   Ohnishi, Y
   Sekine, A
   Tanaka, T
   Tsunoda, T
   Deloukas, P
   Bird, CP
   Delgado, M
   Dermitzakis, ET
   Gwilliam, R
   Hunt, S
   Morrison, J
   Powell, D
   Stranger, BE
   Whittaker, P
   Bentley, DR
   Daly, MJ
   de Bakker, PIW
   Barrett, J
   Chretien, YR
   Maller, J
   McCarroll, S
   Patterson, N
   Pe'er, I
   Price, A
   Purcell, S
   Richter, DJ
   Sabeti, P
   Saxena, R
   Schaffner, SF
   Sham, PC
   Varilly, P
   Altshuler, D
   Stein, LD
   Krishnan, L
   Smith, AV
   Tello-Ruiz, MK
   Thorisson, GA
   Chakravarti, A
   Chen, PE
   Cutler, DJ
   Kashuk, CS
   Lin, S
   Abecasis, GR
   Guan, WH
   Li, Y
   Munro, HM
   Qin, ZHS
   Thomas, DJ
   McVean, G
   Auton, A
   Bottolo, L
   Cardin, N
   Eyheramendy, S
   Freeman, C
   Marchini, J
   Myers, S
   Spencer, C
   Stephens, M
   Donnelly, P
   Cardon, LR
   Clarke, G
   Evans, DM
   Morris, AP
   Weir, BS
   Tsunoda, T
   Johnson, TA
   Mullikin, JC
   Sherry, ST
   Feolo, M
   Skol, A
AF Frazer, Kelly A.
   Ballinger, Dennis G.
   Cox, David R.
   Hinds, David A.
   Stuve, Laura L.
   Gibbs, Richard A.
   Belmont, John W.
   Boudreau, Andrew
   Hardenbol, Paul
   Leal, Suzanne M.
   Pasternak, Shiran
   Wheeler, David A.
   Willis, Thomas D.
   Yu, Fuli
   Yang, Huanming
   Zeng, Changqing
   Gao, Yang
   Hu, Haoran
   Hu, Weitao
   Li, Chaohua
   Lin, Wei
   Liu, Siqi
   Pan, Hao
   Tang, Xiaoli
   Wang, Jian
   Wang, Wei
   Yu, Jun
   Zhang, Bo
   Zhang, Qingrun
   Zhao, Hongbin
   Zhao, Hui
   Zhou, Jun
   Gabriel, Stacey B.
   Barry, Rachel
   Blumenstiel, Brendan
   Camargo, Amy
   Defelice, Matthew
   Faggart, Maura
   Goyette, Mary
   Gupta, Supriya
   Moore, Jamie
   Nguyen, Huy
   Onofrio, Robert C.
   Parkin, Melissa
   Roy, Jessica
   Stahl, Erich
   Winchester, Ellen
   Ziaugra, Liuda
   Altshuler, David
   Shen, Yan
   Yao, Zhijian
   Huang, Wei
   Chu, Xun
   He, Yungang
   Jin, Li
   Liu, Yangfan
   Shen, Yayun
   Sun, Weiwei
   Wang, Haifeng
   Wang, Yi
   Wang, Ying
   Xiong, Xiaoyan
   Xu, Liang
   Waye, Mary M. Y.
   Tsui, Stephen K. W.
   Wong, J. Tze-Fei
   Galver, Luana M.
   Fan, Jian-Bing
   Gunderson, Kevin
   Murray, Sarah S.
   Oliphant, Arnold R.
   Chee, Mark S.
   Montpetit, Alexandre
   Chagnon, Fanny
   Ferretti, Vincent
   Leboeuf, Martin
   Olivier, Jean-Franccois
   Phillips, Michael S.
   Roumy, Stephanie
   Sallee, Clementine
   Verner, Andrei
   Hudson, Thomas J.
   Kwok, Pui-Yan
   Cai, Dongmei
   Koboldt, Daniel C.
   Miller, Raymond D.
   Pawlikowska, Ludmila
   Taillon-Miller, Patricia
   Xiao, Ming
   Tsui, Lap-Chee
   Mak, William
   Song, You Qiang
   Tam, Paul K. H.
   Nakamura, Yusuke
   Kawaguchi, Takahisa
   Kitamoto, Takuya
   Morizono, Takashi
   Nagashima, Atsushi
   Ohnishi, Yozo
   Sekine, Akihiro
   Tanaka, Toshihiro
   Tsunoda, Tatsuhiko
   Deloukas, Panos
   Bird, Christine P.
   Delgado, Marcos
   Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T.
   Gwilliam, Rhian
   Hunt, Sarah
   Morrison, Jonathan
   Powell, Don
   Stranger, Barbara E.
   Whittaker, Pamela
   Bentley, David R.
   Daly, Mark J.
   de Bakker, Paul I. W.
   Barrett, Jeff
   Chretien, Yves R.
   Maller, Julian
   McCarroll, Steve
   Patterson, Nick
   Pe'er, Itsik
   Price, Alkes
   Purcell, Shaun
   Richter, Daniel J.
   Sabeti, Pardis
   Saxena, Richa
   Schaffner, Stephen F.
   Sham, Pak C.
   Varilly, Patrick
   Altshuler, David
   Stein, Lincoln D.
   Krishnan, Lalitha
   Smith, Albert Vernon
   Tello-Ruiz, Marcela K.
   Thorisson, Gudmundur A.
   Chakravarti, Aravinda
   Chen, Peter E.
   Cutler, David J.
   Kashuk, Carl S.
   Lin, Shin
   Abecasis, Goncalo R.
   Guan, Weihua
   Li, Yun
   Munro, Heather M.
   Qin, Zhaohui Steve
   Thomas, Daryl J.
   McVean, Gilean
   Auton, Adam
   Bottolo, Leonardo
   Cardin, Niall
   Eyheramendy, Susana
   Freeman, Colin
   Marchini, Jonathan
   Myers, Simon
   Spencer, Chris
   Stephens, Matthew
   Donnelly, Peter
   Cardon, Lon R.
   Clarke, Geraldine
   Evans, David M.
   Morris, Andrew P.
   Weir, Bruce S.
   Tsunoda, Tatsuhiko
   Johnson, Todd A.
   Mullikin, James C.
   Sherry, Stephen T.
   Feolo, Michael
   Skol, Andrew
TI A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genome-wide association; linkage disequilibrium; meiotic recombination; natural-selection; recessive traits; tag snps; gene; homozygosity; segments; polymorphisms
AB We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25-35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r(2) of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r(2) of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10-30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Stat, Oxford OX1 3TG, England.
   Scripps Res Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Perlegen Sci Inc, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Human Genome Sequencing Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Affymetrix Inc, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA.
   Pacific Biosci, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing Genom Inst, Beijing 100300, Peoples R China.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Simches Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Chinese Natl Human Genome Ctr, Beijing Econ Technol Dev Area, Beijing 100176, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Natl Human Genome Ctr, Shanghai 201203, Peoples R China.
   Fudan Univ, Shanghai 201203, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, SIBS, Sch Life Sci, MPG Partner Inst Computat Biol, Shanghai 201203, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Dept Biochem, Croucher Lab Human Genet, Shatin, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Biochem, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Appl Genom Ctr, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   Illumina, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Complete Genom Inc, Sunnyvale, CA 94085 USA.
   Prognosys Biosci Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A4, Canada.
   Genome Quebec Innovat Ctr, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A4, Canada.
   Univ Montreal, Publ Law Res Ctr, Downtown Stn, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   Ontario Inst Canc Res, MaRS Ctr, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Cardiovasc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Univ Hong Kong, Genome Res Ctr, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   RIKEN SNP Res Ctr, Tsurumi Ku, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Oncol, Cambridge CB1 8RN, England.
   Solexa Ltd, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, Essex, England.
   Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Genet, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, McKusick Nathans Inst Genet Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Biostat, Ctr Stat Genet, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Int Epidemiol Inst, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Stat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Univ Washington, Dept Biostat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   NHGRI, US NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Natl Lib Med, US NIH, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Med, Med Genet Sect, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Beijing Normal Univ, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China.
   Hlth Sci Univ Hokkaido, Ishikari, Hokkaido 0610293, Japan.
   Shinshu Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med Genet, Matsumoto, Nagano 3908621, Japan.
   UNESCO Bangkok, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
   Univ Tsukuba, Eubios Eth Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058691, Japan.
   Howard Univ, Natl Human Genome Ctr, Washington, DC 20059 USA.
   Univ Ibadan, Coll Med, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Dept Bioeth, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Univ Utah, Dept Human Genet, Eccles Inst Human Genet, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Chinese Acad Social Sci, Inst Philosophy, Ctr Appl Eth, Beijing 100067, Peoples R China.
   Genet Interest Grp, London N13 0P, England.
   Kyoto Univ, Inst Res Humanities, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   Grad Sch Biostudies, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   Nagasaki Univ, Grad Sch Biomed Sci, Dept Human Genet, Nagasaki 8528523, Japan.
   Univ Oklahoma, Dept Anthropol, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Ctr Genet & Hlth Policy, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Wellcome Trust Res Labs, London NW1 2BE, England.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing 100864, Peoples R China.
   Genome Canada, Ottawa, ON K2P 1P1, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Off Technol Transfer, Montreal, PQ H3A 2A7, Canada.
   Genome Quebec, Montreal, PQ H3B 1S6, Canada.
   Minist Educ Culture Sports Sci & Technol, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008959, Japan.
   Minist Sci & Technol, Beijing 100862, Peoples R China.
   Human Genet Resource Adm China, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.
   NHGRI, US NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   US NIH, Off Behav & Social Sci Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Novartis Pharmaceut, Biomarker Dev, E Hanover, NJ 07936 USA.
   US NIH, Off Technol Transfer, Rockville, MD 20852 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Sch Law, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
   NHGRI, US NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of Oxford; Scripps Research Institute; Baylor College of Medicine; Affymetrix; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Fudan University; Max Planck Society; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong University of Science & Technology; Hong Kong University of Science & Technology; Illumina; McGill University; Universite de Montreal; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research; University of Toronto; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Washington University (WUSTL); University of Hong Kong; University of Tokyo; RIKEN; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of Cambridge; Columbia University; University of Leicester; Johns Hopkins University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of Chicago; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM); University of Chicago; Beijing Normal University; Health Sciences University of Hokkaido; Shinshu University; University of Tsukuba; Howard University; University of Ibadan; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Kyoto University; Nagasaki University; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman; Vanderbilt University; Washington University (WUSTL); Chinese Academy of Sciences; McGill University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; Novartis; Novartis USA; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
RP McVean, G (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Stat, 1 S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3TG, England.
EM mjdaly@chgr.mgh.harvard.edu; mcvean@stats.ox.ac.uk
FU Direct For Computer & Info Scie & Enginr; Div Of Information & Intelligent Systems [0845677] Funding Source: National Science Foundation; Wellcome Trust [081682, 077046, 077008, 077011] Funding Source: Medline
NR 57
TC 4892
Z9 6252
U1 5
U2 461
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 851
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature06258
PG 12
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600036
PM 17943122
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Farnan, I
   Cho, H
   Weber, WJ
AF Farnan, Ian
   Cho, Herman
   Weber, William J.
TI Quantification of actinide α-radiation damage in minerals and ceramics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-waste forms; crystalline ceramics; zircon; si-29; immobilization; plutonium; metamictization; amorphization
AB There are large amounts of heavy alpha-emitters in nuclear waste and nuclear materials inventories stored in various sites around the world(1). These include plutonium and minor actinides such as americium and curium. In preparation for geological disposal there is consensus(2) that actinides that have been separated from spent nuclear fuel should be immobilized within mineral-based ceramics rather than glass(2-4) because of their superior aqueous durability and lower risk of accidental criticality. However, in the long term, the alpha-decay taking place in these ceramics will severely disrupt their crystalline structure(2-4) and reduce their durability(5,6). A fundamental property in predicting cumulative radiation damage is the number of atoms permanently displaced per alpha-decay. At present, this number is estimated to be 1,000 - 2,000 atoms/alpha in zircon(4). Here we report nuclear magnetic resonance, spin-counting experiments that measure close to 5,000 atoms/alpha in radiation-damaged natural zircons. New radiological nuclear magnetic resonance measurements on highly radioactive, Pu-239 zircon show damage similar to that caused by U-238 and Th-232 in mineral zircons at the same dose, indicating no significant effect of half-life or loading levels ( dose rate). On the basis of these measurements, the initially crystalline structure of a 10 weight per cent Pu-239 zircon would be amorphous after only 1,400 years in a geological repository ( desired immobilization timescales are of the order of 250,000 years). These measurements establish a basis for assessing the long-term structural durability of actinide-containing ceramics in terms of an atomistic understanding of the fundamental damage event.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
   Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
RP Farnan, I (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
EM ifarnan@esc.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 138
Z9 149
U1 3
U2 129
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7124
BP 190
EP 193
DI 10.1038/nature05425
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124QF
UT WOS:000243384300047
PM 17215840
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sturgill, D
   Zhang, Y
   Parisi, M
   Oliver, B
AF Sturgill, David
   Zhang, Yu
   Parisi, Michael
   Oliver, Brian
TI Demasculinization of X chromosomes in the Drosophila genus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sex-biased genes; expression; evolution
AB X chromosomes evolve differently from autosomes, but general governing principles have not emerged(1). For example, genes with male-biased expression are under-represented on the X chromosome of D. melanogaster(2), but are randomly distributed in the genome of Anopheles gambiae(3). In direct global profiling experiments using species-specific microarrays, we find a nearly identical paucity of genes with male-biased expression on D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. yakuba, D. ananassae, D. virilis and D. mojavensis X chromosomes. We observe the same under-representation on the neo-X of D. pseudoobscura. It has been suggested that precocious meiotic silencing of the X chromosome accounts for reduced X chromosome male-biased expression in nematodes(4), mammals(5) and Drosophila(6). We show that X chromosome genes with male-biased expression are under-represented in somatic cells and in mitotic male germ cells. These data are incompatible with simple X chromosome inactivation models. Using expression profiling and comparative sequence analysis, we show that selective gene extinction on the X chromosome, creation of new genes on autosomes and changed genomic location of existing genes contribute to the unusual X chromosome gene content.
C1 NIDDKD, Cellular & Dev Biol Lab, NIH, US Dept HHS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
RP Sturgill, D (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Cellular & Dev Biol Lab, NIH, US Dept HHS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM davidsturgill@niddk.nih.gov; oliver@helix.nih.gov
FU Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 DK015600] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 194
Z9 219
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7167
BP 238
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature06330
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228RC
UT WOS:000250746200045
PM 17994090
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nam, MS
   Ardavan, A
   Blundell, SJ
   Schlueter, JA
AF Nam, Moon-Sun
   Ardavan, Arzhang
   Blundell, Stephen J.
   Schlueter, John A.
TI Fluctuating superconductivity in organic molecular metals close to the Mott transition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upper critical-field; penetration depth; critical-temperature; kappa-(bedt-ttf)(2)cu(ncs)(2); dependence; insulator; physics; state
AB On cooling through the transition temperature T-c of a conventional superconductor, an energy gap develops as the normal-state charge carriers form Cooper pairs; these pairs form a phase-coherent condensate that exhibits the well-known signatures of superconductivity: zero resistivity and the expulsion of magnetic flux (the Meissner effect(1)). However, in many unconventional superconductors, the formation of the energy gap is not coincident with the formation of the phase-coherent super-fluid. Instead, at temperatures above the critical temperature a range of unusual properties, collectively known as 'pseudogap phenomena', are observed(2). Here we argue that a key pseudogap phenomenon-fluctuating superconductivity occurring substantially above the transition temperature-could be induced by the proximity of a Mott-insulating state. The Mott-insulating state in the kappa-(BEDT-TTF)(2)X organic molecular metals(3-5) can be tuned, without doping, through superconductivity into a normal metallic state as a function of the parameter t/U, where t is the tight-binding transfer integral characterizing the metallic bandwidth and U is the on-site Coulomb repulsion. By exploiting a particularly sensitive probe of superconducting fluctuations, the vortex-Nernst effect, we find that a fluctuating regime develops as t/U decreases and the role of Coulomb correlations increases.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
C3 University of Oxford; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory
RP Ardavan, A (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
EM arzhang.ardavan@physics.ox.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/T27341/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 33
TC 76
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7162
BP 584
EP 587
DI 10.1038/nature06182
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 216QG
UT WOS:000249893500041
PM 17914392
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ma, JF
   Yamaji, N
   Mitani, N
   Tamai, K
   Konishi, S
   Fujiwara, T
   Katsuhara, M
   Yano, M
AF Ma, Jian Feng
   Yamaji, Naoki
   Mitani, Namiki
   Tamai, Kazunori
   Konishi, Saeko
   Fujiwara, Toru
   Katsuhara, Maki
   Yano, Masahiro
TI An efflux transporter of silicon in rice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plants; roots; resistance
AB Silicon is an important nutrient for the optimal growth and sustainable production of rice(1-4). Rice accumulates up to 10% silicon in the shoot, and this high accumulation is required to protect the plant from multiple abiotic and biotic stresses(1-5). A gene, Lsi1, that encodes a silicon influx transporter has been identified in rice(6). Here we describe a previously uncharacterized gene, low silicon rice 2 (Lsi2), which has no similarity to Lsi1. This gene is constitutively expressed in the roots. The protein encoded by this gene is localized, like Lsi1, on the plasma membrane of cells in both the exodermis and the endodermis, but in contrast to Lsi1, which is localized on the distal side, Lsi2 is localized on the proximal side of the same cells. Expression of Lsi2 in Xenopus oocytes did not result in influx transport activity for silicon, but preloading of the oocytes with silicon resulted in a release of silicon, indicating that Lsi2 is a silicon efflux transporter. The identification of this silicon transporter revealed a unique mechanism of nutrient transport in plants: having an influx transporter on one side and an efflux transporter on the other side of the cell to permit the effective transcellular transport of the nutrients.
C1 Okayama Univ, Bioresources Res Inst, Kurashiki, Okayama 7100046, Japan.
   Inst Soc Technoinnovat Agr Forestry & Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050854, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Biotechnol Res Ctr, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, Solut Oriented Res Sci & Technol, Tokyo 1030027, Japan.
   Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, QTL Genom Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan.
C3 Okayama University; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences - Japan
RP Ma, JF (corresponding author), Okayama Univ, Bioresources Res Inst, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Okayama 7100046, Japan.
EM maj@rib.okayama-u.ac.jp
NR 28
TC 706
Z9 833
U1 14
U2 363
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7150
BP 209
EP U12
DI 10.1038/nature05964
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 188QN
UT WOS:000247934500046
PM 17625566
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Farquhar, J
   Peters, M
   Johnston, DT
   Strauss, H
   Masterson, A
   Wiechert, U
   Kaufman, AJ
AF Farquhar, James
   Peters, Marc
   Johnston, David T.
   Strauss, Harald
   Masterson, Andrew
   Wiechert, Uwe
   Kaufman, Alan J.
TI Isotopic evidence for Mesoarchaean anoxia and changing atmospheric sulphur chemistry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mass-independent fractionation; multiple-sulfur; evolution; sulfides; microprobe; sediments; records; cycle
AB The evolution of the Earth's atmosphere is marked by a transition from an early atmosphere with very low oxygen content to one with an oxygen content within a few per cent of the present atmospheric level. Placing time constraints on this transition is of interest because it identifies the time when oxidative weathering became efficient, when ocean chemistry was transformed by delivery of oxygen and sulphate, and when a large part of Earth's ecology changed from anaerobic to aerobic(1). The observation of non-mass-dependent sulphur isotope ratios in sedimentary rocks more than similar to 2.45 billion years (2.45 Gyr) old and the disappearance of this signal in younger sediments is taken as one of the strongest lines of evidence for the transition from an anoxic to an oxic atmosphere around 2.45 Gyr ago(1-5). Detailed examination of the sulphur isotope record before 2.45 Gyr ago also reveals early and late periods of large amplitude non-mass-dependent signals bracketing an intervening period when the signal was attenuated(5-9). Until recently, this record has been too sparse to allow interpretation, but collection of new data has prompted some workers(8) to argue that the Mesoarchaean interval (3.2-2.8 Gyr ago) lacks a non-mass-dependent signal, and records the effects of earlier and possibly permanent oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere. Here we focus on the Mesoarchaean interval, and demonstrate preservation of a non-mass-dependent signal that differs from that of preceding and following periods in the Archaean. Our findings point to the persistence of an anoxic early atmosphere, and identify variability within the isotope record that suggests changes in pre-2.45-Gyr-ago atmospheric pathways for non-mass-dependent chemistry and in the ultraviolet transparency of an evolving early atmosphere.
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Maryland, ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Munster, Geol Palaontol Inst & Museum, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
   Free Univ Berlin, Dept Earth Sci, D-12249 Berlin, Germany.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University of Munster; Free University of Berlin
RP Farquhar, J (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM jfarquha@geol.umd.edu
NR 32
TC 251
Z9 294
U1 3
U2 115
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7163
BP 706
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature06202
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 218VV
UT WOS:000250045000040
PM 17928857
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilker, EW
   van Vugt, MATM
   Artim, SA
   Huang, PH
   Petersen, CP
   Reinhardt, HC
   Feng, Y
   Sharp, PA
   Sonenberg, N
   White, FM
   Yaffe, MB
AF Wilker, Erik W.
   van Vugt, Marcel A. T. M.
   Artim, Steven A.
   Huang, Paul H.
   Petersen, Christian P.
   Reinhardt, H. Christian
   Feng, Yun
   Sharp, Phillip A.
   Sonenberg, Nahum
   White, Forest M.
   Yaffe, Michael B.
TI 14-3-3σ controls mitotic translation to facilitate cytokinesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribosome entry site; breast-cancer; cell-cycle; mammalian-cells; early event; sigma gene; hypermethylation; protein; expression; initiation
AB 14-3-3 proteins are crucial in a wide variety of cellular responses including cell cycle progression, DNA damage checkpoints and apoptosis. One particular 14-3-3 isoform, sigma, is a p53-responsive gene, the function of which is frequently lost in human tumours, including breast and prostate cancers as a result of either hypermethylation of the 14-3-3 sigma promoter or induction of an oestrogen-responsive ubiquitin ligase that specifically targets 14-3-3 sigma for proteasomal degradation(1-9). Loss of 14-3-3 sigma protein occurs not only within the tumours themselves but also in the surrounding pre-dysplastic tissue (so-called field cancerization), indicating that 14-3-3 sigma might have an important tumour suppressor function that becomes lost early in the process of tumour evolution(3,9). The molecular basis for the tumour suppressor function of 14-3-3 sigma is unknown. Here we report a previously unknown function for 14-3-3 sigma as a regulator of mitotic translation through its direct mitosis-specific binding to a variety of translation/ initiation factors, including eukaryotic initiation factor 4B in a stoichiometric manner. Cells lacking 14-3-3 sigma, in marked contrast to normal cells, cannot suppress cap-dependent translation and do not stimulate cap-independent translation during and immediately after mitosis. This defective switch in the mechanism of translation results in reduced mitotic-specific expression of the endogenous internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-dependent form of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk11 (p58 PITSLRE), leading to impaired cytokinesis, loss of Polo-like kinase-1 at the midbody, and the accumulation of binucleate cells. The aberrant mitotic phenotype of 14-3-3 sigma-depleted cells can be rescued by forced expression of p58 PITSLRE or by extinguishing cap-dependent translation and increasing cap-independent translation during mitosis by using rapamycin. Our findings show how aberrant mitotic translation in the absence of 14-3-3 sigma impairs mitotic exit to generate binucleate cells and provides a potential explanation of how 14-3-3 sigma-deficient cells may progress on the path to aneuploidy and tumorigenesis.
C1 MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   McGill Univ, McGill Canc Ctr, Dept Biochem, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); McGill University
RP Yaffe, MB (corresponding author), MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM myaffe@mit.edu
NR 30
TC 184
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7133
BP 329
EP 332
DI 10.1038/nature05584
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145VC
UT WOS:000244892900048
PM 17361185
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Drossart, P
   Piccioni, G
   Gérard, JC
   Lopez-Valverde, MA
   Sanchez-Lavega, A
   Zasova, L
   Hueso, R
   Taylor, FW
   Bézard, B
   Adriani, A
   Angrilli, F
   Arnold, G
   Baines, KH
   Bellucci, G
   Benkhoff, J
   Bibring, JP
   Blanco, A
   Blecka, MI
   Carlson, RW
   Coradini, A
   Di Lellis, A
   Encrenaz, T
   Erard, S
   Fonti, S
   Formisano, V
   Fouchet, T
   Garcia, R
   Haus, R
   Helbert, J
   Ignatiev, NI
   Irwin, P
   Langevin, Y
   Lebonnois, S
   Luz, D
   Marinangeli, L
   Orofino, V
   Rodin, AV
   Roos-Serote, MC
   Saggin, B
   Stam, DM
   Titov, D
   Visconti, G
   Zambelli, M
   Tsang, C
AF Drossart, P.
   Piccioni, G.
   Gerard, J. C.
   Lopez-Valverde, M. A.
   Sanchez-Lavega, A.
   Zasova, L.
   Hueso, R.
   Taylor, F. W.
   Bezard, B.
   Adriani, A.
   Angrilli, F.
   Arnold, G.
   Baines, K. H.
   Bellucci, G.
   Benkhoff, J.
   Bibring, J. P.
   Blanco, A.
   Blecka, M. I.
   Carlson, R. W.
   Coradini, A.
   Di Lellis, A.
   Encrenaz, T.
   Erard, S.
   Fonti, S.
   Formisano, V.
   Fouchet, T.
   Garcia, R.
   Haus, R.
   Helbert, J.
   Ignatiev, N. I.
   Irwin, P.
   Langevin, Y.
   Lebonnois, S.
   Luz, D.
   Marinangeli, L.
   Orofino, V.
   Rodin, A. V.
   Roos-Serote, M. C.
   Saggin, B.
   Stam, D. M.
   Titov, D.
   Visconti, G.
   Zambelli, M.
   Tsang, C.
TI A dynamic upper atmosphere of Venus as revealed by VIRTIS on Venus Express
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID infrared emissions; airglow; mars
AB The upper atmosphere of a planet is a transition region in which energy is transferred between the deeper atmosphere and outer space. Molecular emissions from the upper atmosphere (90-120 km altitude) of Venus can be used to investigate the energetics and to trace the circulation of this hitherto little-studied region. Previous spacecraft(1) and ground-based(2-4) observations of infrared emission from CO2, O-2 and NO have established that photochemical and dynamic activity controls the structure of the upper atmosphere of Venus. These data, however, have left unresolved the precise altitude of the emission(1) owing to a lack of data and of an adequate observing geometry(5,6). Here we report measurements of day-side CO2 non-local thermodynamic equilibrium emission at 4.3 mu m, extending from 90 to 120 km altitude, and of night-side O-2 emission extending from 95 to 100 km. The CO2 emission peak occurs at similar to 115 km and varies with solar zenith angle over a range of similar to 10 km. This confirms previous modelling(7), and permits the beginning of a systematic study of the variability of the emission. The O-2 peak emission happens at 96 km +/- 1 km, which is consistent with three-body recombination of oxygen atoms transported from the day side by a global thermospheric sub-solar to anti-solar circulation, as previously predicted(8).
C1 Univ Paris Diderot, UPMC, CNRS, Observ Paris,LESIA, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   INAF IASF, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   INAF IFSI, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Liege, LPAP, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
   CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18008 Granada, Spain.
   Univ Basque Country, Escuela Super Ingn Fis Aplicada 1, Bilbao 48013, Spain.
   Space Res Inst, IKI, Moscow, Russia.
   Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
   Univ Padua, CISAS, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
   German Aerosp Ctr, DLR, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Univ Lecce, Dipartimento Fis, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
   Ctr Badan Kosmicznych Pan, PL-00716 Warsaw, Poland.
   AMDLSPACE, I-00149 Rome, Italy.
   Observ Midi Pyrenees, CNRS, UMR5562, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
   UPMC, Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   Univ G DAnnunzio, I-65127 Pescara, Italy.
   Lisbon Astron Observ, P-1349018 Lisbon, Portugal.
   Politecn Milan, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Amsterdam, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
   Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Fis, I-67010 Laquila, Italy.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Universite Paris Cite; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Liege; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); University of Basque Country; Russian Academy of Sciences; Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; University of Oxford; University of Padua; Helmholtz Association; German Aerospace Centre (DLR); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Universite Paris Saclay; Sorbonne Universite; University of Salento; Polish Academy of Sciences; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; G d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara; Universidade de Lisboa; Polytechnic University of Milan; University of Amsterdam; Max Planck Society; University of L'Aquila
RP Drossart, P (corresponding author), Univ Paris Diderot, UPMC, CNRS, Observ Paris,LESIA, 5 Pl Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France.
NR 15
TC 84
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 641
EP 645
DI 10.1038/nature06140
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700036
PM 18046396
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sirajuddin, M
   Farkasovsky, M
   Hauer, F
   Kühlmann, D
   Macara, IG
   Weyand, M
   Stark, H
   Wittinghofer, A
AF Sirajuddin, Minhajuddin
   Farkasovsky, Marian
   Hauer, Florian
   Kuehlmann, Dorothee
   Macara, Ian G.
   Weyand, Michael
   Stark, Holger
   Wittinghofer, Alfred
TI Structural insight into filament formation by mammalian septins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gtp-binding; yeast septins; complex; protein; classification; organization; chitin
AB Septins are GTP-binding proteins that assemble into homo- and hetero-oligomers and filaments. Although they have key roles in various cellular processes, little is known concerning the structure of septin subunits or the organization and polarity of septin complexes. Here we present the structures of the human SEPT2 G domain and the heterotrimeric human SEPT2-SEPT6-SEPT7 complex. The structures reveal a universal bipolar polymer building block, composed of an extended G domain, which forms oligomers and filaments by conserved interactions between adjacent nucleotide-binding sites and/or the amino- and carboxy-terminal extensions. Unexpectedly, X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy showed that the predicted coiled coils are not involved in or required for complex and/or filament formation. The asymmetrical heterotrimers associate head-to-head to form a hexameric unit that is nonpolarized along the filament axis but is rotationally asymmetrical. The architecture of septin filaments differs fundamentally from that of other cytoskeletal structures.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, Abt Strukturelle Biol, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
   Univ Virginia, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Ctr Cell Signaling, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Virginia; Max Planck Society
RP Wittinghofer, A (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, Abt Strukturelle Biol, Otto Hahn Str 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
EM alfred.wittinghofer@mpi-dortmund.mpg.de
NR 46
TC 367
Z9 453
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7160
BP 311
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06052
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 211XP
UT WOS:000249557300039
PM 17637674
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Higgins, DA
   Pomianek, ME
   Kraml, CM
   Taylor, RK
   Semmelhack, MF
   Bassler, BL
AF Higgins, Douglas A.
   Pomianek, Megan E.
   Kraml, Christina M.
   Taylor, Ronald K.
   Semmelhack, Martin F.
   Bassler, Bonnie L.
TI The major Vibrio cholerae autoinducer and its role in virulence factor production
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quorum-sensing signal; to-cell communication; structural identification; gene-expression; colonization; pheromone
AB Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the human disease cholera, uses cell-to-cell communication to control pathogenicity and biofilm formation(1,2). This process, known as quorum sensing, relies on the secretion and detection of signalling molecules called autoinducers. At low cell density V. cholerae activates the expression of virulence factors and forms biofilms. At high cell density the accumulation of two quorum-sensing autoinducers represses these traits. These two autoinducers, cholerae autoinducer-1 (CAI-1) and autoinducer-2 (AI-2), function synergistically to control gene regulation, although CAI-1 is the stronger of the two signals. V. cholerae AI-2 is the furanosyl borate diester ( 2S, 4S)-2-methyl-2,3,3,4-tetrahydroxytetrahydrofuran borate(3). Here we describe the purification of CAI-1 and identify the molecule as ( S)-3-hydroxytridecan-4-one, a new type of bacterial autoinducer. We provide a synthetic route to both the R and S isomers of CAI-1 as well as simple homologues, and we evaluate their relative activities. Synthetic ( S)-3-hydroxytridecan-4-one functions as effectively as natural CAI-1 in repressing production of the canonical virulence factor TCP ( toxin co-regulated pilus). These findings suggest that CAI-1 could be used as a therapy to prevent cholera infection and, furthermore, that strategies to manipulate bacterial quorum sensing hold promise in the clinical arena.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Lotus Separat LLC, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Dartmouth Coll, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; Princeton University; Dartmouth College; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Bassler, BL (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM bbassler@princeton.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI054442] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 358
Z9 454
U1 1
U2 143
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 883
EP 886
DI 10.1038/nature06284
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900057
PM 18004304
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Svedhem, H
   Titov, DV
   Taylor, FW
   Witasse, O
AF Svedhem, Hakan
   Titov, Dmitry V.
   Taylor, Fredric W.
   Witasse, Olivier
TI Venus as a more Earth-like planet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID express
AB Venus is Earth's near twin in mass and radius, and our nearest planetary neighbour, yet conditions there are very different in many respects. Its atmosphere, mostly composed of carbon dioxide, has a surface temperature and pressure far higher than those of Earth. Only traces of water are found, although it is likely that there was much more present in the past, possibly forming Earth-like oceans. Here we discuss how the first year of observations by Venus Express brings into focus the evolutionary paths by which the climates of two similar planets diverged from common beginnings to such extremes. These include a CO2-driven greenhouse effect, erosion of the atmosphere by solar particles and radiation, surface-atmosphere interactions, and atmospheric circulation regimes defined by differing planetary rotation rates.
C1 European Space Agcy, Estec, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
   Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
   Space Res Inst, IKI, Moscow 117997, Russia.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Planetary Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
C3 European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; Max Planck Society; Russian Academy of Sciences; Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; University of Oxford
RP Svedhem, H (corresponding author), European Space Agcy, Estec, PB 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
EM h.svedhem@esa.int
NR 6
TC 77
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 629
EP 632
DI 10.1038/nature06432
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700033
PM 18046393
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tian, BZ
   Zheng, XL
   Kempa, TJ
   Fang, Y
   Yu, NF
   Yu, GH
   Huang, JL
   Lieber, CM
AF Tian, Bozhi
   Zheng, Xiaolin
   Kempa, Thomas J.
   Fang, Ying
   Yu, Nanfang
   Yu, Guihua
   Huang, Jinlin
   Lieber, Charles M.
TI Coaxial silicon nanowires as solar cells and nanoelectronic power sources
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID performance; fabrication
AB Solar cells are attractive candidates for clean and renewable power(1,2); with miniaturization, they might also serve as integrated power sources for nanoelectronic systems. The use of nanostructures or nanostructured materials represents a general approach to reduce both cost and size and to improve efficiency in photovoltaics(1-9). Nanoparticles, nanorods and nanowires have been used to improve charge collection efficiency in polymer-blend(4) and dye-sensitized solar cells(5,6), to demonstrate carrier multiplication(7), and to enable low-temperature processing of photovoltaic devices(3-6). Moreover, recent theoretical studies have indicated that coaxial nanowire structures could improve carrier collection and overall efficiency with respect to single-crystal bulk semiconductors of the same materials(8,9). However, solar cells based on hybrid nanoarchitectures suffer from relatively low efficiencies and poor stabilities(1). In addition, previous studies have not yet addressed their use as photovoltaic power elements in nanoelectronics. Here we report the realization of p-type/intrinsic/n-type (p-i-n) coaxial silicon nanowire solar cells. Under one solar equivalent (1-sun) illumination, the p-i-n silicon nanowire elements yield a maximum power output of up to 200 pW per nanowire device and an apparent energy conversion efficiency of up to 3.4 per cent, with stable and improved efficiencies achievable at high-flux illuminations. Furthermore, we show that individual and interconnected silicon nanowire photovoltaic elements can serve as robust power sources to drive functional nanoelectronic sensors and logic gates. These coaxial silicon nanowire photovoltaic elements provide a new nanoscale test bed for studies of photoinduced energy/charge transport and artificial photosynthesis(10), and might find general usage as elements for powering ultralow-power electronics(11) and diverse nanosystems(12,13).
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Lieber, CM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM cml@cmliris.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 2664
Z9 3015
U1 7
U2 1664
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 885
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature06181
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600042
PM 17943126
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xing, W
   Zou, Y
   Liu, Q
   Liu, JN
   Luo, X
   Huang, QQ
   Chen, S
   Zhu, LH
   Bi, RC
   Hao, Q
   Wu, JW
   Zhou, JM
   Chai, JJ
AF Xing, Weiman
   Zou, Yan
   Liu, Qun
   Liu, Jianing
   Luo, Xi
   Huang, Qingqiu
   Chen, She
   Zhu, Lihuang
   Bi, Ruchang
   Hao, Quan
   Wu, Jia-Wei
   Zhou, Jian-Min
   Chai, Jijie
TI The structural basis for activation of plant immunity by bacterial effector protein AvrPto
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tomato pto kinase; disease resistance; recognition specificity; hypersensitive response; molecular-basis; speck disease; secretion; mechanism; pathogens; prf
AB Pathogenic microbes use effectors to enhance susceptibility in host plants. However, plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system to detect these effectors using cognate disease resistance proteins(1), a recognition that is highly specific, often elicits rapid and localized cell death, known as a hypersensitive response, and thus potentially limits pathogen growth(2-5). Despite numerous genetic and biochemical studies on the interactions between pathogen effector proteins and plant resistance proteins, the structural bases for such interactions remain elusive. The direct interaction between the tomato protein kinase Pto and the Pseudomonas syringae effector protein AvrPto is known to trigger disease resistance and programmed cell death(6,7) through the nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) class of disease resistance protein Prf(8). Here we present the crystal structure of an AvrPto-Pto complex. Contrary to the widely held hypothesis that AvrPto activates Pto kinase activity, our structural and biochemical analyses demonstrated that AvrPto is an inhibitor of Pto kinase in vitro. The AvrPto-Pto interaction is mediated by the phosphorylation-stabilized P+1 loop and a second loop in Pto, both of which negatively regulate the Prf-mediated defences in the absence of AvrPto in tomato plants. Together, our results show that AvrPto derepresses host defences by interacting with the two defence-inhibition loops of Pto.
C1 Natl Inst Biol Sci, Beijing 102206, Peoples R China.
   Tsinghua Univ, Dept Biol Sci & Biotechnol, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China.
   Cornell Univ, Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Genet & Dev Biol, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Biophys, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
C3 National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing; Tsinghua University; Cornell University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Biophysics, CAS
RP Chai, JJ (corresponding author), Natl Inst Biol Sci, No 7 Sci Pk Rd, Beijing 102206, Peoples R China.
EM chaijijie@nibs.ac.cn
NR 29
TC 149
Z9 188
U1 1
U2 102
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7159
BP 243
EP U11
DI 10.1038/nature06109
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 209NF
UT WOS:000249394500055
PM 17694048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fölling, S
   Trotzky, S
   Cheinet, P
   Feld, M
   Saers, R
   Widera, A
   Müller, T
   Bloch, I
AF Foelling, S.
   Trotzky, S.
   Cheinet, P.
   Feld, M.
   Saers, R.
   Widera, A.
   Mueller, T.
   Bloch, I.
TI Direct observation of second-order atom tunnelling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical lattice; quantum; transition; superfluid; insulator; junctions; state
AB Tunnelling of material particles through a classically impenetrable barrier constitutes one of the hallmark effects of quantum physics. When interactions between the particles compete with their mobility through a tunnel junction, intriguing dynamical behaviour can arise because the particles do not tunnel independently. In single-electron or Bloch transistors, for example, the tunnelling of an electron or Cooper pair can be enabled or suppressed by the presence of a second charge carrier due to Coulomb blockade(1,2). Here we report direct, time-resolved observations of the correlated tunnelling of two interacting ultracold atoms through a barrier in a double-well potential. For the regime in which the interactions between the atoms are weak and tunnel coupling dominates, individual atoms can tunnel independently, similar to the case of a normal Josephson junction. However, when strong repulsive interactions are present, two atoms located on one side of the barrier cannot separate(3), but are observed to tunnel together as a pair in a second-order co-tunnelling process. By recording both the atom position and phase coherence over time, we fully characterize the tunnelling process for a single atom as well as the correlated dynamics of a pair of atoms for weak and strong interactions. In addition, we identify a conditional tunnelling regime in which a single atom can only tunnel in the presence of a second particle, acting as a single atom switch. Such second-order tunnelling events, which are the dominating dynamical effect in the strongly interacting regime, have not been previously observed with ultracold atoms. Similar second-order processes form the basis of superexchange interactions between atoms on neighbouring lattice sites of a periodic potential, a central component of proposals for realizing quantum magnetism(4-7).
C1 Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
   Umea Univ, Dept Phys, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
   Univ Bonn, Inst Angew Phys, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
   Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Quantum Elect, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Umea University; University of Bonn; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Bloch, I (corresponding author), Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
EM bloch@uni-mainz.de
NR 30
TC 520
Z9 550
U1 1
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7157
BP 1029
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature06112
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 205EU
UT WOS:000249097600033
PM 17728753
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garabato, ACN
   Stevens, DP
   Watson, AJ
   Roether, W
AF Garabato, Alberto C. Naveira
   Stevens, David P.
   Watson, Andrew J.
   Roether, Wolfgang
TI Short-circuiting of the overturning circulation in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern-ocean; water mass; model; transport; fluxes; wind; stratification; pycnocline; eddy; tracer
AB The oceanic overturning circulation has a central role in the Earth's climate system and in biogeochemical cycling(1,2), as it transports heat, carbon and nutrients around the globe and regulates their storage in the deep ocean. Mixing processes in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current are key to this circulation, because they control the rate at which water sinking at high latitudes returns to the surface in the Southern Ocean(3-8). Yet estimates of the rates of these processes and of the upwelling that they induce are poorly constrained by observations. Here we take advantage of a natural tracer-release experiment - an injection of mantle helium from hydrothermal vents into the Circumpolar Current near Drake Passage(9) - to measure the rates of mixing and upwelling in the current's intermediate layers over a sector that spans nearly one-tenth of its circumpolar path. Dispersion of the tracer reveals rapid upwelling along density surfaces and intense mixing across density surfaces, both occurring at rates that are an order of magnitude greater than rates implicit in models of the average Southern Ocean overturning(4-8). These findings support the view that deep-water pathways along and across density surfaces intensify and intertwine as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current flows over complex ocean-floor topography, giving rise to a short circuit of the overturning circulation in these regions.
C1 Natl Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   Univ E Anglia, Sch Math, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Univ Bremen, Inst Umweltphys, D-28334 Bremen, Germany.
C3 NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of East Anglia; University of East Anglia; University of Bremen
RP Garabato, ACN (corresponding author), Natl Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
EM acng@noc.soton.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/C517633/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 32
TC 73
Z9 81
U1 2
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7141
BP 194
EP 197
DI 10.1038/nature05832
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 165WT
UT WOS:000246338700040
PM 17495923
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peltier, WR
   Liu, YG
   Crowley, JW
AF Peltier, W. Richard
   Liu, Yonggang
   Crowley, John W.
TI Snowball Earth prevention by dissolved organic carbon remineralization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID energy-balance; surface-temperature; geochemical cycle; climate dynamics; south-australia; fiq glaciation; sheet model; ice-age; successions; oman
AB The 'snowball Earth' hypothesis posits the occurrence of a sequence of glaciations in the Earth's history sufficiently deep that photosynthetic activity was essentially arrested. Because the time interval during which these events are believed to have occurred immediately preceded the Cambrian explosion of life, the issue as to whether such snowball states actually developed has important implications for our understanding of evolutionary biology. Here we couple an explicit model of the Neoproterozoic carbon cycle to a model of the physical climate system. We show that the drawdown of atmospheric oxygen into the ocean, as surface temperatures decline, operates so as to increase the rate of remineralization of a massive pool of dissolved organic carbon. This leads directly to an increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide, enhanced greenhouse warming of the surface of the Earth, and the prevention of a snowball state.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Peltier, WR (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, 60 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
EM peltier@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca
NR 48
TC 90
Z9 99
U1 1
U2 57
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 813
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature06354
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900043
PM 18064001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaiser, U
   Schwarz, A
   Wiesendanger, R
AF Kaiser, Uwe
   Schwarz, Alexander
   Wiesendanger, Roland
TI Magnetic exchange force microscopy with atomic resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nio(001) surface; antiferromagnetism; 1st-principles; stm
AB The ordering of neighbouring atomic magnetic moments ( spins) leads to important collective phenomena such as ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism. A full understanding of magnetism on the nanometre scale therefore calls for information on the arrangement of spins in real space and with atomic resolution. Spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy accomplishes this(1) but can probe only conducting materials. Force microscopy can be used on any sample independent of its conductivity. In particular, magnetic force microscopy(2) is well suited to exploring ferromagnetic domain structures. However, atomic resolution cannot be achieved because data acquisition involves the sensing of long-range magnetostatic forces between tip and sample. Magnetic exchange force microscopy has been proposed(3) for overcoming this limitation: by using an atomic force microscope(4) with a magnetic tip, it should be possible to detect the short-range magnetic exchange force between tip and sample spins. Here we show for a prototypical antiferromagnetic insulator, the ( 001) surface of nickel oxide, that magnetic exchange force microscopy can indeed reveal the arrangement of both surface atoms and their spins simultaneously. In contrast with previous attempts to implement this method(5-8), we use an external magnetic field to align the magnetic polarization at the tip apex so as to optimize the interaction between tip and sample spins. This allows us to observe the direct magnetic exchange coupling between the spins of the tip atom and sample atom that are closest to each other, and thereby demonstrate the potential of magnetic exchange force microscopy for investigations of inter-spin interactions at the atomic level.
C1 Univ Hamburg, Inst Appl Phys, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Hamburg, Microstruct Res Ctr, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 University of Hamburg; University of Hamburg
RP Schwarz, A (corresponding author), Univ Hamburg, Inst Appl Phys, Jungiusstr 11, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany.
EM aschwarz@physnet.uni-hamburg.de
NR 22
TC 202
Z9 224
U1 0
U2 147
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7135
BP 522
EP 525
DI 10.1038/nature05617
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150TQ
UT WOS:000245242900045
PM 17392782
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hessa, T
   Meindl-Beinker, NM
   Bernsel, A
   Kim, H
   Sato, Y
   Lerch-Bader, M
   Nilsson, I
   White, SH
   von Heijne, G
AF Hessa, Tara
   Meindl-Beinker, Nadja M.
   Bernsel, Andreas
   Kim, Hyun
   Sato, Yoko
   Lerch-Bader, Mirjam
   Nilsson, IngMarie
   White, Stephen H.
   von Heijne, Gunnar
TI Molecular code for transmembrane-helix recognition by the Sec61 translocon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID channel voltage sensor; membrane-protein; hydrophobic mismatch; charged residues; er membrane; integration; derivation; sequences; insertion; complex
AB Transmembrane alpha-helices in integral membrane proteins are recognized co-translationally and inserted into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum by the Sec61 translocon. A full quantitative description of this phenomenon, linking amino acid sequence to membrane insertion efficiency, is still lacking. Here, using in vitro translation of a model protein in the presence of dog pancreas rough microsomes to analyse a large number of systematically designed hydrophobic segments, we present a quantitative analysis of the position- dependent contribution of all 20 amino acids to membrane insertion efficiency, as well as of the effects of transmembrane segment length and flanking amino acids. The emerging picture of translocon- mediated transmembrane helix assembly is simple, with the critical sequence characteristics mirroring the physical properties of the lipid bilayer.
C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Ctr Biomembrane Res, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Stockholm Univ, AlbaNova, Stockholm Bioinformat Ctr, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Ctr Biomembrane Syst, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 Stockholm University; Stockholm University; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP von Heijne, G (corresponding author), Stockholm Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Ctr Biomembrane Res, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM gunnar@dbb.su.se
NR 30
TC 578
Z9 690
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1026
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature06387
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900075
PM 18075582
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Orosz, JA
   McClintock, JE
   Narayan, R
   Bailyn, CD
   Hartman, JD
   Macri, L
   Liu, JF
   Pietsch, W
   Remillard, RA
   Shporer, A
   Mazeh, T
AF Orosz, Jerome A.
   McClintock, Jeffrey E.
   Narayan, Ramesh
   Bailyn, Charles D.
   Hartman, Joel D.
   Macri, Lucas
   Liu, Jiefeng
   Pietsch, Wolfgang
   Remillard, Ronald A.
   Shporer, Avi
   Mazeh, Tsevi
TI A 15.65-solar-mass black hole in an eclipsing binary in the nearby spiral galaxy M 33
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model atmospheres; mass; grids; star
AB Stellar-mass black holes are found in X-ray-emitting binary systems, where their mass can be determined from the dynamics of their companion stars(1-3). Models of stellar evolution have difficulty producing black holes in close binaries with masses more than ten times that of the Sun (> 10M(circle dot); ref. 4), which is consistent with the fact that the most massive stellar black holes known so far(2,3) all have masses within one standard deviation of 10M(circle dot). Here we report a mass of (15.65 +/- 1.45) M-circle dot for the black hole in the recently discovered system M 33 X-7, which is located in the nearby galaxy Messier 33 (M 33) and is the only known black hole that is in an eclipsing binary(5). To produce such a massive black hole, the progenitor star must have retained much of its outer envelope until after helium fusion in the core was completed(4). On the other hand, in order for the black hole to be in its present 3.45-day orbit about its (70.0 +/- 6.9) M-circle dot companion, there must have been a 'common envelope' phase of evolution in which a significant amount of mass was lost from the system(6). We find that the common envelope phase could not have occurred in M 33 X-7 unless the amount of mass lost from the progenitor during its evolution was an order of magnitude less than what is usually assumed in evolutionary models of massive stars(7-9).
C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Astron, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Astron, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85741 Garching, Germany.
   MIT, Kavli Inst Astrophys & Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Wise Observ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
C3 California State University System; San Diego State University; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; Yale University; National Optical Astronomy Observatory; Max Planck Society; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Tel Aviv University
RP Orosz, JA (corresponding author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Astron, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.
EM orosz@sciences.sdsu.edu
NR 25
TC 177
Z9 205
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 872
EP 875
DI 10.1038/nature06218
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600039
PM 17943124
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Higgins, BL
   Berry, DW
   Bartlett, SD
   Wiseman, HM
   Pryde, GJ
AF Higgins, B. L.
   Berry, D. W.
   Bartlett, S. D.
   Wiseman, H. M.
   Pryde, G. J.
TI Entanglement-free heisenberg-limited phase estimation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID standard quantum limit; broglie wavelength; state; interferometry
AB Measurement underpins all quantitative science. A key example is the measurement of optical phase, used in length metrology and many other applications. Advances in precision measurement have consistently led to important scientific discoveries. At the fundamental level, measurement precision is limited by the number N of quantum resources (such as photons) that are used. Standard measurement schemes, using each resource independently, lead to a phase uncertainty that scales as 1/root N-known as the standard quantum limit. However, it has long been conjectured(1,2) that it should be possible to achieve a precision limited only by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, dramatically improving the scaling to 1/N (ref. 3). It is commonly thought that achieving this improvement requires the use of exotic quantum entangled states, such as the NOON state(4,5). These states are extremely difficult to generate. Measurement schemes with counted photons or ions have been performed with N <= 6 (refs 6 - 15), but few have surpassed the standard quantum limit(12,14) and none have shown Heisenberg-limited scaling. Here we demonstrate experimentally a Heisenberg-limited phase estimation procedure. We replace entangled input states with multiple applications of the phase shift on unentangled single-photon states. We generalize Kitaev's phase estimation algorithm(16) using adaptive measurement theory(17-20) to achieve a standard deviation scaling at the Heisenberg limit. For the largest number of resources used ( N=378), we estimate an unknown phase with a variance more than 10 dB below the standard quantum limit; achieving this variance would require more than 4,000 resources using standard interferometry. Our results represent a drastic reduction in the complexity of achieving quantum-enhanced measurement precision.
C1 Griffith Univ, Ctr Quantum Dynam, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia.
   Macquarie Univ, Ctr Quantum Comp Technol, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
   Univ Sydney, Sch Phys, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Griffith Univ, Ctr Quantum Comp Technol, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia.
C3 Griffith University; Macquarie University; University of Sydney; Griffith University
RP Pryde, GJ (corresponding author), Griffith Univ, Ctr Quantum Dynam, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia.
EM g.pryde@griffith.edu.au
NR 31
TC 557
Z9 605
U1 2
U2 88
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 393
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature06257
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600049
PM 18004379
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishiyama, T
   Ohsumi, K
   Kishimoto, T
AF Nishiyama, Tomoko
   Ohsumi, Keita
   Kishimoto, Takeo
TI Phosphorylation of Erp1 by p90rsk is required for cytostatic factor arrest in Xenopus laevis eggs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anaphase-promoting complex; metaphase arrest; meiotic maturation; cell-cycle; vertebrate eggs; map kinase; inhibitor; exit; degradation; induction
AB Until fertilization, the meiotic cell cycle of vertebrate eggs is arrested at metaphase of meiosis II by a cytoplasmic activity termed cytostatic factor (CSF)(1), which causes inhibition of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a ubiquitin ligase that targets mitotic cyclins - regulatory proteins of meiosis and mitosis - for degradation(2,3). Recent studies indicate that Erp1/ Emi2, an inhibitor protein for the APC/C, has an essential role in establishing and maintaining CSF arrest(4-6), but its relationship to Mos, a mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK) kinase kinase that also has an essential role in establishing CSF arrest 7 through activation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90rsk)(8,9), is unclear. Here we report that in Xenopus eggs Erp1 is a substrate of p90rsk, and that Mos-dependent phosphorylation of Erp1 by p90rsk at Thr 336, Ser 342 and Ser 344 is crucial for both stabilizing Erp1 and establishing CSF arrest in meiosis II oocytes. Semi-quantitative analysis with CSF-arrested egg extracts reveals that the Mos-dependent phosphorylation of Erp1 enhances, but does not generate, the activity of Erp1 that maintains metaphase arrest. Our results also suggest that Erp1 inhibits cyclin B degradation by binding the APC/C at its carboxy-terminal destruction box(10), and this binding is also enhanced by the Mos-dependent phosphorylation. Thus, Mos and Erp1 collaboratively establish and maintain metaphase II arrest in Xenopus eggs. The link between Mos and Erp1 provides a molecular explanation for the integral mechanism of CSF arrest in unfertilized vertebrate eggs.
C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Grad Sch Biosci & Biotechnol, Lab Cell & Dev Biol, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268501, Japan.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology
RP Ohsumi, K (corresponding author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Grad Sch Biosci & Biotechnol, Lab Cell & Dev Biol, Midori Ku, 4259 Nagatsuta, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268501, Japan.
EM kohsumi@bio.titech.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 95
Z9 111
U1 1
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7139
BP 1096
EP 1099
DI 10.1038/nature05696
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 160NU
UT WOS:000245950400053
PM 17410129
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dominguez-Sola, D
   Ying, CY
   Grandori, C
   Ruggiero, L
   Chen, B
   Li, MY
   Galloway, DA
   Gu, W
   Gautier, J
   Dalla-Favera, R
AF Dominguez-Sola, David
   Ying, Carol Y.
   Grandori, Carla
   Ruggiero, Luca
   Chen, Brenden
   Li, Muyang
   Galloway, Denise A.
   Gu, Wei
   Gautier, Jean
   Dalla-Favera, Riccardo
TI Non-transcriptional control of DNA replication by c-Myc
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID leukemia-cell-line; negative autoregulation; genomic instability; burkitt-lymphoma; damage response; onc gene; tumorigenesis; protein; activation; checkpoint
AB The c-Myc proto-oncogene encodes a transcription factor that is essential for cell growth and proliferation and is broadly implicated in tumorigenesis. However, the biological functions required by c-Myc to induce oncogenesis remain elusive. Here we show that c-Myc has a direct role in the control of DNA replication. c-Myc interacts with the pre-replicative complex and localizes to early sites of DNA synthesis. Depletion of c-Myc from mammalian ( human and mouse) cells as well as from Xenopus cell-free extracts, which are devoid of RNA transcription, demonstrates a non-transcriptional role for c-Myc in the initiation of DNA replication. Overexpression of c-Myc causes increased replication origin activity with subsequent DNA damage and checkpoint activation. These findings identify a critical function of c-Myc in DNA replication and suggest a novel mechanism for its normal and oncogenic functions.
C1 Columbia Univ, Med Ctr, Inst Canc Genet, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Med Ctr, Herbert Irving Ctr Comprehens Canc, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Human Biol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
RP Gautier, J (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Med Ctr, Inst Canc Genet, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM jg130@columbia.edu; rd10@columbia.edu
NR 51
TC 547
Z9 655
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7152
BP 445
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature05953
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 193VG
UT WOS:000248302700041
PM 17597761
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boudker, O
   Ryan, RM
   Yernool, D
   Shimamoto, K
   Gouaux, E
AF Boudker, Olga
   Ryan, Renae M.
   Yernool, Dinesh
   Shimamoto, Keiko
   Gouaux, Eric
TI Coupling substrate and ion binding to extracellular gate of a sodium-dependent aspartate transporter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning mutagenesis reveals; amino-acid transporter; glutamate transporters; reentrant loop; glt-1; na+; expression; cloning; gene; cotransport
AB Secondary transporters are integral membrane proteins that catalyse the movement of substrate molecules across the lipid bilayer by coupling substrate transport to one or more ion gradients, thereby providing a mechanism for the concentrative uptake of substrates. Here we describe crystallographic and thermodynamic studies of Glt(Ph), a sodium (Na+)-coupled aspartate transporter, defining sites for aspartate, two sodium ions and D, L-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate, an inhibitor. We further show that helical hairpin 2 is the extracellular gate that controls access of substrate and ions to the internal binding sites. At least two sodium ions bind in close proximity to the substrate and these sodium-binding sites, together with the sodium-binding sites in another sodium-coupled transporter, LeuT, define an unwound alpha-helix as the central element of the ion-binding motif, a motif well suited to the binding of sodium and to participation in conformational changes that accompany ion binding and unbinding during the transport cycle.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Suntory Inst Bioorgan Res, Osaka 6188503, Japan.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Suntory Holdings Ltd
RP Gouaux, E (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
EM gouauxe@ohsu.edu
NR 45
TC 418
Z9 483
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7126
BP 387
EP 393
DI 10.1038/nature05455
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 128WD
UT WOS:000243689500030
PM 17230192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stuart, LM
   Boulais, J
   Charriere, GM
   Hennessy, EJ
   Brunet, S
   Jutras, I
   Goyette, G
   Rondeau, C
   Letarte, S
   Huang, H
   Ye, P
   Morales, F
   Kocks, C
   Bader, JS
   Desjardins, M
   Ezekowitz, RAB
AF Stuart, L. M.
   Boulais, J.
   Charriere, G. M.
   Hennessy, E. J.
   Brunet, S.
   Jutras, I.
   Goyette, G.
   Rondeau, C.
   Letarte, S.
   Huang, H.
   Ye, P.
   Morales, F.
   Kocks, C.
   Bader, J. S.
   Desjardins, M.
   Ezekowitz, R. A. B.
TI A systems biology analysis of the Drosophila phagosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interaction networks; protein networks; phagocytosis; exocyst; macrophages; identification; effector; receptor; exocytosis; confidence
AB Phagocytes have a critical function in remodelling tissues during embryogenesis and thereafter are central effectors of immune defence(1,2). During phagocytosis, particles are internalized into 'phagosomes', organelles from which immune processes such as microbial destruction and antigen presentation are initiated(3). Certain pathogens have evolved mechanisms to evade the immune system and persist undetected within phagocytes, and it is therefore evident that a detailed knowledge of this process is essential to an understanding of many aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. However, despite the crucial role of phagosomes in immunity, their components and organization are not fully defined. Here we present a systems biology analysis of phagosomes isolated from cells derived from the genetically tractable model organism Drosophila melanogaster and address the complex dynamic interactions between proteins within this organelle and their involvement in particle engulfment. Proteomic analysis identified 617 proteins potentially associated with Drosophila phagosomes; these were organized by protein - protein interactions to generate the 'phagosome interactome', a detailed protein - protein interaction network of this subcellular compartment. These networks predicted both the architecture of the phagosome and putative biomodules. The contribution of each protein and complex to bacterial internalization was tested by RNA-mediated interference and identified known components of the phagocytic machinery. In addition, the prediction and validation of regulators of phagocytosis such as the 'exocyst'(4), a macromolecular complex required for exocytosis but not previously implicated in phagocytosis, validates this strategy. In generating this 'systems-based model', we show the power of applying this approach to the study of complex cellular processes and organelles and expect that this detailed model of the phagosome will provide a new framework for studying host pathogen interactions and innate immunity.
C1 Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Lab Dev Immunol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Univ Edinburgh, Queens Med Res Inst, MRC, Ctr Inflammat Res, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Montreal, Dept Pathol & Biol Cellulaire, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biomed Engn & High Throughput Biol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   McGill Univ, Fac Med, Dept Biomed Engn, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; University of Edinburgh; Universite de Montreal; Johns Hopkins University; McGill University
RP Stuart, LM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Lab Dev Immunol, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM lstuart@partners.org
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 189
Z9 228
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7123
BP 95
EP 101
DI 10.1038/nature05380
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122KG
UT WOS:000243225100043
PM 17151602
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Donnelly, JP
   Woodruff, JD
AF Donnelly, Jeffrey P.
   Woodruff, Jonathan D.
TI Intense hurricane activity over the past 5,000 years controlled by El Nino and the West African monsoon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiocarbon age calibration; eastern equatorial atlantic; cal kyr bp; tropical cyclones; late holocene; record; variability
AB The processes that control the formation, intensity and track of hurricanes are poorly understood(1). It has been proposed that an increase in sea surface temperatures caused by anthropogenic climate change has led to an increase in the frequency of intense tropical cyclones(2,3), but this proposal has been challenged on the basis that the instrumental record is too short and unreliable to reveal trends in intense tropical cyclone activity(4). Storm-induced deposits preserved in the sediments of coastal lagoons offer the opportunity to study the links between climatic conditions and hurricane activity on longer timescales, because they provide centennial- to millennial-scale records of past hurricane landfalls(5-8). Here we present a record of intense hurricane activity in the western North Atlantic Ocean over the past 5,000 years based on sediment cores from a Caribbean lagoon that contain coarse-grained deposits associated with intense hurricane landfalls. The record indicates that the frequency of intense hurricane landfalls has varied on centennial to millennial scales over this interval. Comparison of the sediment record with palaeo-climate records indicates that this variability was probably modulated by atmospheric dynamics associated with variations in the El Nino/ Southern Oscillation and the strength of the West African monsoon, and suggests that sea surface temperatures as high as at present are not necessary to support intervals of frequent intense hurricanes. To accurately predict changes in intense hurricane activity, it is therefore important to understand how the El Nino/ Southern Oscillation and the West African monsoon will respond to future climate change.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Coastal Syst Grp, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Donnelly, JP (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Coastal Syst Grp, 360 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM jdonnelly@whoi.edu
NR 30
TC 363
Z9 442
U1 2
U2 138
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7143
BP 465
EP 468
DI 10.1038/nature05834
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 170VA
UT WOS:000246693100045
PM 17522681
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Funk, JL
   Vitousek, PM
AF Funk, Jennifer L.
   Vitousek, Peter M.
TI Resource-use efficiency and plant invasion in low-resource systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID community structure; construction cost; invasibility; grassland; leaf; invasiveness; availability; assimilation; restoration; responses
AB No species can maximize growth, reproduction and competitive ability across all environments, so the success of invasive species is habitat-dependent. Nutrient-rich habitats often experience more invasion than resource-poor habitats(1-4), a pattern consistent with traits generally associated with successful invaders ( high growth rates, early reproduction and many offspring(5-8)). However, invaders do colonize resource-poor environments, and the mechanisms that allow their success in these systems are poorly understood. Traits associated with resource conservation are widespread among species adapted to resource-poor environments(9-11), and invasive species may succeed in low-resource environments by employing resource conservation traits such as high resource-use efficiency ( RUE; carbon assimilation per unit of resource). We investigated RUE in invasive and native species from three habitats in Hawaii where light, water or nutrient availability was limiting to plant growth. Here we show that across multiple growth forms and broad taxonomic diversity invasive species were generally more efficient than native species at using limiting resources on short timescales and were similarly efficient when RUE measures were integrated over leaf lifespans. Our data challenge the idea that native species generally outperform invasive species under conditions of low resource availability(3), and suggest that managing resource levels is not always an effective strategy for invasive species control.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Funk, JL (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM funk@stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 713
Z9 886
U1 14
U2 636
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7139
BP 1079
EP 1081
DI 10.1038/nature05719
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 160NU
UT WOS:000245950400049
PM 17460672
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rohrbach, A
   Ballhaus, C
   Golla-Schindler, U
   Ulmer, P
   Kamenetsky, VS
   Kuzmin, DV
AF Rohrbach, Arno
   Ballhaus, Chris
   Golla-Schindler, Ute
   Ulmer, Peter
   Kamenetsky, Vadim S.
   Kuzmin, Dmitry V.
TI Metal saturation in the upper mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ferric iron; oxidation-state; oxygen fugacity; catio3 perovskite; core formation; minerals; solubility; inclusions; barometer; garnets
AB The oxygen fugacity (f)(O2) of the Earth's mantle is one of the fundamental variables in mantle petrology. Through ferric-ferrous iron and carbon-hydrogen-oxygen equilibria, (f)(O2) influences the pressure-temperature positions of mantle solidi and compositions of small-degree mantle melts(1-3). Among other parameters, (f)(O2) affects the water storage capacity and rheology of the mantle(4,5). The uppermost mantle, as represented by samples and partial melts, is sufficiently oxidized to sustain volatiles, such as H2O and CO2, as well as carbonatitic melts(6,7), but it is not known whether the shallow mantle is representative of the entire upper mantle. Using high-pressure experiments, we show here that large parts of the asthenosphere are likely to be metal-saturated. We found that pyroxene and garnet synthesized at >7 GPa in equilibrium with metallic Fe can incorporate sufficient ferric iron that the mantle at >250 km depth is so reduced that an (Fe,Ni)-metal phase may be stable. Our results indicate that the oxidized nature of the upper mantle can no longer be regarded as being representative for the Earth's upper mantle as a whole and instead that oxidation is a shallow phenomenon restricted to an upper veneer only about 250 km in thickness.
C1 Univ Bonn, Mineral Petrol Inst, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Bonn, Museum, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Munster, Inst Mineral, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
   ETH, Inst Mineral & Petrog, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Tasmania, ARC, Ctr Excellence Ore Deposits, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Univ Tasmania, Sch Earth Sci, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Max Planck Inst Chem, Abt Kosmochem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
   SB RAS, Inst Geol & Mineral, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
C3 University of Bonn; University of Bonn; University of Munster; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Max Planck Society; Russian Academy of Sciences; Sobolev Institute of Geology & Mineralogy of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Rohrbach, A (corresponding author), Univ Bonn, Mineral Petrol Inst, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
EM rohrbaa@web.de; ballhaus@uni-bonn.de
NR 32
TC 276
Z9 307
U1 2
U2 100
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7161
BP 456
EP 458
DI 10.1038/nature06183
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214GQ
UT WOS:000249724800039
PM 17898766
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johansen, A
   Oishi, JS
   Mac Low, MM
   Klahr, H
   Henning, T
AF Johansen, Anders
   Oishi, Jeffrey S.
   Mac Low, Mordecai-Mark
   Klahr, Hubert
   Henning, Thomas
TI Rapid planetesimal formation in turbulent circumstellar disks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gravitational-instability; protoplanetary disks; solar nebula; solid body; accretion
AB During the initial stages of planet formation in circumstellar gas disks, dust grains collide and build up larger and larger bodies(1). How this process continues from metre-sized boulders to kilo-metre-scale planetesimals is a major unsolved problem(2): boulders are expected to stick together poorly(3), and to spiral into the protostar in a few hundred orbits owing to a 'headwind' from the slower rotating gas(4). Gravitational collapse of the solid component has been suggested to overcome this barrier(1,5,6). But even low levels of turbulence will inhibit sedimentation of solids to a sufficiently dense midplane layer(2,7), and turbulence must be present to explain observed gas accretion in protostellar disks(8). Here we report that boulders can undergo efficient gravitational collapse in locally overdense regions in the midplane of the disk. The boulders concentrate initially in transient high pressure regions in the turbulent gas(9), and these concentrations are augmented a further order of magnitude by a streaming instability(10-12) driven by the relative flow of gas and solids. We find that gravitationally bound clusters form with masses comparable to dwarf planets and containing a distribution of boulder sizes. Gravitational collapse happens much faster than radial drift, offering a possible path to planetesimal formation in accreting circumstellar disks.
C1 Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Astrophys, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Canadian Inst Theoret Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada.
C3 Max Planck Society; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); University of Virginia; University of Toronto
RP Johansen, A (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Astron, Konigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM johansen@mpia.de
NR 30
TC 959
Z9 1036
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7157
BP 1022
EP 1025
DI 10.1038/nature06086
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 205EU
UT WOS:000249097600031
PM 17728751
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sladek, R
   Rocheleau, G
   Rung, J
   Dina, C
   Shen, L
   Serre, D
   Boutin, P
   Vincent, D
   Belisle, A
   Hadjadj, S
   Balkau, B
   Heude, B
   Charpentier, G
   Hudson, TJ
   Montpetit, A
   Pshezhetsky, AV
   Prentki, M
   Posner, BI
   Balding, DJ
   Meyre, D
   Polychronakos, C
   Froguel, P
AF Sladek, Robert
   Rocheleau, Ghislain
   Rung, Johan
   Dina, Christian
   Shen, Lishuang
   Serre, David
   Boutin, Philippe
   Vincent, Daniel
   Belisle, Alexandre
   Hadjadj, Samy
   Balkau, Beverley
   Heude, Barbara
   Charpentier, Guillaume
   Hudson, Thomas J.
   Montpetit, Alexandre
   Pshezhetsky, Alexey V.
   Prentki, Marc
   Posner, Barry I.
   Balding, David J.
   Meyre, David
   Polychronakos, Constantin
   Froguel, Philippe
TI A genome-wide association study identifies novel risk loci for type 2 diabetes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription-factor-7-like-2 tcf7l2 gene; nuclear factor-4-alpha gene; enzyme ide gene; population-structure; insulin-secretion; large-scale; susceptibility; glucose; polymorphisms; variants
AB Type 2 diabetes mellitus results from the interaction of environmental factors with a combination of genetic variants, most of which were hitherto unknown. A systematic search for these variants was recently made possible by the development of high-density arrays that permit the genotyping of hundreds of thousands of polymorphisms. We tested 392,935 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in a French case - control cohort. Markers with the most significant difference in genotype frequencies between cases of type 2 diabetes and controls were fast-tracked for testing in a second cohort. This identified four loci containing variants that confer type 2 diabetes risk, in addition to confirming the known association with the TCF7L2 gene. These loci include a non-synonymous polymorphism in the zinc transporter SLC30A8, which is expressed exclusively in insulin-producing beta-cells, and two linkage disequilibrium blocks that contain genes potentially involved in beta-cell development or function (IDE - KIF11 - HHEX and EXT2 - ALX4). These associations explain a substantial portion of disease risk and constitute proof of principle for the genome-wide approach to the elucidation of complex genetic traits.
C1 McGill Univ, Dept Human Genet, Fac Med, Montreal, PQ H3H 1P3, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Med, Fac Med, Montreal, PQ H3H 1P3, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Pediat, Fac Med, Montreal, PQ H3H 1P3, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A4, Canada.
   Genome Quebec Innovat Ctr, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A4, Canada.
   Inst Pasteur, CNRS 8090, Inst Biol, F-59019 Lille, France.
   Univ Hosp, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
   INSERM, U780, IFR69, F-94807 Villejuif, France.
   Corbeil Essonnes Hosp, Endocrinol Diabetol Unit, F-91100 Corbeil Essonnes, France.
   Ontario Inst Canc Res, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
   Montreal Diabet Res Ctr, Montreal, PQ H2L 4M1, Canada.
   Univ Montreal, Mol Nutr Unit, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   Univ Montreal, Dept Nutr, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   Univ Montreal, Ctr Hosp, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   Polypeptide Hormone Lab, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B2, Canada.
   Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B2, Canada.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci & Technol, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London W2 1PG, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci & Technol, Sect Genom Med, London W12 0NN, England.
   Hammersmith Hosp, London W12 0HS, England.
C3 McGill University; McGill University; McGill University; McGill University; Pasteur Network; Universite de Lille; Institut Pasteur Lille; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CHU Poitiers; Universite de Poitiers; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre Hospitalier Sud Francilien; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research; University of Toronto; Universite de Montreal; Universite de Montreal; Universite de Montreal; Universite de Montreal; Imperial College London; Imperial College London; Imperial College London
RP Polychronakos, C (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Dept Human Genet, Fac Med, Montreal, PQ H3H 1P3, Canada.
EM Constantin.Polychronakos@McGill.ca
NR 50
TC 2342
Z9 2812
U1 4
U2 241
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7130
BP 881
EP 885
DI 10.1038/nature05616
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 138CR
UT WOS:000244341200041
PM 17293876
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oldham, ML
   Khare, D
   Quiocho, FA
   Davidson, AL
   Chen, J
AF Oldham, Michael L.
   Khare, Dheeraj
   Quiocho, Florante A.
   Davidson, Amy L.
   Chen, Jue
TI Crystal structure of a catalytic intermediate of the maltose transporter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding cassette transporter; atp-binding; abc transporter; escherichia-coli; active-transport; membrane-protein; transition-state; p-glycoprotein; genetic-map; malb region
AB The maltose uptake system of Escherichia coli is a well-characterized member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily. Here we present the 2.8-angstrom crystal structure of the intact maltose transporter in complex with the maltose-binding protein, maltose and ATP. This structure, stabilized by a mutation that prevents ATP hydrolysis, captures the ATP-binding cassette dimer in a closed, ATP-bound conformation. Maltose is occluded within a solvent-filled cavity at the interface of the two transmembrane subunits, about halfway into the lipid bilayer. The binding protein docks onto the entrance of the cavity in an open conformation and serves as a cap to ensure unidirectional translocation of the sugar molecule. These results provide direct evidence for a concerted mechanism of transport in which solute is transferred from the binding protein to the transmembrane subunits when the cassette dimer closes to hydrolyse ATP.
C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Biol Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
   Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Purdue University System; Purdue University; Purdue University System; Purdue University; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Chen, J (corresponding author), Purdue Univ, Dept Biol Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
EM chenjue@purdue.edu
NR 61
TC 442
Z9 546
U1 0
U2 71
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 515
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature06264
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500039
PM 18033289
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haesler, J
   Schindelholz, I
   Riguet, E
   Bochet, CG
   Hug, W
AF Haesler, J.
   Schindelholz, I.
   Riguet, E.
   Bochet, C. G.
   Hug, W.
TI Absolute configuration of chirally deuterated neopentane
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID raman optical-activity; circular-dichroism; isotopic-substitution; internal rotation; bromochlorofluoromethane; scattering; molecules; hydrogen; modes
AB The relationship between macroscopic chirality and chirality on the molecular level was unequivocally established in 1951 through anomalous X-ray scattering(1). Although this technique became the definitive method for determining the absolute configuration of a molecule, one important limitation of the approach is that the molecule must contain 'heavy' atoms ( for example, bromine). The direct determination of absolute configurations for a wider range of molecules has recently become possible by measuring a molecule's vibrational optical activity(2,3). Here we show that instrumental advances in Raman optical activity(4,5), combined with quantum chemical computations(6-8), make it possible to determine the absolute configuration of ( R)-[H-2(1), H-2(2), H-2(3)]-neopentane(9). This saturated hydrocarbon represents the archetype of all molecules that are chiral as a result of a dissymmetric mass distribution. It is chemically inert and cannot be derivatized to yield molecules that would reveal the absolute configuration of the parent compound. Diastereomeric interactions with other molecules, optical rotation, and electronic circular dichroism are, in contrast to the well-known case of bromochlorofluoromethane(10-12), not expected to be measurable. Vibronic effects in the vacuum ultraviolet circular dichroism might reveal that the molecule is chiral, but the presence of nine rotamers would make it extremely difficult to interpret the spectra, because the spatial arrangement of the rotamers' nuclei resembles that of enantiomers. The unequivocal spectroscopic determination of the absolute configuration of ( R)-[H-2(1), H-2(2), H-2(3)]-neopentane therefore presented a major challenge, one that was at the very limit of what is possible.
C1 Univ Fribourg, Dept Chem, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
C3 University of Fribourg
RP Hug, W (corresponding author), Univ Fribourg, Dept Chem, Ch Musee 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
EM jacques.haesler@unifr.ch; w.hug@gmx.net
NR 28
TC 199
Z9 214
U1 1
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7135
BP 526
EP 529
DI 10.1038/nature05653
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150TQ
UT WOS:000245242900046
PM 17392783
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Niestemski, FC
   Kunwar, S
   Zhou, S
   Li, SL
   Ding, H
   Wang, ZQ
   Dai, PC
   Madhavan, V
AF Niestemski, F. C.
   Kunwar, S.
   Zhou, S.
   Li, Shiliang
   Ding, H.
   Wang, Ziqiang
   Dai, Pengcheng
   Madhavan, V.
TI A distinct bosonic mode in an electron-doped high-transition-temperature superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tunneling spectroscopy; neutron-scattering; density; states; bi2sr2cacu2o8+delta; nd1.85ce0.15cuo4; dispersion; phonons; glue
AB Despite recent advances in understanding high- transition-temperature ( high-T-c) superconductors, there is no consensus on the origin of the superconducting 'glue': that is, the mediator that binds electrons into superconducting pairs. The main contenders are lattice vibrations(1,2) ( phonons) and spin- excitations(3,4), with the additional possibility of pairing without mediators(5). In conventional superconductors, phonon- mediated pairing was unequivocally established by data from tunnelling experiments(6). Proponents of phonons as the high- T-c glue were therefore encouraged by the recent scanning tunnelling microscopy experiments on hole- doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8-delta ( BSCCO) that reveal an oxygen lattice vibrational mode whose energy is anticorrelated with the superconducting gap energy scale(7). Here we report high-resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements of the electron- doped high- T-c superconductor Pr0.88LaCe0.12CuO4 ( PLCCO) ( T-c= 24 K) that reveal a bosonic excitation ( mode) at energies of 10.5 +/- 2.5 meV. This energy is consistent with both spin- excitations in PLCCO measured by inelastic neutron scattering ( resonance mode)(8) and a low- energy acoustic phonon mode(9), but differs substantially from the oxygen vibrational mode identified in BSCCO. Our analysis of the variation of the local mode energy and intensity with the local gap energy scale indicates an electronic origin of the mode consistent with spin- excitations rather than phonons.
C1 Boston Coll, Dept Phys, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Neutron Scattering Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
C3 Boston College; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory
RP Madhavan, V (corresponding author), Boston Coll, Dept Phys, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA.
EM madhavan@bc.edu
NR 29
TC 76
Z9 88
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1058
EP 1061
DI 10.1038/nature06430
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900081
PM 18075588
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Novotny, V
   Miller, SE
   Hulcr, J
   Drew, RAI
   Basset, Y
   Janda, M
   Setliff, GP
   Darrow, K
   Stewart, AJA
   Auga, J
   Isua, B
   Molem, K
   Manumbor, M
   Tamtiai, E
   Mogia, M
   Weiblen, GD
AF Novotny, Vojtech
   Miller, Scott E.
   Hulcr, Jiri
   Drew, Richard A. I.
   Basset, Yves
   Janda, Milan
   Setliff, Gregory P.
   Darrow, Karolyn
   Stewart, Alan J. A.
   Auga, John
   Isua, Brus
   Molem, Kenneth
   Manumbor, Markus
   Tamtiai, Elvis
   Mogia, Martin
   Weiblen, George D.
TI Low beta diversity of herbivorous insects in tropical forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID host-specificity; new-guinea; species richness; rain-forest; lepidoptera; assemblages; diptera; plants; agriculture; tephritidae
AB Recent advances in understanding insect communities in tropical forests(1,2) have contributed little to our knowledge of large-scale patterns of insect diversity, because incomplete taxonomic knowledge of many tropical species hinders the mapping of their distribution records(3). This impedes an understanding of global biodiversity patterns and explains why tropical insects are under-represented in conservation biology. Our study of approximately 500 species from three herbivorous guilds feeding on foliage (caterpillars, Lepidoptera), wood (ambrosia beetles, Coleoptera) and fruit (fruitflies, Diptera) found a low rate of change in species composition (beta diversity) across 75,000 square kilometres of contiguous lowland rainforest in Papua New Guinea, as most species were widely distributed. For caterpillars feeding on large plant genera, most species fed on multiple host species, so that even locally restricted plant species did not support endemic herbivores. Large plant genera represented a continuously distributed resource easily colonized by moths and butterflies over hundreds of kilometres. Low beta diversity was also documented in groups with differing host specificity (fruitflies and ambrosia beetles), suggesting that dispersal limitation does not have a substantial role in shaping the distribution of insect species in New Guinea lowland rainforests. Similar patterns of low beta diversity can be expected in other tropical lowland rainforests, as they are typically situated in the extensive low basins of major tropical rivers similar to the Sepik-Ramu region of New Guinea studied here.
C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Ctr Biol, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic.
   Acad Sci Czech Republ, Sch Biol Sci, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic.
   Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20013 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Griffith Univ, Australian Sch Environm Studies, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia.
   Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Ancon, Panama.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Entomol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Univ Sussex, Sch Life Sci, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
   New Guinea Binatang Res Ctr, Madang, Papua N Guinea.
   Univ Minnesota, Bell Museum Nat Hist, Biol Sci Ctr 250, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, Biol Sci Ctr 250, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
C3 Czech Academy of Sciences; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Czech Academy of Sciences; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; Michigan State University; Griffith University; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Sussex; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Novotny, V (corresponding author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Ctr Biol, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic.
EM novotny@entu.cas.cz
NR 54
TC 219
Z9 259
U1 2
U2 142
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7154
BP 692
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature06021
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 197ZY
UT WOS:000248598000044
PM 17687324
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wapinski, I
   Pfeffer, A
   Friedman, N
   Regev, A
AF Wapinski, Ilan
   Pfeffer, Avi
   Friedman, Nir
   Regev, Aviv
TI Natural history and evolutionary principles of gene duplication in fungi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylogenetic trees; genome sequence; expression; database; mechanisms; orthologs; accuracy; homology; paralogs; reveals
AB Gene duplication and loss is a powerful source of functional innovation. However, the general principles that govern this process are still largely unknown. With the growing number of sequenced genomes, it is now possible to examine these events in a comprehensive and unbiased manner. Here, we develop a procedure that resolves the evolutionary history of all genes in a large group of species. We apply our procedure to seventeen fungal genomes to create a genome-wide catalogue of gene trees that determine precise orthology and paralogy relations across these species. We show that gene duplication and loss is highly constrained by the functional properties and interacting partners of genes. In particular, stress-related genes exhibit many duplications and losses, whereas growth-related genes show selection against such changes. Whole- genome duplication circumvents this constraint and relaxes the dichotomy, resulting in an expanded functional scope of gene duplication. By characterizing the functional fate of duplicate genes we show that duplicated genes rarely diverge with respect to biochemical function, but typically diverge with respect to regulatory control. Surprisingly, paralogous modules of genes rarely arise, even after whole-genome duplication. Rather, gene duplication may drive the modularization of functional networks through specialization, thereby disentangling cellular systems.
C1 MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, FAS, Ctr Syst Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Regev, A (corresponding author), MIT, Broad Inst, 7 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM aregev@broad.mit.edu
NR 62
TC 514
Z9 608
U1 1
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7158
BP 54
EP U36
DI 10.1038/nature06107
PG 11
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207ED
UT WOS:000249233500034
PM 17805289
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yashiro, K
   Shiratori, H
   Hamada, H
AF Yashiro, Kenta
   Shiratori, Hidetaka
   Hamada, Hiroshi
TI Haemodynamics determined by a genetic programme govern asymmetric development of the aortic arch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pharyngeal arch; pitx2; expression; alpha; heart
AB Laterality of the internal organs of vertebrates is determined by asymmetric Nodal signalling in the lateral plate mesoderm(1). A deficiency of such signalling results in heterotaxia syndrome, characterized by anomalous laterality of visceral organs and complex congenital heart conditions(1). Pitx2, the transcription factor induced by the Nodal signal, regulates left-right asymmetric morphogenesis(1-4). The cellular and molecular bases of asymmetric morphogenesis remain largely unknown, however. Here we show that ablation of unilateral Pitx2 expression in mice impairs asymmetric remodelling of the branchial arch artery (BAA) system, resulting in randomized laterality of the aortic arch. Pitx2-positive cells were found not to contribute to asymmetrically remodelled arteries. Instead, Pitx2 functions in the secondary heart field(5) and induces a dynamic morphological change in the outflow tract of the heart, which results in the provision of an asymmetric blood supply to the sixth BAA. This uneven distribution of blood flow results in differential signalling by both the platelet-derived growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. The consequent stabilization of the left sixth BAA and regression of its right counterpart underlie left-sided formation of the aortic arch. Our results therefore indicate that haemodynamics, generated by a Pitx2-induced morphological change in the outflow tract, is responsible for the asymmetric remodelling of the great arteries.
C1 Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Frontier Biosci, Dev Genet Grp, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Yashiro, K (corresponding author), Univ London, Barts & London Queen Marys Sch Med & Dent, William Harvey Res Inst, Charterhouse Sq, London EC1M 6BQ, England.
EM k.yashiro@qmul.ac.uk; hamada@fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 27
TC 177
Z9 213
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7167
BP 285
EP U11
DI 10.1038/nature06254
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228RC
UT WOS:000250746200058
PM 17994097
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ma, L
   Teruya-Feldstein, J
   Weinberg, RA
AF Ma, Li
   Teruya-Feldstein, Julie
   Weinberg, Robert A.
TI Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by microRNA 10b in breast cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epithelial-mesenchymal transitions; transcription factor snail; e-cadherin expression; gene-expression; cells; rhoc; drosophila; twist; transformation; morphogenesis
AB MicroRNAs have been implicated in regulating diverse cellular pathways. Although there is emerging evidence that some microRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumour suppressors, the role of microRNAs in mediating cancer metastasis remains unexplored. Here we show, using a combination of mouse and human cells, that microRNA-10b (miR-10b) is highly expressed in metastatic breast cancer cells and positively regulates cell migration and invasion. Overexpression of miR-10b in otherwise non-metastatic breast tumours initiates robust invasion and metastasis. Expression of miR-10b is induced by the transcription factor Twist, which binds directly to the putative promoter of mir-10b (MIRN10B). The miR-10b induced by Twist proceeds to inhibit translation of the messenger RNA encoding homeobox D10, resulting in increased expression of a well-characterized pro-metastatic gene, RHOC. Significantly, the level of miR-10b expression in primary breast carcinomas correlates with clinical progression. These findings suggest the workings of an undescribed regulatory pathway, in which a pleiotropic transcription factor induces expression of a specific microRNA, which suppresses its direct target and in turn activates another pro-metastatic gene, leading to tumour cell invasion and metastasis.
C1 MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Weinberg, RA (corresponding author), MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM weinberg@wi.mit.edu
NR 48
TC 2196
Z9 2644
U1 1
U2 285
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7163
BP 682
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature06174
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 218VV
UT WOS:000250045000035
PM 17898713
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lan, F
   Bayliss, PE
   Rinn, JL
   Whetstine, JR
   Wang, JK
   Chen, SZ
   Iwase, S
   Alpatov, R
   Issaeva, I
   Canaani, E
   Roberts, TM
   Chang, HY
   Shi, Y
AF Lan, Fei
   Bayliss, Peter E.
   Rinn, John L.
   Whetstine, Johnathan R.
   Wang, Jordon K.
   Chen, Shuzhen
   Iwase, Shigeki
   Alpatov, Roman
   Issaeva, Irina
   Canaani, Eli
   Roberts, Thomas M.
   Chang, Howard Y.
   Shi, Yang
TI A histone H3 lysine 27 demethylase regulates animal posterior development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; methyltransferase activity; x-inactivation; breast-cancer; target genes; y-chromosome; polycomb; methylation; protein; repression
AB The recent discovery of a large number of histone demethylases suggests a central role for these enzymes in regulating histone methylation dynamics. Histone H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) has been linked to polycomb-group-protein-mediated suppression of Hox genes and animal body patterning, X-chromosome inactivation and possibly maintenance of embryonic stem cell (ESC) identity. An imbalance of H3K27 methylation owing to overexpression of the methylase EZH2 has been implicated in metastatic prostate and aggressive breast cancers. Here we show that the JmjC-domain-containing related proteins UTX and JMJD3 catalyse demethylation of H3K27me3/2. UTX is enriched around the transcription start sites of many HOX genes in primary human fibroblasts, in which HOX genes are differentially expressed, but is selectively excluded from the HOX loci in ESCs, in which HOX genes are largely silent. Consistently, RNA interference inhibition of UTX led to increased H3K27me3 levels at some HOX gene promoters. Importantly, morpholino oligonucleotide inhibition of a zebrafish UTX homologue resulted in mis-regulation of hox genes and a striking posterior developmental defect, which was partially rescued by wild-type, but not by catalytically inactive, human UTX. Taken together, these findings identify a small family of H3K27 demethylases with important, evolutionarily conserved roles in H3K27 methylation regulation and in animal anterior-posterior development.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Canc Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, Program Epithelial Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mol Cell Biol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Stanford University; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Shi, Y (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM yshi@hms.harvard.edu
NR 40
TC 647
Z9 785
U1 1
U2 75
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7163
BP 689
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature06192
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 218VV
UT WOS:000250045000036
PM 17851529
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rini, M
   Tobey, R
   Dean, N
   Itatani, J
   Tomioka, Y
   Tokura, Y
   Schoenlein, RW
   Cavalleri, A
AF Rini, Matteo
   Tobey, Ra'anan
   Dean, Nicky
   Itatani, Jiro
   Tomioka, Yasuhide
   Tokura, Yoshinori
   Schoenlein, Robert W.
   Cavalleri, Andrea
TI Control of the electronic phase of a manganite by mode-selective vibrational excitation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insulator-metal transition; magnetoresistance
AB Controlling a phase of matter by coherently manipulating specific vibrational modes has long been an attractive ( yet elusive) goal for ultrafast science. Solids with strongly correlated electrons, in which even subtle crystallographic distortions can result in colossal changes of the electronic and magnetic properties, could be directed between competing phases by such selective vibrational excitation. In this way, the dynamics of the electronic ground state of the system become accessible, and new insight into the underlying physics might be gained. Here we report the ultrafast switching of the electronic phase of a magnetoresistive manganite via direct excitation of a phonon mode at 71meV ( 17THz). A prompt, five-order-of-magnitude drop in resistivity is observed, associated with a non-equilibrium transition from the stable insulating phase to a metastable metallic phase. In contrast with light-induced(1-3) and current-driven(4) phase transitions, the vibrationally driven bandgap collapse observed here is not related to hot-carrier injection and is uniquely attributed to a large-amplitude Mn-O distortion. This corresponds to a perturbation of the perovskite-structure tolerance factor, which in turn controls the electronic bandwidth via inter-site orbital overlap(5,6). Phase control by coherent manipulation of selected metal-oxygen phonons should find extensive application in other complex solids-notably in copper oxide superconductors, in which the role of Cu-O vibrations on the electronic properties is currently controversial. Optical conductivity.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
   ERATO, Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1020075, Japan.
   AIST, Correlated Electron Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, Cent Laser Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
   Diamond Light Source, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Oxford; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); University of Tokyo; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Diamond Light Source
RP Rini, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM mrini@lbl.gov; a.cavalleri1@physics.ox.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/T07695/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 21
TC 530
Z9 574
U1 6
U2 221
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7158
BP 72
EP 74
DI 10.1038/nature06119
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207ED
UT WOS:000249233500037
PM 17805291
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gazin, C
   Wajapeyee, N
   Gobeil, S
   Virbasius, CM
   Green, MR
AF Gazin, Claude
   Wajapeyee, Narendra
   Gobeil, Stephane
   Virbasius, Ching-Man
   Green, Michael R.
TI An elaborate pathway required for Ras-mediated epigenetic silencing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna hypermethylation; oncogenic ras; methylation; expression; mechanism; apoptosis; promoter; genes; fas
AB The conversion of a normal cell to a cancer cell occurs in several steps and typically involves the activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumour suppressor and pro-apoptotic genes(1). In many instances, inactivation of genes critical for cancer development occurs by epigenetic silencing, often involving hypermethylation of CpG-rich promoter regions(2,3). It remains to be determined whether silencing occurs by random acquisition of epigenetic marks that confer a selective growth advantage or through a specific pathway initiated by an oncogene(4-6). Here we perform a genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screen in K-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells and identify 28 genes required for Ras-mediated epigenetic silencing of the pro-apoptotic Fas gene. At least nine of these RESEs (Ras epigenetic silencing effectors), including the DNA methyltransferase DNMT1, are directly associated with specific regions of the Fas promoter in K-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells but not in untransformed NIH3T3 cells. RNAi-mediated knockdown of any of the 28 RESEs results in failure to recruit DNMT1 to the Fas promoter, loss of Fas promoter hypermethylation, and derepression of Fas expression. Analysis of five other epigenetically repressed genes indicates that Ras directs the silencing of multiple unrelated genes through a largely common pathway. Last, we show that nine RESEs are required for anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenicity of K-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells; these nine genes have not previously been implicated in transformation by Ras. Our results show that Ras-mediated epigenetic silencing occurs through a specific, complex, pathway involving components that are required for maintenance of a fully transformed phenotype.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Programs Gene Funct & Express & Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Green, MR (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 364 Plantat St, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
EM michael.green@umassmed.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM033977] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 232
Z9 267
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1073
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature06251
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000057
PM 17960246
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luo, ZX
   Ji, Q
   Yuan, CX
AF Luo, Zhe-Xi
   Ji, Qiang
   Yuan, Chong-Xi
TI Convergent dental adaptations in pseudo-tribosphenic and tribosphenic mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upper molar; evolution; diversification; dentition; skeleton; china
AB Tribosphenic molars of basal marsupials and placentals are a major adaptation, with the protocone (pestle) of the upper molar crushing and grinding in the talonid basin (mortar) on the lower molar(1-4). The extinct pseudo-tribosphenic mammals have a reversed tribosphenic molar in which a pseudo-talonid is anterior to the trigonid, to receive the pseudo-protocone of the upper molar. The pseudo-protocone is analogous to the protocone, but the anteriorly placed pseudo-talonid is opposite to the posterior talonid basin of true tribosphenic mammals(5-7). Here we describe a mammal of the Middle Jurassic period with highly derived pseudo-tribosphenic molars but predominantly primitive mandibular and skeletal features, and place it in a basal position in mammal phylogeny. Its shoulder girdle and limbs show fossorial features similar to those of mammaliaforms and monotremes, but different compared with those of the earliest-known Laurasian tribosphenic (boreosphenid) mammals. The find reveals a much greater range of dental evolution in Mesozoic mammals than in their extant descendants, and strengthens the hypothesis of homoplasy of 'tribosphenic-like' molars among mammals.
C1 Carnegie Museum Nat Hist, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China.
C3 China Geological Survey; Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
RP Luo, ZX (corresponding author), Carnegie Museum Nat Hist, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
EM luoz@carnegiemnh.org
NR 30
TC 104
Z9 142
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 93
EP 97
DI 10.1038/nature06221
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800043
PM 17972884
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rucci, M
   Iovin, R
   Poletti, M
   Santini, F
AF Rucci, Michele
   Iovin, Ramon
   Poletti, Martina
   Santini, Fabrizio
TI Miniature eye movements enhance fine spatial detail
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-cortex; motion; microsaccades; vision; images; statistics; fixation; striate; cells
AB Our eyes are constantly in motion. Even during visual fixation, small eye movements continually jitter the location of gaze(1-4). It is known that visual percepts tend to fade when retinal image motion is eliminated in the laboratory(5-9). However, it has long been debated whether, during natural viewing, fixational eye movements have functions in addition to preventing the visual scene from fading(10-17). In this study, we analysed the influence in humans of fixational eye movements on the discrimination of gratings masked by noise that has a power spectrum similar to that of natural images. Using a new method of retinal image stabilization(18), we selectively eliminated the motion of the retinal image that normally occurs during the intersaccadic intervals of visual fixation. Here we show that fixational eye movements improve discrimination of high spatial frequency stimuli, but not of low spatial frequency stimuli. This improvement originates from the temporal modulations introduced by fixational eye movements in the visual input to the retina, which emphasize the high spatial frequency harmonics of the stimulus. In a natural visual world dominated by low spatial frequencies, fixational eye movements appear to constitute an effective sampling strategy by which the visual system enhances the processing of spatial detail.
C1 Boston Univ, Dept Cognit & Neural Syst, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Boston University
RP Rucci, M (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Dept Cognit & Neural Syst, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM rucci@cns.bu.edu
NR 30
TC 284
Z9 336
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7146
BP 851
EP 854
DI 10.1038/nature05866
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 178FV
UT WOS:000247207500043
PM 17568745
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hellström, M
   Phng, LK
   Hofmann, JJ
   Wallgard, E
   Coultas, L
   Lindblom, P
   Alva, J
   Nilsson, AK
   Karlsson, L
   Gaiano, N
   Yoon, K
   Rossant, J
   Iruela-Arispe, ML
   Kalén, M
   Gerhardt, H
   Betsholtz, C
AF Hellstroem, Mats
   Phng, Li-Kun
   Hofmann, Jennifer J.
   Wallgard, Elisabet
   Coultas, Leigh
   Lindblom, Per
   Alva, Jackelyn
   Nilsson, Ann-Katrin
   Karlsson, Linda
   Gaiano, Nicholas
   Yoon, Keejung
   Rossant, Janet
   Iruela-Arispe, M. Luisa
   Kalen, Mattias
   Gerhardt, Holger
   Betsholtz, Christer
TI Dll4 signalling through Notch1 regulates formation of tip cells during angiogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelial growth-factor; gamma-secretase; branching morphogenesis; vascular development; arterial; mouse; maturation; lethality
AB In sprouting angiogenesis, specialized endothelial tip cells lead the outgrowth of blood-vessel sprouts towards gradients of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A(1,2). VEGF-A is also essential for the induction of endothelial tip cells(2), but it is not known how single tip cells are selected to lead each vessel sprout, and how tip-cell numbers are determined. Here we present evidence that delta-like 4 (Dll4) -Notch1 signalling regulates the formation of appropriate numbers of tip cells to control vessel sprouting and branching in the mouse retina. We show that inhibition of Notch signalling using gamma-secretase inhibitors, genetic inactivation of one allele of the endothelial Notch ligand Dll4, or endothelial-specific genetic deletion of Notch1, all promote increased numbers of tip cells. Conversely, activation of Notch by a soluble jagged1 peptide leads to fewer tip cells and vessel branches. Dll4 and reporters of Notch signalling are distributed in a mosaic pattern among endothelial cells of actively sprouting retinal vessels. At this location, Notch1-deleted endothelial cells preferentially assume tip-cell characteristics. Together, our results suggest that Dll4 - Notch1 signalling between the endothelial cells within the angiogenic sprout serves to restrict tip-cell formation in response to VEGF, thereby establishing the adequate ratio between tip and stalk cells required for correct sprouting and branching patterns. This model offers an explanation for the dose-dependency and haploinsufficiency of the Dll4 gene(3-5), and indicates that modulators of Dll4 or Notch signalling, such as gamma-secretase inhibitors developed for Alzheimer's disease, might find usage as pharmacological regulators of angiogenesis.
C1 Angiogenet Sweden AB, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Biochem & Biophys, Div Matrix Biol, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Med, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Canc Res UK, Vasc Biol Lab, London Res Inst, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mol Cell & Dev Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Hosp Sick Children, Program Dev Biol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Inst Cell Engn, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska Institutet; Cancer Research UK; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); Johns Hopkins University
RP Hellström, M (corresponding author), Angiogenet Sweden AB, Scheeles Vag 2, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM mats.hellstrom@ki.se; holger.gerhardt@cancer.org.uk
NR 30
TC 1383
Z9 1798
U1 2
U2 186
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7129
BP 776
EP 780
DI 10.1038/nature05571
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136EK
UT WOS:000244205200047
PM 17259973
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sawaya, MR
   Sambashivan, S
   Nelson, R
   Ivanova, MI
   Sievers, SA
   Apostol, MI
   Thompson, MJ
   Balbirnie, M
   Wiltzius, JJW
   McFarlane, HT
   Madsen, AO
   Riekel, C
   Eisenberg, D
AF Sawaya, Michael R.
   Sambashivan, Shilpa
   Nelson, Rebecca
   Ivanova, Magdalena I.
   Sievers, Stuart A.
   Apostol, Marcin I.
   Thompson, Michael J.
   Balbirnie, Melinda
   Wiltzius, Jed J. W.
   McFarlane, Heather T.
   Madsen, Anders O.
   Riekel, Christian
   Eisenberg, David
TI Atomic structures of amyloid cross-β spines reveal varied steric zippers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; ure2p prion filaments; fibril formation; seeding specificity; forming peptide; sheet structure; core structure; model; diversity; proteins
AB Amyloid fibrils formed from different proteins, each associated with a particular disease, contain a common cross-beta spine. The atomic architecture of a spine, from the fibril-forming segment GNNQQNY of the yeast prion protein Sup35, was recently revealed by X-ray microcrystallography. It is a pair of beta-sheets, with the facing side chains of the two sheets interdigitated in a dry 'steric zipper'. Here we report some 30 other segments from fibril-forming proteins that form amyloid-like fibrils, microcrystals, or usually both. These include segments from the Alzheimer's amyloid-beta and tau proteins, the PrP prion protein, insulin, islet amyloid polypeptide ( IAPP), lysozyme, myoglobin, alpha-synuclein and beta(2)-microglobulin, suggesting that common structural features are shared by amyloid diseases at the molecular level. Structures of 13 of these microcrystals all reveal steric zippers, but with variations that expand the range of atomic architectures for amyloid-like fibrils and offer an atomic-level hypothesis for the basis of prion strains.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, DOE Inst Genom & Proteom, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Copenhagen, Ctr Crystallog Studies, Dept Chem, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Copenhagen; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
RP Eisenberg, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, DOE Inst Genom & Proteom, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM david@mbi.ucla.edu
NR 46
TC 1944
Z9 2268
U1 4
U2 494
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7143
BP 453
EP 457
DI 10.1038/nature05695
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 170VA
UT WOS:000246693100042
PM 17468747
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sokolov, S
   Scheuer, T
   Catterall, WA
AF Sokolov, Stanislav
   Scheuer, Todd
   Catterall, William A.
TI Gating pore current in an inherited ion channelopathy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hypokalemic periodic paralysis; sodium-channel; voltage-sensor; skeletal-muscle; enhanced inactivation; functional expression; mutations; brain; perspective; models
AB Ion channelopathies are inherited diseases in which alterations in control of ion conductance through the central pore of ion channels impair cell function, leading to periodic paralysis, cardiac arrhythmia, renal failure, epilepsy, migraine and ataxia(1). Here we show that, in contrast with this well-established paradigm, three mutations in gating-charge-carrying arginine residues in an S4 segment that cause hypokalaemic periodic paralysis(2) induce a hyperpolarization- activated cationic leak through the voltage sensor of the skeletal muscle Na(V)1.4 channel. This 'gating pore current' is active at the resting membrane potential and closed by depolarizations that activate the voltage sensor. It has similar permeability to Na+, K+ and Cs+, but the organic monovalent cations tetraethylammonium and N-methyl-D-glucamine are much less permeant. The inorganic divalent cations Ba2+, Ca2+ and Zn2+ are not detectably permeant and block the gating pore at millimolar concentrations. Our results reveal gating pore current in naturally occurring disease mutations of an ion channel and show a clear correlation between mutations that cause gating pore current and hypokalaemic periodic paralysis. This gain-of-function gating pore current would contribute in an important way to the dominantly inherited membrane depolarization, action potential failure, flaccid paralysis and cytopathology that are characteristic of hypokalaemic periodic paralysis. A survey of other ion channelopathies reveals numerous examples of mutations that would be expected to cause gating pore current, raising the possibility of a broader impact of gating pore current in ion channelopathies.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Pharmacol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Catterall, WA (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Pharmacol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM wcatt@u.washington.edu
NR 24
TC 240
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7131
BP 76
EP 78
DI 10.1038/nature05598
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140RY
UT WOS:000244525600040
PM 17330043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Warnecke, F
   Luginbühl, P
   Ivanova, N
   Ghassemian, M
   Richardson, TH
   Stege, JT
   Cayouette, M
   McHardy, AC
   Djordjevic, G
   Aboushadi, N
   Sorek, R
   Tringe, SG
   Podar, M
   Martin, HG
   Kunin, V
   Dalevi, D
   Madejska, J
   Kirton, E
   Platt, D
   Szeto, E
   Salamov, A
   Barry, K
   Mikhailova, N
   Kyrpides, NC
   Matson, EG
   Ottesen, EA
   Zhang, XN
   Hernández, M
   Murillo, C
   Acosta, LG
   Rigoutsos, I
   Tamayo, G
   Green, BD
   Chang, C
   Rubin, EM
   Mathur, EJ
   Robertson, DE
   Hugenholtz, P
   Leadbetter, JR
AF Warnecke, Falk
   Luginbuehl, Peter
   Ivanova, Natalia
   Ghassemian, Majid
   Richardson, Toby H.
   Stege, Justin T.
   Cayouette, Michelle
   McHardy, Alice C.
   Djordjevic, Gordana
   Aboushadi, Nahla
   Sorek, Rotem
   Tringe, Susannah G.
   Podar, Mircea
   Martin, Hector Garcia
   Kunin, Victor
   Dalevi, Daniel
   Madejska, Julita
   Kirton, Edward
   Platt, Darren
   Szeto, Ernest
   Salamov, Asaf
   Barry, Kerrie
   Mikhailova, Natalia
   Kyrpides, Nikos C.
   Matson, Eric G.
   Ottesen, Elizabeth A.
   Zhang, Xinning
   Hernandez, Myriam
   Murillo, Catalina
   Acosta, Luis G.
   Rigoutsos, Isidore
   Tamayo, Giselle
   Green, Brian D.
   Chang, Cathy
   Rubin, Edward M.
   Mathur, Eric J.
   Robertson, Dan E.
   Hugenholtz, Philip
   Leadbetter, Jared R.
TI Metagenomic and functional analysis of hindgut microbiota of a wood-feeding higher termite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multiple sequence alignment; phylogenetic analysis; nitrogen-fixation; gut; cellulases; lignocellulose; classification; degradation; isoptera; database
AB From the standpoints of both basic research and biotechnology, there is considerable interest in reaching a clearer understanding of the diversity of biological mechanisms employed during lignocellulose degradation. Globally, termites are an extremely successful group of wood-degrading organisms(1) and are therefore important both for their roles in carbon turnover in the environment and as potential sources of biochemical catalysts for efforts aimed at converting wood into biofuels. Only recently have data supported any direct role for the symbiotic bacteria in the gut of the termite in cellulose and xylan hydrolysis(2). Here we use a metagenomic analysis of the bacterial community resident in the hindgut paunch of a wood-feeding 'higher' Nasutitermes species ( which do not contain cellulose-fermenting protozoa) to show the presence of a large, diverse set of bacterial genes for cellulose and xylan hydrolysis. Many of these genes were expressed in vivo or had cellulase activity in vitro, and further analyses implicate spirochete and fibrobacter species in gut lignocellulose degradation. New insights into other important symbiotic functions including H-2 metabolism, CO2-reductive acetogenesis and N-2 fixation are also provided by this first system-wide gene analysis of a microbial community specialized towards plant lignocellulose degradation. Our results underscore how complex even a 1-mu l environment can be.
C1 CALTECH, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   DOE Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
   Verenium Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Inst Nacl Biodiversidad, INBio, Santo Domingo De Heredia, Costa Rica.
C3 California Institute of Technology; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Verenium Corporation; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; California Institute of Technology
RP Leadbetter, JR (corresponding author), CALTECH, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Mailcode 138-78, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM jleadbetter@caltech.edu
NR 66
TC 1036
Z9 1253
U1 11
U2 600
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 560
EP U17
DI 10.1038/nature06269
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500050
PM 18033299
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cassenaer, S
   Laurent, G
AF Cassenaer, Stijn
   Laurent, Gilles
TI Hebbian STDP in mushroom bodies facilitates the synchronous flow of olfactory information in locusts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID odor representations; temporal information; antennal lobe; synchronization; oscillations; propagation; plasticity; receptors; neurons; memory
AB Odour representations in insects undergo progressive transformations and decorrelation(1-3) from the receptor array to the presumed site of odour learning, the mushroom body(4-7). There, odours are represented by sparse assemblies of Kenyon cells in a large population(2). Using intracellular recordings in vivo, we examined transmission and plasticity at the synapse made by Kenyon cells onto downstream targets in locusts. We find that these individual synapses are excitatory and undergo hebbian spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP)(8-10) on a+/-25 ms timescale. When placed in the context of odour-evoked Kenyon cell activity (a 20-Hz oscillatory population discharge), this form of STDP enhances the synchronization of the Kenyon cells' targets and thus helps preserve the propagation of the odour-specific codes through the olfactory system.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Laurent, G (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol, 139-74, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM laurentg@caltech.edu
NR 31
TC 220
Z9 252
U1 1
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7154
BP 709
EP U12
DI 10.1038/nature05973
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 197ZY
UT WOS:000248598000048
PM 17581587
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Friis, EM
   Crane, PR
   Pedersen, KR
   Bengtson, S
   Donoghue, PCJ
   Grimm, GW
   Stampanoni, M
AF Friis, Else Marie
   Crane, Peter R.
   Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard
   Bengtson, Stefan
   Donoghue, Philip C. J.
   Grimm, Guido W.
   Stampanoni, Marco
TI Phase-contrast x-ray microtomography links cretaceous seeds with Gnetales and Bennettitales
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synchrotron microtomography; angiosperms; tomography; origin; morphology; flowers; plants
AB Over the past 25 years the discovery and study of Cretaceous plant mesofossils has yielded diverse and exquisitely preserved fossil flowers that have revolutionized our knowledge of early angiosperms(1), but remains of other seed plants in the same mesofossil assemblages(2,3) have so far received little attention. These fossils, typically only a few millimetres long, have often been charred in natural fires and preserve both three-dimensional morphology and cellular detail. Here we use phase-contrast-enhanced synchrotron-radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy to clarify the structure of small charcoalified gymnosperm seeds from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal and North America. The new information links these seeds to Gnetales ( including Erdtmanithecales, a putatively closely related fossil group(2)), and to Bennettitales-important extinct Mesozoic seed plants with cycad-like leaves and flower-like reproductive structures. The results suggest that the distinctive seed architecture of Gnetales, Erdtmanithecales and Bennettitales defines a clade containing these taxa. This has significant consequences for hypotheses of seed plant phylogeny by providing support for key elements of the controversial anthophyte hypothesis, which links angiosperms, Bennettitales and Gnetales.
C1 Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Palaeobot & Palaeozool, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Aarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
   Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Univ Tubingen, Inst Geosci, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Paul Scherrer Inst, Swiss Light Source, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
C3 Swedish Museum of Natural History; University of Chicago; Aarhus University; University of Bristol; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute
RP Stampanoni, M (corresponding author), Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Palaeobot & Palaeozool, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM marco.stampanoni@psi.ch
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/C511256/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 159
Z9 185
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 549
EP U11
DI 10.1038/nature06278
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500047
PM 18033296
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neutel, AM
   Heesterbeek, JAP
   van de Koppel, J
   Hoenderboom, G
   Vos, A
   Kaldeway, C
   Berendse, F
   de Ruiter, PC
AF Neutel, Anje-Margriet
   Heesterbeek, Johan A. P.
   van de Koppel, Johan
   Hoenderboom, Guido
   Vos, An
   Kaldeway, Coen
   Berendse, Frank
   de Ruiter, Peter C.
TI Reconciling complexity with stability in naturally assembling food webs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trophic cascades; soil; productivity; ecosystems; dynamics; real; community; system
AB Understanding how complex food webs assemble through time is fundamental both for ecological theory and for the development of sustainable strategies of ecosystem conservation and restoration. The build-up of complexity in communities is theoretically difficult, because in random-pattern models complexity leads to instability(1). There is growing evidence, however, that nonrandom patterns in the strengths of the interactions between predators and prey strongly enhance system stability(2-4). Here we show how such patterns explain stability in naturally assembling communities. We present two series of below-ground food webs along natural productivity gradients in vegetation successions(5,6). The complexity of the food webs increased along the gradients. The stability of the food webs was captured by measuring the weight of feedback loops(7) of three interacting 'species' locked in omnivory. Low predator-prey biomass ratios in these omnivorous loops were shown to have a crucial role in preserving stability as productivity and complexity increased during succession. Our results show the build-up of food-web complexity in natural productivity gradients and pin down the feedback loops that govern the stability of whole webs. They show that it is the heaviest three-link feedback loop in a network of predator-prey effects that limits its stability. Because the weight of these feedback loops is kept relatively low by the biomass build-up in the successional process, complexity does not lead to instability.
C1 Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Utrecht, Fac Vet Med, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Inst Ecol, NIOO KNAW, Ctr Estuarine & Marine Ecol, Spatial Ecol Dept, NL-4400 AC Yerseke, Netherlands.
   Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept ICT, NL-6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Soil Sci Ctr, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Wageningen Univ, Nat Conservat & Plant Ecol Grp, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Copernicus Inst Sustainable Dev & Innovat, Dept Environm Sci, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 University of York - UK; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Wageningen University & Research; Wageningen University & Research; Wageningen University & Research; Utrecht University
RP Neutel, AM (corresponding author), British Antarctic Survey, High Cross,Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
EM anjute@bas.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [bas010021] Funding Source: researchfish; NERC [bas010021] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 29
TC 317
Z9 360
U1 9
U2 259
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7162
BP 599
EP U11
DI 10.1038/nature06154
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 216QG
UT WOS:000249893500045
PM 17914396
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Enquist, BJ
   Kerkhoff, AJ
   Stark, SC
   Swenson, NG
   McCarthy, MC
   Price, CA
AF Enquist, Brian J.
   Kerkhoff, Andrew J.
   Stark, Scott C.
   Swenson, Nathan G.
   McCarthy, Megan C.
   Price, Charles A.
TI A general integrative model for scaling plant growth, carbon flux, and functional trait spectra
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ecosystem; respiration; allometry; range; form
AB Linking functional traits to plant growth is critical for scaling attributes of organisms to the dynamics of ecosystems(1,2) and for understanding how selection shapes integrated botanical phenotypes(3). However, a general mechanistic theory showing how traits specifically influence carbon and biomass flux within and across plants is needed. Building on foundational work on relative growth rate(4-6), recent work on functional trait spectra(7-9), and metabolic scaling theory(10,11), here we derive a generalized trait-based model of plant growth. In agreement with a wide variety of empirical data, our model uniquely predicts how key functional traits interact to regulate variation in relative growth rate, the allometric growth normalizations for both angiosperms and gymnosperms, and the quantitative form of several functional trait spectra relationships. The model also provides a general quantitative framework to incorporate additional leaf-level trait scaling relationships(7,8) and hence to unite functional trait spectra with theories of relative growth rate, and metabolic scaling. We apply the model to calculate carbon use efficiency. This often ignored trait, which may influence variation in relative growth rate, appears to vary directionally across geographic gradients. Together, our results show how both quantitative plant traits and the geometry of vascular transport networks can be merged into a common scaling theory. Our model provides a framework for predicting not only how traits covary within an integrated allometric phenotype but also how trait variation mechanistically influences plant growth and carbon flux within and across diverse ecosystems.
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA.
   Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
   Sci Conservat Int, Ctr Appl Biodivers, Arlington, VA 22202 USA.
   Kenyon Coll, Dept Biol, Gambier, OH 43022 USA.
   Kenyon Coll, Dept Math, Gambier, OH 43022 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; The Santa Fe Institute; University System of Ohio; Kenyon College; University System of Ohio; Kenyon College
RP Enquist, BJ (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA.
EM benquist@email.arizona.edu
NR 31
TC 187
Z9 228
U1 9
U2 227
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7159
BP 218
EP 222
DI 10.1038/nature06061
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 209NF
UT WOS:000249394500050
PM 17851525
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Henzler-Wildman, KA
   Thai, V
   Lei, M
   Ott, M
   Wolf-Watz, M
   Fenn, T
   Pozharski, E
   Wilson, MA
   Petsko, GA
   Karplus, M
   Hübner, CG
   Kern, D
AF Henzler-Wildman, Katherine A.
   Thai, Vu
   Lei, Ming
   Ott, Maria
   Wolf-Watz, Magnus
   Fenn, Tim
   Pozharski, Ed
   Wilson, Mark A.
   Petsko, Gregory A.
   Karplus, Martin
   Huebner, Christian G.
   Kern, Dorothee
TI Intrinsic motions along an enzymatic reaction trajectory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID resonance energy-transfer; molecule fluorescence spectroscopy; single-molecule; adenylate kinase; normal-mode; triosephosphate isomerase; conformational dynamics; dihydrofolate-reductase; chemical-exchange; protein motion
AB The mechanisms by which enzymes achieve extraordinary rate acceleration and specificity have long been of key interest in biochemistry. It is generally recognized that substrate binding coupled to conformational changes of the substrate - enzyme complex aligns the reactive groups in an optimal environment for efficient chemistry. Although chemical mechanisms have been elucidated for many enzymes, the question of how enzymes achieve the catalytically competent state has only recently become approachable by experiment and computation. Here we show crystallographic evidence for conformational substates along the trajectory towards the catalytically competent 'closed' state in the ligand- free form of the enzyme adenylate kinase. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that these partially closed conformations are sampled in nanoseconds, whereas nuclear magnetic resonance and single- molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer reveal rare sampling of a fully closed conformation occurring on the microsecond- to- millisecond timescale. Thus, the larger- scale motions in substrate- free adenylate kinase are not random, but preferentially follow the pathways that create the configuration capable of proficient chemistry. Such preferred directionality, encoded in the fold, may contribute to catalysis in many enzymes.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Phys, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Strasbourg, ISIS, Lab Chim Biophys, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
C3 Brandeis University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Brandeis University; Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg; Harvard University; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg
RP Kern, D (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
EM huebner@physik.uni-luebeck.de; dkern@brandeis.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [F32 GM070251] Funding Source: Medline
NR 84
TC 756
Z9 897
U1 3
U2 267
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 838
EP U13
DI 10.1038/nature06410
PG 12
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900047
PM 18026086
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zwart, SF
   van den Heuvel, EPJ
AF Zwart, Simon F. Portegies
   van den Heuvel, Edward P. J.
TI A runaway collision in a young star cluster as the origin of the brightest supernova
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID massive black-holes; galactic-center; galaxy; ecology; models
AB Supernova SN 2006gy in the galaxy NGC1260 is the most luminous recorded(1-4). Its progenitor might have been a very massive (>100M(circle dot), where M-circle dot is the mass of the Sun) star(5), but that interpretation is incompatible with hydrogen in the spectrum of the supernova; stars>40M(circle dot) are believed to have shed their hydrogen envelopes several hundred thousand years before the explosion(6). Alternatively, the progenitor might have arisen from the merger of two massive stars(7). Here we show that the collision frequency of massive stars in a dense and young cluster (of the kind to be expected near the centre of a galaxy) is sufficient to provide a reasonable chance that SN 2006gy resulted from such a bombardment. If this is the correct explanation, then we predict that when the supernova fades (in a year or so) a dense cluster of massive stars will become visible at the site of the explosion.
C1 Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Amsterdam, Inst Comp Sci, NL-1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Kavli Inst Theoret Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of Amsterdam; University of Amsterdam; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Zwart, SF (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, Kruislaan 403, NL-1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM spz@science.uva.nl; edvdh@science.uva.nl
NR 30
TC 33
Z9 35
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 388
EP 389
DI 10.1038/nature06276
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600047
PM 18004377
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lai, CW
   Kim, NY
   Utsunomiya, S
   Roumpos, G
   Deng, H
   Fraser, MD
   Byrnes, T
   Recher, P
   Kumada, N
   Fujisawa, T
   Yamamoto, Y
AF Lai, C. W.
   Kim, N. Y.
   Utsunomiya, S.
   Roumpos, G.
   Deng, H.
   Fraser, M. D.
   Byrnes, T.
   Recher, P.
   Kumada, N.
   Fujisawa, T.
   Yamamoto, Y.
TI Coherent zero-state and p-state in an exciton-polariton condensate array
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bose-einstein condensation; spatial coherence; phase-transition; superfluid; microcavity; gas
AB The effect of quantum statistics in quantum gases and liquids results in observable collective properties among many-particle systems. One prime example is Bose-Einstein condensation, whose onset in a quantum liquid leads to phenomena such as superfluidity and superconductivity. A Bose-Einstein condensate is generally defined as a macroscopic occupation of a single-particle quantum state, a phenomenon technically referred to as off-diagonal long-range order due to non-vanishing off-diagonal components of the single-particle density matrix(1-3). The wave-function of the condensate is an order parameter whose phase is essential in characterizing the coherence and superfluid phenomena(4-11). The long-range spatial coherence leads to the existence of phase-locked multiple condensates in an array of superfluid helium(12), superconducting Josephson junctions(13-15) or atomic Bose-Einstein condensates(15-18). Under certain circumstances, a quantum phase difference of p is predicted to develop among weakly coupled Josephson junctions(19). Such a meta-stable pi-state was discovered in a weak link of superfluid 3 He, which is characterized by a 'p-wave' order parameter(20). The possible existence of such a pi-state in weakly coupled atomic Bose-Einstein condensates has also been proposed(21), but remains undiscovered. Here we report the observation of spontaneous build-up of in-phase ('zero-state') and antiphase ('pi-state') 'superfluid' states in a solid-state system; an array of exciton-polariton condensates connected by weak periodic potential barriers within a semiconductor microcavity. These in-phase and antiphase states reflect the band structure of the one-dimensional polariton array and the dynamic characteristics of metastable exciton-polariton condensates.
C1 Stanford Univ, Edward L Ginzton Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Ind Sci, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538505, Japan.
   Natl Inst Informat, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1018430, Japan.
   NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
C3 Stanford University; University of Tokyo; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Informatics (NII) - Japan; NTT, Inc
RP Lai, CW (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Edward L Ginzton Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM cwlai@stanford.edu; yyamamoto@stanford.edu
FU Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [18001002] Funding Source: KAKEN
NR 29
TC 362
Z9 376
U1 0
U2 113
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 529
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature06334
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500042
PM 18033292
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cho, US
   Xu, WQ
AF Cho, Uhn Soo
   Xu, Wenqing
TI Crystal structure of a protein phosphatase 2A heterotrimeric holoenzyme
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulatory b subunits; middle tumor-antigen; catalytic subunit; carboxyl methylation; b56 subunit; core enzyme; a-subunit; pp2a; alpha; identification
AB Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a principal Ser/Thr phosphatase, the deregulation of which is associated with multiple human cancers, Alzheimer's disease and increased susceptibility to pathogen infections. How PP2A is structurally organized and functionally regulated remains unclear. Here we report the crystal structure of an AB'C heterotrimeric PP2A holoenzyme. The structure reveals that the HEAT repeats of the scaffold A subunit form a horseshoe-shaped fold, holding the catalytic C and regulatory B' subunits together on the same side. The regulatory B' subunit forms pseudo-HEAT repeats and interacts with the C subunit near the active site, thereby defining substrate specificity. The methylated carboxy-terminal tail of the C subunit interacts with a highly negatively charged region at the interface between A and B' subunits, suggesting that the C-terminal carboxyl methylation of the C subunit promotes B' subunit recruitment by neutralizing charge repulsion. Together, our structural results establish a crucial foundation for understanding PP2A assembly, substrate recruitment and regulation.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Biol Struct, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Xu, WQ (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Biol Struct, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM wxu@u.washington.edu
NR 40
TC 380
Z9 493
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7123
BP 53
EP 57
DI 10.1038/nature05351
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122KG
UT WOS:000243225100033
PM 17086192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gupta, GP
   Nguyen, DX
   Chiang, AC
   Bos, PD
   Kim, JY
   Nadal, C
   Gomis, RR
   Manova-Todorova, K
   Massagué, J
AF Gupta, Gaorav P.
   Nguyen, Don X.
   Chiang, Anne C.
   Bos, Paula D.
   Kim, Juliet Y.
   Nadal, Cristina
   Gomis, Roger R.
   Manova-Todorova, Katia
   Massague, Joan
TI Mediators of vascular remodelling co-opted for sequential steps in lung metastasis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor receptor; breast-cancer metastasis; tumor; angiogenesis; cyclooxygenase-2; genes; inhibitor; celecoxib; survival; efficacy
AB Metastasis entails numerous biological functions that collectively enable cancerous cells from a primary site to disseminate and overtake distant organs. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we show that the epidermal growth factor receptor ligand epiregulin, the cyclooxygenase COX2, and the matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2, when expressed in human breast cancer cells, collectively facilitate the assembly of new tumour blood vessels, the release of tumour cells into the circulation, and the breaching of lung capillaries by circulating tumour cells to seed pulmonary metastasis. These findings reveal how aggressive primary tumorigenic functions can be mechanistically coupled to greater lung metastatic potential, and how such biological activities may be therapeutically targeted with specific drug combinations.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Canc Biol & Genet Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Mol Cytol Core Facil, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Massagué, J (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Canc Biol & Genet Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM j-massague@ski.mskcc.org
NR 37
TC 592
Z9 717
U1 1
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7137
BP 765
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature05760
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 156CX
UT WOS:000245626800033
PM 17429393
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gavin, MA
   Rasmussen, JP
   Fontenot, JD
   Vasta, V
   Manganiello, VC
   Beavo, JA
   Rudensky, AY
AF Gavin, Marc A.
   Rasmussen, Jeffrey P.
   Fontenot, Jason D.
   Vasta, Valeria
   Manganiello, Vincent C.
   Beavo, Joseph A.
   Rudensky, Alexander Y.
TI Foxp3-dependent programme of regulatory T-cell differentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor foxp3; helper-cells; inflammation; activation; receptors
AB Regulatory CD4(+) T cells (T-R cells), the development of which is critically dependent on X-linked transcription factor Foxp3 ( forkhead box P3), prevent self-destructive immune responses(1). Despite its important role, molecular and functional features conferred by Foxp3 to T-R precursor cells remain unknown. It has been suggested that Foxp3 expression is required for both survival of T-R precursors as well as their inability to produce interleukin (IL)-2 and independently proliferate after T-cell-receptor engagement, raising the possibility that such 'anergy' and T-R suppressive capacity are intimately linked(2-4). Here we show, by dissociating Foxp3-dependent features from those induced by the signals preceding and promoting its expression in mice, that the latter signals include several functional and transcriptional hallmarks of T-R cells. Although its function is required for T-R cell suppressor activity, Foxp3 to a large extent amplifies and fixes pre-established molecular features of T-R cells, including anergy and dependence on paracrine IL-2. Furthermore, Foxp3 solidifies T-R cell lineage stability through modification of cell surface and signalling molecules, resulting in adaptation to the signals required to induce and maintain T-R cells. This adaptation includes Foxp3-dependent repression of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3B, affecting genes responsible for T-R cell homeostasis.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Immunol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Pharmacol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI)
RP Rudensky, AY (corresponding author), Amgen Corp, Seattle, WA 98101 USA.
EM aruden@u.washington.edu
NR 23
TC 954
Z9 1164
U1 2
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7129
BP 771
EP 775
DI 10.1038/nature05543
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136EK
UT WOS:000244205200046
PM 17220874
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Welch, JM
   Lu, J
   Rodriguiz, RM
   Trotta, NC
   Peca, J
   Ding, JD
   Feliciano, C
   Chen, M
   Adams, JP
   Luo, JH
   Dudek, SM
   Weinberg, RJ
   Calakos, N
   Wetsel, WC
   Feng, GP
AF Welch, Jeffrey M.
   Lu, Jing
   Rodriguiz, Ramona M.
   Trotta, Nicholas C.
   Peca, Joao
   Ding, Jin-Dong
   Feliciano, Catia
   Chen, Meng
   Adams, J. Paige
   Luo, Jianhong
   Dudek, Serena M.
   Weinberg, Richard J.
   Calakos, Nicole
   Wetsel, William C.
   Feng, Guoping
TI Cortico-striatal synaptic defects and OCD-like behaviours in Sapap3-mutant mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID obsessive-compulsive disorder; nmda-receptors; hippocampal synapses; postsynaptic density; subunit composition; nervous-system; disease models; messenger-rna; proteins; trafficking
AB Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety-spectrum disorder characterized by persistent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive actions (compulsions). Dysfunction of cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuitry is implicated in OCD, although the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are unknown. SAP90/PSD95-associated protein 3 (SAPAP3; also known as DLGAP3) is a postsynaptic scaffolding protein at excitatory synapses that is highly expressed in the striatum. Here we show that mice with genetic deletion of Sapap3 exhibit increased anxiety and compulsive grooming behaviour leading to facial hair loss and skin lesions; both behaviours are alleviated by a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Electrophysiological, structural and biochemical studies of Sapap3-mutant mice reveal defects in cortico-striatal synapses. Furthermore, lentiviral-mediated selective expression of Sapap3 in the striatum rescues the synaptic and behavioural defects of Sapap3-mutant mice. These findings demonstrate a critical role for SAPAP3 at cortico-striatal synapses and emphasize the importance of cortico-striatal circuitry in OCD-like behaviours.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Mouse Behav & Neuroendocrine Anal Core Facil, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Ctr Translat Neurosci, Div Neurol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Zhejiang Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, Peoples R China.
   Univ Coimbra, Ctr Neurosci & Cell Biol, P-3004517 Coimbra, Portugal.
   Univ N Carolina, Ctr Neurosci, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Gulbenkian Inst Sci, P-2781901 Oeiras, Portugal.
   NIEHS, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Zhejiang University; Universidade de Coimbra; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
RP Feng, GP (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM feng@neuro.duke.edu
FU NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH081201] Funding Source: Medline; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS039444, K02 NS054840] Funding Source: Medline; Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 ES100221] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [R01NS039444] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 50
TC 615
Z9 731
U1 3
U2 105
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7156
BP 894
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature06104
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202OM
UT WOS:000248912900040
PM 17713528
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhou, TQ
   Xu, L
   Dey, B
   Hessell, AJ
   Van Ryk, D
   Xiang, SH
   Yang, XZ
   Zhang, MY
   Zwick, MB
   Arthos, J
   Burton, DR
   Dimitrov, DS
   Sodroski, J
   Wyatt, R
   Nabel, GJ
   Kwong, PD
AF Zhou, Tongqing
   Xu, Ling
   Dey, Barna
   Hessell, Ann J.
   Van Ryk, Donald
   Xiang, Shi-Hua
   Yang, Xinzhen
   Zhang, Mei-Yun
   Zwick, Michael B.
   Arthos, James
   Burton, Dennis R.
   Dimitrov, Dimiter S.
   Sodroski, Joseph
   Wyatt, Richard
   Nabel, Gary J.
   Kwong, Peter D.
TI Structural definition of a conserved neutralization epitope on HIV-1 gp120
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; envelope glycoprotein; monoclonal-antibody; receptor; recognition; antigen; protein; domain; identification; regions
AB The remarkable diversity, glycosylation and conformational flexibility of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env), including substantial rearrangement of the gp120 glycoprotein upon binding the CD4 receptor, allow it to evade antibody-mediated neutralization. Despite this complexity, the HIV-1 Env must retain conserved determinants that mediate CD4 binding. To evaluate how these determinants might provide opportunities for antibody recognition, we created variants of gp120 stabilized in the CD4-bound state, assessed binding of CD4 and of receptor-binding-site antibodies, and determined the structure at 2.3 angstrom resolution of the broadly neutralizing antibody b12 in complex with gp120. b12 binds to a conformationally invariant surface that overlaps a distinct subset of the CD4-binding site. This surface is involved in the metastable attachment of CD4, before the gp120 rearrangement required for stable engagement. A site of vulnerability, related to a functional requirement for efficient association with CD4, can therefore be targeted by antibody to neutralize HIV-1.
C1 NIAID, Vaccine Res Ctr, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIAID, Immunoregulat Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Immunol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Immunol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Canc Immunol & AIDS, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   NCI, Ctr Canc Res, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Kwong, PD (corresponding author), NIAID, Vaccine Res Ctr, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM pdkwong@nih.gov
FU NIAID NIH HHS [U19 AI067854] Funding Source: Medline; Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 645
Z9 804
U1 2
U2 99
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7129
BP 732
EP 737
DI 10.1038/nature05580
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136EK
UT WOS:000244205200037
PM 17301785
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Obita, T
   Saksena, S
   Ghazi-Tabatabai, S
   Gill, DJ
   Perisic, O
   Emr, SD
   Williams, RL
AF Obita, Takayuki
   Saksena, Suraj
   Ghazi-Tabatabai, Sara
   Gill, David J.
   Perisic, Olga
   Emr, Scott D.
   Williams, Roger L.
TI Structural basis for selective recognition of ESCRT-III by the AAA ATPase Vps4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID late-budding domains; protein interactions; mit domain; endosomal cargo; complex; trafficking; machinery; components; interacts; release
AB The AAA+ ATPases are essential for various activities such as membrane trafficking, organelle biogenesis, DNA replication, intracellular locomotion, cytoskeletal remodelling, protein folding and proteolysis(1). The AAA ATPase Vps4, which is central to endosomal traffic to lysosomes(2,3), retroviral budding(4) and cytokinesis(5), dissociates ESCRT complexes (the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) from membranes(6-15). Here we show that, of the six ESCRT-III-related subunits in yeast, only Vps2 and Did2 bind the MIT (microtubule interacting and transport) domain of Vps4, and that the carboxy-terminal 30 residues of the subunits are both necessary and sufficient for interaction. We determined the crystal structure of the Vps2 C terminus in a complex with the Vps4 MIT domain, explaining the basis for selective ESCRT-III recognition. MIT helices alpha 2 and alpha 3 recognize a (D/E) xxLxxRLxxL(K/R) motif, and mutations within this motif cause sorting defects in yeast. Our crystal structure of the amino-terminal domain of an archaeal AAA ATPase of unknown function shows that it is closely related to the MIT domain of Vps4. The archaeal ATPase interacts with an archaeal ESCRT-III-like protein even though these organisms have no endomembrane system, suggesting that the Vps4/ESCRT-III partnership is a relic of a function that pre-dates the divergence of eukaryotes and Archaea.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, MRC Ctr, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; Cornell University; Cornell University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Williams, RL (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, MRC Ctr, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England.
EM rlw@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U105184308] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [MC_U105184308] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U105184308] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 262
Z9 319
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7163
BP 735
EP U11
DI 10.1038/nature06171
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 218VV
UT WOS:000250045000047
PM 17928861
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chini, A
   Fonseca, S
   Fernández, G
   Adie, B
   Chico, JM
   Lorenzo, O
   García-Casado, G
   López-Vidriero, I
   Lozano, FM
   Ponce, MR
   Micol, JL
   Solano, R
AF Chini, Andrea
   Fonseca, S.
   Fernandez, G.
   Adie, B.
   Chico, J. M.
   Lorenzo, O.
   Garcia-Casado, G.
   Lopez-Vidriero, I.
   Lozano, F. M.
   Ponce, M. R.
   Micol, J. L.
   Solano, R.
TI The JAZ family of repressors is the missing link in jasmonate signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID box protein tir1; phytotoxin coronatine; regulated defense; methyl jasmonate; plant-responses; gene; acid; transformation; biosynthesis; resistance
AB Jasmonates are essential phytohormones for plant development and survival. However, the molecular details of their signalling pathway remain largely unknown. The identification more than a decade ago of COI1 as an F-box protein suggested the existence of a repressor of jasmonate responses that is targeted by the SCFCOI1 complex for proteasome degradation in response to jasmonate. Here we report the identification of JASMONATE-INSENSITIVE 3 (JAI3) and a family of related proteins named JAZ (jasmonate ZIM-domain), in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results demonstrate that JAI3 and other JAZs are direct targets of the SCFCOI1 E3 ubiquitin ligase and jasmonate treatment induces their proteasome degradation. Moreover, JAI3 negatively regulates the key transcriptional activator of jasmonate responses, MYC2. The JAZ family therefore represents the molecular link between the two previously known steps in the jasmonate pathway. Furthermore, we demonstrate the existence of a regulatory feed-back loop involving MYC2 and JAZ proteins, which provides a mechanistic explanation for the pulsed response to jasmonate and the subsequent desensitization of the cell.
C1 CSIC, Ctr Nacl Biotecnol, Dept Genet Mol Plantas, Campus Univ Autonoma, Madrid 28049, Spain.
   CSIC, Ctr Nacl Biotecnol, Unidad Genom, Madrid 28049, Spain.
   Univ Miguel Hernandez, Div Genet, Elche 03202, Spain.
   Univ Miguel Hernandez, Inst Bioingn, Elche 03202, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB); Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche; Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche
RP Solano, R (corresponding author), CSIC, Ctr Nacl Biotecnol, Dept Genet Mol Plantas, Campus Univ Autonoma, Madrid 28049, Spain.
EM rsolano@cnb.uam.es
NR 46
TC 1962
Z9 2309
U1 19
U2 755
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7154
BP 666
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06006
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 197ZY
UT WOS:000248598000038
PM 17637675
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coulibaly, F
   Chiu, E
   Ikeda, K
   Gutmann, S
   Haebel, PW
   Schulze-Briese, C
   Mori, H
   Metcalf, P
AF Coulibaly, Fasseli
   Chiu, Elaine
   Ikeda, Keiko
   Gutmann, Sascha
   Haebel, Peter W.
   Schulze-Briese, Clemens
   Mori, Hajime
   Metcalf, Peter
TI The molecular organization of cypovirus polyhedra
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; crystal-structure; protein; body
AB Cypoviruses and baculoviruses are notoriously difficult to eradicate because the virus particles are embedded in micrometresized protein crystals called polyhedra(1,2). The remarkable stability of polyhedra means that, like bacterial spores, these insect viruses remain infectious for years in soil. The environmental persistence of polyhedra is the cause of significant losses in silkworm cocoon harvests but has also been exploited against pests in biological alternatives to chemical insecticides(3,4). Although polyhedra have been extensively characterized since the early 1900s(5), their atomic organization remains elusive(6). Here we describe the 2 angstrom crystal structure of both recombinant and infectious silkworm cypovirus polyhedra determined using crystals 5 - 12 micrometres in diameter purified from insect cells. These are the smallest crystals yet used for de novo X-ray protein structure determination(7). We found that polyhedra are made of trimers of the viral polyhedrin protein and contain nucleotides. Although the shape of these building blocks is reminiscent of some capsid trimers, polyhedrin has a new fold and has evolved to assemble in vivo into three-dimensional cubic crystals rather than icosahedral shells. The polyhedrin trimers are extensively cross-linked in polyhedra by non-covalent interactions and pack with an exquisite molecular complementarity similar to that of antigen - antibody complexes. The resulting ultrastable and sealed crystals shield the virus particles from environmental damage. The structure suggests that polyhedra can serve as the basis for the development of robust and versatile nanoparticles for biotechnological applications 8 such as microarrays(9) and biopesticides(4).
C1 Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
   Prot Crystal Corp, Osaka 5410053, Japan.
   Paul Scherrer Inst, Swiss Light Source, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
   Altana Pharma AG, D-78467 Constance, Germany.
   Kyoto Inst Technol, Kyoto 6068585, Japan.
C3 University of Auckland; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute; Altana; Kyoto Institute of Technology
RP Metcalf, P (corresponding author), Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
EM peter.metcalf@auckland.ac.nz
NR 30
TC 180
Z9 202
U1 1
U2 63
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7131
BP 97
EP 101
DI 10.1038/nature05628
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140RY
UT WOS:000244525600045
PM 17330045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heersche, HB
   Jarillo-Herrero, P
   Oostinga, JB
   Vandersypen, LMK
   Morpurgo, AF
AF Heersche, Hubert B.
   Jarillo-Herrero, Pablo
   Oostinga, Jeroen B.
   Vandersypen, Lieven M. K.
   Morpurgo, Alberto F.
TI Bipolar supercurrent in graphene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Graphene - a recently discovered form of graphite only one atomic layer thick(1) - constitutes a new model system in condensed matter physics, because it is the first material in which charge carriers behave as massless chiral relativistic particles. The anomalous quantization of the Hall conductance(2,3), which is now understood theoretically(4,5), is one of the experimental signatures of the peculiar transport properties of relativistic electrons in graphene. Other unusual phenomena, like the finite conductivity of order 4e(2)/h ( where e is the electron charge and h is Planck's constant) at the charge neutrality ( or Dirac) point(2), have come as a surprise and remain to be explained(5-13). Here we experimentally study the Josephson effect(14) in mesoscopic junctions consisting of a graphene layer contacted by two closely spaced superconducting electrodes(15). The charge density in the graphene layer can be controlled by means of a gate electrode. We observe a supercurrent that, depending on the gate voltage, is carried by either electrons in the conduction band or by holes in the valence band. More importantly, we find that not only the normal state conductance of graphene is finite, but also a finite supercurrent can flow at zero charge density. Our observations shed light on the special role of time reversal symmetry in graphene, and demonstrate phase coherent electronic transport at the Dirac point.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst nanosci, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
C3 Delft University of Technology
RP Heersche, HB (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst nanosci, POB 5046, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
EM h.b.heersche@tudelft.nl; P.D.Jarillo-Herrero@tudelft.nl
NR 30
TC 1114
Z9 1226
U1 4
U2 477
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7131
BP 56
EP 59
DI 10.1038/nature05555
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140RY
UT WOS:000244525600035
PM 17330038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kröll, J
   Dhillon, SS
   Marcadet, X
   Calligaro, M
   Sirtori, C
   Unterrainer, K
AF Kroell, Josef
   Dhillon, Sukhdeep S.
   Marcadet, Xavier
   Calligaro, Michel
   Sirtori, Carlo
   Unterrainer, Karl
TI Phase-resolved measurements of stimulated emission in a laser
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wave-guides; quantum; power
AB Lasers are usually described by their output frequency and intensity. However, laser operation is an inherently nonlinear process. Knowledge about the dynamic behaviour of lasers is thus of great importance for detailed understanding of laser operation and for improvement in performance for applications. Of particular interest is the time domain within the coherence time of the optical transition. This time is determined by the oscillation period of the laser radiation and thus is very short. Rigorous quantum mechanical models(1,2) predict interesting effects like quantum beats, lasing without inversion, and photon echo processes. As these models are based on quantum coherence and interference, knowledge of the phase within the optical cycle is of particular interest. Laser radiation has so far been measured using intensity detectors, which are sensitive to the square of the electric field. Therefore information about the sign and phase of the laser radiation is lost. Here we use an electro-optic detection scheme to measure the amplitude and phase of stimulated radiation, and correlate this radiation directly with an input probing pulse. We have applied this technique to semiconductor quantum cascade lasers, which are coherent sources operating at frequencies between the optical (> 100 THz) and electronic (< 0.5 THz) ranges(3). In addition to the phase information, we can also determine the spectral gain, the bias dependence of this gain, and obtain an insight into the evolution of the laser field.
C1 Vienna Univ Technol, Photon Inst, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Paris 07, F-75251 Paris 05, France.
   Ecole Normale Super, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
   Alcatel Thales 3 5 Lab, F-91767 Palaiseau, France.
C3 Technische Universitat Wien; Universite Paris Cite; Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Alcatel-Lucent
RP Unterrainer, K (corresponding author), Vienna Univ Technol, Photon Inst, Gusshausstr 25-29, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
EM karl.unterrainer@tuwien.ac.at
NR 24
TC 164
Z9 171
U1 3
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7163
BP 698
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature06208
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 218VV
UT WOS:000250045000038
PM 17928855
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Debaille, V
   Brandon, AD
   Yin, QZ
   Jacobsen, B
AF Debaille, V.
   Brandon, A. D.
   Yin, Q. Z.
   Jacobsen, B.
TI Coupled 142Nd-143Nd evidence for a protracted magma ocean in Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nd isotopic systematics; early differentiation; martian meteorites; sm-nd; core formation; rb-sr; mantle; constraints; petrogenesis; shergottites
AB Resolving early silicate differentiation timescales is crucial for understanding the chemical evolution and thermal histories of terrestrial planets(1). Planetary-scale magma oceans are thought to have formed during early stages of differentiation, but the longevity of such magma oceans is poorly constrained. In Mars, the absence of vigorous convection and plate tectonics has limited the scale of compositional mixing within its interior(2), thus preserving the early stages of planetary differentiation. The SNC ( Shergotty-Nakhla-Chassigny) meteorites from Mars retain 'memory' of these events(3-5). Here we apply the short-lived Sm-146-Nd-142 and the long-lived Sm-147-Nd-143 chronometers to a suite of shergottites to unravel the history of early silicate differentiation in Mars. Our data are best explained by progressive crystallization of a magma ocean with a duration of similar to 100 million years after core formation. This prolonged solidification requires the existence of a primitive thick atmosphere on Mars that reduces the cooling rate of the interior(6) .
C1 Lunar & Planetary Inst, Houston, TX 77058 USA.
   NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Johnson Space Center; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Debaille, V (corresponding author), Lunar & Planetary Inst, 3600 Bay Area Blvd, Houston, TX 77058 USA.
EM debaille@lpi.usra.edu
NR 32
TC 188
Z9 203
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 525
EP 528
DI 10.1038/nature06317
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500041
PM 18033291
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prideaux, GJ
   Long, JA
   Ayliffe, LK
   Hellstrom, JC
   Pillans, B
   Boles, WE
   Hutchinson, MN
   Roberts, RG
   Cupper, ML
   Arnold, LJ
   Devine, PD
   Warburton, NM
AF Prideaux, Gavin J.
   Long, John A.
   Ayliffe, Linda K.
   Hellstrom, John C.
   Pillans, Brad
   Boles, Walter E.
   Hutchinson, Mark N.
   Roberts, Richard G.
   Cupper, Matthew L.
   Arnold, Lee J.
   Devine, Paul D.
   Warburton, Natalie M.
TI An arid-adapted middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from south-central Australia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quaternary; extinction; megafauna; ages
AB How well the ecology, zoogeography and evolution of modern biotas is understood depends substantially on knowledge of the Pleistocene(1,2). Australia has one of the most distinctive, but least understood, Pleistocene faunas. Records from the western half of the continent are especially rare(3). Here we report on a diverse and exceptionally well preserved middle Pleistocene vertebrate assemblage from caves beneath the arid, treeless Nullarbor plain of south-central Australia. Many taxa are represented by whole skeletons, which together serve as a template for identifying fragmentary, hitherto indeterminate, remains collected previously from Pleistocene sites across southern Australia. A remarkable eight of the 23 Nullarbor kangaroos are new, including two tree-kangaroos. The diverse herbivore assemblage implies substantially greater floristic diversity than that of the modern shrub steppe, but all other faunal and stable-isotope data indicate that the climate was very similar to today. Because the 21 Nullarbor species that did not survive the Pleistocene were well adapted to dry conditions, climate change ( specifically, increased aridity) is unlikely to have been significant in their extinction.
C1 Western Australian Museum, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
   Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia.
   Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Univ Melbourne, Sch Earth Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia.
   Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
   S Australian Museum, Herpetol Sect, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
   Univ Wollongong, Geoquest Res Ctr, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
   Speleol Res Grp Western Australia, E Victoria Pk, WA 6981, Australia.
C3 Western Australian Museum; Museum Victoria; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Australian National University; University of Melbourne; Australian Museum; University of Wollongong
RP Prideaux, GJ (corresponding author), Western Australian Museum, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
EM gavin.prideaux@museum.wa.gov.au
NR 28
TC 102
Z9 115
U1 2
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7126
BP 422
EP 425
DI 10.1038/nature05471
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 128WD
UT WOS:000243689500038
PM 17251978
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gregg, PM
   Lin, J
   Behn, MD
   Montési, LGJ
AF Gregg, Patricia M.
   Lin, Jian
   Behn, Mark D.
   Montesi, Laurent G. J.
TI Spreading rate dependence of gravity anomalies along oceanic transform faults
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mid-atlantic-ridge; east-pacific-rise; southwest indian ridge; de-fuca ridge; fracture-zone; crustal thickness; seismic structure; bottom gravity; accretion; deformation
AB Mid-ocean ridge morphology and crustal accretion are known to depend on the spreading rate of the ridge. Slow-spreading mid-ocean-ridge segments exhibit significant crustal thinning towards transform and non-transform offsets(1-12), which is thought to arise from a three-dimensional process of buoyant mantle upwelling and melt migration focused beneath the centres of ridge segments(1,2,4-7,9,10,12). In contrast, fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges are characterized by smaller, segment-scale variations in crustal thickness, which reflect more uniform mantle upwelling beneath the ridge axis(13-15). Here we present a systematic study of the residual mantle Bouguer gravity anomaly of 19 oceanic transform faults that reveals a strong correlation between gravity signature and spreading rate. Previous studies have shown that slow-slipping transform faults are marked by more positive gravity anomalies than their adjacent ridge segments(1,2,4,6), but our analysis reveals that intermediate and fast-slipping transform faults exhibit more negative gravity anomalies than their adjacent ridge segments. This finding indicates that there is a mass deficit at intermediate- and fast-slipping transform faults, which could reflect increased rock porosity, serpentinization of mantle peridotite, and/or crustal thickening. The most negative anomalies correspond to topographic highs flanking the transform faults, rather than to transform troughs (where deformation is probably focused and porosity and alteration are expected to be greatest), indicating that crustal thickening could be an important contributor to the negative gravity anomalies observed. This finding in turn suggests that three-dimensional magma accretion may occur near intermediate- and fast-slipping transform faults.
C1 MIT, Woods Hole Oceanog Inst Joint Program, Dept Geol & Geophys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Gregg, PM (corresponding author), MIT, Woods Hole Oceanog Inst Joint Program, Dept Geol & Geophys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM pgregg@whoi.edu
NR 38
TC 77
Z9 89
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7150
BP 183
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature05962
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 188QN
UT WOS:000247934500040
PM 17625563
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hector, A
   Bagchi, R
AF Hector, Andy
   Bagchi, Robert
TI Biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID statistical inevitability; diversity; stability; productivity; ecology
AB Biodiversity loss can affect ecosystem functions and services(1-4). Individual ecosystem functions generally show a positive asymptotic relationship with increasing biodiversity, suggesting that some species are redundant(5-8). However, ecosystems are managed and conserved for multiple functions, which may require greater biodiversity. Here we present an analysis of published data from grassland biodiversity experiments(9-11), and show that ecosystem multifunctionality does require greater numbers of species. We analysed each ecosystem function alone to identify species with desirable effects. We then calculated the number of species with positive effects for all possible combinations of functions. Our results show appreciable differences in the sets of species influencing different ecosystem functions, with average proportional overlap of about 0.2 to 0.5. Consequently, as more ecosystem processes were included in our analysis, more species were found to affect overall functioning. Specifically, for all of the analysed experiments, there was a positive saturating relationship between the number of ecosystem processes considered and the number of species influencing overall functioning. We conclude that because different species often influence different functions, studies focusing on individual processes in isolation will underestimate levels of biodiversity required to maintain multifunctional ecosystems.
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Environm Sci, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Zurich
RP Hector, A (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Environm Sci, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM ahector@uwinst.uzh.ch
NR 31
TC 1022
Z9 1256
U1 66
U2 1429
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7150
BP 188
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature05947
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 188QN
UT WOS:000247934500041
PM 17625564
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pandey, UB
   Nie, ZP
   Batlevi, Y
   McCray, BA
   Ritson, GP
   Nedelsky, NB
   Schwartz, SL
   DiProspero, NA
   Knight, MA
   Schuldiner, O
   Padmanabhan, R
   Hild, M
   Berry, DL
   Garza, D
   Hubbert, CC
   Yao, TP
   Baehrecke, EH
   Taylor, JP
AF Pandey, Udai Bhan
   Nie, Zhiping
   Batlevi, Yakup
   McCray, Brett A.
   Ritson, Gillian P.
   Nedelsky, Natalia B.
   Schwartz, Stephanie L.
   DiProspero, Nicholas A.
   Knight, Melanie A.
   Schuldiner, Oren
   Padmanabhan, Ranjani
   Hild, Marc
   Berry, Deborah L.
   Garza, Dan
   Hubbert, Charlotte C.
   Yao, Tso-Pang
   Baehrecke, Eric H.
   Taylor, J. Paul
TI HDAC6 rescues neurodegeneration and provides an essential link between autophagy and the UPS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ubiquitin-proteasome system; androgen receptor; protein; disease; degradation; drosophila; acetylation; inclusions; toxicity; pathways
AB A prominent feature of late-onset neurodegenerative diseases is accumulation of misfolded protein in vulnerable neurons(1). When levels of misfolded protein overwhelm degradative pathways, the result is cellular toxicity and neurodegeneration(2). Cellular mechanisms for degrading misfolded protein include the ubiquitin-proteasome system ( UPS), the main non-lysosomal degradative pathway for ubiquitinated proteins, and autophagy, a lysosome-mediated degradative pathway(3). The UPS and autophagy have long been viewed as complementary degradation systems with no point of intersection(4,5). This view has been challenged by two observations suggesting an apparent interaction: impairment of the UPS induces autophagy in vitro, and conditional knockout of autophagy in the mouse brain leads to neurodegeneration with ubiquitin-positive pathology(6-9). It is not known whether autophagy is strictly a parallel degradation system, or whether it is a compensatory degradation system when the UPS is impaired; furthermore, if there is a compensatory interaction between these systems, the molecular link is not known. Here we show that autophagy acts as a compensatory degradation system when the UPS is impaired in Drosophila melanogaster, and that histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a microtubule-associated deacetylase that interacts with polyubiquitinated proteins(10), is an essential mechanistic link in this compensatory interaction. We found that compensatory autophagy was induced in response to mutations affecting the proteasome and in response to UPS impairment in a fly model of the neurodegenerative disease spinobulbar muscular atrophy. Autophagy compensated for impaired UPS function in an HDAC6-dependent manner. Furthermore, expression of HDAC6 was sufficient to rescue degeneration associated with UPS dysfunction in vivo in an autophagy-dependent manner. This study suggests that impairment of autophagy ( for example, associated with ageing or genetic variation) might predispose to neurodegeneration. Morover, these findings suggest that it may be possible to intervene in neurodegeneration by augmenting HDAC6 to enhance autophagy.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Biosyst Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   NINDS, Neurogenet Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Novartis Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; University of Maryland College Park; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); Stanford University; Novartis; Novartis USA; Duke University
RP Taylor, JP (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM jpt@mail.med.upenn.edu
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS054022] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 1042
Z9 1237
U1 0
U2 113
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7146
BP 859
EP 863
DI 10.1038/nature05853
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 178FV
UT WOS:000247207500045
PM 17568747
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jackson, MG
   Hart, SR
   Koppers, AAP
   Staudigel, H
   Konter, J
   Blusztajn, J
   Kurz, M
   Russell, JA
AF Jackson, Matthew G.
   Hart, Stanley R.
   Koppers, Anthony A. P.
   Staudigel, Hubert
   Konter, Jasper
   Blusztajn, Jerzy
   Kurz, Mark
   Russell, Jamie A.
TI The return of subducted continental crust in Samoan lavas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oceanic upper-mantle; isotopic systematics; atlantic ridge; sr; nd; pb; evolution; constraints; origin; geochemistry
AB Substantial quantities of terrigenous sediments are known to enter the mantle at subduction zones, but little is known about their fate in the mantle(1). Subducted sediment may be entrained in buoyantly upwelling plumes and returned to the Earth's surface at hotspots(2-5), but the proportion of recycled sediment in the mantle is small, and clear examples of recycled sediment in hotspot lavas are rare(6,7). Here we report remarkably enriched Sr-87/Sr-86 and Nd-143/Nd-144 isotope signatures in Samoan lavas from three dredge locations on the underwater flanks of Savai'i island, Western Samoa. The submarine Savai'i lavas represent the most extreme Sr-87/Sr-86 isotope compositions reported for ocean island basalts to date. The data are consistent with the presence of a recycled sediment component (with a composition similar to the upper continental crust) in the Samoan mantle. Trace-element data show affinities similar to those of the upper continental crust including exceptionally low Ce/Pb and Nb/U ratios(8)-that complement the enriched Sr-87/Sr-86 and Nd-143/Nd-144 isotope signatures. The geochemical evidence from these Samoan lavas significantly redefines the composition of the EM2 (enriched mantle 2; ref. 9) mantle endmember, and points to the presence of an ancient recycled upper continental crust component in the Samoan mantle plume.
C1 MIT, Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Joint Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Oregon State University
RP Jackson, MG (corresponding author), MIT, Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Joint Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM mjackson@whoi.edu
NR 31
TC 326
Z9 380
U1 3
U2 90
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7154
BP 684
EP 687
DI 10.1038/nature06048
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 197ZY
UT WOS:000248598000042
PM 17687322
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huang, DT
   Hunt, HW
   Zhuang, M
   Ohi, MD
   Holton, JM
   Schulman, BA
AF Huang, Danny T.
   Hunt, Harold W.
   Zhuang, Min
   Ohi, Melanie D.
   Holton, James M.
   Schulman, Brenda A.
TI Basis for a ubiquitin-like protein thioester switch toggling E1-E2 affinity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activating enzyme; crystal-structure; mechanism; binding; e1; nedd8; conjugation; insights; complex; system
AB Ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) are conjugated by dynamic E1-E2-E3 enzyme cascades. E1 enzymes activate UBLs by catalysing UBL carboxy-terminal adenylation, forming a covalent E1, UBL thioester intermediate, and generating a thioester-linked E2 similar to UBL product, which must be released for subsequent reactions. Here we report the structural analysis of a trapped UBL activation complex for the human NEDD8 pathway, containing NEDD8's heterodimeric E1 (APPBP1-UBA3), two NEDD8s ( one thioester-linked to E1, one noncovalently associated for adenylation), a catalytically inactive E2 (Ubc12), and MgATP. The results suggest that a thioester switch toggles E1 - E2 affinities. Two E2 binding sites depend on NEDD8 being thioester-linked to E1. One is unmasked by a striking E1 conformational change. The other comes directly from the thioester-bound NEDD8. After NEDD8 transfer to E2, reversion to an alternate E1 conformation would facilitate release of the E2, NEDD8 thioester product. Thus, transferring the UBL's thioester linkage between successive conjugation enzymes can induce conformational changes and alter interaction networks to drive consecutive steps in UBL cascades.
C1 St Jude Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Struct Biol & Genet, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Tumor Cell Biol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Ctr Hlth Sci, Interdisciplinary Program, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Schulman, BA (corresponding author), St Jude Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
EM brenda.schulman@stjude.org
FU National Cancer Institute [P30CA021765] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline; NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA021765] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM069530, R01 GM077053] Funding Source: Medline
NR 34
TC 194
Z9 255
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7126
BP 394
EP 398
DI 10.1038/nature05490
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 128WD
UT WOS:000243689500031
PM 17220875
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fukami, T
   Beaumont, HJE
   Zhang, XX
   Rainey, PB
AF Fukami, Tadashi
   Beaumont, Hubertus J. E.
   Zhang, Xue-Xian
   Rainey, Paul B.
TI Immigration history controls diversification in experimental adaptive radiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID species-area relationship; pseudomonas-fluorescens; speciation; evolution; determinism; contingency; adaptation; divergence; diversity; islands
AB Diversity in biological communities is a historical product of immigration, diversification and extinction(1-4), but the combined effect of these processes is poorly understood. Here we show that the order and timing of immigration controls the extent of diversification. When an ancestral bacterial genotype was introduced into a spatially structured habitat, it rapidly diversified into multiple niche-specialist types(5). However, diversification was suppressed when a niche-specialist type was introduced before, or shortly after, introduction of the ancestral genotype. In contrast, little suppression occurred when the same niche specialist was introduced relatively late. The negative impact of early arriving immigrants was attributable to the historically sensitive outcome of interactions involving neutral competition(3) and indirect facilitation. Ultimately, the entire boom-and-bust dynamics of adaptive radiation were altered. These results demonstrate that immigration and diversification are tightly linked processes, with small differences in immigration history greatly affecting the evolutionary emergence of diversity.
C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; University of Auckland
RP Fukami, T (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
EM tfukami@hawaii.edu
NR 30
TC 189
Z9 222
U1 1
U2 97
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7134
BP 436
EP 439
DI 10.1038/nature05629
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 148MO
UT WOS:000245079500039
PM 17377582
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Decaestecker, E
   Gaba, S
   Raeymaekers, JAM
   Stoks, R
   Van Kerckhoven, L
   Ebert, D
   De Meester, L
AF Decaestecker, Ellen
   Gaba, Sabrina
   Raeymaekers, Joost A. M.
   Stoks, Robby
   Van Kerckhoven, Liesbeth
   Ebert, Dieter
   De Meester, Luc
TI Host-parasite 'Red Queen' dynamics archived in pond sediment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-populations; mediated selection; daphnia crustacea; genetic-variation; local adaptation; rapid evolution; virulence; ecology; banks; sex
AB Antagonistic interactions between hosts and parasites are a key structuring force in natural populations, driving coevolution(1,2). However, direct empirical evidence of long-term host-parasite coevolution, in particular `Red Queen' dynamics-in which antagonistic biotic interactions such as host-parasite interactions can lead to reciprocal evolutionary dynamics-is rare(3-5), and current data, although consistent with theories of antagonistic coevolution, do not reveal the temporal dynamics of the process(6). Dormant stages of both the water flea Daphnia and its microparasites are conserved in lake sediments, providing an archive of past gene pools. Here we use this fact to reconstruct rapid coevolutionary dynamics in a natural setting and show that the parasite rapidly adapts to its host over a period of only a few years. A coevolutionary model based on negative frequency-dependent selection, and designed to mimic essential aspects of our host parasite system, corroborated these experimental results. In line with the idea of continuing host-parasite coevolution, temporal variation in parasite infectivity changed little over time. In contrast, from the moment the parasite was first found in the sediments, we observed a steady increase in virulence over time, associated with higher fitness of the parasite.
C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Aquat Ecol & Evolut Biol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Anim Biodivers & Systemat, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Interdisciplinary Res Ctr, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
   Univ Basel, Inst Zool, CH-4053 Basel, Switzerland.
   INRA, UR1282, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
C3 KU Leuven; KU Leuven; KU Leuven; University of Basel; INRAE
RP Decaestecker, E (corresponding author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Aquat Ecol & Evolut Biol, Charles Beriotstr 32, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
EM ellen.decaestecker@kuleuven-kortrijk.be
NR 31
TC 523
Z9 580
U1 5
U2 394
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 870
EP U16
DI 10.1038/nature06291
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900054
PM 18004303
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dunn, FA
   Lankheet, MJ
   Rieke, F
AF Dunn, Felice A.
   Lankheet, Martin J.
   Rieke, Fred
TI Light adaptation in cone vision involves switching between receptor and post-receptor sites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinal ganglion-cells; slow contrast adaptation; primate retina; sensitivity regulation; bipolar cells; outer retina; photoreceptors; dynamics; photovoltage; salamander
AB We see over an enormous range of mean light levels, greater than the range of output signals retinal neurons can produce. Even highlights and shadows within a single visual scene can differ similar to 10,000-fold in intensity-exceeding the range of distinct neural signals by a factor of similar to 100. The effectiveness of daylight vision under these conditions relies on at least two retinal mechanisms that adjust sensitivity in the similar to 200 ms intervals between saccades(1). One mechanism is in the cone photoreceptors (receptor adaptation)(2-5) and the other is at a previously unknown location within the retinal circuitry that benefits from convergence of signals from multiple cones (post-receptor adaptation)(6,7). Here we find that post-receptor adaptation occurs as signals are relayed from cone bipolar cells to ganglion cells. Furthermore, we find that the two adaptive mechanisms are essentially mutually exclusive: as light levels increase the main site of adaptation switches from the circuitry to the cones. These findings help explain how human cone vision encodes everyday scenes, and, more generally, how sensory systems handle the challenges posed by a diverse physical environment.
C1 Univ Washington, Program Neurobiol & Behav, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Utrecht, Funct Neurobiol & Helmholtz Inst, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Utrecht University
RP Rieke, F (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Program Neurobiol & Behav, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM rieke@u.washington.edu
NR 25
TC 163
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7162
BP 603
EP U12
DI 10.1038/nature06150
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 216QG
UT WOS:000249893500046
PM 17851533
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Anderlini, M
   Lee, PJ
   Brown, BL
   Sebby-Strabley, J
   Phillips, WD
   Porto, JV
AF Anderlini, Marco
   Lee, Patricia J.
   Brown, Benjamin L.
   Sebby-Strabley, Jennifer
   Phillips, William D.
   Porto, J. V.
TI Controlled exchange interaction between pairs of neutral atoms in an optical lattice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum computation; controlled collisions; entanglement; manipulation; dynamics; gates; dots
AB Ultracold atoms trapped by light offer robust quantum coherence and controllability, providing an attractive system for quantum information processing and for the simulation of complex problems in condensed matter physics. Many quantum information processing schemes require the manipulation and deterministic entanglement of individual qubits; this would typically be accomplished using controlled, state-dependent, coherent interactions among qubits. Recent experiments have made progress towards this goal by demonstrating entanglement among an ensemble of atoms(1) confined in an optical lattice. Until now, however, there has been no demonstration of a key operation: controlled entanglement between atoms in isolated pairs. Here we use an optical lattice of double-well potentials(2,3) to isolate and manipulate arrays of paired Rb-87 atoms, inducing controlled entangling interactions within each pair. Our experiment realizes proposals to use controlled exchange coupling(4) in a system of neutral atoms(5). Although Rb-87 atoms have nearly state-independent interactions, when we force two atoms into the same physical location, the wavefunction exchange symmetry of these identical bosons leads to state-dependent dynamics. We observe repeated interchange of spin between atoms occupying different vibrational levels, with a coherence time of more than ten milliseconds. This observation demonstrates the essential component of a neutral atom quantum SWAP gate ( which interchanges the state of two qubits). Its 'half-implementation', the root SWAP gate, is entangling, and together with single-qubit rotations it forms a set of universal gates for quantum computation(4).
C1 Univ Maryland, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Porto, JV (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Quantum Inst, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
EM trey@nist.gov
NR 29
TC 362
Z9 428
U1 1
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7152
BP 452
EP 456
DI 10.1038/nature06011
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 193VG
UT WOS:000248302700042
PM 17653187
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roell, W
   Lewalter, T
   Sasse, P
   Tallini, YN
   Choi, BR
   Breitbach, M
   Doran, R
   Becher, UM
   Hwang, SM
   Bostani, T
   von Maltzahn, J
   Hofmann, A
   Reining, S
   Eiberger, B
   Gabris, B
   Pfeifer, A
   Welz, A
   Willecke, K
   Salama, G
   Schrickel, JW
   Kotlikoff, MI
   Fleischmann, BK
AF Roell, Wilhelm
   Lewalter, Thorsten
   Sasse, Philipp
   Tallini, Yvonne N.
   Choi, Bum-Rak
   Breitbach, Martin
   Doran, Robert
   Becher, Ulrich M.
   Hwang, Seong-Min
   Bostani, Toktam
   von Maltzahn, Julia
   Hofmann, Andreas
   Reining, Shaun
   Eiberger, Britta
   Gabris, Bethann
   Pfeifer, Alexander
   Welz, Armin
   Willecke, Klaus
   Salama, Guy
   Schrickel, Jan W.
   Kotlikoff, Michael I.
   Fleischmann, Bernd K.
TI Engraftment of connexin 43-expressing cells prevents post-infarct arrhythmia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ischemic-heart failure; myocardial-infarction; stem-cells; cellular cardiomyoplasty; ventricular-tachycardia; in-vivo; cardiomyocytes; transdifferentiate; electrophysiology; transplantation
AB Ventricular tachyarrhythmias are the main cause of sudden death in patients after myocardial infarction. Here we show that transplantation of embryonic cardiomyocytes ( eCMs) in myocardial infarcts protects against the induction of ventricular tachycardia ( VT) in mice. Engraftment of eCMs, but not skeletal myoblasts ( SMs), bone marrow cells or cardiac myofibroblasts, markedly decreased the incidence of VT induced by in vivo pacing. eCM engraftment results in improved electrical coupling between the surrounding myocardium and the infarct region, and Ca2(+) signals from engrafted eCMs expressing a genetically encoded Ca2(+) indicator could be entrained during sinoatrial cardiac activation in vivo. eCM grafts also increased conduction velocity and decreased the incidence of conduction block within the infarct. VT protection is critically dependent on expression of the gap- junction protein connexin 43 ( Cx43; also known as Gja1): SMs genetically engineered to express Cx43 conferred a similar protection to that of eCMs against induced VT. Thus, engraftment of Cx43- expressing myocytes has the potential to reduce life- threatening post- infarct arrhythmias through the augmentation of intercellular coupling, suggesting autologous strategies for cardiac cell- based therapy.
C1 Univ Bonn, Life & Brain Ctr, Inst Physiol 1, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Bonn, Dept Cardiac Surg, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Bonn, Dept Internal Med 2, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Bonn, Inst Genet, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Bonn, Inst Pharmacol, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
   Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Rhode Isl Hosp, Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Providence, RI 02903 USA.
   Brown Med Sch, Providence, RI 02903 USA.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA.
C3 University of Bonn; University of Bonn; University of Bonn; University of Bonn; University of Bonn; Cornell University; Lifespan Health Rhode Island; Rhode Island Hospital; Brown University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
RP Fleischmann, BK (corresponding author), Univ Bonn, Life & Brain Ctr, Inst Physiol 1, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
EM mik7@cornell.edu; bernd.fleischmann@uni-bonn.de
NR 40
TC 357
Z9 417
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 819
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature06321
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900044
PM 18064002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bao, ZH
   Weatherspoon, MR
   Shian, S
   Cai, Y
   Graham, PD
   Allan, SM
   Ahmad, G
   Dickerson, MB
   Church, BC
   Kang, ZT
   Abernathy, HW
   Summers, CJ
   Liu, ML
   Sandhage, KH
AF Bao, Zhihao
   Weatherspoon, Michael R.
   Shian, Samuel
   Cai, Ye
   Graham, Phillip D.
   Allan, Shawn M.
   Ahmad, Gul
   Dickerson, Matthew B.
   Church, Benjamin C.
   Kang, Zhitao
   Abernathy, Harry W., III
   Summers, Christopher J.
   Liu, Meilin
   Sandhage, Kenneth H.
TI Chemical reduction of three-dimensional silica micro-assemblies into microporous silicon replicas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID porous silicon; gas sensor; vapor; emission; dioxide; water
AB The carbothermal reduction of silica into silicon requires the use of temperatures well above the silicon melting point (>= 2,000 degrees C)(1). Solid silicon has recently been generated directly from silica at much lower temperatures (<= 850 degrees C) via electrochemical reduction in molten salts(2,3). However, the silicon products of such electrochemical reduction did not retain the microscale morphology of the starting silica reactants(2,3). Here we demonstrate a low-temperature ( 650 degrees C) magnesiothermic reduction process for converting three-dimensional nanostructured silica micro-assemblies into microporous nanocrystalline silicon replicas. The intricate nanostructured silica microshells (frustules) of diatoms ( unicellular algae) were converted into co-continuous, nanocrystalline mixtures of silicon and magnesia by reaction with magnesium gas. Selective magnesia dissolution then yielded an interconnected network of silicon nanocrystals that retained the starting three-dimensional frustule morphology. The silicon replicas possessed a high specific surface area (>500 m(2) g(-1)), and contained a significant population of micropores (<= 20 angstrom). The silicon replicas were photoluminescent, and exhibited rapid changes in impedance upon exposure to gaseous nitric oxide ( suggesting a possible application in microscale gas sensing). This process enables the syntheses of microporous nanocrystalline silicon microassemblies with multifarious three-dimensional shapes inherited from biological(4-6) or synthetic silica templates(7-9) for sensor, electronic, optical or biomedical applications(10-13).
C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
C3 University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology
RP Sandhage, KH (corresponding author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
EM ken.sandhage@mse.gatech.edu
NR 29
TC 720
Z9 844
U1 14
U2 860
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7132
BP 172
EP 175
DI 10.1038/nature05570
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 143JS
UT WOS:000244718100037
PM 17344850
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU St Laurent, LC
   Thurnherr, AM
AF St Laurent, Louis C.
   Thurnherr, Andreas M.
TI Intense mixing of lower thermocline water on the crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rift-valley; ocean; strait; hydrography; overflow; canyon; flow
AB Buoyancy exchange between the deep and the upper ocean, which is essential for maintaining global ocean circulation, mainly occurs through turbulent mixing(1,2). This mixing is thought to result primarily from instability of the oceanic internal wave field(3), but internal waves tend to radiate energy away from the regions in which they are generated rather than dissipate it locally as turbulence(4) and the resulting distribution of turbulent mixing remains unknown. Another, more direct, mixing mechanism involves the generation of turbulence as strong flows pass through narrow passages in topography, but the amount of turbulence generated at such locations remains poorly quantified owing to a lack of direct measurements. Here we present observations from the crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean that suggest that passages in rift valleys and ridge-flank canyons provide the most energetic sites for oceanic turbulence. Our measurements show that diffusivities as large as 0.03 m(2) s(-1) characterize the mixing downstream of a sill in a well-stratified boundary layer, with mixing levels remaining of the order of 10(-4) m(2) s(-1) at the base of the main thermocline. These mixing rates are significantly higher than the diffusivities of the order of 10(-5) m(2) s(-1) that characterize much of the global thermocline and the abyssal ocean(5). Our estimates suggest that overflows associated with narrow passages on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the North Atlantic Ocean produce as much buoyancy flux as has previously been estimated for the entire Romanche fracture zone(6,7), a large strait in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that connects the North and South Atlantic basins. This flux is equivalent to the interior mixing that occurs in the entire North Atlantic basin at the depth of the passages, suggesting that turbulence generated in narrow passages on mid-ocean ridges may be important for buoyancy flux at the global scale.
C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Div Ocean & Climate Phys, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida State University; Columbia University
RP St Laurent, LC (corresponding author), Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
EM stlaurent@ocean.fsu.edu
NR 28
TC 74
Z9 81
U1 2
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7154
BP 680
EP 683
DI 10.1038/nature06043
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 197ZY
UT WOS:000248598000041
PM 17687321
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, CE
   Llorente, B
   Symington, LS
AF Smith, Catherine E.
   Llorente, Bertrand
   Symington, Lorraine S.
TI Template switching during break-induced replication
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast saccharomyces-cerevisiae; meiotic recombination; chromosomal translocations; gene conversion; repair; dna; model; gaps; duplication; drosophila
AB DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are potentially lethal lesions that arise spontaneously during normal cellular metabolism, as a consequence of environmental genotoxins or radiation, or during programmed recombination processes. Repair of DSBs by homologous recombination generally occurs by gene conversion resulting from transfer of information from an intact donor duplex to both ends of the break site of the broken chromosome(1). In mitotic cells, gene conversion is rarely associated with reciprocal exchange and thus limits loss of heterozygosity for markers downstream of the site of repair and restricts potentially deleterious chromosome rearrangements(2-5). DSBs that arise by replication fork collapse or by erosion of uncapped telomeres have only one free end and are thought to repair by strand invasion into a homologous duplex DNA followed by replication to the chromosome end (break-induced replication, BIR)(6). BIR from one of the two ends of a DSB would result in loss of heterozygosity, suggesting that BIR is suppressed when DSBs have two ends so that repair occurs by the more conservative gene conversion mechanism. Here we show that BIR can occur by several rounds of strand invasion, DNA synthesis and dissociation. We further show that chromosome rearrangements can occur during BIR if dissociation and reinvasion occur within dispersed repeated sequences. This dynamic process could function to promote gene conversion by capture of the displaced invading strand at two-ended DSBs to prevent BIR.
C1 Columbia Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Univ Paris 06, Inst Pasteur, UFR 927, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Inst Pasteur, CNRS, URA 2171, Unite Genet Mol Levures, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Sorbonne Universite; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Symington, LS (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol, 701 W 169th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM lss5@columbia.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM041784] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 283
Z9 355
U1 4
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7140
BP 102
EP 105
DI 10.1038/nature05723
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 163GY
UT WOS:000246149300052
PM 17410126
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trauger, JT
   Traub, WA
AF Trauger, John T.
   Traub, Wesley A.
TI A laboratory demonstration of the capability to image an Earth-like extrasolar planet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID terrestrial planets; coronagraphs; mask; mission; pupils; space
AB The detection and characterization of an Earth-like planet orbiting a nearby star requires a telescope with an extraordinarily large contrast at small angular separations. At visible wavelengths, an Earth-like planet would be 1 x 10(-10) times fainter than the star at angular separations of typically 0.1 arcsecond or less(1,2). There are several proposed space telescope systems that could, in principle, achieve this(3-6). Here we report a laboratory experiment that reaches these limits. We have suppressed the diffracted and scattered light near a star- like source to a level of 6 x 10(-10) times the peak intensity in individual coronagraph images. In a series of such images, together with simple image processing, we have effectively reduced this to a residual noise level of about 0.1 x 10(-10). This demonstrates that a coronagraphic telescope in space could detect and spectroscopically characterize nearby exoplanetary systems, with the sensitivity to image an ` Earth- twin' orbiting a nearby star.
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology
RP Trauger, JT (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
EM john.trauger@jpl.nasa.gov
NR 23
TC 238
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7137
BP 771
EP 773
DI 10.1038/nature05729
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 156CX
UT WOS:000245626800034
PM 17429394
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tumer, EC
   Brainard, MS
AF Tumer, Evren C.
   Brainard, Michael S.
TI Performance variability enables adaptive plasticity of 'crystallized' adult birdsong
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID auditory-feedback; zebra finch; sensorimotor control; song; model; maintenance; forebrain; context; lesions; perturbation
AB Significant trial- by- trial variation persists even in the most practiced skills. One prevalent view is that such variation is simply 'noise' that the nervous system is unable to control or that remains below threshold for behavioural relevance(1-3). An alternative hypothesis is that such variation enables trial- and- error learning, in which the motor system generates variation and differentially retains behaviours that give rise to better outcomes. Here we test the latter possibility for adult bengalese finch song. Adult bird-song is a complex, learned motor skill that is produced in a highly stereotyped fashion from one rendition to the next(4,5). Nevertheless, there is subtle trial- by- trial variation even in stable, 'crystallized' adult song(6-8). We used a computerized system to monitor small natural variations in the pitch of targeted song elements and deliver real- time auditory disruption to a subset of those variations. Birds rapidly shifted the pitch of their vocalizations in an adaptive fashion to avoid disruption. These vocal changes were precisely restricted to the targeted features of song. Hence, birds were able to learn effectively by associating small variations in their vocal behaviour with differential outcomes. Such a process could help to maintain stable, learned song despite changes to the vocal control system arising from ageing or injury. More generally, our results suggest that residual variability in well learned skills is not entirely noise but rather reflects meaningful motor exploration that can support continuous learning and optimization of performance.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Keck Ctr Integrat Neurosci, Sloan Swartz Ctr Theoret Neurobiol, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Tumer, EC (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Keck Ctr Integrat Neurosci, Sloan Swartz Ctr Theoret Neurobiol, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM evren@phy.ucsf.edu
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC006636] Funding Source: Medline
NR 32
TC 325
Z9 429
U1 1
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1240
EP U11
DI 10.1038/nature06390
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200052
PM 18097411
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kasahara, M
   Naruse, K
   Sasaki, S
   Nakatani, Y
   Qu, W
   Ahsan, B
   Yamada, T
   Nagayasu, Y
   Doi, K
   Kasai, Y
   Jindo, T
   Kobayashi, D
   Shimada, A
   Toyoda, A
   Kuroki, Y
   Fujiyama, A
   Sasaki, T
   Shimizu, A
   Asakawa, S
   Shimizu, N
   Hashimoto, SI
   Yang, J
   Lee, Y
   Matsushima, K
   Sugano, S
   Sakaizumi, M
   Narita, T
   Ohishi, K
   Haga, S
   Ohta, F
   Nomoto, H
   Nogata, K
   Morishita, T
   Endo, T
   Shin-I, T
   Takeda, H
   Morishita, S
   Kohara, Y
AF Kasahara, Masahiro
   Naruse, Kiyoshi
   Sasaki, Shin
   Nakatani, Yoichiro
   Qu, Wei
   Ahsan, Budrul
   Yamada, Tomoyuki
   Nagayasu, Yukinobu
   Doi, Koichiro
   Kasai, Yasuhiro
   Jindo, Tomoko
   Kobayashi, Daisuke
   Shimada, Atsuko
   Toyoda, Atsushi
   Kuroki, Yoko
   Fujiyama, Asao
   Sasaki, Takashi
   Shimizu, Atsushi
   Asakawa, Shuichi
   Shimizu, Nobuyoshi
   Hashimoto, Shin-ichi
   Yang, Jun
   Lee, Yongjun
   Matsushima, Kouji
   Sugano, Sumio
   Sakaizumi, Mitsuru
   Narita, Takanori
   Ohishi, Kazuko
   Haga, Shinobu
   Ohta, Fumiko
   Nomoto, Hisayo
   Nogata, Keiko
   Morishita, Tomomi
   Endo, Tomoko
   Shin-, Tadasu, I
   Takeda, Hiroyuki
   Morishita, Shinichi
   Kohara, Yuji
TI The medaka draft genome and insights into vertebrate genome evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondrial-dna sequences; ray-finned fishes; gene map; duplication; chromosm; perspective; phylogeny; zebrafish; latipes; dmy
AB Teleosts comprise more than half of all vertebrate species and have adapted to a variety of marine and freshwater habitats(1). Their genome evolution and diversification are important subjects for the understanding of vertebrate evolution. Although draft genome sequences of two pufferfishes have been published(2,3), analysis of more fish genomes is desirable. Here we report a high-quality draft genome sequence of a small egg-laying freshwater teleost, medaka ( Oryzias latipes). Medaka is native to East Asia and an excellent model system for a wide range of biology, including ecotoxicology, carcinogenesis, sex determination(4-6) and developmental genetics(7). In the assembled medaka genome ( 700 megabases), which is less than half of the zebrafish genome, we predicted 20,141 genes, including 2,900 new genes, using 5'-end serial analysis of gene expression tag information. We found single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) at an average rate of 3.42% between the two inbred strains derived from two regional populations; this is the highest SNP rate seen in any vertebrate species. Analyses based on the dense SNP information show a strict genetic separation of 4 million years ( Myr) between the two populations, and suggest that differential selective pressures acted on specific gene categories. Four-way comparisons with the human, pufferfish ( Tetraodon), zebrafish and medaka genomes revealed that eight major interchromosomal rearrangements took place in a remarkably short period of similar to 50 Myr after the whole-genome duplication event in the teleost ancestor and afterwards, intriguingly, the medaka genome preserved its ancestral karyotype for more than 300 Myr.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Computat Biol, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Kashiwa, Chiba 2770882, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Biol Sci, Grad Sch Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   RIKEN, Genom Sci Ctr, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Natl Inst Informat, Tokyo 1018430, Japan.
   Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Mol Prevent Med, Sch Med, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Med Genome Sci, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Niigata Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Fac Sci, Niigata 9502181, Japan.
   Natl Inst Genet, Ctr Genet Resource Informat, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; RIKEN; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Informatics (NII) - Japan; Keio University; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Niigata University; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan
RP Kohara, Y (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Computat Biol, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Kashiwa, Chiba 2770882, Japan.
EM htakeda@biol.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp; ykohara@lab.nig.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 909
Z9 1028
U1 5
U2 140
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 7
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7145
BP 714
EP 719
DI 10.1038/nature05846
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 175RI
UT WOS:000247030700044
PM 17554307
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Santamaría, D
   Barrière, C
   Cerqueira, A
   Hunt, S
   Tardy, C
   Newton, K
   Cáceres, JF
   Dubus, P
   Malumbres, M
   Barbacid, M
AF Santamaria, David
   Barriere, Cedric
   Cerqueira, Antonio
   Hunt, Sarah
   Tardy, Claudine
   Newton, Kathryn
   Caceres, Javier F.
   Dubus, Pierre
   Malumbres, Marcos
   Barbacid, Mariano
TI Cdk1 is sufficient to drive the mammalian cell cycle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic lethality; dependent kinases; gene; mice; disruption; p27(kip1); mouse
AB Unicellular organisms such as yeasts require a single cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdk1, to drive cell division(1). In contrast, mammalian cells are thought to require the sequential activation of at least four different cyclin- dependent kinases, Cdk2, Cdk3, Cdk4 and Cdk6, to drive cells through interphase, as well as Cdk1 to proceed through mitosis(2). This model has been challenged by recent genetic evidence that mice survive in the absence of individual interphase Cdks(3-8). Moreover, most mouse cell types proliferate in the absence of two or even three interphase Cdks(8-10). Similar results have been obtained on ablation of some of the activating subunits of Cdks, such as the D- type and E- type cyclins(11-14). Here we show that mouse embryos lacking all interphase Cdks ( Cdk2, Cdk3, Cdk4 and Cdk6) undergo organogenesis and develop to midgestation. In these embryos, Cdk1 binds to all cyclins, resulting in the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein pRb and the expression of genes that are regulated by E2F transcription factors. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from these embryos proliferate in vitro, albeit with an extended cell cycle due to inefficient inactivation of Rb proteins. However, they become immortal on continuous passage. We also report that embryos fail to develop to the morula and blastocyst stages in the absence of Cdk1. These results indicate that Cdk1 is the only essential cell cycle Cdk. Moreover, they show that in the absence of interphase Cdks, Cdk1 can execute all the events that are required to drive cell division.
C1 Ctr Nacl Invest Oncol CNIO, Mol Oncol Programme, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Bordeaux 2, EA2406, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.
   Western Gen Hosp, MRC, Human Genet Unit, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Universite de Bordeaux; University of Edinburgh
RP Barbacid, M (corresponding author), Ctr Nacl Invest Oncol CNIO, Mol Oncol Programme, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
EM mbarbacid@cnio.es
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U127584479] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [MC_U127584479] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U127584479] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 882
Z9 1083
U1 1
U2 100
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7155
BP 811
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature06046
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200HJ
UT WOS:000248754200041
PM 17700700
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saarela, JM
   Rai, HS
   Doyle, JA
   Endress, PK
   Mathews, S
   Marchant, AD
   Briggs, BG
   Graham, SW
AF Saarela, Jeffery M.
   Rai, Hardeep S.
   Doyle, James A.
   Endress, Peter K.
   Mathews, Sarah
   Marchant, Adam D.
   Briggs, Barbara G.
   Graham, Sean W.
TI Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early evolution; genes; mitochondrial; family; genome
AB Although the relationship of angiosperms to other seed plants remains controversial 1, great progress has been made in identifying the earliest extant splits in flowering-plant phylogeny, with the discovery that the New Caledonian shrub Amborella trichopoda, the water lilies (Nymphaeales), and the woody Austrobaileyales constitute a basal grade of lines that diverged before the main radiation in the clade(2-8). By focusing attention on these ancient lines, this finding has re-written our understanding of angiosperm structural and reproductive biology, physiology, ecology and taxonomy(9-12). The discovery of a new basal lineage would lead to further re-evaluation of the initial angiosperm radiation, but would also be unexpected, as nearly all of the 460 flowering-plant families have been surveyed in molecular studies(10). Here we show that Hydatellaceae, a small family of dwarf aquatics that were formerly interpreted as monocots, are instead a highly modified and previously unrecognized ancient lineage of angiosperms. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of multiple plastid genes and associated noncoding regions from the two genera of Hydatellaceae identify this overlooked family as the sister group of Nymphaeales. This surprising result is further corroborated by evidence from the nuclear gene phytochrome C (PHYC), and by numerous morphological characters. This indicates that water lilies are part of a larger lineage that evolved more extreme and diverse modifications for life in an aquatic habitat than previously recognized.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Fac Land & Food Syst, Ctr Biodivers Res, Plant Res Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, UBC Bot Garden, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Zurich, Inst Systemat Bot, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Harvard Univ, Arnold Arboretum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Royal Bot Gardens, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Zurich; Harvard University
RP Graham, SW (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Fac Land & Food Syst, Ctr Biodivers Res, Plant Res Ctr, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
EM swgraham@interchange.ubc.ca
NR 31
TC 194
Z9 220
U1 3
U2 60
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7133
BP 312
EP 315
DI 10.1038/nature05612
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145VC
UT WOS:000244892900044
PM 17361182
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Silevitch, DM
   Bitko, D
   Brooke, J
   Ghosh, S
   Aeppli, G
   Rosenbaum, TF
AF Silevitch, D. M.
   Bitko, D.
   Brooke, J.
   Ghosh, S.
   Aeppli, G.
   Rosenbaum, T. F.
TI A ferromagnet in a continuously tunable random field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID critical-behavior; neutron-scattering; ising ferromagnet; disordered magnet; phase-transition; model
AB Most physical and biological systems are disordered, even though the majority of theoretical models treat disorder as a weak perturbation. One particularly simple system is a ferromagnet approaching its Curie temperature, T-C, where all of the spins associated with partially filled atomic shells acquire parallel orientation. With the addition of disorder by way of chemical substitution, the Curie point is suppressed, but no qualitatively new phenomena appear in bulk measurements as long as the disorder is truly random on the atomic scale and not so large as to eliminate ferromagnetism entirely(1). Here we report the discovery that a simply measured magnetic response is singular above the Curie temperature of a model, disordered magnet, and that the associated singularity grows to an anomalous divergence at T-C. The origin of the singular response is the random internal field induced by an external magnetic field transverse to the favoured direction for magnetization(2-4). The fact that ferromagnets can be studied easily and with high precision using bulk susceptibility and a large variety of imaging tools will not only advance fundamental studies of the random field problem, but also suggests a mechanism for tuning the strength of domain wall pinning, the key to applications.
C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   MPI Res Inc, East Brunswick, NJ 08816 USA.
   MIT, Lincoln Lab, Lexington, MA 02420 USA.
   Univ Calif Merced, Sch Nat Sci, Merced, CA 95344 USA.
   UCL, London Ctr Nanotechnol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; Charles River Laboratories; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Lincoln Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Merced; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP Rosenbaum, TF (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM tfr@uchicago.edu
FU EPSRC [EP/D049717/1] Funding Source: UKRI; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/D049717/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 27
TC 62
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7153
BP 567
EP 570
DI 10.1038/nature06050
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 195XV
UT WOS:000248446700037
PM 17671498
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kulkarni, SR
   Ofek, EO
   Rau, A
   Cenko, SB
   Soderberg, AM
   Fox, DB
   Gal-Yam, A
   Capak, PL
   Moon, DS
   Li, W
   Filippenko, AV
   Egami, E
   Kartaltepe, J
   Sanders, DB
AF Kulkarni, S. R.
   Ofek, E. O.
   Rau, A.
   Cenko, S. B.
   Soderberg, A. M.
   Fox, D. B.
   Gal-Yam, A.
   Capak, P. L.
   Moon, D. S.
   Li, W.
   Filippenko, A. V.
   Egami, E.
   Kartaltepe, J.
   Sanders, D. B.
TI An unusually brilliant transient in the galaxy M85
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID v838 monocerotis; eruption; m31; project; novae
AB Historically, variable and transient sources have both surprised astronomers and provided new views of the heavens. Here we report the discovery of an optical transient in the outskirts of the lenticular galaxy Messier 85 in the Virgo cluster. With a peak absolute R magnitude of - 12, this event is distinctly brighter than novae, but fainter than type Ia supernovae ( which are expected in a population of old stars in lenticular galaxies). Archival images of the field do not show a luminous star at that position with an upper limit in the g filter of about - 4.1 mag, so it is unlikely to be a giant eruption from a luminous blue variable star. Over a two-month period, the transient source emitted radiation energy of almost 10 47 erg and subsequently faded in the optical sky. It is similar to, but six times more luminous at peak than, an enigmatic transient in the galaxy M31 (ref. 1). A possible origin of M85 OT2006-1 is a stellar merger. If so, searches for similar events in nearby galaxies will not only allow study of the physics of hyper-Eddington sources, but also probe an important phase in the evolution of stellar binary systems.
C1 CALTECH, Caltech Opt Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Space Radiat Lab 220 47, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Astron, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Astron Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Arizona; University of Hawaii System
RP Kulkarni, SR (corresponding author), CALTECH, Caltech Opt Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM srk@astro.caltech.edu
NR 17
TC 145
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7143
BP 458
EP 460
DI 10.1038/nature05822
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 170VA
UT WOS:000246693100043
PM 17522679
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, KJ
   Arron, JR
   Stankunas, K
   Crabtree, GR
   Longaker, MT
AF Liu, Karen J.
   Arron, Joseph R.
   Stankunas, Kryn
   Crabtree, Gerald R.
   Longaker, Michael T.
TI Chemical rescue of cleft palate and midline defects in conditional GSK-3β mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model
AB Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3 beta) has integral roles in a variety of biological processes, including development, diabetes, and the progression of Alzheimer's disease(1-4). As such, a thorough understanding of GSK-3 beta function will have a broad impact on human biology and therapeutics. Because GSK-3 beta interacts with many different pathways, its specific developmental roles remain unclear(5). We have discovered a genetic requirement for GSK-3 beta in midline development. Homozygous null mice display cleft palate, incomplete fusion of the ribs at the midline and bifid sternum as well as delayed sternal ossification. Using a chemically regulated allele of GSK-3 beta ( ref. 6), we have defined requirements for GSK-3 beta activity during discrete temporal windows in palatogenesis and skeletogenesis. The rapamycin-dependent allele of GSK-3 beta produces GSK-3 beta fused to a tag, FRB* (FKBP/rapamycin binding), resulting in a rapidly destabilized chimaeric protein. In the absence of drug, GSK-3 beta(FRB*/FRB*) mutants appear phenotypically identical to GSK-3 beta(-/-) mutants. In the presence of drug, GSK-3 beta FRB* is rapidly stabilized, restoring protein levels and activity(6). Using this system, mutant phenotypes were rescued by restoring endogenous GSK-3 beta activity during two distinct periods in gestation. This technology provides a powerful tool for defining windows of protein function during development.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Div Plast & Reconstruct Surg, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Stanford Inst Stem Cell Biol & Regenerat Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Liu, KJ (corresponding author), Kings Coll London, Dept Craniofacial Dev, London SE1 9RT, England.
EM karen.liu@kcl.ac.uk; longaker@stanford.edu
NR 20
TC 113
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7131
BP 79
EP 82
DI 10.1038/nature05557
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140RY
UT WOS:000244525600041
PM 17293880
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dupont-Nivet, G
   Krijgsman, W
   Langereis, CG
   Abels, HA
   Dai, S
   Fang, XM
AF Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume
   Krijgsman, Wout
   Langereis, Cor G.
   Abels, Hemmo A.
   Dai, Shuang
   Fang, Xiaomin
TI Tibetan plateau aridification linked to global cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene transition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; antarctic glaciation; myr ago; miocene; initiation; evolution; uplift; onset; basin; rates
AB Continental aridification and the intensification of the monsoons in Asia are generally attributed to uplift of the Tibetan plateau and to the land - sea redistributions associated with the continental collision of India and Asia(1-3), whereas some studies suggest that past changes in Asian environments are mainly governed by global climate(4-6). The most dramatic climate event since the onset of the collision of India and Asia is the Eocene - Oligocene transition, an abrupt cooling step associated with the onset of glaciation in Antarctica 34 million years ago(7-9). However, the influence of this global event on Asian environments is poorly understood. Here we use magnetostratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy to show that aridification, which is indicated by the disappearance of playa lake deposits in the northeastern Tibetan plateau, occurred precisely at the time of the Eocene - Oligocene transition. Our findings suggest that this global transition is linked to significant aridification and cooling in continental Asia recorded by palaeontological and palaeoenvironmental changes(10-12), and thus support the idea that global cooling is associated with the Eocene - Oligocene transition(13-15). We show that, with sufficient age control on the sedimentary records, global climate can be distinguished from tectonism and recognized as a major contributor to continental Asian environments.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Dept Earth Sci, Paleomagnet Lab Ft Hoofddijk, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Lanzhou Univ, Key Lab Western Chinas Environm Syst, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Tibetan Plateau Res, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China.
C3 Utrecht University; Lanzhou University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS
RP Dupont-Nivet, G (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Dept Earth Sci, Paleomagnet Lab Ft Hoofddijk, Budapestlaan 17, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM gdn@geo.uu.nl
NR 30
TC 551
Z9 660
U1 13
U2 339
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7128
BP 635
EP 638
DI 10.1038/nature05516
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133UM
UT WOS:000244039400041
PM 17287807
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grabe, M
   Lai, HC
   Jain, M
   Jan, YN
   Jan, LY
AF Grabe, Michael
   Lai, Helen C.
   Jain, Monika
   Jan, Yuh Nung
   Jan, Lily Yeh
TI Structure prediction for the down state of a potassium channel voltage sensor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent k+ channel; gating-charge; pore domain; molecular-movement; crystal-structure; s4; displacement; kat1
AB Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, essential for regulating potassium uptake and cell volume in plants and electrical excitability in animals, switch between conducting and non-conducting states as a result of conformational changes in the four voltage-sensing domains (VSDs) that surround the channel pore(1\). This process, known as gating, is initiated by a cluster of positively charged residues on the fourth transmembrane segment (S4) of each VSD, which drives the VSD into a 'down state' at negative voltages and an 'up state' at more positive voltages(2). The crystal structure of Kv1.2 probably corresponds to the up state(3), but the local environment of S4 in the down state and its motion in voltage gating remains unresolved(4-6). Here we employed several conditional lethal/second-site suppressor yeast screens to determine the transmembrane packing of the VSD in the down state. This screen relies on the ability of KAT1, a eukaryotic Kv channel, to conduct potassium when its VSDs are in the down state, thereby rescuing potassium-transport-deficient yeast(7). Starting with KAT1 channels bearing conditional lethal mutations, we identified second-site suppressor mutations throughout the VSD that recover yeast growth. We then constructed a down state model of the channel using six pairs of interacting residues as structural constraints and verified this model by engineering suppressor mutations on the basis of spatial considerations. A comparison of this down state model with the up state Kv1.2 structure suggests that the VSDs undergo large rearrangements during gating, whereas the S4 segment remains positioned between the central pore and the remainder of the VSD in both states.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Grad Grp Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Jan, LY (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM lily.jan@ucsf.edu
NR 28
TC 62
Z9 74
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7127
BP 550
EP 553
DI 10.1038/nature05494
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 131KI
UT WOS:000243867300046
PM 17187053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sharot, T
   Riccardi, AM
   Raio, CM
   Phelps, EA
AF Sharot, Tali
   Riccardi, Alison M.
   Raio, Candace M.
   Phelps, Elizabeth A.
TI Neural mechanisms mediating optimism bias
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID future life events; prefrontal cortex; cingulate cortex; amygdala; self; emotion; anxiety; memory; health
AB Humans expect positive events in the future even when there is no evidence to support such expectations. For example, people expect to live longer and be healthier than average(1), they underestimate their likelihood of getting a divorce(1), and overestimate their prospects for success on the job market(2). We examined how the brain generates this pervasive optimism bias. Here we report that this tendency was related specifically to enhanced activation in the amygdala and in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex when imagining positive future events relative to negative ones, suggesting a key role for areas involved in monitoring emotional salience in mediating the optimism bias. These are the same regions that show irregularities in depression(3), which has been related to pessimism(4). Across individuals, activity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex was correlated with trait optimism. The current study highlights how the brain may generate the tendency to engage in the projection of positive future events, suggesting that the effective integration and regulation of emotional and autobiographical information supports the projection of positive future events in healthy individuals, and is related to optimism.
C1 NYU, Dept Psychol, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   UCL, Inst Neurol, Wellcome Dept Imaging Neurosci, London WC1N 3BG, England.
C3 New York University; University of London; University College London
RP Phelps, EA (corresponding author), NYU, Dept Psychol, 6 Washington Pl, New York, NY 10003 USA.
EM liz.phelps@nyu.edu
NR 27
TC 501
Z9 612
U1 5
U2 152
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 102
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06280
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800045
PM 17960136
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hickenboth, CR
   Moore, JS
   White, SR
   Sottos, NR
   Baudry, J
   Wilson, SR
AF Hickenboth, Charles R.
   Moore, Jeffrey S.
   White, Scott R.
   Sottos, Nancy R.
   Baudry, Jerome
   Wilson, Scott R.
TI Biasing reaction pathways with mechanical force
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID derivatives; activation; polymers; bonds
AB During the course of chemical reactions, reactant molecules need to surmount an energy barrier to allow their transformation into products. The energy needed for this process is usually provided by heat, light, pressure or electrical potential, which act either by changing the distribution of the reactants on their ground-state potential energy surface or by moving them onto an excited-state potential energy surface and thereby facilitate movement over the energy barrier. A fundamentally different way of initiating or accelerating a reaction is the use of force to deform reacting molecules along a specific direction of the reaction coordinate. Mechanical force has indeed been shown to activate covalent bonds in polymers, but the usual result is chain scission(1). Here we show that mechanically sensitive chemical groups make it possible to harness the mechanical forces generated when exposing polymer solutions to ultrasound 2, and that this allows us to accelerate rearrangement reactions and bias reaction pathways to yield products not obtainable from purely thermal or light-induced reactions. We find that when placed within long polymer strands, the trans and cis isomers of a 1,2-disubstituted benzocyclobutene undergo an ultrasound-induced electrocyclic ring opening in a formally conrotatory and formally disrotatory process, respectively, that yield identical products. This contrasts with reaction initiation by light or heat alone 3, in which case the isomers follow mutually exclusive pathways to different products. Mechanical forces associated with ultrasound can thus clearly alter the shape of potential energy surfaces 4 so that otherwise forbidden or slow processes proceed under mild conditions, with the directionally specific nature of mechanical forces providing a reaction control that is fundamentally different from that achieved by adjusting chemical or physical parameters. Because rearrangement in our system occurs before chain scission, the effect we describe might allow the development of materials that are activated by mechanical stress fields.
C1 Univ Illinois, Sch Chem Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Beckman Inst, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Aerosp Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Moore, JS (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Sch Chem Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
EM jsmoore@uiuc.edu
NR 16
TC 703
Z9 847
U1 9
U2 345
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7134
BP 423
EP 427
DI 10.1038/nature05681
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 148MO
UT WOS:000245079500036
PM 17377579
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tuoriniemi, J
   Juntunen-Nurmilaukas, K
   Uusvuori, J
   Pentti, E
   Salmela, A
   Sebedash, A
AF Tuoriniemi, Juha
   Juntunen-Nurmilaukas, Kirsi
   Uusvuori, Johanna
   Pentti, Elias
   Salmela, Anssi
   Sebedash, Alexander
TI Superconductivity in lithium below 0.4 millikelvin at ambient pressure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ultralow temperatures; alkali-metals; dense lithium; elements; rhodium
AB Elements in the alkali metal series are regarded as unlikely superconductors because of their monovalent character(1,2). A superconducting transition temperature as high as 20 K, recently found in compressed lithium(3-6) ( the lightest alkali element), probably arises from pressure-induced changes in the conduction-electron band structure(6-12). Superconductivity at ambient pressure in lithium has hitherto remained unresolved, both theoretically and experimentally(11-16). Here we demonstrate that lithium is a superconductor at ambient pressure with a transition temperature of 0.4 mK. As lithium has a particularly simple conduction electron system, it represents an important case for any attempts to classify superconductors and transition temperatures, especially to determine if any non-magnetic configuration can exclude superconductivity down to zero temperature. Furthermore, the combination of extremely weak superconductivity and relatively strong nuclear magnetism in lithium would clearly lead to mutual competition between these two ordering phenomena under suitably prepared conditions(17,18).
C1 Helsinki Univ Technol, Low Temp Lab, FI-02015 Helsinki, Finland.
C3 Aalto University
RP Tuoriniemi, J (corresponding author), Helsinki Univ Technol, Low Temp Lab, POB 2200, FI-02015 Helsinki, Finland.
EM jtuorini@cc.hut.fi
NR 26
TC 76
Z9 89
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7141
BP 187
EP 189
DI 10.1038/nature05820
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 165WT
UT WOS:000246338700038
PM 17495921
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dentin, R
   Liu, Y
   Koo, SH
   Hedrick, S
   Vargas, T
   Heredia, J
   Yates, J
   Montminy, M
AF Dentin, Renaud
   Liu, Yi
   Koo, Seung-Hoi
   Hedrick, Susan
   Vargas, Thomas
   Heredia, Jose
   Yates, John, III
   Montminy, Marc
TI Insulin modulates gluconeogenesis by inhibition of the coactivator TORC2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ubiquitin ligase cop1; hepatic gluconeogenesis; phosphorylation; identification; degradation; resistance; regulator; glucose; fkhr; gene
AB During feeding, increases in circulating pancreatic insulin inhibit hepatic glucose output through the activation of the Ser/Thr kinase AKT and subsequent phosphorylation of the forkhead transcription factor FOXO1 (refs 1-3). Under fasting conditions, FOXO1 increases gluconeogenic gene expression in concert with the cAMP responsive coactivator TORC2 (refs 4-8). In response to pancreatic glucagon, TORC2 is de-phosphorylated at Ser 171 and transported to the nucleus, in which it stimulates the gluconeogenic programme by binding to CREB. Here we show in mice that insulin inhibits gluconeogenic gene expression during re-feeding by promoting the phosphorylation and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of TORC2. Insulin disrupts TORC2 activity by induction of the Ser/Thr kinase SIK2, which we show here undergoes AKT2-mediated phosphorylation at Ser 358. Activated SIK2 in turn stimulated the Ser 171 phosphorylation and cytoplasmic translocation of TORC2. Phosphorylated TORC2 was degraded by the 26S proteasome during re-feeding through an association with COP1, a substrate receptor for an E3 ligase complex that promoted TORC2 ubiquitination at Lys 628. Because TORC2 protein levels and activity were increased in diabetes owing to a block in TORC2 phosphorylation, our results point to an important role for this pathway in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Peptide Biol Labs, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Sungkyunkwan Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Suwon 440746, South Korea.
   Scripps Res Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU); Scripps Research Institute
RP Montminy, M (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Peptide Biol Labs, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM montminy@salk.edu
NR 23
TC 342
Z9 409
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7160
BP 366
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06128
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 211XP
UT WOS:000249557300050
PM 17805301
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kobatake, S
   Takami, S
   Muto, H
   Ishikawa, T
   Irie, M
AF Kobatake, Seiya
   Takami, Shizuka
   Muto, Hiroaki
   Ishikawa, Tomoyuki
   Irie, Masahiro
TI Rapid and reversible shape changes of molecular crystals on photoirradiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-crystal; photochromism; diarylethene; photodimerization; azobenzene; polymers; behavior; isomer; light
AB The development of actuators based on materials that reversibly change shape and/or size in response to external stimuli has attracted interest for some time(1). A particularly intriguing possibility is offered by light-responsive materials, which allow remote operation without the need for direct contact to the actuator. The photo-response of these materials is based on the photoisomerization of constituent molecules ( typically trans - cis isomerization of azobenzene chromophores), which gives rise to molecular motions and thereby deforms the bulk material. This effect has been used to create light-deformable polymer films and gels(2-10), but the response of these systems is relatively slow. Here we report that molecular crystals based on diarylethene chromophores and with sizes ranging from 10 to 100 micrometres exhibit rapid and reversible macroscopic changes in shape and size induced by ultraviolet and visible light. We find that on exposure to ultraviolet light, a single crystal of 1,2-bis(2-ethyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl) perfluorocyclopentene changes from a square shape to a lozenge shape, whereas a rectangular single crystal of 1,2-bis(5-methyl-2-phenyl- 4-thiazolyl) perfluorocyclopentene contracts by about 5 - 7 per cent. The deformed crystals are thermally stable, and switch back to their original state on irradiation with visible light. We find that our crystals respond in about 25 microseconds ( that is, about five orders of magnitude faster than the response time of the azobenzene-based polymer systems(7-10)) and that they can move microscopic objects, making them promising materials for possible light-driven actuator applications.
C1 Kyushu Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Chem & Biochem, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
   Osaka City Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Appl Chem, Sumiyoshi Ku, Osaka 5588585, Japan.
C3 Kyushu University; Osaka Metropolitan University
RP Irie, M (corresponding author), Kyushu Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Chem & Biochem, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
EM irie@cstf.kyushu-u.ac.jp
NR 20
TC 1121
Z9 1213
U1 16
U2 956
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7137
BP 778
EP 781
DI 10.1038/nature05669
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 156CX
UT WOS:000245626800036
PM 17429396
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wolf, M
   van Doorn, GS
   Leimar, O
   Weissing, FJ
AF Wolf, Max
   van Doorn, G. Sander
   Leimar, Olof
   Weissing, Franz J.
TI Life-history trade-offs favour the evolution of animal personalities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID individual-differences; behavioral-differences; avian personality; heritability; consequences; sticklebacks; populations; boldness; shyness
AB In recent years evidence has been accumulating that personalities are not only found in humans(1) but also in a wide range of other animal species(2-8). Individuals differ consistently in their behavioural tendencies and the behaviour in one context is correlated with the behaviour in multiple other contexts. From an adaptive perspective, the evolution of animal personalities is still a mystery, because a more flexible structure of behaviour should provide a selective advantage(9-11). Accordingly, many researchers view personalities as resulting from constraints imposed by the architecture of behaviour(7) (but see ref. 12). In contrast, we show here that animal personalities can be given an adaptive explanation. Our argument is based on the insight that the trade-off between current and future reproduction(13) often results in polymorphic populations(14) in which some individuals put more emphasis on future fitness returns than others. Life-history theory predicts that such differences in fitness expectations should result in systematic differences in risk-taking behaviour(15). Individuals with high future expectations (who have much to lose) should be more risk-averse than individuals with low expectations. This applies to all kinds of risky situations, so individuals should consistently differ in their behaviour. By means of an evolutionary model we demonstrate that this basic principle results in the evolution of animal personalities. It simultaneously explains the coexistence of behavioural types, the consistency of behaviour through time and the structure of behavioural correlations across contexts. Moreover, it explains the common finding that explorative behaviour and risk-related traits like boldness and aggressiveness are common characteristics of animal personalities(2-8).
C1 Univ Groningen, Theoret Biol Grp, Ctr Ecol & Evolutionary Studies, NL-9751 NN Haren, Netherlands.
   Stockholm Univ, Dept Zool, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 University of Groningen; Stockholm University
RP Weissing, FJ (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Theoret Biol Grp, Ctr Ecol & Evolutionary Studies, NL-9751 NN Haren, Netherlands.
EM f.j.weissing@rug.nl
NR 30
TC 1041
Z9 1183
U1 11
U2 704
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7144
BP 581
EP 584
DI 10.1038/nature05835
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 172YZ
UT WOS:000246842000046
PM 17538618
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gutierrez, E
   Wiggins, D
   Fielding, B
   Gould, AP
AF Gutierrez, Eugenio
   Wiggins, David
   Fielding, Barbara
   Gould, Alex P.
TI Specialized hepatocyte-like cells regulate Drosophila lipid metabolism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proliferator-activated receptors; fat storage; beta-oxidation; egf receptor; melanogaster; acids; triacylglycerol; rescue; growth; tissue
AB Lipid metabolism is essential for growth and generates much of the energy needed during periods of starvation. In Drosophila, fasting larvae release large quantities of lipid from the fat body but it is unclear how and where this is processed. Here we identify the oenocyte as the principal cell type accumulating lipid droplets during starvation. Tissue-specific manipulations of the Slimfast amino-acid channel, the Lsd2 fat-storage regulator and the Brummer lipase indicate that oenocytes act downstream of the fat body. In turn, oenocytes are required for depleting stored lipid from the fat body during fasting. Hence, lipid-metabolic coupling between the fat body and oenocytes is bidirectional. When food is plentiful, oenocytes have critical roles in regulating growth, development and feeding behaviour. In addition, they specifically express many different lipid-metabolizing proteins, including Cyp4g1, an omega-hydroxylase regulating triacylglycerol composition. These findings provide evidence that some lipid-processing functions of the mammalian liver are performed in insects by oenocytes.
C1 Churchill Hosp, Oxford Ctr Diabet Endocrinol & Metab, Oxford OX3 7LJ, England.
   Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, London NW7 1AA, England.
C3 University of Oxford; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP Gould, AP (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
EM agould@nimr.mrc.ac.uk
FU MRC [MC_U117584237] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U117584237] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [MC_U117584237] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 49
TC 329
Z9 422
U1 2
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7125
BP 275
EP 280
DI 10.1038/nature05382
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 126HT
UT WOS:000243504700036
PM 17136098
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harpole, WS
   Tilman, D
AF Harpole, W. Stanley
   Tilman, David
TI Grassland species loss resulting from reduced niche dimension
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID resource competition; limiting resources; diversity; biodiversity; ecosystem; richness; productivity; enrichment; ecology
AB Intact ecosystems contain large numbers of competing but coexisting species. Although numerous alternative theories have provided potential explanations for this high biodiversity, there have been few field experiments testing between these theories. In particular, theory predicts that higher diversity of coexisting competitors could result from greater niche dimensionality(1), for example larger numbers of limiting resources or factors. Alternatively, diversity could be independent of niche dimensionality because large numbers of species can coexist when limited by just one or two factors if species have appropriate trade-offs(2). Here we show that plant coexistence and diversity result from the 'niche dimensionality' of a habitat. Plant species numbers decreased with increasing numbers of added limiting soil resources ( soil moisture, nitrogen, phosphorus and base cations), which is consistent with theoretical predictions that an increased supply of multiple limiting resources can reduce niche dimension. An observational field study gave similar results. The niche dimension hypothesis also explained diversity changes in the classic Park Grass Experiment at Rothamsted. Our results provide an alternative mechanistic explanation for the effects of nutrient eutrophication on the diversity of terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems.
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Harpole, WS (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
EM wharpole@uci.edu
NR 24
TC 503
Z9 626
U1 15
U2 595
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7137
BP 791
EP 793
DI 10.1038/nature05684
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 156CX
UT WOS:000245626800039
PM 17384633
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deutsch, C
   Sarmiento, JL
   Sigman, DM
   Gruber, N
   Dunne, JP
AF Deutsch, Curtis
   Sarmiento, Jorge L.
   Sigman, Daniel M.
   Gruber, Nicolas
   Dunne, John P.
TI Spatial coupling of nitrogen inputs and losses in the ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pacific subtropical gyre; tropical north pacific; atlantic ocean; fixation; denitrification; nitrate; remineralization; trichodesmium; cycles; sea
AB Nitrogen fixation is crucial for maintaining biological productivity in the oceans, because it replaces the biologically available nitrogen that is lost through denitrification. But, owing to its temporal and spatial variability, the global distribution of marine nitrogen fixation is difficult to determine from direct shipboard measurements. This uncertainty limits our understanding of the factors that influence nitrogen fixation, which may include iron, nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios, and physical conditions such as temperature. Here we determine nitrogen fixation rates in the world's oceans through their impact on nitrate and phosphate concentrations in surface waters, using an ocean circulation model. Our results indicate that nitrogen fixation rates are highest in the Pacific Ocean, where water column denitrification rates are high but the rate of atmospheric iron deposition is low. We conclude that oceanic nitrogen fixation is closely tied to the generation of nitrogen-deficient waters in denitrification zones, supporting the view that nitrogen fixation stabilizes the oceanic inventory of fixed nitrogen over time.
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Program Climate Change, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGPP, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Princeton University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Princeton University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Deutsch, C (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Program Climate Change, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM cdeutsch@ocean.washington.edu
NR 30
TC 584
Z9 668
U1 6
U2 312
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7124
BP 163
EP 167
DI 10.1038/nature05392
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124QF
UT WOS:000243384300042
PM 17215838
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watson, DM
   Bohac, CJ
   Hull, C
   Forrest, WJ
   Furlan, E
   Najita, J
   Calvet, N
   d'Alessio, P
   Hartmann, L
   Sargent, B
   Green, JD
   Kim, KH
   Houck, JR
AF Watson, Dan M.
   Bohac, C. J.
   Hull, C.
   Forrest, William J.
   Furlan, E.
   Najita, J.
   Calvet, Nuria
   d'Alessio, Paola
   Hartmann, Lee
   Sargent, B.
   Green, Joel D.
   Kim, Kyoung Hee
   Houck, J. R.
TI The development of a protoplanetary disk from its natal envelope
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID collisional excitation; ngc-1333 iras-4; molecular cloud; emission-lines; models; infall
AB Class 0 protostars, the youngest type of young stellar objects, show many signs of rapid development from their initial, spheroidal configurations, and therefore are studied intensively for details of the formation of protoplanetary disks within protostellar envelopes. At millimetre wavelengths, kinematic signatures of collapse have been observed in several such protostars, through observations of molecular lines that probe their outer envelopes. It has been suggested that one or more components of the proto-multiple system NGC 1333-IRAS 4 (refs 1, 2) may display signs of an embedded region that is warmer and denser than the bulk of the envelope(3,4). Here we report observations that reveal details of the core on Solar System dimensions. We detect in NGC 1333-IRAS 4B a rich emission spectrum of H2O, at wavelengths 20-37 mu m, which indicates an origin in extremely dense, warm gas. We can model the emission as infall from a protostellar envelope onto the surface of a deeply embedded, dense disk, and therefore see the development of a protoplanetary disk. This is the only example of mid-infrared water emission from a sample of 30 class 0 objects, perhaps arising from a favourable orientation; alternatively, this may be an early and short-lived stage in the evolution of a protoplanetary disk.
C1 Univ Rochester, Dept Phys & Astron, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Radioastron & Astrofis, Morelia 58089, Michoacan, Mexico.
   Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 University of Rochester; University of Virginia; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Optical Astronomy Observatory; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Cornell University
RP Watson, DM (corresponding author), Univ Rochester, Dept Phys & Astron, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
EM dmw@pas.rochester.edu
NR 23
TC 63
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7157
BP 1026
EP 1028
DI 10.1038/nature06087
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 205EU
UT WOS:000249097600032
PM 17728752
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bautista, DM
   Siemens, J
   Glazer, JM
   Tsuruda, PR
   Basbaum, AI
   Stucky, CL
   Jordt, SE
   Julius, D
AF Bautista, Diana M.
   Siemens, Jan
   Glazer, Joshua M.
   Tsuruda, Pamela R.
   Basbaum, Allan I.
   Stucky, Cheryl L.
   Jordt, Sven-Eric
   Julius, David
TI The menthol receptor TRPM8 is the principal detector of environmental cold
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primary sensory neurons; ion-channel trpa1; molecular logic; transduction; skin; thermosensation; temperature; sensation; stimuli; anktm1
AB Sensory nerve fibres can detect changes in temperature over a remarkably wide range, a process that has been proposed to involve direct activation of thermosensitive excitatory transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels(1-4). One such channel TRP melastatin 8 (TRPM8) or cold and menthol receptor 1 (CMR1)-is activated by chemical cooling agents (such as menthol) or when ambient temperatures drop below similar to 26 degrees C, suggesting that it mediates the detection of cold thermal stimuli by primary afferent sensory neurons(5,6). However, some studies have questioned the contribution of TRPM8 to cold detection or proposed that other excitatory or inhibitory channels are more critical to this sensory modality in vivo(7-10). Here we show that cultured sensory neurons and intact sensory nerve fibres from TRPM8-deficient mice exhibit profoundly diminished responses to cold. These animals also show clear behavioural deficits in their ability to discriminate between cold and warm surfaces, or to respond to evaporative cooling. At the same time, TRPM8 mutant mice are not completely insensitive to cold as they avoid contact with surfaces below 10 degrees C, albeit with reduced efficiency. Thus, our findings demonstrate an essential and predominant role for TRPM8 in thermosensation over a wide range of cold temperatures, validating the hypothesis(2) that TRP channels are the principal sensors of thermal stimuli in the peripheral nervous system.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat & Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, WM Keck Ctr Integrat Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Cell Biol Neurobiol & Anat, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Medical College of Wisconsin; Yale University
RP Julius, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, Box 0444, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM cstucky@mcw.edu; sven.jordt@yale.edu; julius@cmp.ucsf.edu
FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R01 ES015056] Funding Source: Medline
NR 32
TC 1063
Z9 1270
U1 3
U2 171
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7150
BP 204
EP 208
DI 10.1038/nature05910
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 188QN
UT WOS:000247934500045
PM 17538622
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, HL
   Seo, YT
   Lee, JW
   Moudrakovski, I
   Ripmeester, JA
   Chapman, NR
   Coffin, RB
   Gardner, G
   Pohlman, J
AF Lu, Hailong
   Seo, Yu-taek
   Lee, Jong-won
   Moudrakovski, Igor
   Ripmeester, John A.
   Ross Chapman, N.
   Coffin, Richard B.
   Gardner, Graeme
   Pohlman, John
TI Complex gas hydrate from the Cascadia margin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID black-sea; gulf; ridge; climate
AB Natural gas hydrates are a potential source of energy(1) and may play a role in climate change(2) and geological hazards(3). Most natural gas hydrate appears to be in the form of 'structure I', with methane as the trapped guest molecule(4), although 'structure II' hydrate has also been identified, with guest molecules such as isobutane and propane, as well as lighter hydrocarbons(5,6). A third hydrate structure, 'structure H', which is capable of trapping larger guest molecules, has been produced in the laboratory(7), but it has not been confirmed that it occurs in the natural environment. Here we characterize the structure, gas content and composition, and distribution of guest molecules in a complex natural hydrate sample recovered from Barkley canyon, on the northern Cascadia margin(8). We show that the sample contains structure H hydrate, and thus provides direct evidence for the natural occurrence of this hydrate structure. The structure H hydrate is intimately associated with structure II hydrate, and the two structures contain more than 13 different hydrocarbon guest molecules. We also demonstrate that the stability field of the complex gas hydrate lies between those of structure II and structure H hydrates, indicating that this form of hydrate is more stable than structure I and may thus potentially be found in a wider pressure - temperature regime than can methane hydrate deposits.
C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
   Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada.
   USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Natl Measurement Stand, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
C3 National Research Council Canada; University of Victoria; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake; National Research Council Canada
RP Ripmeester, JA (corresponding author), Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, 100 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
EM john.ripmeester@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
NR 26
TC 289
Z9 331
U1 4
U2 137
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7125
BP 303
EP 306
DI 10.1038/nature05463
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 126HT
UT WOS:000243504700042
PM 17230188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ota, KG
   Kuraku, S
   Kuratani, S
AF Ota, Kinya G.
   Kuraku, Shigehiro
   Kuratani, Shigeru
TI Hagfish embryology with reference to the evolution of the neural crest
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vertebrate evolution; head; migration; sequences; origin; slug
AB Hagfish, which lack both jaws and vertebrae, have long been the subject of intense interest owing to their position at a crucial point in the evolutionary transition to a truly vertebrate body plan(1-4). However, unlike the comparatively well characterized vertebrate agnathan lamprey, little is known about hagfish development. The inability to analyse hagfish at early embryonic stages has frustrated attempts to resolve questions with important phylogenetic implications, including fundamental ones relating to the emergence of the neural crest(1,5,6). Here we report the obtainment of multiple pharyngula-stage embryos of the hagfish species Eptatretus burgeri and our preliminary analyses of their early development. We present histological evidence of putative neural crest cells, which appear as delaminated cells that migrate along pathways corresponding to neural crest cells in fish and amphibians(2,7-11). Molecular cloning studies further revealed the expression of several regulatory genes, including cognates of Pax6, Pax3/7, SoxEa and Sox9, suggesting that the hagfish neural crest is specified by molecular mechanisms that are general to vertebrates. We propose that the neural crest emerged as a population of de-epithelialized migratory cells in a common vertebrate ancestor, and suggest that the possibility of classical and molecular embryology in hagfish opens up new approaches to clarifying the evolutionary history of vertebrates.
C1 RIKEN, Ctr Dev Biol, Lab Evolutionary Morphol, Kobe, Hyogo 6500047, Japan.
C3 RIKEN
RP Kuratani, S (corresponding author), RIKEN, Ctr Dev Biol, Lab Evolutionary Morphol, Kobe, Hyogo 6500047, Japan.
EM saizo@cdb.riken.jp
NR 30
TC 163
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7136
BP 672
EP 675
DI 10.1038/nature05633
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 153LZ
UT WOS:000245438300041
PM 17377535
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kumar, P
   Wu, HQ
   McBride, JL
   Jung, KE
   Kim, MH
   Davidson, BL
   Lee, SK
   Shankar, P
   Manjunath, N
AF Kumar, Priti
   Wu, Haoquan
   McBride, Jodi L.
   Jung, Kyeong-Eun
   Kim, Moon Hee
   Davidson, Beverly L.
   Lee, Sang Kyung
   Shankar, Premlata
   Manjunath, N.
TI Transvascular delivery of small interfering RNA to the central nervous system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-penetrating peptides; inhibits tumor-growth; in-vivo delivery; intracellular delivery; modified sirnas; gene-therapy; brain; virus; receptors; transporters
AB A major impediment in the treatment of neurological diseases is the presence of the blood - brain barrier, which precludes the entry of therapeutic molecules from blood to brain. Here we show that a short peptide derived from rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) enables the transvascular delivery of small interfering RNA ( siRNA) to the brain. This 29-amino-acid peptide specifically binds to the acetylcholine receptor expressed by neuronal cells. To enable siRNA binding, a chimaeric peptide was synthesized by adding nonamer arginine residues at the carboxy terminus of RVG. This RVG-9R peptide was able to bind and transduce siRNA to neuronal cells in vitro, resulting in efficient gene silencing. After intravenous injection into mice, RVG-9R delivered siRNA to the neuronal cells, resulting in specific gene silencing within the brain. Furthermore, intravenous treatment with RVG-9R-bound antiviral siRNA afforded robust protection against fatal viral encephalitis in mice. Repeated administration of RVG-9R-bound siRNA did not induce inflammatory cytokines or anti-peptide antibodies. Thus, RVG-9R provides a safe and noninvasive approach for the delivery of siRNA and potentially other therapeutic molecules across the blood - brain barrier.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, CBR Inst Biomed Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Internal Med, Roy J & Lucille J Carver Coll Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Samchully Pharm Co Ltd, Res Ctr, Seoul 135735, South Korea.
   Hanyang Univ, Dept Bioengn, Seoul 133791, South Korea.
   Hanyang Univ, Hanyang Fus Mat Program, Seoul 133791, South Korea.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Iowa; Hanyang University; Hanyang University
RP Manjunath, N (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, CBR Inst Biomed Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM shankar@cbrinstitute.org; swamy@cbrinstitute.org
NR 36
TC 1076
Z9 1355
U1 4
U2 296
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7149
BP 39
EP 43
DI 10.1038/nature05901
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185OS
UT WOS:000247720900032
PM 17572664
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ooi, SKT
   Qiu, C
   Bernstein, E
   Li, KQ
   Jia, D
   Yang, Z
   Erdjument-Bromage, H
   Tempst, P
   Lin, SP
   Allis, CD
   Cheng, XD
   Bestor, TH
AF Ooi, Steen K. T.
   Qiu, Chen
   Bernstein, Emily
   Li, Keqin
   Jia, Da
   Yang, Zhe
   Erdjument-Bromage, Hediye
   Tempst, Paul
   Lin, Shau-Ping
   Allis, C. David
   Cheng, Xiaodong
   Bestor, Timothy H.
TI DNMT3L connects unmethylated lysine 4 of histone H3 to de novo methylation of DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID methyltransferase; cells
AB Mammals use DNA methylation for the heritable silencing of retrotransposons and imprinted genes and for the inactivation of the X chromosome in females. The establishment of patterns of DNA methylation during gametogenesis depends in part on DNMT3L, an enzymatically inactive regulatory factor that is related in sequence to the DNA methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B(1,2). The main proteins that interact in vivo with the product of an epitope-tagged allele of the endogenous Dnmt3L gene were identified by mass spectrometry as DNMT3A2, DNMT3B and the four core histones. Peptide interaction assays showed that DNMT3L specifically interacts with the extreme amino terminus of histone H3; this interaction was strongly inhibited by methylation at lysine 4 of histone H3 but was insensitive to modifications at other positions. Crystallographic studies of human DNMT3L showed that the protein has a carboxy-terminal methyltransferase-like domain and an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain. Cocrystallization of DNMT3L with the tail of histone H3 revealed that the tail bound to the cysteine-rich domain of DNMT3L, and substitution of key residues in the binding site eliminated the H3 tail-DNMT3L interaction. These data indicate that DNMT3L recognizes histone H3 tails that are unmethylated at lysine 4 and induces de novo DNA methylation by recruitment or activation of DNMT3A2.
C1 Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Emory Univ, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Chromatin Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Natl Taiwan Univ, Inst Biotechnol, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
C3 Columbia University; Emory University; Rockefeller University; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; National Taiwan University
RP Cheng, XD (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM XCheng@emory.edu; THB12@columbia.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM049245] Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 1192
Z9 1472
U1 0
U2 140
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7154
BP 714
EP U13
DI 10.1038/nature05987
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 197ZY
UT WOS:000248598000049
PM 17687327
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tarduno, JA
   Cottrell, RD
   Watkeys, MK
   Bauch, D
AF Tarduno, John A.
   Cottrell, Rory D.
   Watkeys, Michael K.
   Bauch, Dorothy
TI Geomagnetic field strength 3.2 billion years ago recorded by single silicate crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID south-africa; rock-magnetism; intensity; ga; paleomagnetism; paleointensity; barberton; geodynamo; magnetization; constraints
AB The strength of the Earth's early geomagnetic field is of importance for understanding the evolution of the Earth's deep interior, surface environment and atmosphere. Palaeomagnetic and palaeointensity data from rocks formed near the boundary of the Proterozoic and Archaean eons, some 2.5 Gyr ago, show many hallmarks of the more recent geomagnetic field. Reversals are recorded(1), palaeosecular variation data(2) indicate a dipole-dominated morphology and available palaeointensity values are similar to those from younger rocks(1-3). The picture before 2.8 Gyr ago is much less clear. Rocks of the Archaean Kaapvaal craton ( South Africa) are among the best-preserved, but even they have experienced low-grade metamorphism(4). The variable acquisition of later magnetizations by these rocks is therefore expected, precluding use of conventional palaeointensity methods. Silicate crystals from igneous rocks, however, can contain minute magnetic inclusions capable of preserving Archaean-age magnetizations. Here we use a CO2 laser heating approach and direct-current SQUID magnetometer measurements to obtain palaeodirections and intensities from single silicate crystals that host magnetite inclusions. We find 3.2-Gyr-old field strengths that are within 50 per cent of the present-day value, indicating that a viable magnetosphere sheltered the early Earth's atmosphere from solar wind erosion.
C1 Univ Rochester, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Dept Phys & Astron, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
   Univ KwaZulu Natal, Sch Geol Sci, ZA-4041 Durban, South Africa.
C3 University of Rochester; University of Rochester; University of Kwazulu Natal
RP Tarduno, JA (corresponding author), Univ Rochester, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
EM john@earth.rochester.edu
NR 30
TC 105
Z9 119
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7136
BP 657
EP 660
DI 10.1038/nature05667
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 153LZ
UT WOS:000245438300037
PM 17410173
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eldrett, JS
   Harding, IC
   Wilson, PA
   Butler, E
   Roberts, AP
AF Eldrett, James S.
   Harding, Ian C.
   Wilson, Paul A.
   Butler, Emily
   Roberts, Andrew P.
TI Continental ice in Greenland during the Eocene and Oligocene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glaciation; history; onset; ma
AB The Eocene and Oligocene epochs (similar to 55 to 23 million years ago) comprise a critical phase in Earth history. An array of geological records(1-5) supported by climate modelling(6) indicates a profound shift in global climate during this interval, from a state that was largely free of polar ice caps to one in which ice sheets on Antarctica approached their modern size. However, the early glaciation history of the Northern Hemisphere is a subject of controversy(3,7-9). Here we report stratigraphically extensive ice-rafted debris, including macroscopic dropstones, in late Eocene to early Oligocene sediments from the Norwegian - Greenland Sea that were deposited between about 38 and 30 million years ago. Our data indicate sediment rafting by glacial ice, rather than sea ice, and point to East Greenland as the likely source. Records of this type from one site alone cannot be used to determine the extent of ice involved. However, our data suggest the existence of ( at least) isolated glaciers on Greenland about 20 million years earlier than previously documented(10), at a time when temperatures and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were substantially higher.
C1 Univ Southampton, Natl Oceanog Ctr Southampton, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
C3 NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Southampton
RP Harding, IC (corresponding author), Univ Southampton, Natl Oceanog Ctr Southampton, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
EM ich@noc.soton.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 191
Z9 216
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7132
BP 176
EP 179
DI 10.1038/nature05591
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 143JS
UT WOS:000244718100038
PM 17287724
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dubi, Y
   Meir, Y
   Avishai, Y
AF Dubi, Yonatan
   Meir, Yigal
   Avishai, Yshai
TI Nature of the superconductor-insulator transition in disordered superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2-dimensional superconductors; critical field; films; fluctuations; density; limit
AB The interplay of superconductivity and disorder has intrigued scientists for several decades. Disorder is expected to enhance the electrical resistance of a system, whereas superconductivity is associated with a zero-resistance state. Although superconductivity has been predicted to persist even in the presence of disorder(1), experiments performed on thin films have demonstrated a transition from a superconducting to an insulating state with increasing disorder or magnetic field(2). The nature of this transition is still under debate, and the subject has become even more relevant with the realization that high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductors are intrinsically disordered(3-5). Here we present numerical simulations of the superconductor-insulator transition in two-dimensional disordered superconductors, starting from a microscopic description that includes thermal phase fluctuations. We demonstrate explicitly that disorder leads to the formation of islands where the superconducting order is high. For weak disorder, or high electron density, increasing the magnetic field results in the eventual vanishing of the amplitude of the superconducting order parameter, thereby forming an insulating state. On the other hand, at lower electron densities or higher disorder, increasing the magnetic field suppresses the correlations between the phases of the superconducting order parameter in different islands, giving rise to a different type of superconductor-insulator transition. One of the important predictions of this work is that in the regime of high disorder, there are still superconducting islands in the sample, even on the insulating side of the transition. This result, which is consistent with experiments(6,7), explains the recently observed huge magneto-resistance peak in disordered thin films(8-10) and may be relevant to the observation of 'the pseudo-gap phenomenon' in underdoped high-T-c superconductors(11,12).
C1 Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Phys, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
   Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Ilse Katz Ctr Meso & Nano Scale Sci & Technol, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
C3 Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
RP Meir, Y (corresponding author), Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Phys, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
EM ymeir@bgu.ac.il
NR 30
TC 327
Z9 362
U1 0
U2 107
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 876
EP 880
DI 10.1038/nature06180
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600040
PM 17943125
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gottwein, E
   Mukherjee, N
   Sachse, C
   Frenzel, C
   Majoros, WH
   Chi, JTA
   Braich, R
   Manoharan, M
   Soutschek, J
   Ohler, U
   Cullen, BR
AF Gottwein, Eva
   Mukherjee, Neelanjan
   Sachse, Christoph
   Frenzel, Corina
   Majoros, William H.
   Chi, Jen-Tsan A.
   Braich, Ravi
   Manoharan, Muthiah
   Soutschek, Jurgen
   Ohler, Uwe
   Cullen, Bryan R.
TI A viral microRNA functions as an orthologue of cellular miR-155
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sarcoma-associated herpesvirus; kaposis-sarcoma; expression; lymphoma; cells; thousands; targets; genome; rnas
AB All metazoan eukaryotes express microRNAs ( miRNAs), roughly 22- nucleotide regulatory RNAs that can repress the expression of messenger RNAs bearing complementary sequences(1). Several DNA viruses also express miRNAs in infected cells, suggesting a role in viral replication and pathogenesis(2). Although specific viral miRNAs have been shown to autoregulate viral mRNAs(3,4) or downregulate cellular mRNAs(5,6), the function of most viral miRNAs remains unknown. Here we report that the miR- K12- 11 miRNA encoded by Kaposi's- sarcoma- associated herpes virus ( KSHV) shows significant homology to cellular miR- 155, including the entire miRNA 'seed' region(7). Using a range of assays, we show that expression of physiological levels of miR- K12- 11 or miR- 155 results in the downregulation of an extensive set of common mRNA targets, including genes with known roles in cell growth regulation. Our findings indicate that viral miR- K12- 11 functions as an orthologue of cellular miR- 155 and probably evolved to exploit a preexisting gene regulatory pathway in B cells. Moreover, the known aetiological role of miR- 155 in B- cell transformation(8-10) suggests that miR- K12- 11 may contribute to the induction of KSHV-positive B- cell tumours in infected patients.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Univ Program Genet & Genom, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biostat & Bioinformat, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Cenix BioSci GmbH, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   Duke Univ, Inst Genome Sci & Policy, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Alnylam Pharmaceut Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
RP Cullen, BR (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM culle002@mc.duke.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI067968] Funding Source: Medline
NR 32
TC 475
Z9 577
U1 1
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1096
EP U17
DI 10.1038/nature05992
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900090
PM 18075594
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Daily, JP
   Scanfeld, D
   Pochet, N
   Le Roch, K
   Plouffe, D
   Kamal, M
   Sarr, O
   Mboup, S
   Ndir, O
   Wypij, D
   Levasseur, K
   Thomas, E
   Tamayo, P
   Dong, C
   Zhou, Y
   Lander, ES
   Ndiaye, D
   Wirth, D
   Winzeler, EA
   Mesirov, JP
   Regev, A
AF Daily, J. P.
   Scanfeld, D.
   Pochet, N.
   Le Roch, K.
   Plouffe, D.
   Kamal, M.
   Sarr, O.
   Mboup, S.
   Ndir, O.
   Wypij, D.
   Levasseur, K.
   Thomas, E.
   Tamayo, P.
   Dong, C.
   Zhou, Y.
   Lander, E. S.
   Ndiaye, D.
   Wirth, D.
   Winzeler, E. A.
   Mesirov, J. P.
   Regev, A.
TI Distinct physiological states of Plasmodium falciparum in malaria-infected patients
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-function; transcriptome; children; parasite; stage; aquaglyceroporin; mitochondria; annotation; discovery; database
AB Infection with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum leads to widely different clinical conditions in children, ranging from mild flu- like symptoms to coma and death(1). Despite the immense medical implications, the genetic and molecular basis of this diversity remains largely unknown(2). Studies of in vitro gene expression have found few transcriptional differences between different parasite strains(3). Here we present a large study of in vivo expression profiles of parasites derived directly from blood samples from infected patients. The in vivo expression profiles define three distinct transcriptional states. The biological basis of these states can be interpreted by comparison with an extensive compendium of expression data in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The three states in vivo closely resemble, first, active growth based on glycolytic metabolism, second, a starvation response accompanied by metabolism of alternative carbon sources, and third, an environmental stress response. The glycolytic state is highly similar to the known profile of the ring stage in vitro, but the other states have not been observed in vitro. The results reveal a previously unknown physiological diversity in the in vivo biology of the malaria parasite, in particular evidence for a functional mitochondrion in the asexual- stage parasite, and indicate in vivo and in vitro studies to determine how this variation may affect disease manifestations and treatment.
C1 MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, FAS Ctr Syst Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Cell Biol & Neurosci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Novartis Res Fdn, Genom Inst, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Cheikh Anta Diop Univ, Dantec Hosp, Lab Bacteriol & Virol, Dakar, Senegal.
   Cheikh Anta Diop Univ, Dantec Hosp, Dept Parasitol & Mycol, Dakar, Senegal.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; University of California System; University of California Riverside; Novartis; Novartis USA; University Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar; University Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Scripps Research Institute
RP Mesirov, JP (corresponding author), MIT, Broad Inst, 7 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM mesirov@broad.mit.edu; aregev@broad.mit.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [K23 AI054518] Funding Source: Medline
NR 41
TC 190
Z9 228
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1091
EP U15
DI 10.1038/nature06311
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900089
PM 18046333
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lindholm, P
   Voutilainen, MH
   Laurén, J
   Peränen, J
   Leppanen, VM
   Andressoo, JO
   Lindahl, M
   Janhunen, S
   Kalkkinen, N
   Timmusk, T
   Tuominen, RK
   Saarma, M
AF Lindholm, Pivi
   Voutilainen, Merja H.
   Lauren, Juha
   Peranen, Johan
   Leppanen, Veli-Matti
   Andressoo, Jaan-Olle
   Lindahl, Maria
   Janhunen, Sanna
   Kalkkinen, Nisse
   Timmusk, Tonis
   Tuominen, Raimo K.
   Saarma, Mart
TI Novel neurotrophic factor CDNF protects and rescues midbrain dopamine neurons in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mice lacking gdnf; partial lesion model; parkinsons-disease; infusion; rat; 6-hydroxydopamine; expression; degeneration; recovery; 6-ohda
AB In Parkinson's disease, brain dopamine neurons degenerate most prominently in the substantia nigra(1). Neurotrophic factors promote survival, differentiation and maintenance of neurons in developing and adult vertebrate nervous system(2,3). The most potent neurotrophic factor for dopamine neurons described so far is the glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)(4). Here we have identified a conserved dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) as a trophic factor for dopamine neurons. CDNF, together with its previously described vertebrate and invertebrate homologue the mesencephalic-astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor(5), is a secreted protein with eight conserved cysteine residues, predicting a unique protein fold and defining a new, evolutionarily conserved protein family. CDNF (Armetl1) is expressed in several tissues of mouse and human, including the mouse embryonic and postnatal brain. In vivo, CDNF prevented the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in a rat experimental model of Parkinson's disease. A single injection of CDNF before 6-OHDA delivery into the striatum significantly reduced amphetamine-induced ipsilateral turning behaviour and almost completely rescued dopaminergic tyrosine-hydroxylase-positive cells in the substantia nigra. When administered four weeks after 6-OHDA, intrastriatal injection of CDNF was able to restore the dopaminergic function and prevent the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Thus, CDNF was at least as efficient as GDNF in both experimental settings. Our results suggest that CDNF might be beneficial for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
C1 Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Viikki Bioctr, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Div Pharmacol & Toxicol, Viikki Bioctr, Fac Pharm, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Tallinn Univ Technol, Dept Gene Technol, EE-19086 Tallinn, Estonia.
C3 University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki; Tallinn University of Technology
RP Saarma, M (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Viikki Bioctr, POB 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
EM mart.saarma@helsinki.fi
NR 35
TC 367
Z9 427
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7149
BP 73
EP 77
DI 10.1038/nature05957
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185OS
UT WOS:000247720900040
PM 17611540
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Höner, OP
   Wachter, B
   East, ML
   Streich, WJ
   Wilhelm, K
   Burke, T
   Hofer, H
AF Hoener, O. P.
   Wachter, B.
   East, M. L.
   Streich, W. J.
   Wilhelm, K.
   Burke, T.
   Hofer, H.
TI Female mate-choice drives the evolution of male-biased dispersal in a social mammal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inbreeding avoidance; spotted hyenas; tactics; society; birds
AB Dispersal has a significant impact on lifetime reproductive success(1), and is often more prevalent in one sex than the other(2). In group- living mammals, dispersal is normally male- biased and in theory this sexual bias could be a response by males to female mate preferences, competition for access to females or resources, or the result of males avoiding inbreeding(2-7). There is a lack of studies on social mammals that simultaneously assess these factors and measure the fitness consequences of male dispersal decisions. Here we show that male- biased dispersal in the spotted hyaena ( Crocuta crocuta) most probably results from an adaptive response by males to simple female mate- choice rules that have evolved to avoid inbreeding. Microsatellite profiling revealed that females preferred sires that were born into or immigrated into the female's group after the female was born. Furthermore, young females preferred short- tenured sires and older females preferred longer- tenured sires. Males responded to these female mate preferences by initiating their reproductive careers in groups containing the highest number of young females. As a consequence, 11% of males started their reproductive career in their natal group and 89% of males dispersed. Males that started reproduction in groups containing the highest number of young females had a higher long- term reproductive success than males that did not. The female mate- choice rules ensured that females effectively avoided inbreeding without the need to discriminate directly against close kin or males born in their own group, or to favour immigrant males. The extent of male dispersal as a response to such female mate preferences depends on the demographic structure of breeding groups, rather than the genetic relatedness between females and males.
C1 Leibniz Inst Zoo & Wildlife Res, D-10315 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 Leibniz Institut fur Zoo und Wildtierforschung; University of Sheffield
RP Höner, OP (corresponding author), Leibniz Inst Zoo & Wildlife Res, Alfred Kowalke Str 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany.
EM hoener@izw-berlin.de
NR 30
TC 95
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7155
BP 798
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature06040
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200HJ
UT WOS:000248754200038
PM 17700698
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Daar, AS
   Singer, PA
   Persad, DL
   Pramming, SK
   Matthews, DR
   Beaglehole, R
   Bernstein, A
   Borysiewicz, LK
   Colagiuri, S
   Ganguly, N
   Glass, RI
   Finegood, DT
   Koplan, J
   Nabel, EG
   Sarna, G
   Sarrafzadegan, N
   Smith, R
   Yach, D
   Bell, J
AF Daar, Abdallah S.
   Singer, Peter A.
   Persad, Deepa Leah
   Pramming, Stig K.
   Matthews, David R.
   Beaglehole, Robert
   Bernstein, Alan
   Borysiewicz, Leszek K.
   Colagiuri, Stephen
   Ganguly, Nirmal
   Glass, Roger I.
   Finegood, Diane T.
   Koplan, Jeffrey
   Nabel, Elizabeth G.
   Sarna, George
   Sarrafzadegan, Nizal
   Smith, Richard
   Yach, Derek
   Bell, John
TI Grand challenges in chronic non-communicable diseases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID health
C1 Univ Toronto, Univ Hlth Network, Program Life Sci Eth & Policy, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
   Oxford Hlth Alliance, London W1W 8RZ, England.
   Univ Oxford, Churchill Hosp, Oxford Ctr Diabet Endocrinol & Metab, Oxford OX3 7LJ, England.
   Univ Auckland, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
   Canadian Inst Hlth Res, Ottawa, ON K1A 0W9, Canada.
   MRC, London W1B 1AL, England.
   Univ Sydney, Prince Wales Hosp, Ctr Diabet, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
   Univ Sydney, Prince Wales Hosp, Dept Diabet Endocrinol & Metab, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
   Indian Council Med Res, New Delhi 110029, India.
   NIH, Fogarty Int Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Canadian Inst Hlth Res, Inst Nutr Metab & Diabet, Ottawa, ON K1A 0W9, Canada.
   Emory Univ, Global Hlth Inst, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Isfahan Univ Med Sci, Seddigheh Tahereh Res & Treatment Hosp, Isfahan Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Esfahan, Iran.
   Unitedhlth Europe, Ovat Chron Dis Initiat, London SW1P 1SB, England.
   PepsiCo, Purchase, NY 10577 USA.
   Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
C3 University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Oxford; University of Auckland; Institute for Work & Health; University of Sydney; University of New South Wales Sydney; Prince of Wales Hospital (POWH); University of Sydney; University of New South Wales Sydney; Prince of Wales Hospital (POWH); Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Fogarty International Center (FIC); Institute for Work & Health; Emory University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI); Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; PepsiCo; University of Oxford
RP Daar, AS (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Univ Hlth Network, Program Life Sci Eth & Policy, 101 Coll St, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
NR 16
TC 476
Z9 547
U1 0
U2 70
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 494
EP 496
DI 10.1038/450494a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500032
PM 18033288
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martin, DC
   Seibert, M
   Neill, JD
   Schiminovich, D
   Forster, K
   Rich, RM
   Welsh, BY
   Madore, BF
   Wheatley, JM
   Morrissey, P
   Barlow, TA
AF Martin, D. Christopher
   Seibert, Mark
   Neill, James D.
   Schiminovich, David
   Forster, Karl
   Rich, R. Michael
   Welsh, Barry Y.
   Madore, Barry F.
   Wheatley, Jonathan M.
   Morrissey, Patrick
   Barlow, Tom A.
TI A turbulent wake as a tracer of 30,000 years of Mira's mass loss history
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID asymptotic giant branch; stars; evolution; discovery; emission; envelope; h-2; co
AB Mira is one of the first variable stars ever discovered(1) and it is the prototype ( and also the nearest example) of a class of low- to-intermediate-mass stars in the late stages of stellar evolution. These stars are relatively common and they return a large fraction of their original mass to the interstellar medium ( ISM) ( ref. 2) through a processed, dusty, molecular wind. Thus stars in Mira's stage of evolution have a direct impact on subsequent star and planet formation in their host galaxy. Previously, the only direct observation(3) of the interaction between Mira- type stellar winds and the ISM was in the infrared. Here we report the discovery of an ultraviolet- emitting bow shock and turbulent wake extending over 2 degrees on the sky, arising from Mira's large space velocity and the interaction between its wind and the ISM. The wake is visible only in the far ultraviolet and is consistent with an unusual emission mechanism whereby molecular hydrogen is excited by turbulent mixing of cool molecular gas and shock- heated gas. This wind wake is a tracer of the past 30,000 years of Mira's mass- loss history and provides an excellent laboratory for studying turbulent stellar wind - ISM interactions.
C1 CALTECH, Dept Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington Observ, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Carnegie Institution for Science; Columbia University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Martin, DC (corresponding author), CALTECH, Dept Phys Math & Astron, 1200 E Calif Blvd,Mail Code 405-47, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM cmartin@srl.caltech.edu
NR 25
TC 122
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7155
BP 780
EP 783
DI 10.1038/nature06003
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200HJ
UT WOS:000248754200033
PM 17700694
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Edwards, AM
   Phillips, RA
   Watkins, NW
   Freeman, MP
   Murphy, EJ
   Afanasyev, V
   Buldyrev, SV
   da Luz, MGE
   Raposo, EP
   Stanley, HE
   Viswanathan, GM
AF Edwards, Andrew M.
   Phillips, Richard A.
   Watkins, Nicholas W.
   Freeman, Mervyn P.
   Murphy, Eugene J.
   Afanasyev, Vsevolod
   Buldyrev, Sergey V.
   da Luz, M. G. E.
   Raposo, E. P.
   Stanley, H. Eugene
   Viswanathan, Gandhimohan M.
TI Revisiting Levy flight search patterns of wandering albatrosses, bumblebees and deer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anomalous diffusion; movement; behavior; success; walks
AB The study of animal foraging behaviour is of practical ecological importance(1), and exemplifies the wider scientific problem of optimizing search strategies(2). Levy flights are random walks, the step lengths of which come from probability distributions with heavy power-law tails(3,4), such that clusters of short steps are connected by rare long steps. Levy flights display fractal properties, have no typical scale, and occur in physical(3-5) and chemical(6) systems. An attempt to demonstrate their existence in a natural biological system presented evidence that wandering albatrosses perform Levy flights when searching for prey on the ocean surface(7). This well known finding(2,4,8,9) was followed by similar inferences about the search strategies of deer(10) and bumblebees(10). These pioneering studies have triggered much theoretical work in physics (for example, refs 11, 12), as well as empirical ecological analyses regarding reindeer(13), microzooplankton(14), grey seals(15), spider monkeys(16) and fishing boats(17). Here we analyse a new, high-resolution data set of wandering albatross flights, and find no evidence for Levy flight behaviour. Instead we find that flight times are gamma distributed, with an exponential decay for the longest flights. We re-analyse the original albatross data(7) using additional information, and conclude that the extremely long flights, essential for demonstrating Levy flight behaviour, were spurious. Furthermore, we propose a widely applicable method to test for power-law distributions using likelihood(18) and Akaike weights(19,20). We apply this to the four original deer and bumblebee data sets(10), finding that none exhibits evidence of Levy flights, and that the original graphical approach(10) is insufficient. Such a graphical approach has been adopted to conclude Levy flight movement for other organisms(13-17), and to propose Levy flight analysis as a potential real-time ecosystem monitoring tool(17). Our results question the strength of the empirical evidence for biological Levy flights.
C1 British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
   Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Yeshiva Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10033 USA.
   Univ Fed Parana, Dept Fis, BR-81531990 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil.
   Univ Fed Pernambuco, Dept Fis, Lab Fis Teor & Computac, BR-50670901 Recife, PE, Brazil.
   Univ Fed Alagoas, Inst Fis, BR-57072970 Maceio, AL, Brazil.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey; Boston University; Yeshiva University; Universidade Federal do Parana; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Universidade Federal de Alagoas
RP Edwards, AM (corresponding author), British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
EM EdwardsAnd@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
FU Natural Environment Research Council [bas010021] Funding Source: researchfish; NERC [bas010021] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 30
TC 702
Z9 787
U1 1
U2 233
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1044
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature06199
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000051
PM 17960243
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Inoue, D
   Ohe, M
   Kanemori, Y
   Nobui, T
   Sagata, N
AF Inoue, Daigo
   Ohe, Munemichi
   Kanemori, Yoshinori
   Nobui, Toshiya
   Sagata, Noriyuki
TI A direct link of the Mos-MAPK pathway to Erp1/Emi2 in meiotic arrest of Xenopus laevis eggs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytostatic factor arrest; anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome; meiosis-ii; metaphase arrest; vertebrate eggs; cell-cycle; kinase; oocytes; inhibitor; emi2
AB In vertebrates, unfertilized eggs ( or mature oocytes) are arrested at metaphase of meiosis II by a cytoplasmic activity called cytostatic factor (CSF)(1). The classical Mos - MAPK pathway has long been implicated in CSF arrest of vertebrate eggs, but exactly how it exerts CSF activity remains unclear(2-4). Recently, Erp1 ( also called Emi2), an inhibitor of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) required for degradation of the mitotic regulator cyclin B (ref. 5), has also been shown to be a component of CSF in both Xenopus and mice(6-8). Erp1 is destroyed on fertilization or egg activation(9,10), like Mos(11). However, despite these similarities the Mos-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway and Erp1 are thought to act rather independently in CSF arrest(3,6,8). Here, we show that p90rsk, the kinase immediately downstream from Mos MAPK, directly targets Erp1 for CSF arrest in Xenopus oocytes. Erp1 is synthesized immediately after meiosis I, and the Mos MAPK pathway or p90rsk is essential for CSF arrest by Erp1. p90rsk can directly phosphorylate Erp1 on Ser 335/Thr 336 both in vivo and in vitro, and upregulates both Erp1 stability and activity. Erp1 is also present in early embryos, but has little CSF activity owing, at least in part, to the absence of p90rsk activity. These results clarify the direct link of the classical Mos - MAPK pathway to Erp1 in meiotic arrest of vertebrate oocytes.
C1 Kyushu Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 Kyushu University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Sagata, N (corresponding author), Kyushu Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
EM nsagascb@mbox.nc.kyushu-u.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 106
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7139
BP 1100
EP 1104
DI 10.1038/nature05688
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 160NU
UT WOS:000245950400054
PM 17410130
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Erkko, H
   Xia, B
   Nikkilae, J
   Schleutker, J
   Syrjaekoski, K
   Mannermaa, A
   Kallioniemi, A
   Pylkas, K
   Karppinen, SM
   Rapakko, K
   Miron, A
   Sheng, Q
   Li, GL
   Mattila, H
   Bell, DW
   Haber, DA
   Grip, M
   Reiman, M
   Jukkola-Vuorinen, A
   Mustonen, A
   Kere, J
   Aaltonen, LA
   Kosma, VM
   Kataja, V
   Soini, Y
   Drapkin, RI
   Livingston, DM
   Winqvist, R
AF Erkko, Hannele
   Xia, Bing
   Nikkilae, Jenni
   Schleutker, Johanna
   Syrjaekoski, Kirsi
   Mannermaa, Arto
   Kallioniemi, Anne
   Pylkas, Katri
   Karppinen, Sanna-Maria
   Rapakko, Katrin
   Miron, Alexander
   Sheng, Qing
   Li, Guilan
   Mattila, Henna
   Bell, Daphne W.
   Haber, Daniel A.
   Grip, Mervi
   Reiman, Mervi
   Jukkola-Vuorinen, Arja
   Mustonen, Aki
   Kere, Juha
   Aaltonen, Lauri A.
   Kosma, Veli-Matti
   Kataja, Vesa
   Soini, Ylermi
   Drapkin, Ronny I.
   Livingston, David M.
   Winqvist, Robert
TI A recurrent mutation in PALB2 in Finnish cancer families
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensitive gel-electrophoresis; breast; brca2
AB BRCA1, BRCA2 and other known susceptibility genes account for less than half of the detectable hereditary predisposition to breast cancer(1-3). Other relevant genes therefore remain to be discovered. Recently a new BRCA2-binding protein, PALB2, was identified(4). The BRCA2-PALB2 interaction is crucial for certain key BRCA2 DNA damage response functions as well as its tumour suppression activity(4). Here we show, by screening for PALB2 mutations in Finland that a frameshift mutation, c.1592delT, is present at significantly elevated frequency in familial breast cancer cases compared with ancestry-matched population controls. The truncated PALB2 protein caused by this mutation retained little BRCA2-binding capacity and was deficient in homologous recombination and crosslink repair. Further screening of c.1592delT in unselected breast cancer individuals revealed a roughly fourfold enrichment of this mutation in patients compared with controls. Most of the mutation-positive unselected cases had a familial pattern of disease development. In addition, one multigenerational prostate cancer family that segregated the c.1592delT truncation allele was observed. These results indicate that PALB2 is a breast cancer susceptibility gene that, in a suitably mutant form, may also contribute to familial prostate cancer development.
C1 Univ Kuopio, Inst Clin Med, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Biosci, SE-17177 Huddinge, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Clin Res Ctr, SE-17177 Huddinge, Sweden.
   Univ Helsinki, Dept Med Genet, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Biomedicum Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Pathol, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Canc, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Kuopio Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Pathol, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
   Univ Kuopio, Inst Clin Med Pathol & Forens Med, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
   Univ Tampere, Inst Med technol, Canc Genet Lab, FIN-33520 Tampere, Finland.
   Tampere Univ Hosp, Tampere, Finland.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Oulu Univ Hosp, FIN-90029 OYS, Finland.
   Univ Oulu, Dept Pathol, Oulu, Finland.
   Univ Oulu, Dept Oncol, Oulu, Finland.
   Univ Oulu, Dept Surg, Oulu, Finland.
   Univ Oulu, Dept Clin Genet, Oulu, Finland.
C3 University of Eastern Finland; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska Institutet; University of Helsinki; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Kuopio University Hospital; University of Eastern Finland; Tampere University; Tampere University; Tampere University Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Oulu; University of Oulu; University of Oulu; University of Oulu; University of Oulu
RP Winqvist, R (corresponding author), Kuopio Univ Hosp, Dept Oncol, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
EM david_livingston@dfci.harvard.edu; robert.winqvist@oulu.fi
NR 16
TC 370
Z9 421
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7133
BP 316
EP 319
DI 10.1038/nature05609
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145VC
UT WOS:000244892900045
PM 17287723
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reichenbach, T
   Mobilia, M
   Frey, E
AF Reichenbach, Tobias
   Mobilia, Mauro
   Frey, Erwin
TI Mobility promotes and jeopardizes biodiversity in rock-paper-scissors games
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spatial competition; allelopathy; evolution; waves
AB Biodiversity is essential to the viability of ecological systems. Species diversity in ecosystems is promoted by cyclic, non-hierarchical interactions among competing populations. Central features of such non-transitive relations are represented by the 'rock-paper-scissors' game, in which rock crushes scissors, scissors cut paper, and paper wraps rock. In combination with spatial dispersal of static populations, this type of competition results in the stable coexistence of all species and the long-term maintenance of biodiversity(1-5). However, population mobility is a central feature of real ecosystems: animals migrate, bacteria run and tumble. Here, we observe a critical influence of mobility on species diversity. When mobility exceeds a certain value, biodiversity is jeopardized and lost. In contrast, below this critical threshold all subpopulations coexist and an entanglement of travelling spiral waves forms in the course of time. We establish that this phenomenon is robust; it does not depend on the details of cyclic competition or spatial environment. These findings have important implications for maintenance and temporal development of ecological systems and are relevant for the formation and propagation of patterns in microbial populations or excitable media.
C1 Univ Munich, Arnold Sommerfeld Ctr Theoret Phys, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Dept Phys, Ctr NanoSci, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; University of Munich
RP Frey, E (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Arnold Sommerfeld Ctr Theoret Phys, Theresienstr 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
EM frey@lmu.de
NR 31
TC 628
Z9 667
U1 4
U2 157
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7157
BP 1046
EP 1049
DI 10.1038/nature06095
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 205EU
UT WOS:000249097600037
PM 17728757
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shelly, DR
   Beroza, GC
   Ide, S
AF Shelly, David R.
   Beroza, Gregory C.
   Ide, Satoshi
TI Non-volcanic tremor and low-frequency earthquake swarms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cascadia subduction zone; episodic tremor; foreshock sequences; southwest japan; short-term; slip; events; fault
AB Non-volcanic tremor is a weak, extended duration seismic signal observed episodically on some major faults, often in conjunction with slow slip events(1-4). Such tremor may hold the key to understanding fundamental processes at the deep roots of faults, and could signal times of accelerated slip and hence increased seismic hazard. The mechanism underlying the generation of tremor and its relationship to aseismic slip are, however, as yet unresolved. Here we demonstrate that tremor beneath Shikoku, Japan, can be explained as a swarm of small, low-frequency earthquakes, each of which occurs as shear faulting on the subduction-zone plate interface. This suggests that tremor and slow slip are different manifestations of a single process.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 Stanford University; University of Tokyo
RP Shelly, DR (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, 397 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM dshelly@pangea.stanford.edu
NR 16
TC 801
Z9 948
U1 1
U2 128
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7133
BP 305
EP 307
DI 10.1038/nature05666
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145VC
UT WOS:000244892900042
PM 17361180
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Andrews-Hanna, JC
   Phillips, RJ
   Zuber, MT
AF Andrews-Hanna, Jeffrey C.
   Phillips, Roger J.
   Zuber, Maria T.
TI Meridiani Planum and the global hydrology of Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID orbiter laser altimeter; internal structure; terra-meridiani; burns formation; evolution; systems; wet
AB The Opportunity Mars Exploration Rover found evidence for groundwater activity in the Meridiani Planum region of Mars(1,2) in the form of aeolian and fluvial sediments(3) composed of sulphate-rich grains. These sediments appear to have experienced diagenetic modification in the presence of a fluctuating water table(3-5). In addition to the extensive secondary aqueous alteration, the primary grains themselves probably derive from earlier playa evaporites(1,2,4). Little is known, however, about the hydrologic processes responsible for this environmental history - particularly how such extensive evaporite deposits formed in the absence of a topographic basin. Here we investigate the origin of these deposits, in the context of the global hydrology of early Mars, using numerical simulations, and demonstrate that Meridiani is one of the few regions of currently exposed ancient crust predicted to have experienced significant groundwater upwelling and evaporation. The global groundwater flow would have been driven primarily by precipitation-induced recharge and evaporative loss, with the formation of the Tharsis volcanic rise possibly playing a role through the burial of aquifers and induced global deformation. These results suggest that the deposits formed as a result of sustained groundwater upwelling and evaporation, rather than ponding within an enclosed basin. The evaporite formation coincided with a transition to more arid conditions(6) that increased the relative impact of a deep-seated, global-scale hydrology on the surface evolution.
C1 Washington Univ, McDonnell Ctr Space Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Andrews-Hanna, JC (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM jhanna@mit.edu
NR 30
TC 217
Z9 253
U1 4
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7132
BP 163
EP 166
DI 10.1038/nature05594
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 143JS
UT WOS:000244718100035
PM 17344848
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Olesen, C
   Picard, M
   Winther, AML
   Gyrup, C
   Morth, JP
   Oxvig, C
   Moller, JV
   Nissen, P
AF Olesen, Claus
   Picard, Martin
   Winther, Anne-Marie Lund
   Gyrup, Claus
   Morth, J. Preben
   Oxvig, Claus
   Moller, Jesper Vuust
   Nissen, Poul
TI The structural basis of calcium transport by the calcium pump
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sarcoplasmic-reticulum ca2+-atpase; phosphoenzyme intermediate; reconstituted proteoliposm; crystal-structures; a-domain; binding; protein; atpase; na+,k+-atpase; hydrolysis
AB The sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, a P-type ATPase, has a critical role in muscle function and metabolism. Here we present functional studies and three new crystal structures of the rabbit skeletal muscle Ca2+-ATPase, representing the phosphoenzyme intermediates associated with Ca2+ binding, Ca2+ translocation and dephosphorylation, that are based on complexes with a functional ATP analogue, beryllium fluoride and aluminium fluoride, respectively. The structures complete the cycle of nucleotide binding and cation transport of Ca2+-ATPase. Phosphorylation of the enzyme triggers the onset of a conformational change that leads to the opening of a luminal exit pathway defined by the transmembrane segments M1 through M6, which represent the canonical membrane domain of P-type pumps. Ca2+ release is promoted by translocation of the M4 helix, exposing Glu 309, Glu 771 and Asn 796 to the lumen. The mechanism explains how P-type ATPases are able to form the steep electrochemical gradients required for key functions in eukaryotic cells.
C1 Danish Natl Res Fdn, Ctr Membrane Pumps Cells & Dis PUMPKIN, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Aarhus Univ, Inst Physiol & Biophys, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Aarhus Univ, Dept Mol Biol, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
C3 Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Aarhus University; Aarhus University
RP Nissen, P (corresponding author), Danish Natl Res Fdn, Ctr Membrane Pumps Cells & Dis PUMPKIN, Ole Worms Alle,Blg 1185, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
EM jvm@biophys.au.dk; pn@mb.au.dk
NR 63
TC 384
Z9 442
U1 1
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1036
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature06418
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900077
PM 18075584
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sriver, RL
   Huber, M
AF Sriver, Ryan L.
   Huber, Matthew
TI Observational evidence for an ocean heat pump induced by tropical cyclones
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID meridional overturning circulation; internal waves; world ocean; hurricane; water; transport; pacific; climate; energy; layer
AB Ocean mixing affects global climate and the marine biosphere because it is linked to the ocean's ability to store and transport heat(1) and nutrients(2). Observations have constrained the magnitude of upper ocean mixing associated with certain processes(3,4), but mixing rates measured directly(3,5) are significantly lower than those inferred from budget analyses(6), suggesting that other processes may play an important role. The winds associated with tropical cyclones are known to lead to localized mixing of the upper ocean(7-9), but the hypothesis that tropical cyclones are important mixing agents at the global scale(10) has not been tested. Here we calculate the effect of tropical cyclones on surface ocean temperatures by comparing surface temperatures before and after storm passage, and use these results to calculate the vertical mixing induced by tropical cyclone activity. Our results indicate that tropical cyclones are responsible for significant cooling and vertical mixing of the surface ocean in tropical regions. Assuming that all the heat that is mixed downwards is balanced by heat transport towards the poles, we calculate that approximately 15 per cent of peak ocean heat transport may be associated with the vertical mixing induced by tropical cyclones. Furthermore, our analyses show that the magnitude of this mixing is strongly related to sea surface temperature, indicating that future changes in tropical sea surface temperatures may have significant effects on ocean circulation and ocean heat transport that are not currently accounted for in climate models.
C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
   Purdue Univ, Purdue Climate Change Res Ctr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
C3 Purdue University System; Purdue University; Purdue University System; Purdue University
RP Huber, M (corresponding author), Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
EM huberm@purdue.edu
NR 30
TC 233
Z9 267
U1 1
U2 88
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7144
BP 577
EP 580
DI 10.1038/nature05785
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 172YZ
UT WOS:000246842000045
PM 17538617
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ricci-Vitiani, L
   Lombardi, DG
   Pilozzi, E
   Biffoni, M
   Todaro, M
   Peschle, C
   De Maria, R
AF Ricci-Vitiani, Lucia
   Lombardi, Dario G.
   Pilozzi, Emanuela
   Biffoni, Mauro
   Todaro, Matilde
   Peschle, Cesare
   De Maria, Ruggero
TI Identification and expansion of human colon-cancer-initiating cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem-cells; carcinoembryonic antigen; expression; mutations; leukemia; tumors
AB Colon carcinoma is the second most common cause of death from cancer(1). The isolation and characterization of tumorigenic colon cancer cells may help to devise novel diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Although there is increasing evidence that a rare population of undifferentiated cells is responsible for tumour formation and maintenance(2-4), this has not been explored for colorectal cancer. Here, we show that tumorigenic cells in colon cancer are included in the high-density CD133(+) population, which accounts for about 2.5% of the tumour cells. Subcutaneous injection of colon cancer CD133(+) cells readily reproduced the original tumour in immunodeficient mice, whereas CD133(-) cells did not form tumours. Such tumours were serially transplanted for several generations, in each of which we observed progressively faster tumour growth without significant phenotypic alterations. Unlike CD133(-) cells, CD133(+) colon cancer cells grew exponentially for more than one year in vitro as undifferentiated tumour spheres in serum-free medium, maintaining the ability to engraft and reproduce the same morphological and antigenic pattern of the original tumour. We conclude that colorectal cancer is created and propagated by a small number of undifferentiated tumorigenic CD133(+) cells, which should therefore be the target of future therapies.
C1 Ist Super Sanita, Dept Hematol & Oncol, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
   Mediterranean Inst Oncol, I-95029 Catania, Italy.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Sant Andrea Hosp, Dept Lab Med & Pathol, I-00189 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Palermo, Dept Surg & Oncol Sci, I-90127 Palermo, Italy.
C3 Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS); Mediterranean Institute of Oncology; Sapienza University Rome; Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea; University of Palermo
RP De Maria, R (corresponding author), Ist Super Sanita, Dept Hematol & Oncol, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
EM rdemaria@tin.it
NR 22
TC 3370
Z9 3945
U1 4
U2 343
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7123
BP 111
EP 115
DI 10.1038/nature05384
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122KG
UT WOS:000243225100046
PM 17122771
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bottke, WF
   Vokrouhlicky, D
   Nesvorny, D
AF Bottke, William F.
   Vokrouhlicky, David
   Nesvorny, David
TI An asteroid breakup 160 Myr ago as the probable source of the K/T impactor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID near-earth objects; distributions; population; disruption; meteorites; family; belt; ages
AB The terrestrial and lunar cratering rate is often assumed to have been nearly constant over the past 3Gyr. Different lines of evidence, however, suggest that the impact flux from kilometre-sized bodies increased by at least a factor of two over the long-term average during the past similar to,100 Myr. Here we argue that this apparent surge was triggered by the catastrophic disruption of the parent body of the asteroid Baptistina, which we infer was a similar to 170-km-diameter body ( carbonaceous-chondrite-like) that broke up 160(-20)(+30) Myr ago in the inner main asteroid belt. Fragments produced by the collision were slowly delivered by dynamical processes to orbits where they could strike the terrestrial planets. We find that this asteroid shower is the most likely source (. 90 per cent probability) of the Chicxulub impactor that produced the Cretaceous/Tertiary ( K/T) mass extinction event 65 Myr ago.
C1 SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   Charles Univ Prague, Inst Astron, CR-18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
C3 Charles University Prague
RP Bottke, WF (corresponding author), SW Res Inst, 1050 Walnut St,Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
EM bottke@boulder.swri.edu
NR 50
TC 154
Z9 171
U1 2
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7158
BP 48
EP 53
DI 10.1038/nature06070
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207ED
UT WOS:000249233500033
PM 17805288
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Came, RE
   Eiler, JM
   Veizer, J
   Azmy, K
   Brand, U
   Weidman, CR
AF Came, Rosemarie E.
   Eiler, John M.
   Veizer, Ján
   Azmy, Karem
   Brand, Uwe
   Weidman, Christopher R.
TI Coupling of surface temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the Palaeozoic era
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon isotopic composition; phanerozoic time; stable-isotopes; coeval seawater; revised model; oxygen; brachiopods; climate; calcite; paleothermometer
AB Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations seem to have been several times modern levels during much of the Palaeozoic era (543-248 million years ago), but decreased during the Carboniferous period to concentrations similar to that of today(1-3). Given that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, it has been proposed that surface temperatures were significantly higher during the earlier portions of the Palaeozoic era(1). A reconstruction of tropical sea surface temperatures based on the delta O-18 of carbonate fossils indicates, however, that the magnitude of temperature variability throughout this period was small(4), suggesting that global climate may be independent of variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Here we present estimates of sea surface temperatures that were obtained from fossil brachiopod and mollusc shells using the 'carbonate clumped isotope' method(5)-an approach that, unlike the delta O-18 method, does not require independent estimates of the isotopic composition of the Palaeozoic ocean. Our results indicate that tropical sea surface temperatures were significantly higher than today during the Early Silurian period (443-423 Myr ago), when carbon dioxide concentrations are thought to have been relatively high, and were broadly similar to today during the Late Carboniferous period (314-300 Myr ago), when carbon dioxide concentrations are thought to have been similar to the present-day value. Our results are consistent with the proposal that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations drive or amplify increased global temperatures(1,6).
C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Ottawa, Ottawa Carleton Geosci Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
   Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Earth Sci, St John, NF A1B 3X5, Canada.
   Brock Univ, Dept Earth Sci, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
   Waquoit Bay Natl Estuarine Res Reserve, Waquoit, MA 02536 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University of Ottawa; Memorial University Newfoundland; Brock University
RP Came, RE (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM rcame@gps.caltech.edu
NR 37
TC 237
Z9 304
U1 2
U2 165
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7159
BP 198
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature06085
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 209NF
UT WOS:000249394500045
PM 17851520
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hsu, YC
   Chern, JJ
   Cai, Y
   Liu, MY
   Choi, KW
AF Hsu, Ya-Chieh
   Chern, Joshua J.
   Cai, Yi
   Liu, Mingyao
   Choi, Kwang-Wook
TI Drosophila TCTP is essential for growth and proliferation through regulation of dRheb GTPase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID controlled tumor protein; cell-growth; direct target; rheb gtpase; activation; exchange; homolog; tsc1; size
AB Cellular growth and proliferation are coordinated during organogenesis. Misregulation of these processes leads to pathological conditions such as cancer. Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is a benign tumour syndrome caused by mutations in either TSC1 or TSC2 tumour suppressor genes. Studies in Drosophila and other organisms have identified TSC signalling as a conserved pathway for growth control. Activation of the TSC pathway is mediated by Rheb (Ras homologue enriched in brain), a Ras superfamily GTPase(1,2). Rheb is a direct target of TSC2 and is negatively regulated by its GTPase-activating protein activity(3-5). However, molecules required for positive regulation of Rheb have not been identified. Here we show that a conserved protein, translationally controlled tumour protein ( TCTP), is an essential new component of the TSC - Rheb pathway. Reducing Drosophila TCTP (dTCTP) levels reduces cell size, cell number and organ size, which mimics Drosophila Rheb (dRheb) mutant phenotypes. dTCTP is genetically epistatic to Tsc1 and dRheb, but acts upstream of dS6k, a downstream target of dRheb. dTCTP directly associates with dRheb and displays guanine nucleotide exchange activity with it in vivo and in vitro. Human TCTP (hTCTP) shows similar biochemical properties compared to dTCTP and can rescue dTCTP mutant phenotypes, suggesting that the function of TCTP in the TSC pathway is evolutionarily conserved. Our studies identify TCTP as a direct regulator of Rheb and a potential therapeutic target for TSC disease.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Program Dev Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ Syst Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biosci & Technol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Texas A&M Health Science Center
RP Choi, KW (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Program Dev Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM kchoi@bcm.tmc.edu
NR 30
TC 253
Z9 297
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7129
BP 785
EP 788
DI 10.1038/nature05528
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136EK
UT WOS:000244205200049
PM 17301792
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kwok, T
   Zabler, D
   Urman, S
   Rohde, M
   Hartig, R
   Wessler, S
   Misselwitz, R
   Berger, J
   Sewald, N
   König, W
   Backert, S
AF Kwok, Terry
   Zabler, Dana
   Urman, Sylwia
   Rohde, Manfred
   Hartig, Roland
   Wessler, Silja
   Misselwitz, Rolf
   Berger, Juergen
   Sewald, Norbert
   Koenig, Wolfgang
   Backert, Steffen
TI Helicobacter exploits integrin for type IV secretion and kinase activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gastric epithelial-cells; pylori caga protein; bacterial pathogenesis; fibronectin; receptors; binding; adhesin; systems; src
AB Integrins are important mammalian receptors involved in normal cellular functions as well as pathogenesis of chronic inflammation and cancer. We propose that integrins are exploited by the gastric pathogen and type-1 carcinogen Helicobacter pylori for injection of the bacterial oncoprotein cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) into gastric epithelial cells. Virulent H. pylori express a type-IV secretion pilus that injects CagA into the host cell; CagA then becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated by Src family kinases. However, the identity of the host cell receptor involved in this process has remained unknown. Here we show that the H. pylori CagL protein is a specialized adhesin that is targeted to the pilus surface, where it binds to and activates integrin alpha(5)beta(1) receptor on gastric epithelial cells through an arginine-glycine-aspartate motif. This interaction triggers CagA delivery into target cells as well as activation of focal adhesion kinase and Src. Our findings provide insights into the role of integrins in H.-pylori-induced pathogenesis. CagL may be exploited as a new molecular tool for our further understanding of integrin signalling.
C1 Otto Von Guericke Univ, Dept Med Microbiol, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
   Otto Von Guericke Univ, Dept Immunol, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
   Univ Bielefeld, Dept Chem Organ & Bioorgan Chem, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
   Helmholtz Ctr Infect Res, Dept Microbial Pathogenesis, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
   Paul Ehrlich Inst, D-63225 Langen, Germany.
   Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, D-13125 Berlin, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Dev Biol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Otto von Guericke University; Otto von Guericke University; University of Bielefeld; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research; Paul Ehrlich Institute; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine; Max Planck Society
RP Backert, S (corresponding author), Otto Von Guericke Univ, Dept Med Microbiol, Leipziger Str 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
EM Steffen.Backert@med.ovgu.de
NR 24
TC 511
Z9 578
U1 3
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 862
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature06187
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600037
PM 17943123
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fischer, A
   Sananbenesi, F
   Wang, XY
   Dobbin, M
   Tsai, LH
AF Fischer, Andre
   Sananbenesi, Farahnaz
   Wang, Xinyu
   Dobbin, Matthew
   Tsai, Li-Huei
TI Recovery of learning and memory is associated with chromatin remodelling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID environmental enrichment; mouse model; plasticity; acetylation; expression; disease; roles; cdk5; mice; p25
AB Neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system are often associated with impaired learning and memory, eventually leading to dementia. An important aspect in pre-clinical research is the exploration of strategies to re-establish learning ability and access to long-term memories. By using a mouse model that allows temporally and spatially restricted induction of neuronal loss, we show here that environmental enrichment reinstated learning behaviour and re-established access to long-term memories after significant brain atrophy and neuronal loss had already occurred. Environmental enrichment correlated with chromatin modifications ( increased histone-tail acetylation). Moreover, increased histone acetylation by inhibitors of histone deacetylases induced sprouting of dendrites, an increased number of synapses, and reinstated learning behaviour and access to long-term memories. These data suggest that inhibition of histone deacetylases might be a suitable therapeutic avenue for neurodegenerative diseases associated with learning and memory impairment, and raises the possibility of recovery of long-term memories in patients with dementia.
C1 MIT, Picower Inst Learning & Memory, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Riken MIT Neurosci Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; RIKEN
RP Tsai, LH (corresponding author), MIT, Picower Inst Learning & Memory, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Vassar St,Bldg 46, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM andre.fischer@mpi-mail.mpg.de; lhtsai@mit.edu
NR 29
TC 965
Z9 1159
U1 0
U2 118
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7141
BP 178
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature05772
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 165WT
UT WOS:000246338700036
PM 17468743
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, WS
   Vishik, IM
   Tanaka, K
   Lu, DH
   Sasagawa, T
   Nagaosa, N
   Devereaux, TP
   Hussain, Z
   Shen, ZX
AF Lee, W. S.
   Vishik, I. M.
   Tanaka, K.
   Lu, D. H.
   Sasagawa, T.
   Nagaosa, N.
   Devereaux, T. P.
   Hussain, Z.
   Shen, Z.-X.
TI Abrupt onset of a second energy gap at the superconducting transition of underdoped Bi2212
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductors; pseudogap; bi2sr2cacu2o8+delta; spectroscopy; dependence; state
AB The superconducting gap-an energy scale tied to the superconducting phenomena-opens on the Fermi surface at the superconducting transition temperature (T-c) in conventional BCS superconductors. In underdoped high-T-c superconducting copper oxides, a pseudogap (whose relation to the superconducting gap remains a mystery) develops well above T-c (refs 1, 2). Whether the pseudogap is a distinct phenomenon or the incoherent continuation of the superconducting gap above T-c is one of the central questions in high-T-c research(3-8). Although some experimental evidence suggests that the two gaps are distinct(9-18), this issue is still under intense debate. A crucial piece of evidence to firmly establish this two-gap picture is still missing: a direct and unambiguous observation of a single-particle gap tied to the superconducting transition as function of temperature. Here we report the discovery of such an energy gap in underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta in the momentum space region overlooked in previous measurements. Near the diagonal of Cu-O bond direction (nodal direction), we found a gap that opens at T-c and has a canonical (BCS-like) temperature dependence accompanied by the appearance of the so-called Bogoliubov quasi-particles, a classical signature of superconductivity. This is in sharp contrast to the pseudogap near the Cu-O bond direction (antinodal region) measured in earlier experiments(19-21).
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Tokyo; University of Waterloo
RP Shen, ZX (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM leews@stanford.edu; zxshen@stanford.edu
NR 28
TC 342
Z9 379
U1 2
U2 108
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 81
EP 84
DI 10.1038/nature06219
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800040
PM 17972881
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hennessy, K
   Badolato, A
   Winger, M
   Gerace, D
   Atatüre, M
   Gulde, S
   Fält, S
   Hu, EL
   Imamoglu, A
AF Hennessy, K.
   Badolato, A.
   Winger, M.
   Gerace, D.
   Atatuere, M.
   Gulde, S.
   Faelt, S.
   Hu, E. L.
   Imamoglu, A.
TI Quantum nature of a strongly coupled single quantum dot-cavity system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrodynamics; photons; regime; atoms
AB Cavity quantum electrodynamics ( QED) studies the interaction between a quantum emitter and a single radiation-field mode. When an atom is strongly coupled to a cavity mode 1,2, it is possible to realize important quantum information processing tasks, such as controlled coherent coupling and entanglement of distinguishable quantum systems. Realizing these tasks in the solid state is clearly desirable, and coupling semiconductor self-assembled quantum dots to monolithic optical cavities is a promising route to this end. However, validating the efficacy of quantum dots in quantum information applications requires confirmation of the quantum nature of the quantum-dot-cavity system in the strong-coupling regime. Here we find such confirmation by observing quantum correlations in photoluminescence from a photonic crystal nanocavity(3-5) interacting with one, and only one, quantum dot located precisely at the cavity electric field maximum. When off-resonance, photon emission from the cavity mode and quantum-dot excitons is anticorrelated at the level of single quanta, proving that the mode is driven solely by the quantum dot despite an energy mismatch between cavity and excitons. When tuned to resonance, the exciton and cavity enter the strong-coupling regime of cavity QED and the quantum-dot exciton lifetime reduces by a factor of 145. The generated photon stream becomes antibunched, proving that the strongly coupled exciton/photon system is in the quantum regime. Our observations unequivocally show that quantum information tasks are achievable in solid-state cavity QED.
C1 ETH, Inst Quantum Elect, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Calif NanoSyst Inst, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Imamoglu, A (corresponding author), ETH, Inst Quantum Elect, HPT G10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM imamoglu@phys.ethz.ch
NR 24
TC 1607
Z9 1790
U1 4
U2 507
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7130
BP 896
EP 899
DI 10.1038/nature05586
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 138CR
UT WOS:000244341200044
PM 17259971
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yeh, BJ
   Rutigliano, RJ
   Deb, A
   Bar-Sagi, D
   Lim, WA
AF Yeh, Brian J.
   Rutigliano, Robert J.
   Deb, Anrica
   Bar-Sagi, Dafna
   Lim, Wendell A.
TI Rewiring cellular morphology pathways with synthetic guanine nucleotide exchange factors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rho gtpases; protein-kinase; n-wasp; domains; activation; mechanisms; circuits; signals; complex; cascade
AB Eukaryotic cells mobilize the actin cytoskeleton to generate a remarkable diversity of morphological behaviours, including motility, phagocytosis and cytokinesis. Much of this diversity is mediated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors ( GEFs) that activate Rho family GTPases - the master regulators of the actin cytoskeleton(1-3). There are over 80 Rho GEFs in the human genome ( compared to only 22 genes for the Rho GTPases themselves), and the evolution of new and diverse GEFs is thought to provide a mechanism for linking the core cytoskeletal machinery to a wide range of new control inputs. Here we test this hypothesis and ask if we can systematically reprogramme cellular morphology by engineering synthetic GEF proteins. We focused on Dbl family Rho GEFs, which have a highly modular structure common to many signalling proteins(4,5): they contain a catalytic Dbl homology (DH) domain linked to diverse regulatory domains, many of which autoinhibit GEF activity(2,3). Here we show that by recombining catalytic GEF domains with new regulatory modules, we can generate synthetic GEFs that are activated by non-native inputs. We have used these synthetic GEFs to reprogramme cellular behaviour in diverse ways. The GEFs can be used to link specific cytoskeletal responses to normally unrelated upstream signalling pathways. In addition, multiple synthetic GEFs can be linked as components in series to form an artificial cascade with improved signal processing behaviour. These results show the high degree of evolutionary plasticity of this important family of modular signalling proteins, and indicate that it may be possible to use synthetic biology approaches to manipulate the complex spatio-temporal control of cell morphology.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Cell Propuls Lab, UCSF UCB NIH Nanomed Dev Ctr, San Francisco, CA USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Chem & Chem Biol Grad Program, San Francisco, CA USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; New York University
RP Bar-Sagi, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA USA.
EM dafna.bar-sagi@med.nyu.edu; lim@cmp.ucsf.edu
NR 30
TC 99
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7144
BP 596
EP 600
DI 10.1038/nature05851
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 172YZ
UT WOS:000246842000050
PM 17515921
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dyer, LA
   Singer, MS
   Lill, JT
   Stireman, JO
   Gentry, GL
   Marquis, RJ
   Ricklefs, RE
   Greeney, HF
   Wagner, DL
   Morais, HC
   Diniz, IR
   Kursar, TA
   Coley, PD
AF Dyer, L. A.
   Singer, M. S.
   Lill, J. T.
   Stireman, J. O.
   Gentry, G. L.
   Marquis, R. J.
   Ricklefs, R. E.
   Greeney, H. F.
   Wagner, D. L.
   Morais, H. C.
   Diniz, I. R.
   Kursar, T. A.
   Coley, P. D.
TI Host specificity of Lepidoptera in tropical and temperate forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diversity; plant; defenses; insects
AB For numerous taxa, species richness is much higher in tropical than in temperate zone habitats(1). A major challenge in community ecology and evolutionary biogeography is to reveal the mechanisms underlying these differences. For herbivorous insects, one such mechanism leading to an increased number of species in a given locale could be increased ecological specialization, resulting in a greater proportion of insect species occupying narrow niches within a community. We tested this hypothesis by comparing host specialization in larval Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) at eight different New World forest sites ranging in latitude from 15 degrees S to 55 degrees N. Here we show that larval diets of tropical Lepidoptera are more specialized than those of their temperate forest counterparts: tropical species on average feed on fewer plant species, genera and families than do temperate caterpillars. This result holds true whether calculated per lepidopteran family or for a caterpillar assemblage as a whole. As a result, there is greater turnover in caterpillar species composition (greater beta diversity) between tree species in tropical faunas than in temperate faunas. We suggest that greater specialization in tropical faunas is the result of differences in trophic interactions; for example, there are more distinct plant secondary chemical profiles from one tree species to the next in tropical forests than in temperate forests as well as more diverse and chronic pressures from natural enemy communities.
C1 Tulane Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA.
   Wesleyan Univ, Dept Biol, Middletown, CT 06459 USA.
   George Washington Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
   Wright State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Dayton, OH 45435 USA.
   Univ Missouri, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63121 USA.
   Yanayacu Biol Stn, Quito, Ecuador.
   Ctr Creat Studies, Quito, Ecuador.
C3 Tulane University; Wesleyan University; George Washington University; University System of Ohio; Wright State University Dayton; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Saint Louis; Yanayacu Biological Station
RP Dyer, LA (corresponding author), Tulane Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA.
EM ldyer@tulane.edu
FU Direct For Biological Sciences; Division Of Environmental Biology [0849361] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
NR 35
TC 420
Z9 496
U1 7
U2 237
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7154
BP 696
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature05884
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 197ZY
UT WOS:000248598000045
PM 17687325
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hollenstein, K
   Frei, DC
   Locher, KP
AF Hollenstein, Kaspar
   Frei, Dominik C.
   Locher, Kaspar P.
TI Structure of an ABC transporter in complex with its binding protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atp-binding; azotobacter-vinelandii; cassette transporter; molybdate transport; maltose transport; crystal-structure; escherichia-coli; p-glycoprotein; mechanism; hydrolysis
AB ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins carry diverse substrates across cell membranes(1). Whereas clinically relevant ABC exporters are implicated in various diseases or cause multidrug resistance of cancer cells(2,3), bacterial ABC importers are essential for the uptake of nutrients(4), including rare elements such as molybdenum. A detailed understanding of their mechanisms requires direct visualization at high resolution and in distinct conformations. Our recent structure of the multidrug ABC exporter Sav1866 has revealed an outward-facing conformation of the transmembrane domains coupled to a closed conformation of the nucleotide-binding domains, reflecting the ATP-bound state(5). Here we present the 3.1 angstrom crystal structure of a putative molybdate transporter (ModB(2)C(2)) from Archaeoglobus fulgidus in complex with its binding protein ( ModA). Twelve transmembrane helices of the ModB subunits provide an inward-facing conformation, with a closed gate near the external membrane boundary. The ATP-hydrolysing ModC subunits reveal a nucleotide-free, open conformation, whereas the attached binding protein aligns the substrate-binding cleft with the entrance to the presumed translocation pathway. Structural comparison of ModB(2)C(2)A with Sav1866 suggests a common alternating access and release mechanism, with binding of ATP promoting an outward-facing conformation and dissociation of the hydrolysis products promoting an inward-facing conformation.
C1 ETH, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Locher, KP (corresponding author), ETH, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM kaspar.locher@mol.biol.ethz.ch
NR 30
TC 429
Z9 542
U1 0
U2 101
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7132
BP 213
EP 216
DI 10.1038/nature05626
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 143JS
UT WOS:000244718100046
PM 17322901
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Partin, JW
   Cobb, KM
   Adkins, JF
   Clark, B
   Fernandez, DP
AF Partin, Judson W.
   Cobb, Kim M.
   Adkins, Jess F.
   Clark, Brian
   Fernandez, Diego P.
TI Millennial-scale trends in west Pacific warm pool hydrology since the Last Glacial Maximum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intertropical convergence zone; sea-surface temperature; isotopic composition; climate; atlantic; holocene; deglaciation; circulation; greenland; china
AB Models and palaeoclimate data suggest that the tropical Pacific climate system plays a key part in the mechanisms underlying orbital-scale and abrupt climate change(1-7). Atmospheric convection over the western tropical Pacific is a major source of heat and moisture to extratropical regions, and may therefore influence the global climate response to a variety of forcing factors. The response of tropical Pacific convection to changes in global climate boundary conditions, abrupt climate changes and radiative forcing remains uncertain, however. Here we present three absolutely dated oxygen isotope records from stalagmites in northern Borneo that reflect changes in west Pacific warm pool hydrology over the past 27,000 years. Our results suggest that convection over the western tropical Pacific weakened 18,000 20,000 years ago, as tropical Pacific(2,5,6,8) and Antarctic(9) temperatures began to rise during the early stages of deglaciation. Convective activity, as inferred from oxygen isotopes, reached a minimum during Heinrich event 1 (ref. 10), when the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation was weak(11), pointing to feed-backs between the strength of the overturning circulation and tropical Pacific hydrology. There is no evidence of the Younger Dryas event(12) in the stalagmite records, however, suggesting that different mechanisms operated during these two abrupt deglacial climate events. During the Holocene epoch, convective activity appears to track changes in spring and autumn insolation, highlighting the sensitivity of tropical Pacific convection to external radiative forcing. Together, these findings demonstrate that the tropical Pacific hydrological cycle is sensitive to high-latitude climate processes in both hemispheres, as well as to external radiative forcing, and that it may have a central role in abrupt climate change events.
C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Gunung Mulu Natl Pk, Sarawak, Malaysia.
C3 University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology
RP Partin, JW (corresponding author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
EM jpartin@eas.gatech.edu
NR 35
TC 334
Z9 407
U1 0
U2 171
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7161
BP 452
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature06164
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214GQ
UT WOS:000249724800038
PM 17898765
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kéfi, S
   Rietkerk, M
   Alados, CL
   Pueyo, Y
   Papanastasis, VP
   ElAich, A
   de Ruiter, PC
AF Kéfi, Sonia
   Rietkerk, Max
   Alados, Concepción L.
   Pueyo, Yolanda
   Papanastasis, Vasilios P.
   ElAich, Ahmed
   de Ruiter, Peter C.
TI Spatial vegetation patterns and imminent desertification in Mediterranean arid ecosystems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-organized patchiness; catastrophic shifts; global desertification; facilitation; criticality; disturbance; competition; signatures; dynamics; systems
AB Humans and climate affect ecosystems and their services(1), which may involve continuous and discontinuous transitions from one stable state to another(2). Discontinuous transitions are abrupt, irreversible and among the most catastrophic changes of ecosystems identified(1). For terrestrial ecosystems, it has been hypothesized that vegetation patchiness could be used as a signature of imminent transitions(3,4). Here, we analyse how vegetation patchiness changes in arid ecosystems with different grazing pressures, using both field data and a modelling approach. In the modelling approach, we extrapolated our analysis to even higher grazing pressures to investigate the vegetation patchiness when desertification is imminent. In three arid Mediterranean ecosystems in Spain, Greece and Morocco, we found that the patch-size distribution of the vegetation follows a power law. Using a stochastic cellular automaton model, we show that local positive interactions among plants can explain such power-law distributions. Furthermore, with increasing grazing pressure, the field data revealed consistent deviations from power laws. Increased grazing pressure leads to similar deviations in the model. When grazing was further increased in the model, we found that these deviations always and only occurred close to transition to desert, independent of the type of transition, and regardless of the vegetation cover. Therefore, we propose that patch-size distributions may be a warning signal for the onset of desertification.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Copernicus Inst, Dept Environm Sci, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Pyrenean Inst Ecol, Zaragoza 50192, Spain.
   Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Lab Rangeland Ecol, Thessaloniki 54006, Greece.
   Inst Agron & Vet Hassan II, Dept Anim Prod, Rabat, Morocco.
   Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Soil Ctr, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands.
C3 Utrecht University; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia (IPE); Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Wageningen University & Research
RP Kéfi, S (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Copernicus Inst, Dept Environm Sci, POB 80115, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM kefi@geo.uu.nl
NR 30
TC 835
Z9 948
U1 13
U2 612
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7159
BP 213
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature06111
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 209NF
UT WOS:000249394500049
PM 17851524
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amunts, A
   Drory, O
   Nelson, N
AF Amunts, Alexey
   Drory, Omri
   Nelson, Nathan
TI The structure of a plant photosystem I supercomplex at 3.4 Å resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-harvesting-complex; state transitions; arabidopsis-thaliana; transfer dynamics; electron-transfer; crystal-structure; 14 kda; psi-g; subunit; evolution
AB All higher organisms on Earth receive energy directly or indirectly from oxygenic photosynthesis performed by plants, green algae and cyanobacteria. Photosystem I ( PSI) is a supercomplex of a reaction centre and light-harvesting complexes. It generates the most negative redox potential in nature, and thus largely determines the global amount of enthalpy in living systems. We report the structure of plant PSI at 3.4 angstrom resolution, revealing 17 protein subunits. PsaN was identified in the luminal side of the supercomplex, and most of the amino acids in the reaction centre were traced. The crystal structure of PSI provides a picture at near atomic detail of 11 out of 12 protein subunits of the reaction centre. At this level, 168 chlorophylls ( 65 assigned with orientations for Q(x) and Q(y) transition dipole moments), 2 phylloquinones, 3 Fe4S4 clusters and 5 carotenoids are described. This structural information extends the understanding of the most efficient nano-photochemical machine in nature.
C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Biochem, George S Wise Fac Life Sci, Daniella Rich Inst Struct Biol, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
C3 Tel Aviv University
RP Nelson, N (corresponding author), Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Biochem, George S Wise Fac Life Sci, Daniella Rich Inst Struct Biol, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
EM nelson@post.tau.ac.il
NR 49
TC 400
Z9 478
U1 4
U2 164
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7140
BP 58
EP 63
DI 10.1038/nature05687
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 163GY
UT WOS:000246149300042
PM 17476261
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takaoka, A
   Wang, Z
   Choi, MK
   Yanai, H
   Negishi, H
   Ban, T
   Lu, Y
   Miyagishi, M
   Kodama, T
   Honda, K
   Ohba, Y
   Taniguchi, T
AF Takaoka, Akinori
   Wang, ZhiChao
   Choi, Myoung Kwon
   Yanai, Hideyuki
   Negishi, Hideo
   Ban, Tatsuma
   Lu, Yan
   Miyagishi, Makoto
   Kodama, Tatsuhiko
   Honda, Kenya
   Ohba, Yusuke
   Taniguchi, Tadatsugu
TI DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) is a cytosolic DNA sensor and an activator of innate immune response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toll-like receptors; pattern-recognition receptors; double-stranded-rna; rig-i; antiviral responses; gene induction; human zbp1; localization; virus; domains
AB Central to innate immunity is the sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by cytosolic and membrane-associated receptors(1-4). In particular, DNA is a potent activator of immune responses during infection or tissue damage(5-7), and evidence indicates that, in addition to the membrane-associated Toll-like receptor 9, an unidentified cytosolic DNA sensor(s) can activate type I interferon (IFN) and other immune responses(8-10). Here we report on a candidate DNA sensor, previously named DLM-1 ( also called Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1))(11), for which biological function had remained unknown; we now propose the alternative name DAI (DNA-dependent activator of IFN-regulatory factors(12)). The artificial expression of otherwise IFN-inducible DAI (DLM-1/ ZBP1) in mouse fibroblasts selectively enhances the DNA-mediated induction of type I IFN and other genes involved in innate immunity. On the other hand, RNA interference of messenger RNA for DAI (DLM-1/ ZBP1) in cells inhibits this gene induction programme upon stimulation by DNA from various sources. Moreover, DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) binds to double-stranded DNA and, by doing so, enhances its association with the IRF3 transcription factor and the TBK1 serine/threonine kinase. These observations underscore an integral role of DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) in the DNA-mediated activation of innate immune responses, and may offer new insight into the signalling mechanisms underlying DNA- associated antimicrobial immunity and autoimmune disorders.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Immunol, Grad Sch Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept 21st Century,Ctr Excellence Program, Grad Sch Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Hokkaido Univ, Div Signaling Canc & Immunol, Inst Med Genet, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600815, Japan.
   Hokkaido Univ, Dept Lab Med, Grad Sch Med, Kita Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600815, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Mol Biol & Med, Res Ctr Adv Sci & Technol, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538904, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Hokkaido University; Hokkaido University; University of Tokyo
RP Taniguchi, T (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Immunol, Grad Sch Med, Bunkyo Ku, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM tada@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 1400
Z9 1726
U1 4
U2 175
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7152
BP 501
EP U14
DI 10.1038/nature06013
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 193VG
UT WOS:000248302700053
PM 17618271
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Levy, S
   Lahoud, E
   Shomroni, I
   Steinhauer, J
AF Levy, S.
   Lahoud, E.
   Shomroni, I.
   Steinhauer, J.
TI The a.c. and d.c. Josephson effects in a Bose-Einstein condensate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum interference; relative phase; double-well; oscillations
AB The alternating- and direct-current (a.c. and d.c.) Josephson effects were first discovered in a system of two superconductors, the macroscopic wavefunctions of which are weakly coupled via a tunnelling barrier(1,2). In the a.c. Josephson effect(1-7), a constant chemical potential difference (voltage) is applied, which causes an oscillating current to flow through the barrier. Because the frequency is proportional to the chemical potential difference only, the a.c. Josephson effect serves as a voltage standard(2). In the d.c. Josephson effect, a small constant current is applied, resulting in a constant supercurrent flowing through the barrier(4,5,8). In a sense, the particles do not 'feel' the presence of the tall tunnelling barrier, and flow freely through it with no driving potential. Bose-Einstein condensates should also support Josephson effects(9); however, while plasma oscillations have been seen(10) in a single Bose-Einstein condensate Josephson junction, the a.c. Josephson effect remains elusive. Here we observe the a.c. and d.c. Josephson effects in a single Bose-Einstein condensate Josephson junction. The d.c. Josephson effect has been observed previously only in superconducting systems(11); in our study, it is evident when we measure the chemical potential-current relation of the Bose-Einstein condensate Josephson junction(4,11). Our system constitutes a trapped-atom interferometer(12,13) with continuous readout(14), which operates on the basis of the a.c. Josephson effect. In addition, the measured chemical potential-current relation shows that the device is suitable for use as an analogue of the superconducting quantum interference device, which would sense rotation(2,15).
C1 Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
C3 Technion Israel Institute of Technology
RP Steinhauer, J (corresponding author), Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
EM jeffs@physics.technion.ac.il
NR 32
TC 482
Z9 512
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7162
BP 579
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature06186
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 216QG
UT WOS:000249893500040
PM 17914391
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Livet, J
   Weissman, TA
   Kang, HN
   Draft, RW
   Lu, J
   Bennis, RA
   Sanes, JR
   Lichtman, JW
AF Livet, Jean
   Weissman, Tamily A.
   Kang, Hyuno
   Draft, Ryan W.
   Lu, Ju
   Bennis, Robyn A.
   Sanes, Joshua R.
   Lichtman, Jeff W.
TI Transgenic strategies for combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins in the nervous system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cre recombinase; synaptic competition; monomeric red; in-vivo; cells; mice; neurons; chromosm; astrocytes; microscopy
AB Detailed analysis of neuronal network architecture requires the development of new methods. Here we present strategies to visualize synaptic circuits by genetically labelling neurons with multiple, distinct colours. In Brainbow transgenes, Cre/lox recombination is used to create a stochastic choice of expression between three or more fluorescent proteins (XFPs). Integration of tandem Brainbow copies in transgenic mice yielded combinatorial XFP expression, and thus many colours, thereby providing a way to distinguish adjacent neurons and visualize other cellular interactions. As a demonstration, we reconstructed hundreds of neighbouring axons and multiple synaptic contacts in one small volume of a cerebellar lobe exhibiting approximately 90 colours. The expression in some lines also allowed us to map glial territories and follow glial cells and neurons over time in vivo. The ability of the Brainbow system to label uniquely many individual cells within a population may facilitate the analysis of neuronal circuitry on a large scale.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Ctr Brain Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Lichtman, JW (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM jeff@mcb.harvard.edu
NR 41
TC 1432
Z9 1783
U1 5
U2 387
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 56
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06293
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800035
PM 17972876
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ploegh, HL
AF Ploegh, Hidde L.
TI A lipid-based model for the creation of an escape hatch from the endoplasmic reticulum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID i membrane-protein; cross-presentation; retro-translocation; droplets; degradation; dislocation; mechanisms; proteasome; transport; initiate
AB Lipids are not encoded by a DNA template and therefore cannot be mutated, knocked out or knocked down. This by no means renders them impotent from a cell biological perspective. Here I propose a model for the involvement of lipid rearrangements in the execution of crucial steps in ( glyco) protein quality control.
C1 MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
RP Ploegh, HL (corresponding author), MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM ploegh@wi.mit.edu
NR 45
TC 235
Z9 281
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7152
BP 435
EP 438
DI 10.1038/nature06004
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 193VG
UT WOS:000248302700039
PM 17653186
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mayer, L
   Kazantzidis, S
   Mastropietro, C
   Wadsley, J
AF Mayer, L.
   Kazantzidis, S.
   Mastropietro, C.
   Wadsley, J.
TI Early gas stripping as the origin of the darkest galaxies in the Universe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dwarf galaxy; ursa-minor; matter; mass; substructure; kinematics; abundance; profiles; clusters; draco
AB The known galaxies most dominated by dark matter ( Draco, Ursa Minor and Andromeda IX) are satellites of the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxies(1-4). They are members of a class of faint galaxies, devoid of gas, known as dwarf spheroidals(3-5), and have by far the highest ratio of dark to luminous matter(3,6). None of the models proposed to unravel their origin(7-10) can simultaneously explain their exceptional dark matter content and their proximity to a much larger galaxy. Here we report simulations showing that the progenitors of these galaxies were probably gas-dominated dwarf galaxies that became satellites of a larger galaxy earlier than the other dwarf spheroidals. We find that a combination of tidal shocks and ram pressure swept away the entire gas content of such progenitors about ten billion years ago because heating by the cosmic ultraviolet background kept the gas loosely bound: a tiny stellar component embedded in a relatively massive dark halo survived until today. All luminous galaxies should be surrounded by a few extremely dark-matter-dominated dwarf spheroidal satellites, and these should have the shortest orbital periods among dwarf spheroidals because they were accreted early.
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Theoret Phys, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   ETH, Inst Astron, Dept Phys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94309 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Sternwarte, D-81679 Munich, Germany.
   McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
C3 University of Zurich; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Stanford University; University of Chicago; University of Munich; McMaster University
RP Mayer, L (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Theoret Phys, Winterthurestr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM lucio@phys.ethz.ch; stelios@kicp.uchicago.edu
NR 29
TC 120
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7129
BP 738
EP 740
DI 10.1038/nature05552
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136EK
UT WOS:000244205200038
PM 17301786
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kelemen, PB
   Hirth, G
AF Kelemen, Peter B.
   Hirth, Greg
TI A periodic shear-heating mechanism for intermediate-depth earthquakes in the mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID grain-size; deformation; peridotite; zones; instability; focus; localization; dehydration; flow
AB Intermediate-depth earthquakes(1), at depths of 50 - 300 km in subduction zones, occur below the brittle - ductile transition, where high pressures render frictional failure unlikely. Their location approximately coincides with 600 to 800 degrees C isotherms in thermal models(2), suggesting a thermally activated mechanism for their origin. Some earthquakes may occur by frictional failure owing to high pore pressure that might result from metamorphic dehydration(2-5). Because some intermediate-depth earthquakes occur similar to 30 to 50 km below the palaeo-sea floor(6), however, the hydrous minerals required for the dehydration mechanism may not be present. Here we present an alternative mechanism to explain such earthquakes, involving the onset of highly localized viscous creep in pre-existing, fine-grained shear zones. Our numerical model uses olivine flow laws for a fine-grained, viscous shear zone in a coarse-grained, elastic half space, with initial temperatures from 600 - 800 degrees C and background strain rates of 10(-12) to 10(-15) s(-1). When shear heating becomes important, strain rate and temperature increase rapidly to over 1 s(-1) and 1,400 degrees C. The stress then drops dramatically, followed by low strain rates and cooling. Continued far-field deformation produces a quasi-periodic series of such instabilities.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Kelemen, PB (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
EM peterk@ldeo.columbia.edu
FU Directorate For Geosciences; Division Of Earth Sciences [0814513] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
NR 30
TC 264
Z9 301
U1 1
U2 65
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7137
BP 787
EP 790
DI 10.1038/nature05717
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 156CX
UT WOS:000245626800038
PM 17429398
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alabi, AA
   Bahamonde, MI
   Jung, HJ
   Kim, JI
   Swartz, KJ
AF Alabi, AbdulRasheed A.
   Bahamonde, Maria Isabel
   Jung, Hoi Jong
   Kim, Jae Il
   Swartz, Kenton J.
TI Portability of paddle motif function and pharmacology in voltage sensors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent k+ channel; gated ion channels; potassium channel; gating-charge; toxin receptor; lipid-membrane; kvap; hanatoxin; modifier; inhibitor
AB Voltage-sensing domains enable membrane proteins to sense and react to changes in membrane voltage. Although identifiable S1-S4 voltage-sensing domains are found in an array of conventional ion channels and in other membrane proteins that lack pore domains, the extent to which their voltage-sensing mechanisms are conserved is unknown. Here we show that the voltage-sensor paddle, a motif composed of S3b and S4 helices, can drive channel opening with membrane depolarization when transplanted from an archaebacterial voltage-activated potassium channel (KvAP) or voltage-sensing domain proteins (Hv1 and Ci-VSP) into eukaryotic voltage-activated potassium channels. Tarantula toxins that partition into membranes can interact with these paddle motifs at the protein-lipid interface and similarly perturb voltage-sensor activation in both ion channels and proteins with a voltage-sensing domain. Our results show that paddle motifs are modular, that their functions are conserved in voltage sensors, and that they move in the relatively unconstrained environment of the lipid membrane. The widespread targeting of voltage-sensor paddles by toxins demonstrates that this modular structural motif is an important pharmacological target.
C1 NINDS, Mol Physiol & Biophys Sect, Porter Neurosci Res Ctr, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Life Sci, Kwangju 500712, South Korea.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST)
RP Swartz, KJ (corresponding author), NINDS, Mol Physiol & Biophys Sect, Porter Neurosci Res Ctr, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM swartzk@ninds.nih.gov
FU Intramural NIH HHS [ZIA NS002945] Funding Source: Medline
NR 49
TC 193
Z9 231
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 370
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06266
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600044
PM 18004375
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beck, M
   Lucic, V
   Förster, F
   Baumeister, W
   Medalia, O
AF Beck, Martin
   Lucic, Vladan
   Foerster, Friedrich
   Baumeister, Wolfgang
   Medalia, Ohad
TI Snapshots of nuclear pore complexes in action captured by cryo-electron tomography
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein import; nucleocytoplasmic transport; systems-analysis; visualization; nucleoporins; architecture; repeats; binding; beta
AB Nuclear pore complexes reside in the nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells and mediate the nucleocytoplasmic exchange of macromolecules(1). Traffic is regulated by mobile transport receptors that target their cargo to the central translocation channel, where phenylalanine-glycine-rich repeats serve as binding sites(2). The structural analysis of the nuclear pore is a formidable challenge given its size, its location in a membranous environment and its dynamic nature. Here we have used cryo-electron tomography(3) to study the structure of nuclear pore complexes in their functional environment, that is, in intact nuclei of Dictyostelium discoideum. A new image-processing strategy compensating for deviations of the asymmetric units (protomers) from a perfect eight-fold symmetry enabled us to refine the structure and to identify new features. Furthermore, the superposition of a large number of tomograms taken in the presence of cargo, which was rendered visible by gold nanoparticles, has yielded a map outlining the trajectories of import cargo. Finally, we have performed single-molecule Monte Carlo simulations of nuclear import to interpret the experimentally observed cargo distribution in the light of existing models for nuclear import.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Baumeister, W (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
EM baumeist@biochem.mpg.de; omedalia@bgu.ac.il
NR 30
TC 284
Z9 320
U1 2
U2 75
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7162
BP 611
EP 615
DI 10.1038/nature06170
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 216QG
UT WOS:000249893500048
PM 17851530
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pancost, RD
   Steart, DS
   Handley, L
   Collinson, ME
   Hooker, JJ
   Scott, AC
   Grassineau, NV
   Glasspool, IJ
AF Pancost, Richard D.
   Steart, David S.
   Handley, Luke
   Collinson, Margaret E.
   Hooker, Jerry J.
   Scott, Andrew C.
   Grassineau, Nathalie V.
   Glasspool, Ian J.
TI Increased terrestrial methane cycling at the Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID boundary; wetlands; ocean; basin
AB The Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), a period of intense, global warming about 55 million years ago(1), has been attributed to a rapid rise in greenhouse gas levels, with dissociation of methane hydrates being the most commonly invoked explanation(2). It has been suggested previously that high-latitude methane emissions from terrestrial environments could have enhanced the warming effect(3,4), but direct evidence for an increased methane flux from wetlands is lacking. The Cobham Lignite, a recently characterized expanded lacustrine/mire deposit in England, spans the onset of the PETM5 and therefore provides an opportunity to examine the biogeochemical response of wet-land-type ecosystems at that time. Here we report the occurrence of hopanoids, biomarkers derived from bacteria, in the mire sediments from Cobham. We measure a decrease in the carbon isotope values of the hopanoids at the onset of the PETM interval, which suggests an increase in the methanotroph population. We propose that this reflects an increase in methane production potentially driven by changes to a warmer(1,6) and wetter climate(7,8). Our data suggest that the release of methane from the terrestrial biosphere increased and possibly acted as a positive feedback mechanism to global warming.
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Organ Geochem Unit, Bristol Biogeochem Res Ctr, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England.
   Univ London, Royal Holloway & Bedford New Coll, Dept Geol, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
   Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, London SW7 5BD, England.
   Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Geol, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
C3 University of Bristol; University of London; Royal Holloway University London; Natural History Museum London; Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago)
RP Pancost, RD (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Organ Geochem Unit, Bristol Biogeochem Res Ctr, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England.
EM r.d.pancost@bristol.ac.uk
NR 35
TC 93
Z9 106
U1 3
U2 86
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7160
BP 332
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06012
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 211XP
UT WOS:000249557300043
PM 17882218
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chow, CY
   Zhang, YL
   Dowling, JJ
   Jin, N
   Adamska, M
   Shiga, K
   Szigeti, K
   Shy, ME
   Li, J
   Zhang, XB
   Lupski, JR
   Weisman, LS
   Meisler, MH
AF Chow, Clement Y.
   Zhang, Yanling
   Dowling, James J.
   Jin, Natsuko
   Adamska, Maja
   Shiga, Kensuke
   Szigeti, Kinga
   Shy, Michael E.
   Li, Jun
   Zhang, Xuebao
   Lupski, James R.
   Weisman, Lois S.
   Meisler, Miriam H.
TI Mutation of FIG4 causes neurodegeneration in the pale tremor mouse and patients with CMT4J
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID charcot-marie-tooth; phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate; myotubularin family; membrane dynamics; sodium-channel; phosphatase; disease; neuropathy; protein; gene
AB Membrane-bound phosphoinositides are signalling molecules that have a key role in vesicle trafficking in eukaryotic cells(1). Proteins that bind specific phosphoinositides mediate interactions between membrane-bounded compartments whose identity is partially encoded by cytoplasmic phospholipid tags. Little is known about the localization and regulation of mammalian phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate ( PtdIns( 3,5)P-2), a phospholipid present in small quantities that regulates membrane trafficking in the endosome - lysosome axis in yeast(2). Here we describe a multi-organ disorder with neuronal degeneration in the central nervous system, peripheral neuronopathy and diluted pigmentation in the 'pale tremor' mouse. Positional cloning identified insertion of ETn2 beta ( early transposon 2 beta)(3) into intron 18 of Fig4 (A530089I17Rik), the homologue of a yeast SAC ( suppressor of actin) domain PtdIns(3,5) P-2 5-phosphatase located in the vacuolar membrane. The abnormal concentration of PtdIns( 3,5) P2 in cultured fibroblasts from pale tremor mice demonstrates the conserved biochemical function of mammalian Fig4. The cytoplasm of fibroblasts from pale tremor mice is filled with large vacuoles that are immunoreactive for LAMP-2 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2), consistent with dysfunction of the late endosome - lysosome axis. Neonatal neurodegeneration in sensory and autonomic ganglia is followed by loss of neurons from layers four and five of the cortex, deep cerebellar nuclei and other localized brain regions. The sciatic nerve exhibits reduced numbers of large-diameter myelinated axons, slowed nerve conduction velocity and reduced amplitude of compound muscle action potentials. We identified pathogenic mutations of human FIG4 (KIAA0274) on chromosome 6q21 in four unrelated patients with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. This novel form of autosomal recessive Charcot - Marie - Tooth disorder is designated CMT4J.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Human Genet, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Inst Life Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Cellular & Dev Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Neurol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA.
   John D Dingle VA Med Ctr, Detroit, MI 48201 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College Medical Hospital; Wayne State University
RP Meisler, MH (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Human Genet, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM meislerm@umich.edu
FU National Institute of General Medical Sciences [R01GM024872, T32GM007544] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM024872, T32 GM007544] Funding Source: Medline; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS064015] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 412
Z9 497
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7149
BP 68
EP 72
DI 10.1038/nature05876
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185OS
UT WOS:000247720900039
PM 17572665
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Egli, D
   Rosains, J
   Birkhoff, G
   Eggan, K
AF Egli, Dieter
   Rosains, Jacqueline
   Birkhoff, Garrett
   Eggan, Kevin
TI Developmental reprogramming after chromosome transfer into mitotic mouse zygotes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; adult somatic-cells; nuclear transfer; enucleated zygotes; human oocytes; mice; transplantation; cloning; fetal; differentiation
AB Until now, animal cloning and the production of embryonic stem cell lines by somatic cell nuclear transfer have relied on introducing nuclei into meiotic oocytes. In contrast, attempts at somatic cell nuclear transfer into fertilized interphase zygotes have failed. As a result, it has generally been assumed that unfertilized human oocytes will be required for the generation of tailored human embryonic stem cell lines from patients by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Here we report, however, that, unlike interphase zygotes, mouse zygotes temporarily arrested in mitosis can support somatic cell reprogramming, the production of embryonic stem cell lines and the full-term development of cloned animals. Thus, human zygotes and perhaps human embryonic blastomeres may be useful supplements to human oocytes for the creation of patient-derived human embryonic stem cells.
C1 Harvard Univ, Stowers Med Inst, Harvard Stem Cell Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Stowers Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Stowers Institute for Medical Research; Harvard University; Harvard University; Stowers Institute for Medical Research
RP Eggan, K (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Stowers Med Inst, Harvard Stem Cell Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM eggan@mcb.harvard.edu
NR 53
TC 224
Z9 273
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 7
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7145
BP 679
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature05879
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 175RI
UT WOS:000247030700036
PM 17554301
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rubinstein, JL
   Vidale, JE
   Gomberg, J
   Bodin, P
   Creager, KC
   Malone, SD
AF Rubinstein, Justin L.
   Vidale, John E.
   Gomberg, Joan
   Bodin, Paul
   Creager, Kenneth C.
   Malone, Stephen D.
TI Non-volcanic tremor driven by large transient shear stresses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cascadia subduction zone; low-frequency tremors; southwest japan; northern cascadia; episodic tremor; earthquakes; slip; denali
AB Non-impulsive seismic radiation or 'tremor' has long been observed at volcanoes(1) and more recently around subduction zones(2). Although the number of observations of non-volcanic tremor is steadily increasing, the causative mechanism remains unclear. Some have attributed non-volcanic tremor to the movement of fluids(2-6), while its coincidence with geodetically observed slow-slip events at regular intervals(7,8) has led others to consider slip on the plate interface as its cause(7-14). Low-frequency earthquakes in Japan, which are believed to make up at least part of non-volcanic tremor(9), have focal mechanisms(10) and locations(11) that are consistent with tremor being generated by shear slip on the subduction interface. In Cascadia, however, tremor locations appear to be more distributed in depth than in Japan(3,4), making them harder to reconcile with a plate interface shear-slip model. Here we identify bursts of tremor that radiated from the Cascadia subduction zone near Vancouver Island, Canada, during the strongest shaking from the moment magnitude M-w=7.8, 2002 Denali, Alaska, earthquake. Tremor occurs when the Love wave displacements are to the southwest (the direction of plate convergence of the overriding plate), implying that the Love waves trigger the tremor. We show that these displacements correspond to shear stresses of approximately 40 kPa on the plate interface, which suggests that the effective stress on the plate interface is very low. These observations indicate that tremor and possibly slow slip can be instantaneously induced by shear stress increases on the subduction interface-effectively a frictional failure response to the driving stress.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Rubinstein, JL (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM justin@ess.washington.edu
NR 26
TC 203
Z9 241
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7153
BP 579
EP 582
DI 10.1038/nature06017
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 195XV
UT WOS:000248446700040
PM 17671500
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Green, JE
   Choi, JW
   Boukai, A
   Bunimovich, Y
   Johnston-Halperin, E
   DeIonno, E
   Luo, Y
   Sheriff, BA
   Xu, K
   Shin, YS
   Tseng, HR
   Stoddart, JF
   Heath, JR
AF Green, Jonathan E.
   Choi, Jang Wook
   Boukai, Akram
   Bunimovich, Yuri
   Johnston-Halperin, Ezekiel
   DeIonno, Erica
   Luo, Yi
   Sheriff, Bonnie A.
   Xu, Ke
   Shin, Young Shik
   Tseng, Hsian-Rong
   Stoddart, J. Fraser
   Heath, James R.
TI A 160-kilobit molecular electronic memory patterned at 1011 bits per square centimetre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID one-dimensional nanostructures; carbon nanotube; nanoimprint lithography; half-pitch; circuits; architecture; fabrication; transistors; junctions; networks
AB The primary metric for gauging progress in the various semiconductor integrated circuit technologies is the spacing, or pitch, between the most closely spaced wires within a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) circuit(1). Modern DRAM circuits have 140 nm pitch wires and a memory cell size of 0.0408 mu m(2). Improving integrated circuit technology will require that these dimensions decrease over time. However, at present a large fraction of the patterning and materials requirements that we expect to need for the construction of new integrated circuit technologies in 2013 have 'no known solution'(1). Promising ingredients for advances in integrated circuit technology are nanowires(2), molecular electronics(3) and defect-tolerant architectures(4), as demonstrated by reports of single devices(5-7) and small circuits(8,9). Methods of extending these approaches to large-scale, high-density circuitry are largely undeveloped. Here we describe a 160,000-bit molecular electronic memory circuit, fabricated at a density of 10(11) bits cm(-2) ( pitch 33 nm; memory cell size 0.0011 mu m(2)), that is, roughly analogous to the dimensions of a DRAM circuit(1) projected to be available by 2020. A monolayer of bistable, [ 2] rotaxane molecules(10) served as the data storage elements. Although the circuit has large numbers of defects, those defects could be readily identified through electronic testing and isolated using software coding. The working bits were then configured to form a fully functional random access memory circuit for storing and retrieving information.
C1 CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Kavli Nanosci Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Calif Nanosyst Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Heath, JR (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM heath@caltech.edu
NR 29
TC 1079
Z9 1224
U1 3
U2 365
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7126
BP 414
EP 417
DI 10.1038/nature05462
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 128WD
UT WOS:000243689500036
PM 17251976
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vecchi, GA
   Soden, BJ
AF Vecchi, Gabriel A.
   Soden, Brian J.
TI Effect of remote sea surface temperature change on tropical cyclone potential intensity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atlantic hurricane activity; frequency variability; model; sensitivity; rainfall; increase; maximum; impact
AB The response of tropical cyclone activity to global warming is widely debated(1-10). It is often assumed that warmer sea surface temperatures provide a more favourable environment for the development and intensification of tropical cyclones, but cyclone genesis and intensity are also affected by the vertical thermodynamic properties of the atmosphere(1,10-13). Here we use climate models and observational reconstructions to explore the relationship between changes in sea surface temperature and tropical cyclone 'potential intensity' - a measure that provides an upper bound on cyclone intensity(10-14) and can also reflect the likelihood of cyclone development(15,16). We find that changes in local sea surface temperature are inadequate for characterizing even the sign of changes in potential intensity, but that long- term changes in potential intensity are closely related to the regional structure of warming; regions that warm more than the tropical average are characterized by increased potential intensity, and vice versa. We use this relationship to reconstruct changes in potential intensity over the twentieth century from observational reconstructions of sea surface temperature. We find that, even though tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures are currently at a historical high, Atlantic potential intensity probably peaked in the 1930s and 1950s, and recent values are near the historical average. Our results indicate that - per unit local sea surface temperature change - the response of tropical cyclone activity to natural climate variations, which tend to involve localized changes in sea surface temperature, may be larger than the response to the more uniform patterns of greenhouse- gas- induced warming.
C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
   Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Miami
RP Vecchi, GA (corresponding author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
EM Gabriel.A.Vecchi@noaa.gov
NR 32
TC 405
Z9 452
U1 4
U2 138
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1066
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature06423
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900083
PM 18075590
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmid, EM
   McMahon, HT
AF Schmid, Eva M.
   McMahon, Harvey T.
TI Integrating molecular and network biology to decode endocytosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mediated endocytosis; clathrin; dynamin; proteins; actin; coat; topology; hub
AB The strength of network biology lies in its ability to derive cell biological information without a priori mechanistic or molecular knowledge. It is shown here how a careful understanding of a given biological pathway can refine an interactome approach. This permits the elucidation of additional design principles and of spatio-temporal dynamics behind pathways, and aids in experimental design and interpretation.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP McMahon, HT (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England.
EM hmm@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
FU MRC [MC_U105178795] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U105178795] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [MC_U105178795] Funding Source: Medline
NR 42
TC 274
Z9 343
U1 1
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7156
BP 883
EP 888
DI 10.1038/nature06031
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202OM
UT WOS:000248912900038
PM 17713526
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nijnik, A
   Woodbine, L
   Marchetti, C
   Dawson, S
   Lambe, T
   Liu, C
   Rodrigues, NP
   Crockford, TL
   Cabuy, E
   Vindigni, A
   Enver, T
   Bell, JI
   Slijepcevic, P
   Goodnow, CC
   Jeggo, PA
   Cornall, RJ
AF Nijnik, Anastasia
   Woodbine, Lisa
   Marchetti, Caterina
   Dawson, Sara
   Lambe, Teresa
   Liu, Cong
   Rodrigues, Neil P.
   Crockford, Tanya L.
   Cabuy, Erik
   Vindigni, Alessandro
   Enver, Tariq
   Bell, John I.
   Slijepcevic, Predrag
   Goodnow, Christopher C.
   Jeggo, Penelope A.
   Cornall, Richard J.
TI DNA repair is limiting for haematopoietic stem cells during ageing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strand break repair; ligase-iv; combined immunodeficiency; mutations; telomere; identification; lethality; mechanism; apoptosis; complex
AB Accumulation of DNA damage leading to adult stem cell exhaustion has been proposed to be a principal mechanism of ageing. Here we address this question by taking advantage of the highly specific role of DNA ligase IV in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by non-homologous end-joining, and by the discovery of a unique mouse strain with a hypomorphic Lig4(Y288C) mutation. The Lig4(Y288C) mouse, identified by means of a mutagenesis screening programme, is a mouse model for human LIG4 syndrome, showing immunodeficiency and growth retardation. Diminished DNA double-strand break repair in the Lig4(Y288C) strain causes a progressive loss of haematopoietic stem cells and bone marrow cellularity during ageing, and severely impairs stem cell function in tissue culture and transplantation. The sensitivity of haematopoietic stem cells to non-homologous end-joining deficiency is therefore a key determinant of their ability to maintain themselves against physiological stress over time and to withstand culture and transplantation.
C1 Univ Sussex, Genome Damage & Stabil Ctr, Brighton BN1 9RQ, E Sussex, England.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
   Int Ctr Genet Engn & Biotechnol, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
   Australian Natl Univ, Australia & Australian Phenom Facil, Australian Canc Res Fdn Genet Lab, John Curtin Sch Med Res, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Univ Oxford, Weatherall Inst Mol Med, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
   Brunel Univ, Brunel Inst Canc Genet & Pharmacogenom, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, Middx, England.
C3 University of Sussex; University of Oxford; International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB); Australian National University; John Curtin School of Medical Research; University of Oxford; Brunel University
RP Jeggo, PA (corresponding author), Univ Sussex, Genome Damage & Stabil Ctr, Brighton BN1 9RQ, E Sussex, England.
EM p.a.jeggo@sussex.ac.uk; richard.cornall@ndm.ox.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G0500897, MC_U137973817, MC_U137884178] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline; MRC [MC_U137884178, MC_U137973817, G0500897] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0300662B, MC_U137973817, MC_U137884178, G0500897] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 42
TC 441
Z9 510
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 7
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7145
BP 686
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature05875
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 175RI
UT WOS:000247030700037
PM 17554302
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Engelbrecht, BMJ
   Comita, LS
   Condit, R
   Kursar, TA
   Tyree, MT
   Turner, BL
   Hubbell, SP
AF Engelbrecht, Bettina M. J.
   Comita, Liza S.
   Condit, Richard
   Kursar, Thomas A.
   Tyree, Melvin T.
   Turner, Benjamin L.
   Hubbell, Stephen P.
TI Drought sensitivity shapes species distribution patterns in tropical forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rain-forest; floristic composition; habitat associations; neotropical forest; climatic gradient; moist forest; diversity; seedlings; trees; tolerance
AB Although patterns of tree species distributions along environmental gradients have been amply documented in tropical forests(1-7), mechanisms causing these patterns are seldom known. Efforts to evaluate proposed mechanisms have been hampered by a lack of comparative data on species' reactions to relevant axes of environmental variation(1). Here we show that differential drought sensitivity shapes plant distributions in tropical forests at both regional and local scales. Our analyses are based on experimental field assessments of drought sensitivity of 48 species of trees and shrubs, and on their local and regional distributions within a network of 122 inventory sites spanning a rainfall gradient across the Isthmus of Panama. Our results suggest that niche differentiation with respect to soil water availability is a direct determinant of both local- and regional-scale distributions of tropical trees. Changes in soil moisture availability caused by global climate change and forest fragmentation are therefore likely to alter tropical species distributions, community composition and diversity.
C1 Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa 03092, Panama.
   Univ Kaiserslautern, Dept Plant Ecol & Systemat, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
   Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   US Forest Serv, USDA, Burlington, VT 05402 USA.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Renewable Resources, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; RPTU University Kaiserslautern; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service; University of Alberta
RP Engelbrecht, BMJ (corresponding author), Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Apartado 0843, Balboa 03092, Panama.
EM engelbrb@si.edu
NR 30
TC 860
Z9 1024
U1 6
U2 605
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7140
BP 80
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature05747
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 163GY
UT WOS:000246149300047
PM 17476266
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baran, PS
   Maimone, TJ
   Richter, JM
AF Baran, Phil S.
   Maimone, Thomas J.
   Richter, Jeremy M.
TI Total synthesis of marine natural products without using protecting groups
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID enantioselective synthesis; hapalosiphon-fontinalis; carbonyl-compounds; organic-synthesis; alkaloids; hapalindoles; palladium; indoles; cyclization; discovery
AB The field of organic synthesis has made phenomenal advances in the past fifty years, yet chemists still struggle to design synthetic routes that will enable them to obtain sufficient quantities of complex molecules for biological and medical studies. Total synthesis is therefore increasingly focused on preparing natural products in the most efficient manner possible. Here we describe the preparative-scale, enantioselective, total syntheses of members of the hapalindole, fischerindole, welwitindolinone and ambiguine families, each constructed without the need for protecting groups - the use of such groups adds considerably to the cost and complexity of syntheses. As a consequence, molecules that have previously required twenty or more steps to synthesize racemically in milligram amounts can now be obtained as single enantiomers in significant quantities in ten steps or less. Through the extension of the general principles demonstrated here, it should be possible to access other complex molecular architectures without using protecting groups.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute
RP Baran, PS (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM pbaran@scripps.edu
NR 48
TC 422
Z9 496
U1 3
U2 293
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7134
BP 404
EP 408
DI 10.1038/nature05569
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 148MO
UT WOS:000245079500032
PM 17377577
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meyer, JR
   Kassen, R
AF Meyer, Justin R.
   Kassen, Rees
TI The effects of competition and predation on diversification in a model adaptive radiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID promotes divergence; evolution; diversity; prey
AB Much of life's diversity is thought to have arisen through successive rounds of adaptive radiation - the rapid diversification of a lineage into a range of ecologically and phenotypically distinct species(1-3). Both resource competition and predation have been suggested as mechanisms driving this process(4,5), although the former is better studied than the latter(6,7). Here we show experimentally how predation by a protist, Tetrahymena thermophila, affects diversification in a model adaptive radiation of the bacterial prey, Pseudomonas fluorescens. We estimate the frequency-dependent fitness functions of competing niche-specialist prey in the presence and absence of predation, and use these to test hypotheses about the extent ( measured as the number of new genotypes) and rate of diversification. Competition and predation independently generated diversifying selection that we show is capable of driving prey diversification to similar extents but at different rates, diversification being markedly delayed in the presence of predators. The cause of this delay stems from weaker diversifying selection due to the reduction in prey density caused by predation. Our results suggest that predation may play an under-appreciated role in driving adaptive radiations.
C1 Univ Ottawa, Dept Biol, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
   Univ Ottawa, Ctr Adv Res Environm Genom, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
C3 University of Ottawa; University of Ottawa
RP Meyer, JR (corresponding author), Univ Ottawa, Dept Biol, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
EM justin.raymond.meyer@gmail.com
NR 30
TC 173
Z9 196
U1 1
U2 116
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7134
BP 432
EP 435
DI 10.1038/nature05599
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 148MO
UT WOS:000245079500038
PM 17377581
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, DE
   Rymer, MJ
AF Moore, Diane E.
   Rymer, Michael J.
TI Talc-bearing serpentinite and the creeping section of the San Andreas fault
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2004 parkfield; heat-flow; california; stress; system; slip; earthquake; behavior; state; zone
AB The section of the San Andreas fault located between Cholame Valley and San Juan Bautista in central California creeps at a rate as high as 28 mm yr(-1) ( ref. 1), and it is also the segment that yields the best evidence for being a weak fault embedded in a strong crust(2-5). Serpentinized ultramafic rocks have been associated with creeping faults in central and northern California(6-8), and serpentinite is commonly invoked as the cause of the creep and the low strength of this section of the San Andreas fault. However, the frictional strengths of serpentine minerals are too high to satisfy the limitations on fault strength, and these minerals also have the potential for unstable slip under some conditions(9,10). Here we report the discovery of talc in cuttings of serpentinite collected from the probable active trace of the San Andreas fault that was intersected during drilling of the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth ( SAFOD) main hole in 2005. We infer that the talc is forming as a result of the reaction of serpentine minerals with silica- saturated hydrothermal fluids that migrate up the fault zone, and the talc commonly occurs in sheared serpentinite. This discovery is significant, as the frictional strength of talc at elevated temperatures is sufficiently low to meet the constraints on the shear strength of the fault, and its inherently stable sliding behaviour is consistent with fault creep(11). Talc may therefore provide the connection between serpentinite and creep in the San Andreas fault, if shear at depth can become localized along a talc- rich principal- slip surface within serpentinite entrained in the fault zone.
C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Moore, DE (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
EM dmoore@usgs.gov
NR 28
TC 384
Z9 449
U1 2
U2 87
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7155
BP 795
EP 797
DI 10.1038/nature06064
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200HJ
UT WOS:000248754200037
PM 17700697
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schwab, JM
   Chiang, N
   Arita, M
   Serhan, CN
AF Schwab, Jan M.
   Chiang, Nan
   Arita, Makoto
   Serhan, Charles N.
TI Resolvin E1 and protectin D1 activate inflammation-resolution programmes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antiinflammatory property; docosahexaenoic acid; apoptotic leukocytes; phagocytosis; macrophages; cells; cyclooxygenase; docosatrienes
AB Resolution of acute inflammation is an active process essential for appropriate host responses, tissue protection and the return to homeostasis(1-3). During resolution, specific omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty-acid-derived mediators are generated within resolving exudates, including resolvin E1 (RvE1)(4) and protectin D1 (PD1)(5). It is thus important to pinpoint specific actions of RvE1 and PD1 in regulating tissue resolution. Here we report that RvE1 and PD1 in nanogram quantities promote phagocyte removal during acute inflammation by regulating leukocyte infiltration, increasing macrophage ingestion of apoptotic polymorphonuclear neutrophils in vivo and in vitro, and enhancing the appearance of phagocytes carrying engulfed zymosan in lymph nodes and spleen. In this tissue terrain, inhibition of either cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenases - pivotal enzymes in the temporal generation of both pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators - caused a 'resolution deficit' that was rescued by RvE1, PD1 or aspirin-triggered lipoxin A(4) analogue. Also, new resolution routes were identified that involve phagocytes traversing perinodal adipose tissues and non-apoptotic polymorphonuclear neutrophils carrying engulfed zymosan to lymph nodes. Together, these results identify new active components for postexudate resolution traffic, and demonstrate that RvE1 and PD1 are potent agonists for resolution of inflamed tissues.
C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Ctr Expt Therapeut & Reperfus Injury, Dept Anesthesiol Perioperat & Pain Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Serhan, CN (corresponding author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Ctr Expt Therapeut & Reperfus Injury, Dept Anesthesiol Perioperat & Pain Med, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM cnserhan@zeus.bwh.harvard.edu
FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P50 DE016191] Funding Source: Medline; NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK074448] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM038765, R37 GM038765] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 1005
Z9 1165
U1 2
U2 137
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7146
BP 869
EP 874
DI 10.1038/nature05877
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 178FV
UT WOS:000247207500047
PM 17568749
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Welch, EM
   Barton, ER
   Zhuo, J
   Tomizawa, Y
   Friesen, WJ
   Trifillis, P
   Paushkin, S
   Patel, M
   Trotta, CR
   Hwang, SW
   Wilde, RG
   Karp, G
   Takasugi, J
   Chen, GM
   Jones, S
   Ren, H
   Moon, YC
   Corson, D
   Turpoff, AA
   Campbell, JA
   Conn, MM
   Khan, A
   Almstead, NG
   Hedrick, J
   Mollin, A
   Risher, N
   Weetall, M
   Yeh, S
   Branstrom, AA
   Colacino, JM
   Babiak, J
   Ju, WD
   Hirawat, S
   Northcutt, VJ
   Miller, LL
   Spatrick, P
   He, F
   Kawana, M
   Feng, H
   Jacobson, A
   Peltz, SW
   Sweeney, HL
AF Welch, Ellen M.
   Barton, Elisabeth R.
   Zhuo, Jin
   Tomizawa, Yuki
   Friesen, Westley J.
   Trifillis, Panayiota
   Paushkin, Sergey
   Patel, Meenal
   Trotta, Christopher R.
   Hwang, Seongwoo
   Wilde, Richard G.
   Karp, Gary
   Takasugi, James
   Chen, Guangming
   Jones, Stephen
   Ren, Hongyu
   Moon, Young-Choon
   Corson, Donald
   Turpoff, Anthony A.
   Campbell, Jeffrey A.
   Conn, M. Morgan
   Khan, Atiyya
   Almstead, Neil G.
   Hedrick, Jean
   Mollin, Anna
   Risher, Nicole
   Weetall, Marla
   Yeh, Shirley
   Branstrom, Arthur A.
   Colacino, Joseph M.
   Babiak, John
   Ju, William D.
   Hirawat, Samit
   Northcutt, Valerie J.
   Miller, Langdon L.
   Spatrick, Phyllis
   He, Feng
   Kawana, Masataka
   Feng, Huisheng
   Jacobson, Allan
   Peltz, Stuart W.
   Sweeney, H. Lee
TI PTC124 targets genetic disorders caused by nonsense mutations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna decay; cystic-fibrosis; stop mutations; translation; termination; transcripts; suppression; efficiency; pathways; proteins
AB Nonsense mutations promote premature translational termination and cause anywhere from 5 - 70% of the individual cases of most inherited diseases(1). Studies on nonsense-mediated cystic fibrosis have indicated that boosting specific protein synthesis from < 1% to as little as 5% of normal levels may greatly reduce the severity or eliminate the principal manifestations of disease(2,3). To address the need for a drug capable of suppressing premature termination, we identified PTC124 - a new chemical entity that selectively induces ribosomal readthrough of premature but not normal termination codons. PTC124 activity, optimized using nonsense-containing reporters, promoted dystrophin production in primary muscle cells from humans and mdx mice expressing dystrophin nonsense alleles, and rescued striated muscle function in mdx mice within 2 - 8 weeks of drug exposure. PTC124 was well tolerated in animals at plasma exposures substantially in excess of those required for nonsense suppression. The selectivity of PTC124 for premature termination codons, its well characterized activity profile, oral bioavailability and pharmacological properties indicate that this drug may have broad clinical potential for the treatment of a large group of genetic disorders with limited or no therapeutic options.
C1 PTC Therapeut, South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
C3 PTC Therapeutics; University of Pennsylvania; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Peltz, SW (corresponding author), PTC Therapeut, 100 Corp Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA.
EM speltz@ptcbio.com
FU NICHD NIH HHS [R42 HD048137] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM027757, R37 GM027757] Funding Source: Medline
NR 35
TC 906
Z9 1099
U1 1
U2 89
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7140
BP 87
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature05756
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 163GY
UT WOS:000246149300049
PM 17450125
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sun, J
   Pang, ZP
   Qin, D
   Fahim, AT
   Adachi, R
   Südhof, TC
AF Sun, Jianyuan
   Pang, Zhiping P.
   Qin, Dengkui
   Fahim, Abigail T.
   Adachi, Roberto
   Suedhof, Thomas C.
TI A dual-Ca2+-sensor model for neurotransmitter release in a central synapse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID short-term depression; calcium-channel types; transmitter release; synaptotagmin-i; asynchronous release; determines fast; ca2+ channels; calyx; modulation; sensor
AB Ca2+-triggered synchronous neurotransmitter release is well described, but asynchronous release-in fact, its very existence-remains enigmatic. Here we report a quantitative description of asynchronous neurotransmitter release in calyx-of-Held synapses. We show that deletion of synaptotagmin 2 (Syt2) in mice selectively abolishes synchronous release, allowing us to study pure asynchronous release in isolation. Using photolysis experiments of caged Ca2+, we demonstrate that asynchronous release displays a Ca2+ cooperativity of similar to 2 with a Ca2+ affinity of similar to 44 mu M, in contrast to synchronous release, which exhibits a Ca2+ cooperativity of similar to 5 with a Ca2+ affinity of similar to 38 mu M. Our results reveal that release triggered in wild-type synapses at low Ca2+ concentrations is physiologically asynchronous, and that asynchronous release completely empties the readily releasable pool of vesicles during sustained elevations of Ca2+. We propose a dual-Ca2+-sensor model of release that quantitatively describes the contributions of synchronous and asynchronous release under conditions of different presynaptic Ca2+ dynamics.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Neurosci, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Pulm Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center
RP Südhof, TC (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Neurosci, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM Thomas.Sudhof@UTSouthwestern.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline
NR 43
TC 284
Z9 330
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 676
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature06308
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700046
PM 18046404
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thermann, R
   Hentze, MW
AF Thermann, Rolf
   Hentze, Matthias W.
TI Drosophila miR2 induces pseudo-polysomes and inhibits translation initiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna degradation; human-cells; caenorhabditis-elegans; protein-synthesis; microrna targets; identification; mechanism; repress; body; genes
AB MicroRNAs (miRs) inhibit protein synthesis by mechanisms that are as yet unresolved(1-11). We developed a cell-free system from Drosophila melanogaster embryos that faithfully recapitulates miR2-mediated translational control by means of the 39 untranslated region of the D. melanogaster reaper messenger RNA. Here we show that miR2 inhibits translation initiation without affecting mRNA stability. Surprisingly, miR2 induces the formation of dense ( heavier than 80S) miRNPs ('pseudo-polysomes') even when polyribosome formation and 60S ribosomal subunit joining are blocked. An mRNA bearing an ApppG instead of anm(7) GpppG cap structure escapes the miR2-mediated translational block. These results directly show the inhibition of m(7) GpppG cap-mediated translation initiation as the mechanism of miR2 function, and uncover pseudo-polysomal messenger ribonucleoprotein assemblies that may help to explain earlier findings.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Hentze, MW (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM hentze@embl.de
NR 29
TC 247
Z9 334
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7146
BP 875
EP 878
DI 10.1038/nature05878
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 178FV
UT WOS:000247207500048
PM 17507927
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ruban, AV
   Berera, R
   Ilioaia, C
   van Stokkum, IHM
   Kennis, JTM
   Pascal, AA
   van Amerongen, H
   Robert, B
   Horton, P
   van Grondelle, R
AF Ruban, Alexander V.
   Berera, Rudi
   Ilioaia, Cristian
   van Stokkum, Ivo H. M.
   Kennis, John T. M.
   Pascal, Andrew A.
   van Amerongen, Herbert
   Robert, Bruno
   Horton, Peter
   van Grondelle, Rienk
TI Identification of a mechanism of photoprotective energy dissipation in higher plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-harvesting complex; photosystem-ii; proteins; binding; photosynthesis; xanthophylls; aggregation; insights; lhcii; dynamics
AB Under conditions of excess sunlight the efficient light-harvesting antenna(1) found in the chloroplast membranes of plants is rapidly and reversibly switched into a photoprotected quenched state in which potentially harmful absorbed energy is dissipated as heat(2,3), a process measured as the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence or qE. Although the biological significance of qE is established(4-6), the molecular mechanisms involved are not(7-9). LHCII, the main light-harvesting complex, has an inbuilt capability to undergo transformation into a dissipative state by conformational change(10) and it was suggested that this provides a molecular basis for qE, but it is not known if such events occur in vivo or how energy is dissipated in this state. The transition into the dissipative state is associated with a twist in the configuration of the LHCII-bound carotenoid neoxanthin, identified using resonance Raman spectroscopy(11). Applying this technique to study isolated chloroplasts and whole leaves, we show here that the same change in neoxanthin configuration occurs in vivo, to an extent consistent with the magnitude of energy dissipation. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy(12), performed on purified LHCII in the dissipative state, shows that energy is transferred from chlorophyll a to a low-lying carotenoid excited state, identified as one of the two luteins (lutein 1) in LHCII. Hence, it is experimentally demonstrated that a change in conformation of LHCII occurs in vivo, which opens a channel for energy dissipation by transfer to a bound carotenoid. We suggest that this is the principal mechanism of photoprotection.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Queen Mary Univ London, Sch Biol & Chem Sci, London E1 4NS, England.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Sci, Dept Phys & Astron, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   CEA, Inst Biol & Technol Saclay, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   CNRS, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Biophys Lab, NL-6700 ET Wageningen, Netherlands.
C3 University of Sheffield; University of London; Queen Mary University London; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Wageningen University & Research
RP Horton, P (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
EM bruno.robert@cea.fr; p.horton@sheffield.ac.uk; rienk@few.vu.nl
NR 30
TC 796
Z9 889
U1 10
U2 378
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 575
EP U22
DI 10.1038/nature06262
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500053
PM 18033302
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loqué, D
   Lalonde, S
   Looger, LL
   von Wiren, N
   Frommer, WB
AF Loque, D.
   Lalonde, S.
   Looger, L. L.
   von Wiren, N.
   Frommer, W. B.
TI A cytosolic trans-activation domain essential for ammonium uptake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transporter amtb; plasma-membrane; autoinhibitory domain; signal-transduction; escherichia-coli; nh4+; identification; protein; expression; mechanism
AB Polytopic membrane proteins are essential for cellular uptake and release of nutrients. To prevent toxic accumulation, rapid shut-off mechanisms are required. Here we show that the soluble cytosolic carboxy terminus of an oligomeric ammonium transporter from Arabidopsis thaliana serves as an allosteric regulator essential for function; mutations in the C-terminal domain, conserved between bacteria, fungi and plants, led to loss of transport activity. When co-expressed with intact transporters, mutants inactivated functional subunits, but left their stability unaffected. Co-expression of two inactive transporters, one with a defective pore, the other with an ablated C terminus, reconstituted activity. The crystal structure of an Archaeoglobus fulgidus ammonium transporter (AMT)(1) suggests that the C terminus interacts physically with cytosolic loops of the neighbouring subunit. Phosphorylation of conserved sites in the C terminus(2) are proposed as the cognate control mechanism. Conformational coupling between monomers provides a mechanism for tight regulation, for increasing the dynamic range of sensing and memorizing prior events, and may be a general mechanism for transporter regulation.
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Hohenheim, Inst Plant Nutr, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; University Hohenheim
RP Frommer, WB (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Washington, 290 Panama St, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM wfrommer@stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 235
Z9 261
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7132
BP 195
EP 198
DI 10.1038/nature05579
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 143JS
UT WOS:000244718100042
PM 17293878
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ruby, JG
   Jan, CH
   Bartel, DP
AF Ruby, J. Graham
   Jan, Calvin H.
   Bartel, David P.
TI Intronic microRNA precursors that bypass Drosha processing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genome; rnas; maturation; sequence; gene
AB MicroRNAs ( miRNAs) are similar to 22-nucleotide endogenous RNAs that often repress the expression of complementary messenger RNAs1. In animals, miRNAs derive from characteristic hairpins in primary transcripts through two sequential RNase III-mediated cleavages; Drosha cleaves near the base of the stem to liberate a similar to 60-nucleotide pre-miRNA hairpin, then Dicer cleaves near the loop to generate a miRNA: miRNA* duplex(2,3). From that duplex, the mature miRNA is incorporated into the silencing complex. Here we identify an alternative pathway for miRNA biogenesis, in which certain debranched introns mimic the structural features of pre-miRNAs to enter the miRNA-processing pathway without Drosha-mediated cleavage. We call these pre-miRNAs/introns 'mirtrons', and have identified 14 mirtrons in Drosophila melanogaster and another four in Caenorhabditis elegans ( including the reclassification of mir-62). Some of these have been selectively maintained during evolution with patterns of sequence conservation suggesting important regulatory functions in the animal. The abundance of introns comparable in size to pre-miRNAs appears to have created a context favourable for the emergence of mirtrons in flies and nematodes. This suggests that other lineages with many similarly sized introns probably also have mirtrons, and that the mirtron pathway could have provided an early avenue for the emergence of miRNAs before the advent of Drosha.
C1 MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Bartel, DP (corresponding author), MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM dbartel@wi.mit.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM067031] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1222
Z9 1604
U1 1
U2 96
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7149
BP 83
EP 86
DI 10.1038/nature05983
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185OS
UT WOS:000247720900042
PM 17589500
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kobayakawa, K
   Kobayakawa, R
   Matsumoto, H
   Oka, Y
   Imai, T
   Ikawa, M
   Okabe, M
   Ikeda, T
   Itohara, S
   Kikusui, T
   Mori, K
   Sakano, H
AF Kobayakawa, Ko
   Kobayakawa, Reiko
   Matsumoto, Hideyuki
   Oka, Yuichiro
   Imai, Takeshi
   Ikawa, Masahito
   Okabe, Masaru
   Ikeda, Toshio
   Itohara, Shigeyoshi
   Kikusui, Takefumi
   Mori, Kensaku
   Sakano, Hitoshi
TI Innate versus learned odour processing in the mouse olfactory bulb
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID predator odor; c-elegans; expression; mice; behavior; neurons; receptors; accuracy; family; speed
AB The mammalian olfactory system mediates various responses, including aversive behaviours to spoiled foods and fear responses to predator odours. In the olfactory bulb, each glomerulus represents a single species of odorant receptor. Because a single odorant can interact with several different receptor species, the odour information received in the olfactory epithelium is converted to a topographical map of multiple glomeruli activated in distinct areas in the olfactory bulb. To study how the odour map is interpreted in the brain, we generated mutant mice in which olfactory sensory neurons in a specific area of the olfactory epithelium are ablated by targeted expression of the diphtheria toxin gene. Here we show that, in dorsal-zone-depleted mice, the dorsal domain of the olfactory bulb was devoid of glomerular structures, although second-order neurons were present in the vacant areas. The mutant mice lacked innate responses to aversive odorants, even though they were capable of detecting them and could be conditioned for aversion with the remaining glomeruli. These results indicate that, in mice, aversive information is received in the olfactory bulb by separate sets of glomeruli, those dedicated for innate and those for learned responses.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys & Biochem, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Microbial Dis Res Inst, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   RIKEN, Brain Sci Inst, Lab Behav Genet, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Lab Vet Ethol, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; University of Osaka; RIKEN; University of Tokyo
RP Sakano, H (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys & Biochem, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
EM sakano@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 44
TC 507
Z9 608
U1 3
U2 102
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 503
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature06281
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500037
PM 17989651
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lan, F
   Collins, RE
   De Cegli, R
   Alpatov, R
   Horton, JR
   Shi, XB
   Gozani, O
   Cheng, XD
   Shi, Y
AF Lan, Fei
   Collins, Robert E.
   De Cegli, Rossella
   Alpatov, Roman
   Horton, John R.
   Shi, Xiaobing
   Gozani, Or
   Cheng, Xiaodong
   Shi, Yang
TI Recognition of unmethylated histone H3 lysine 4 links BHC80 to LSD1-mediated gene repression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phd finger; molecular-basis; methylation; chromodomains; binding; dnmt3l; domain; demethylation; imprints; h3k4me3
AB Histone methylation is crucial for regulating chromatin structure, gene transcription and the epigenetic state of the cell. LSD1 is a lysine-specific histone demethylase that represses transcription by demethylating histone H3 on lysine 4 (ref. 1). The LSD1 complex contains a number of proteins, all of which have been assigned roles in events upstream of LSD1-mediated demethylation(2-4) apart from BHC80 (also known as PHF21A), a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger-containing protein. Here we report that, in contrast to the PHD fingers of the bromodomain PHD finger transcription factor (BPTF) and inhibitor of growth family 2 (ING2), which bind methylated H3K4 (H3K4me3)(5,6), the PHD finger of BHC80 binds unmethylated H3K4 (H3K4me0), and this interaction is specifically abrogated by methylation of H3K4. The crystal structure of the PHD finger of BHC80 bound to an unmodified H3 peptide has revealed the structural basis of the recognition of H3K4me0. Knockdown of BHC80 by RNA inhibition results in the de-repression of LSD1 target genes, and this repression is restored by the reintroduction of wild-type BHC80 but not by a PHD-finger mutant that cannot bind H3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that BHC80 and LSD1 depend reciprocally on one another to associate with chromatin. These findings couple the function of BHC80 to that of LSD1, and indicate that unmodified H3K4 is part of the 'histone code'(7). They further raise the possibility that the generation and recognition of the unmodified state on histone tails in general might be just as crucial as post-translational modifications of histone for chromatin and transcriptional regulation.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Naples Federico 2, Dipartimento Biochim & Biotecnol Med, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Emory University; Stanford University; University of Naples Federico II
RP Cheng, XD (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM xcheng@emory.edu; yshi@hms.harvard.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM068680] Funding Source: Medline
NR 34
TC 364
Z9 467
U1 0
U2 70
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7154
BP 718
EP U14
DI 10.1038/nature06034
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 197ZY
UT WOS:000248598000050
PM 17687328
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, WD
   Cayirlioglu, P
   Kadow, IG
   Vosshall, LB
AF Jones, Walton D.
   Cayirlioglu, Pelin
   Kadow, Ilona Grunwald
   Vosshall, Leslie B.
TI Two chemosensory receptors together mediate carbon dioxide detection in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antennal lobe; melanogaster; responses; behavior; neurons; mosquitos; sensilla; oxygen
AB Blood-feeding insects, including the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae, use highly specialized and sensitive olfactory systems to locate their hosts. This is accomplished by detecting and following plumes of volatile host emissions, which include carbon dioxide (CO2)(1). CO2 is sensed by a population of olfactory sensory neurons in the maxillary palps of mosquitoes(2,3) and in the antennae of the more genetically tractable fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster(4). The molecular identity of the chemosensory CO2 receptor, however, remains unknown. Here we report that CO2-responsive neurons in Drosophila co-express a pair of chemosensory receptors, Gr21a and Gr63a, at both larval and adult life stages. We identify mosquito homologues of Gr21a and Gr63a, GPRGR22 and GPRGR24, and show that these are co-expressed in A. gambiae maxillary palps. We show that Gr21a and Gr63a together are sufficient for olfactory CO2-chemosensation in Drosophila. Ectopic expression of Gr21a and Gr63a together confers CO2 sensitivity on CO2-insensitive olfactory neurons, but neither gustatory receptor alone has this function. Mutant flies lacking Gr63a lose both electrophysiological and behavioural responses to CO2. Knowledge of the molecular identity of the insect olfactory CO2 receptors may spur the development of novel mosquito control strategies designed to take advantage of this unique and critical olfactory pathway. This in turn could bolster the worldwide fight against malaria and other insect-borne diseases.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Neurogenet & Behav, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biol Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Vosshall, LB (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Neurogenet & Behav, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM leslie@mail.rockefeller.edu
NR 29
TC 529
Z9 659
U1 4
U2 173
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7123
BP 86
EP 90
DI 10.1038/nature05466
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122KG
UT WOS:000243225100041
PM 17167414
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Serreli, V
   Lee, CF
   Kay, ER
   Leigh, DA
AF Serreli, Viviana
   Lee, Chin-Fa
   Kay, Euan R.
   Leigh, David A.
TI A molecular information ratchet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rotaxane synthesis; brownian motors; driven; transport; equilibrium; shuttle; energy; motion; rotor
AB Motor proteins and other biological machines are highly efficient at converting energy into directed motion and driving chemical systems away from thermodynamic equilibrium(1). But even though these biological structures have inspired the design of many molecules that mimic aspects of their behaviour(2-15), artificial nanomachine systems operate almost exclusively by moving towards thermodynamic equilibrium, not away from it. Here we show that information about the location of a macrocycle in a rotaxane - a molecular ring threaded onto a molecular axle - can be used, on the input of light energy, to alter the kinetics of the shuttling of the macrocycle between two compartments on the axle. For an ensemble of such molecular machines, the macrocycle distribution is directionally driven away from its equilibrium value without ever changing the relative binding affinities of the ring for the different parts of the axle. The selective transport of particles between two compartments by brownian motion in this way bears similarities to the hypothetical task performed without an energy input by a 'demon' in Maxwell's famous thought experiment(16-19). Our observations demonstrate that synthetic molecular machines can operate by an information ratchet mechanism(20-22), in which knowledge of a particle's position is used to control its transport away from equilibrium.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Sch Chem, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP Leigh, DA (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Sch Chem, Kings Bldg,W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM David.Leigh@ed.ac.uk
FU EPSRC [EP/C54501X/1, EP/D029686/1] Funding Source: UKRI; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/C545001/1, EP/C54501X/1, EP/C526465/1, EP/D029686/1, GR/T28645/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 32
TC 556
Z9 613
U1 5
U2 202
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7127
BP 523
EP 527
DI 10.1038/nature05452
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 131KI
UT WOS:000243867300040
PM 17268466
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hueso, LE
   Pruneda, JM
   Ferrari, V
   Burnell, G
   Valdés-Herrera, JP
   Simons, BD
   Littlewood, PB
   Artacho, E
   Fert, A
   Mathur, ND
AF Hueso, Luis E.
   Pruneda, Jose M.
   Ferrari, Valeria
   Burnell, Gavin
   Valdes-Herrera, Jose P.
   Simons, Benjamin D.
   Littlewood, Peter B.
   Artacho, Emilio
   Fert, Albert
   Mathur, Neil D.
TI Transformation of spin information into large electrical signals using carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transport; la2/3sr1/3mno3
AB Spin electronics (spintronics) exploits the magnetic nature of electrons, and this principle is commercially applied in, for example, the spin valves of disk-drive read heads. There is currently widespread interest in developing new types of spintronic devices based on industrially relevant semiconductors, in which a spin-polarized current flows through a lateral channel between a spin-polarized source and drain(1,2). However, the transformation of spin information into large electrical signals is limited by spin relaxation, so that the magnetoresistive signals are below 1% ( ref. 2). Here we report large magnetoresistance effects (61% at 5 K), which correspond to large output signals ( 65 mV), in devices where the non-magnetic channel is a multiwall carbon nanotube that spans a 1.5 mu m gap between epitaxial electrodes of the highly spin polarized(3,4) manganite La0.7Sr0.3MnO3. This spintronic system combines a number of favourable properties that enable this performance; the long spin lifetime in nanotubes due to the small spin - orbit coupling of carbon; the high Fermi velocity in nanotubes that limits the carrier dwell time; the high spin polarization in the manganite electrodes, which remains high right up to the manganite - nanotube interface; and the resistance of the interfacial barrier for spin injection. We support these conclusions regarding the interface using density functional theory calculations. The success of our experiments with such chemically and geometrically different materials should inspire new avenues in materials selection for future spintronics applications.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
   CSIC, Inst Ciencia Mat Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain.
   Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Nanosci Ctr, Cambridge CB3 0FF, England.
   CNRS Thales TRT, Unite Mixte Phys, F-91405 Orsay, France.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB); University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay
RP Mathur, ND (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci, Pembroke St, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England.
EM ndm12@cam.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/S02174/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 301
Z9 323
U1 1
U2 155
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7126
BP 410
EP 413
DI 10.1038/nature05507
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 128WD
UT WOS:000243689500035
PM 17251975
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tan, X
   Calderon-Villalobos, LIA
   Sharon, M
   Zheng, CX
   Robinson, CV
   Estelle, M
   Zheng, N
AF Tan, Xu
   Calderon-Villalobos, Luz Irina A.
   Sharon, Michal
   Zheng, Changxue
   Robinson, Carol V.
   Estelle, Mark
   Zheng, Ning
TI Mechanism of auxin perception by the TIR1 ubiquitin ligase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID functional genomic analysis; gene family-members; box protein tir1; inositol hexakisphosphate; aux/iaa proteins; plant-growth; degradation; pathway
AB Auxin is a pivotal plant hormone that controls many aspects of plant growth and development. Perceived by a small family of F-box proteins including transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1), auxin regulates gene expression by promoting SCF ubiquitin-ligase-catalysed degradation of the Aux/IAA transcription repressors, but how the TIR1 F-box protein senses and becomes activated by auxin remains unclear. Here we present the crystal structures of the Arabidopsis TIR1 - ASK1 complex, free and in complexes with three different auxin compounds and an Aux/IAA substrate peptide. These structures show that the leucine-rich repeat domain of TIR1 contains an unexpected inositol hexakisphosphate co-factor and recognizes auxin and the Aux/IAA polypeptide substrate through a single surface pocket. Anchored to the base of the TIR1 pocket, auxin binds to a partially promiscuous site, which can also accommodate various auxin analogues. Docked on top of auxin, the Aux/IAA substrate peptide occupies the rest of the TIR1 pocket and completely encloses the hormone-binding site. By filling in a hydrophobic cavity at the protein interface, auxin enhances the TIR1 - substrate interactions by acting as a 'molecular glue'. Our results establish the first structural model of a plant hormone receptor.
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
   Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Cambridge; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Zheng, N (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Box 357280, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM nzheng@u.washington.edu
NR 43
TC 1324
Z9 1654
U1 8
U2 332
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7136
BP 640
EP 645
DI 10.1038/nature05731
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 153LZ
UT WOS:000245438300033
PM 17410169
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Russell, CT
   Zhang, TL
   Delva, M
   Magnes, W
   Strangeway, RJ
   Wei, HY
AF Russell, C. T.
   Zhang, T. L.
   Delva, M.
   Magnes, W.
   Strangeway, R. J.
   Wei, H. Y.
TI Lightning on Venus inferred from whistler-mode waves in the ionosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The occurrence of lightning in a planetary atmosphere enables chemical processes to take place that would not occur under standard temperatures and pressures(1-3). Although much evidence has been reported for lightning on Venus(4-8), some searches have been negative(9-11) and the existence of lightning has remained controversial. A definitive detection would be the confirmation of electromagnetic, whistler-mode waves propagating from the atmosphere to the ionosphere. Here we report observations of Venus' ionosphere that reveal strong, circularly polarized, electromagnetic waves with frequencies near 100 Hz. The waves appear as bursts of radiation lasting 0.25 to 0.5 s, and have the expected properties of whistler-mode signals generated by lightning discharges in Venus' clouds.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Austrian Academy of Sciences
RP Russell, CT (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM ctrussell@igpp.ucla.edu
NR 15
TC 84
Z9 89
U1 1
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 661
EP 662
DI 10.1038/nature05930
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700041
PM 18046401
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Galburt, EA
   Grill, SW
   Wiedmann, A
   Lubkowska, L
   Choy, J
   Nogales, E
   Kashlev, M
   Bustamante, C
AF Galburt, Eric A.
   Grill, Stephan W.
   Wiedmann, Anna
   Lubkowska, Lucyna
   Choy, Jason
   Nogales, Eva
   Kashlev, Mikhail
   Bustamante, Carlos
TI Backtracking determines the force sensitivity of RNAP II in a factor-dependent manner
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID elongation-factor tfiis; polymerase-ii; transcript-cleavage; arrest; dna; mechanism; resolution; complexes; molecules; bacterial
AB RNA polymerase II ( RNAP II) is responsible for transcribing all messenger RNAs in eukaryotic cells during a highly regulated process that is conserved from yeast to human 1, and that serves as a central control point for cellular function. Here we investigate the transcription dynamics of single RNAP II molecules from Saccharomyces cerevisiae against force and in the presence and absence of TFIIS, a transcription elongation factor known to increase transcription through nucleosomal barriers(2\). Using a single-molecule dual-trap optical-tweezers assay combined with a novel method to enrich for active complexes, we found that the response of RNAP II to a hindering force is entirely determined by enzyme backtracking(3-6). Surprisingly, RNAP II molecules ceased to transcribe and were unable to recover from backtracks at a force of 7.5 +/- 2 pN, only one-third of the force determined for Escherichia coli RNAP(7,8). We show that backtrack pause durations follow a t(-3/2) power law, implying that during backtracking RNAP II diffuses in discrete base-pair steps, and indicating that backtracks may account for most of RNAP II pauses. Significantly, addition of TFIIS rescued backtracked enzymes and allowed transcription to proceed up to a force of 16.9 +/- 3.4 pN. Taken together, these results describe a regulatory mechanism of transcription elongation in eukaryotes by which transcription factors modify the mechanical performance of RNAP II, allowing it to operate against higher loads.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   NCI, Ctr Canc Res, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Bustamante, C (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM carlos@alice.berkeley.edu
NR 28
TC 235
Z9 295
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7137
BP 820
EP 823
DI 10.1038/nature05701
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 156CX
UT WOS:000245626800046
PM 17361130
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Macpherson, LJ
   Dubin, AE
   Evans, MJ
   Marr, F
   Schultz, PG
   Cravatt, BF
   Patapoutian, A
AF Macpherson, Lindsey J.
   Dubin, Adrienne E.
   Evans, Michael J.
   Marr, Felix
   Schultz, Peter G.
   Cravatt, Benjamin F.
   Patapoutian, Ardem
TI Noxious compounds activate TRPA1 ion channels through covalent modification of cysteines
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID click chemistry; s-nitrosylation; cold; keap1; protein; electrophile; nociception; reactivity; sensation; inducers
AB The nervous system senses peripheral damage through nociceptive neurons that transmit a pain signal(1,2). TRPA1 is a member of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family of ion channels and is expressed in nociceptive neurons(3-5). TRPA1 is activated by a variety of noxious stimuli, including cold temperatures, pungent natural compounds, and environmental irritants(6-11). How such diverse stimuli activate TRPA1 is not known. We observed that most compounds known to activate TRPA1 are able to covalently bind cysteine residues. Here we use click chemistry to show that derivatives of two such compounds, mustard oil and cinnamaldehyde, covalently bind mouse TRPA1. Structurally unrelated cysteine-modifying agents such as iodoacetamide (IA) and (2-aminoethyl) methanethiosulphonate ( MTSEA) also bind and activate TRPA1. We identified by mass spectrometry fourteen cytosolic TRPA1 cysteines labelled by IA, three of which are required for normal channel function. In excised patches, reactive compounds activated TRPA1 currents that were maintained at least 10 min after washout of the compound in calcium-free solutions. Finally, activation of TRPA1 by disulphide-bond-forming MTSEA is blocked by the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT). Collectively, our data indicate that covalent modification of reactive cysteines within TRPA1 can cause channel activation, rapidly signalling potential tissue damage through the pain pathway.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Novartis Res Fdn, Genom Inst, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Novartis; Novartis USA
RP Patapoutian, A (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM ardem@scripps.edu
NR 31
TC 960
Z9 1110
U1 1
U2 164
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7127
BP 541
EP 545
DI 10.1038/nature05544
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 131KI
UT WOS:000243867300044
PM 17237762
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mitchell, B
   Jacobs, R
   Li, J
   Chien, S
   Kintner, C
AF Mitchell, Brian
   Jacobs, Richard
   Li, Julie
   Chien, Shu
   Kintner, Chris
TI A positive feedback mechanism governs the polarity and motion of motile cilia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID male-infertility; mice deficient; flow; diagnosis
AB Ciliated epithelia produce fluid flow in many organ systems, ranging from the respiratory tract where it clears mucus(1) to the ventricles of the brain where it transports cerebrospinal fluid(2). Human diseases that disable ciliary flow, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia, can compromise organ function or the ability to resist pathogens, resulting in recurring respiratory infections, otitis, hydrocephaly and infertility(3). To create a ciliary flow, the cilia within each cell need to be polarized coordinately along the planar axis of the epithelium, but how polarity is established in any ciliated epithelia is not known. Here we analyse the developmental mechanisms that polarize cilia, using the ciliated cells in the developing Xenopus larval skin as a model system(4). We show that cilia acquire polarity through a sequence of events, beginning with a polar bias set by tissue patterning, followed by a refinement phase. Our results indicate that during refinement, fluid flow is both necessary and sufficient in determining cilia polarity. These findings reveal a novel mechanism in which tissue patterning coupled with fluid flow act in a positive feedback loop to direct the planar polarity of cilia.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, San Diego, CA 92186 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Bioengn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Whitehead Inst Biomed Engn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
RP Kintner, C (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, San Diego, CA 92186 USA.
EM kintner@salk.edu
NR 21
TC 232
Z9 275
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7140
BP 97
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature05771
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 163GY
UT WOS:000246149300051
PM 17450123
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morrish, TA
   Garcia-Perez, JL
   Stamato, TD
   Taccioli, GE
   Sekiguchi, J
   Moran, JV
AF Morrish, Tammy A.
   Garcia-Perez, Jose Luis
   Stamato, Thomas D.
   Taccioli, Guillermo E.
   Sekiguchi, JoAnn
   Moran, John V.
TI Endonuclease-independent LINE-1 retrotransposition at mammalian telomeres
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; cultured human-cells; catalytic subunit; dna-repair; scid mouse; chromosm; mechanism; mutation; fusions; pkcs
AB Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) elements are abundant, non-long-terminal-repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons that comprise 17% of human DNA(1). The average human genome contains similar to 80-100 retrotransposition- competent L1s (ref. 2), and they mobilize by a process that uses both the L1 endonuclease and reverse transcriptase, termed target-site primed reverse transcription(3-5). We have previously reported an efficient, endonuclease-independent L1 retrotransposition pathway (ENi) in certain Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines that are defective in the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA double-strand-break repair(6). Here we have characterized ENi retrotransposition events generated in V3 CHO cells, which are deficient in DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) activity and have both dysfunctional telomeres and an NHEJ defect. Notably, similar to 30% of ENi retrotransposition events insert in an orientation-specific manner adjacent to a perfect telomere repeat (5'-TTAGGG-3'). Similar insertions were not detected among ENi retrotransposition events generated in controls or in XR-1 CHO cells deficient for XRCC4, an NHEJ factor that is required for DNA ligation but has no known function in telomere maintenance. Furthermore, transient expression of a dominant-negative allele of human TRF2 ( also called TERF2) in XRCC4-deficient XR-1 cells, which disrupts telomere capping, enables telomere-associated ENi retrotransposition events. These data indicate that L1s containing a disabled endonuclease can use dysfunctional telomeres as an integration substrate. The findings highlight similarities between the mechanism of ENi retrotransposition and the action of telomerase, because both processes can use a 3' OH for priming reverse transcription at either internal DNA lesions or chromosome ends(7,8). Thus, we propose that ENi retrotransposition is an ancestral mechanism of RNA-mediated DNA repair associated with non-LTR retrotransposons that may have been used before the acquisition of an endonuclease domain.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Human Genet, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Lankenau Inst Med Res, Wynnewood, PA 19096 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Lankenau Medical Center; Lankenau Institute for Medical Research; Boston University
RP Moran, JV (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Human Genet, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM morrisht@jhmi.edu; moranj@umich.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM007544] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 144
Z9 178
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7132
BP 208
EP 212
DI 10.1038/nature05560
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 143JS
UT WOS:000244718100045
PM 17344853
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sergina, NV
   Rausch, M
   Wang, DH
   Blair, J
   Hann, B
   Shokat, KM
   Moasser, MM
AF Sergina, Natalia V.
   Rausch, Megan
   Wang, Donghui
   Blair, Jimmy
   Hann, Byron
   Shokat, Kevan M.
   Moasser, Mark M.
TI Escape from HER-family tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy by the kinase-inactive HER3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epidermal-growth-factor; factor receptor egfr; breast-cancer cells; zd1839 iressa; tumor-cells; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; neu oncogene; in-vivo; protein; gefitinib
AB Oncogenic tyrosine kinases have proved to be promising targets for the development of highly effective anticancer drugs. However, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) against the human epidermal growth factor receptor ( HER) family show only limited activity against HER2-driven breast cancers, despite effective inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER2 in vivo(1-8). The reasons for this are unclear. Signalling in trans is a key feature of this multimember family and the critically important phosphatidylinositol-3- OH kinase ( PI( 3) K)/Akt pathway is driven predominantly through transphosphorylation of the kinase-inactive HER3 (refs 9, 10). Here we show that HER3 and consequently PI( 3) K/Akt signalling evade inhibition by current HER-family TKIs in vitro and in tumours in vivo. This is due to a compensatory shift in the HER3 phosphorylation - dephosphorylation equilibrium, driven by increased membrane HER3 expression driving the phosphorylation reaction and by reduced HER3 phosphatase activity impeding the dephosphorylation reaction. These compensatory changes are driven by Akt-mediated negative-feedback signalling. Although HER3 is not a direct target of TKIs, HER3 substrate resistance undermines their efficacy and has thus far gone undetected. The experimental abrogation of HER3 resistance by small interfering RNA knockdown restores potent pro-apoptotic activity to otherwise cytostatic HER TKIs, re-affirming the oncogene-addicted nature of HER2-driven tumours and the therapeutic promise of this oncoprotein target. However, because HER3 signalling is buffered against an incomplete inhibition of HER2 kinase, much more potent TKIs or combination strategies are required to silence oncogenic HER2 signalling effectively. The biologic marker with which to assess the efficacy of HER TKIs should be the transphosphorylation of HER3 rather than autophosphorylation.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Cellular & Mol Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Moasser, MM (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM mmoasser@medicine.ucsf.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA122216] Funding Source: Medline; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI044009] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 803
Z9 997
U1 1
U2 70
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7126
BP 437
EP 441
DI 10.1038/nature05474
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 128WD
UT WOS:000243689500042
PM 17206155
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kurtovic, A
   Widmer, A
   Dickson, BJ
AF Kurtovic, Amina
   Widmer, Alexandre
   Dickson, Barry J.
TI A single class of olfactory neurons mediates behavioural responses to a Drosophila sex pheromone
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID male courtship behavior; silkmoth bombyx-mori; antennal lobe; heliothis-virescens; melanogaster; receptor; brain; representation; system; moth
AB Insects, like many other animals, use sex pheromones to coordinate their reproductive behaviours(1). Volatile pheromones are detected by odorant receptors expressed in olfactory receptor neurons ( ORNs). Whereas fruit odours typically activate multiple ORN classes(2), pheromones are thought to act through single dedicated classes of ORN3. This model predicts that activation of such an ORN class should be sufficient to trigger the appropriate behavioural response. Here we show that the Drosophila melanogaster male-specific pheromone 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate ( cVA) acts through the receptor Or67d to regulate both male and female mating behaviour. Mutant males that lack Or67d inappropriately court other males, whereas mutant females are less receptive to courting males. These data suggest that cVA has opposite effects in the two sexes: inhibiting mating behaviour in males but promoting mating behaviour in females. Replacing Or67d with moth pheromone receptors renders these ORNs sensitive to the corresponding moth pheromones. In such flies, moth pheromones elicit behavioural responses that mimic the normal response to cVA. Thus, activation of a single ORN class is both necessary and sufficient to mediate behavioural responses to the Drosophila sex pheromone cVA.
C1 Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
RP Dickson, BJ (corresponding author), Res Inst Mol Pathol, Dr Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
EM dickson@imp.ac.at
NR 30
TC 596
Z9 736
U1 4
U2 165
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7135
BP 542
EP 546
DI 10.1038/nature05672
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150TQ
UT WOS:000245242900050
PM 17392786
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohtake, F
   Baba, A
   Takada, I
   Okada, M
   Iwasaki, K
   Miki, H
   Takahashi, S
   Kouzmenko, A
   Nohara, K
   Chiba, T
   Fujii-Kuriyama, Y
   Kato, S
AF Ohtake, Fumiaki
   Baba, Atsushi
   Takada, Ichiro
   Okada, Maiko
   Iwasaki, Kei
   Miki, Hiromi
   Takahashi, Sayuri
   Kouzmenko, Alexander
   Nohara, Keiko
   Chiba, Tomoki
   Fujii-Kuriyama, Yoshiaki
   Kato, Shigeaki
TI Dioxin receptor is a ligand-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aryl-hydrocarbon receptor; box protein tir1; auxin receptor; ah-receptor; transcription; alpha; proteolysis; expression; promoters; complex
AB Fat-soluble ligands, including sex steroid hormones and environmental toxins, activate ligand-dependent DNA-sequence-specific transcriptional factors that transduce signals through target-gene-selective transcriptional regulation(1). However, the mechanisms of cellular perception of fat-soluble ligand signals through other target-selective systems remain unclear. The ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates selective protein degradation, in which the E3 ubiquitin ligases determine target specificity(2-4). Here we characterize a fat-soluble ligand-dependent ubiquitin ligase complex in human cell lines, in which dioxin receptor ( AhR)(5-9) is integrated as a component of a novel cullin 4B ubiquitin ligase complex, CUL4B(AhR). Complex assembly and ubiquitin ligase activity of CUL4B(AhR) in vitro and in vivo are dependent on the AhR ligand. In the CUL4B(AhR) complex, ligand-activated AhR acts as a substrate-specific adaptor component that targets sex steroid receptors for degradation. Thus, our findings uncover a function for AhR as an atypical component of the ubiquitin ligase complex and demonstrate a non-genomic signalling pathway in which fat-soluble ligands regulate target-protein-selective degradation through a ubiquitin ligase complex.
C1 Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, ERATO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Dept Urol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138655, Japan.
   Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Grad Sch Life & Environm Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, TARA Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, SORST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; National Institute for Environmental Studies - Japan; University of Tsukuba; University of Tsukuba; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Kato, S (corresponding author), Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, ERATO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
EM uskato@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 472
Z9 579
U1 1
U2 60
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7135
BP 562
EP 566
DI 10.1038/nature05683
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150TQ
UT WOS:000245242900054
PM 17392787
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carollo, D
   Beers, TC
   Lee, YS
   Chiba, M
   Norris, JE
   Wilhelm, R
   Sivarani, T
   Marsteller, B
   Munn, JA
   Bailer-Jones, CAL
   Fiorentin, PR
   York, DG
AF Carollo, Daniela
   Beers, Timothy C.
   Lee, Young Sun
   Chiba, Masashi
   Norris, John E.
   Wilhelm, Ronald
   Sivarani, Thirupathi
   Marsteller, Brian
   Munn, Jeffrey A.
   Bailer-Jones, Coryn A. L.
   Fiorentin, Paola Re
   York, Donald G.
TI Two stellar components in the halo of the Milky Way
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID digital sky survey; horizontal-branch stars; absolute proper motions; metal-poor stars; galactic halo; globular-clusters; galaxy formation; kinematics; field; disk
AB The halo of the Milky Way provides unique elemental abundance and kinematic information on the first objects to form in the Universe, and this information can be used to tightly constrain models of galaxy formation and evolution. Although the halo was once considered a single component, evidence for its dichotomy has slowly emerged in recent years from inspection of small samples of halo objects. Here we show that the halo is indeed clearly divisible into two broadly overlapping structural components - an inner and an outer halo - that exhibit different spatial density profiles, stellar orbits and stellar metallicities ( abundances of elements heavier than helium). The inner halo has a modest net prograde rotation, whereas the outer halo exhibits a net retrograde rotation and a peak metallicity one- third that of the inner halo. These properties indicate that the individual halo components probably formed in fundamentally different ways, through successive dissipational ( inner) and dissipationless ( outer) mergers and tidal disruption of proto- Galactic clumps.
C1 INAF, Osservatorio Astron Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy.
   Michigan State Univ, Ctr Study Cosm Evolut, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Joint Inst Nucl Astrophys, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Tohoku Univ, Astron Inst, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
   Australian Natl Univ, Mt Stromlo Observ, Res Sch Astron & Astrophys, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
   Texas Tech Univ, Dept Phys, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA.
   USN Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Ljubljana, Dept Phys, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Michigan State University; Michigan State University; Tohoku University; Australian National University; Texas Tech University System; Texas Tech University; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; Max Planck Society; University of Ljubljana; University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Carollo, D (corresponding author), INAF, Osservatorio Astron Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy.
EM carollo@mso.anu.edu.au
NR 48
TC 527
Z9 582
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1020
EP 1025
DI 10.1038/nature06460
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900074
PM 18075581
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loncarek, J
   Kisurina-Evgenieva, O
   Vinogradova, T
   Hergert, P
   La Terra, S
   Kapoor, TM
   Khodjakov, A
AF Loncarek, Jadranka
   Kisurina-Evgenieva, Olga
   Vinogradova, Tatiana
   Hergert, Polla
   La Terra, Sabrina
   Kapoor, Tarun M.
   Khodjakov, Alexey
TI The centromere geometry essential for keeping mitosis error free is controlled by spindle forces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinetochore fibers contributes; small-molecule inhibitor; cell-cycle progression; chromosome congression; mitotic chromosm; microtubule; tension; checkpoint; attachment; vertebrates
AB Accurate segregation of chromosomes, essential for the stability of the genome, depends on 'bi-orientation'-simultaneous attachment of each individual chromosome to both poles of the mitotic spindle(1). On bi-oriented chromosomes, kinetochores (macromolecular complexes that attach the chromosome to the spindle) reside on the opposite sides of the chromosome's centromere(2). In contrast, sister kinetochores shift towards one side of the centromere on 'syntelic' chromosomes that erroneously attach to one spindle pole with both sister kinetochores. Syntelic attachments often arise during spindle assembly and must be corrected to prevent chromosome loss(3). It is assumed that restoration of proper centromere architecture occurs automatically owing to elastic properties of the centromere(1,2). Here we test this assumption by combining laser microsurgery and chemical biology assays in cultured mammalian cells. We find that kinetochores of syntelic chromosomes remain juxtaposed on detachment from spindle microtubules. These findings reveal that correction of syntelic attachments involves an extra step that has previously been overlooked: external forces must be applied to move sister kinetochores to the opposite sides of the centromere. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the shape of the centromere is important for spindle assembly, because bipolar spindles do not form in cells lacking centrosomes when multiple chromosomes with juxtaposed kinetochores are present. Thus, proper architecture of the centromere makes an important contribution to achieving high fidelity of chromosome segregation.
C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Div Mol Med, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
   SUNY Albany, Dept Biomed Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Chem & Cell Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Wadsworth Center; State University of New York (SUNY) System; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY; Rockefeller University
RP Khodjakov, A (corresponding author), New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Div Mol Med, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
EM kapoor@rockefeller.edu; khodj@wadsworth.org
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM059363, R01 GM065933] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 80
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 745
EP U14
DI 10.1038/nature06344
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700059
PM 18046416
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raby, CR
   Alexis, DM
   Dickinson, A
   Clayton, NS
AF Raby, C. R.
   Alexis, D. M.
   Dickinson, A.
   Clayton, N. S.
TI Planning for the future by western scrub-jays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mental time-travel; human mind; memory; evolution; recovery; ability; maze
AB Knowledge of and planning for the future is a complex skill that is considered by many to be uniquely human. We are not born with it; children develop a sense of the future at around the age of two and some planning ability by only the age of four to five(1-3). According to the Bischof-Kohler hypothesis(4), only humans can dissociate themselves from their current motivation and take action for future needs: other animals are incapable of anticipating future needs, and any future-oriented behaviours they exhibit are either fixed action patterns or cued by their current motivational state. The experiments described here test whether a member of the corvid family, the western scrub-jay (Aphelocoma californica), plans for the future. We show that the jays make provision for a future need, both by preferentially caching food in a place in which they have learned that they will be hungry the following morning and by differentially storing a particular food in a place in which that type of food will not be available the next morning. Previous studies have shown that, in accord with the Bischof-Kohler hypothesis, rats(5) and pigeons(6) may solve tasks by encoding the future but only over very short time scales. Although some primates and corvids(7-9) take actions now that are based on their future consequences, these have not been shown to be selected with reference to future motivational states(10), or without extensive reinforcement of the anticipatory act(11). The results described here suggest that the jays can spontaneously plan for tomorrow without reference to their current motivational state, thereby challenging the idea that this is a uniquely human ability.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Clayton, NS (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England.
EM nsc22@cam.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/D000335/1] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/D000335/1] Funding Source: Medline
NR 20
TC 440
Z9 494
U1 1
U2 263
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7130
BP 919
EP 921
DI 10.1038/nature05575
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 138CR
UT WOS:000244341200050
PM 17314979
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hurford, TA
   Helfenstein, P
   Hoppa, GV
   Greenberg, R
   Bills, BG
AF Hurford, T. A.
   Helfenstein, P.
   Hoppa, G. V.
   Greenberg, R.
   Bills, B. G.
TI Eruptions arising from tidally controlled periodic openings of rifts on Enceladus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID europa
AB In 2005, plumes were detected near the south polar region of Enceladus(1), a small icy satellite of Saturn. Observations of the south pole revealed large rifts in the crust, informally called 'tiger stripes', which exhibit higher temperatures than the surrounding terrain and are probably sources of the observed eruptions(2). Models of the ultimate interior source for the eruptions are under consideration (1,3-5). Other models of an expanding plume(6) require eruptions from discrete sources, as well as less voluminous eruptions from a more extended source, to match the observations. No physical mechanism that matches the observations has been identified to control these eruptions. Here we report a mechanism in which temporal variations in tidal stress open and close the tiger-stripe rifts, governing the timing of eruptions. During each orbit, every portion of each tiger stripe rift spends about half the time in tension, which allows the rift to open, exposing volatiles, and allowing eruptions. In a complementary process, periodic shear stress along the rifts also generates heat along their lengths(7-9), which has the capacity to enhance eruptions. Plume activity is expected to vary periodically, affecting the injection of material into Saturn's E ring(10) and its formation, evolution and structure. Moreover, the stresses controlling eruptions imply that Enceladus' icy shell behaves as a thin elastic layer, perhaps only a few tens of kilometres thick.
C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Cornell Univ, CRSR, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Raytheon Co, Woburn, MA 01801 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Cornell University; RTX Corporation; University of Arizona; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP Hurford, TA (corresponding author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
EM hurfordt@core2.gsfc.nasa.gov
NR 23
TC 146
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7142
BP 292
EP 294
DI 10.1038/nature05821
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 168JK
UT WOS:000246520300039
PM 17507977
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martin, S
   Nishimune, A
   Mellor, JR
   Henley, JM
AF Martin, Stephane
   Nishimune, Atsushi
   Mellor, Jack R.
   Henley, Jeremy M.
TI SUMOylation regulates kainate-receptor-mediated synaptic transmission
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID differential regulation; sumo; ampa; proteins
AB The small ubiquitin-like modifier protein (SUMO) regulates transcriptional activity and the translocation of proteins across the nuclear membrane(1). The identification of SUMO substrates outside the nucleus is progressing(2) but little is yet known about the wider cellular role of protein SUMOylation. Here we report that in rat hippocampal neurons multiple SUMOylation targets are present at synapses and we show that the kainate receptor subunit GluR6 is a SUMO substrate. SUMOylation of GluR6 regulates endocytosis of the kainate receptor and modifies synaptic transmission. GluR6 exhibits low levels of SUMOylation under resting conditions and is rapidly SUMOylated in response to a kainate but not an N-methyl-D-aspartate ( NMDA) treatment. Reducing GluR6 SUMOylation using the SUMO-specific isopeptidase SENP1 prevents kainate-evoked endocytosis of the kainate receptor. Furthermore, a mutated non-SUMOylatable form of GluR6 is not endocytosed in response to kainate in COS-7 cells. Consistent with this, electrophysiological recordings in hippocampal slices demonstrate that kainate-receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents are decreased by SUMOylation and enhanced by deSUMOylation. These data reveal a previously unsuspected role for SUMO in the regulation of synaptic function.
C1 Univ Bristol, MRC, Ctr Synapt Plast, Dept Anat, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bristol
RP Henley, JM (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, MRC, Ctr Synapt Plast, Dept Anat, Univ Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England.
EM j.m.henley@bris.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G0601810(80974), G120/838, G0601810] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust [059917] Funding Source: Medline; MRC [G120/838] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G120/838] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 22
TC 231
Z9 287
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7142
BP 321
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature05736
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 168JK
UT WOS:000246520300046
PM 17486098
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fox, GC
   Shafiq, M
   Briggs, DC
   Knowles, PP
   Collister, M
   Didmon, MJ
   Makrantoni, V
   Dickinson, RJ
   Hanrahan, S
   Totty, N
   Stark, MJR
   Keyse, SM
   McDonald, NQ
AF Fox, G. C.
   Shafiq, M.
   Briggs, D. C.
   Knowles, P. P.
   Collister, M.
   Didmon, M. J.
   Makrantoni, V.
   Dickinson, R. J.
   Hanrahan, S.
   Totty, N.
   Stark, M. J. R.
   Keyse, S. M.
   McDonald, N. Q.
TI Redox-mediated substrate recognition by Sdp1 defines a new group of tyrosine phosphatases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID specificity protein phosphatase; map kinase; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; differential regulation; yeast; activation; pathway; pyst1; erk2
AB Reactive oxygen species trigger cellular responses by activation of stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK) signalling pathways(1,2). Reversal of MAPK activation requires the transcriptional induction of specialized cysteine-based phosphatases that mediate MAPK dephosphorylation(3). Paradoxically, oxidative stresses generally inactivate cysteine-based phosphatases by thiol modification and thus could lead to sustained or uncontrolled MAPK activation(4,5). Here we describe how the stress-inducible MAPK phosphatase, Sdp1, presents an unusual solution to this apparent paradox by acquiring enhanced catalytic activity under oxidative conditions. Structural and biochemical evidence reveals that Sdp1 employs an intramolecular disulphide bridge and an invariant histidine side chain to selectively recognize a tyrosine-phosphorylated MAPK substrate. Optimal activity critically requires the disulphide bridge, and thus, to the best of our knowledge, Sdp1 is the first example of a cysteine-dependent phosphatase that couples oxidative stress with substrate recognition. We show that Sdp1, and its paralogue Msg5, have similar properties and belong to a new group of phosphatases unique to yeast and fungal taxa.
C1 Canc Res UK, Struct Biol Lab, London Res Inst, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   Canc Res UK, Prot Anal Lab, London Res Inst, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Sch Crystallog, London WC1E 7HX, England.
   Ninewells Hosp, Canc Res UK, Stress Response Lab, Ctr Biomed Res, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland.
   Univ Dundee, Div Gene Regulat & Express, Coll Life Sci, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
C3 Cancer Research UK; Cancer Research UK; University of London; Birkbeck University London; Cancer Research UK; University of Dundee; University of Dundee
RP McDonald, NQ (corresponding author), Canc Res UK, Struct Biol Lab, London Res Inst, 44 Lincolns Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, England.
EM neil.mcdonald@cancer.org.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/C007077/1] Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/C007077/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 38
Z9 48
U1 1
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7143
BP 487
EP 492
DI 10.1038/nature05804
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 170VA
UT WOS:000246693100050
PM 17495930
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sato, T
   Mushiake, S
   Kato, Y
   Sato, K
   Sato, M
   Takeda, N
   Ozono, K
   Miki, K
   Kubo, Y
   Tsuji, A
   Harada, R
   Harada, A
AF Sato, Takashi
   Mushiake, Sotaro
   Kato, Yukio
   Sato, Ken
   Sato, Miyuki
   Takeda, Naoki
   Ozono, Keiichi
   Miki, Kazunori
   Kubo, Yoshiyuki
   Tsuji, Akira
   Harada, Reiko
   Harada, Akihiro
TI The Rab8 GTPase regulates apical protein localization in intestinal cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID congenital microvillous atrophy; beta-lactam antibiotics; epithelial-cells; membrane; mice; absorption; mechanisms; transport; polarity; neurons
AB A number of proteins are known to be involved in apical/basolateral transport of proteins in polarized epithelial cells(1-7). The small GTP-binding protein Rab(8) was thought to regulate basolateral transport in polarized kidney epithelial cells through the AP1B-complex-mediated pathway(8,9). However, the role of Rab8 (Rab8A) in cell polarity in vivo remains unknown. Here we show that Rab8 is responsible for the localization of apical proteins in intestinal epithelial cells. We found that apical peptidases and transporters localized to lysosomes in the small intestine of Rab8-deficient mice. Their mislocalization and degradation in lysosomes led to a marked reduction in the absorption rate of nutrients in the small intestine, and ultimately to death. Ultrastructurally, a shortening of apical microvilli, an increased number of enlarged lysosomes, and microvillus inclusions in the enterocytes were also observed. One microvillus inclusion disease patient who shows an identical phenotype to Rab8-deficient mice expresses a reduced amount of RAB8 (RAB8A; NM_005370). Our results demonstrate that Rab8 is necessary for the proper localization of apical proteins and the absorption and digestion of various nutrients in the small intestine.
C1 Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Kanazawa Univ, Div Pharmaceut Sci, Grad Sch Nat Sci & Technol, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201192, Japan.
   Kumamoto Univ, Div Transgen Technol, CARD, IRDA, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan.
   Itami Municipal Hosp, Dept Pediat, Itami, Hyogo 6648540, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; Kanazawa University; Kumamoto University
RP Harada, A (corresponding author), Gunma Univ, Lab Mol Traff, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Inst Mol & Cellular Regulat, Gunma 3718512, Japan.
EM aharada@showa.gunma-u.ac.jp
NR 28
TC 270
Z9 323
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7151
BP 366
EP 369
DI 10.1038/nature05929
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 191GC
UT WOS:000248118300061
PM 17597763
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tawk, M
   Araya, C
   Lyons, DA
   Reugels, AM
   Girdler, GC
   Bayley, PR
   Hyde, DR
   Tada, M
   Clarke, JDW
AF Tawk, Marcel
   Araya, Claudio
   Lyons, Dave A.
   Reugels, Alexander M.
   Girdler, Gemma C.
   Bayley, Philippa R.
   Hyde, David R.
   Tada, Masazumi
   Clarke, Jonathan D. W.
TI A mirror-symmetric cell division that orchestrates neuroepithelial morphogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spinal-cord; gastrulation; migration; orientation; strabismus; extension; movements; requires; closure; fate
AB The development of cell polarity is an essential prerequisite for tissue morphogenesis during embryogenesis, particularly in the development of epithelia(1,2). In addition, oriented cell division can have a powerful influence on tissue morphogenesis(3). Here we identify a novel mode of polarized cell division that generates pairs of neural progenitors with mirror-symmetric polarity in the developing zebrafish neural tube and has dramatic consequences for the organization of embryonic tissue. We show that during neural rod formation the polarity protein Pard3 is localized to the cleavage furrow of dividing progenitors, and then mirror-symmetrically inherited by the two daughter cells. This allows the daughter cells to integrate into opposite sides of the developing neural tube. Furthermore, these mirror-symmetric divisions have powerful morphogenetic influence: when forced to occur in ectopic locations during neurulation, they orchestrate the development of mirror-image pattern formation and the consequent generation of ectopic neural tubes.
C1 UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Entwicklungsbiol, D-50923 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
   Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Zebrafish Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of Cologne; University of Notre Dame; University of Notre Dame
RP Clarke, JDW (corresponding author), UCL, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM jonathan.clarke@ucl.ac.uk
FU MRC [G0001188, G9900989] Funding Source: UKRI; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/C516952/1] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [G0001188, G9900989] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/C516952/1] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G9900989, G0001188] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 172
Z9 207
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7137
BP 797
EP 800
DI 10.1038/nature05722
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 156CX
UT WOS:000245626800041
PM 17392791
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Irion, U
   St Johnston, D
AF Irion, Uwe
   St Johnston, Daniel
TI bicoid RNA localization requires specific binding of an endosomal sorting complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna; escrt-ii; drosophila embryo; anterior localization; dependent manner; protein; staufen; gene; transport; oocytes
AB bicoid messenger RNA localizes to the anterior of the Drosophila egg, where it is translated to form a morphogen gradient of Bicoid protein that patterns the head and thorax of the embryo. Although bicoid was the first localized cytoplasmic determinant to be identified(1-4), little is known about how the mRNA is coupled to the microtubule-dependent transport pathway that targets it to the anterior, and it has been proposed that the mRNA is recognized by a complex of many redundant proteins, each of which binds to the localization element in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) with little or no specificity(5). Indeed, the only known RNA-binding protein that co-localizes with bicoid mRNA is Staufen, which binds non-specifically to double-stranded RNA in vitro(6,7). Here we show that mutants in all subunits of the ESCRT-II complex (VPS22, VPS25 and VPS36) abolish the final Staufen-dependent step in bicoid mRNA localization. ESCRT-II is a highly conserved component of the pathway that sorts ubiquitinated endosomal proteins into internal vesicles(8,9), and functions as a tumour-suppressor by removing activated receptors from the cytoplasm(10,11). However, the role of ESCRT-II in bicoid localization seems to be independent of endosomal sorting, because mutations in ESCRT-I and III components do not affect the targeting of bicoid mRNA. Instead, VPS36 functions by binding directly and specifically to stem-loop V of the bicoid 39 UTR through its amino-terminal GLUE domain(12), making it the first example of a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein that recognizes the bicoid localization signal. Furthermore, VPS36 localizes to the anterior of the oocyte in a bicoid-mRNA-dependent manner, and is required for the subsequent recruitment of Staufen to the bicoid complex. This function of ESCRT-II as an RNA-binding complex is conserved in vertebrates and may clarify some of its roles that are independent of endosomal sorting.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Gurdon Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Genet, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP St Johnston, D (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Gurdon Inst, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
EM ds139@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
FU Cancer Research UK [A14492] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust [049818, 092096] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 153
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7127
BP 554
EP 558
DI 10.1038/nature05503
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 131KI
UT WOS:000243867300047
PM 17268469
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kniemeyer, O
   Musat, F
   Sievert, SM
   Knittel, K
   Wilkes, H
   Blumenberg, M
   Michaelis, W
   Classen, A
   Bolm, C
   Joye, SB
   Widdel, F
AF Kniemeyer, Olaf
   Musat, Florin
   Sievert, Stefan M.
   Knittel, Katrin
   Wilkes, Heinz
   Blumenberg, Martin
   Michaelis, Walter
   Classen, Arno
   Bolm, Carsten
   Joye, Samantha B.
   Widdel, Friedrich
TI Anaerobic oxidation of short-chain hydrocarbons by marine sulphate-reducing bacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gulf-of-mexico; guaymas basin; hydrothermal sediments; gas hydrate; methane; carbon; california; reduction; propane; community
AB The short-chain hydrocarbons ethane, propane and butane are constituents of natural gas. They are usually assumed to be of thermochemical origin(1), but biological formation of ethane and propane has been also observed(2). Microbial utilization of short-chain hydrocarbons has been shown in some aerobic species(3,4) but not in anaerobic species of bacteria. On the other hand, anaerobic utilization of short-chain hydrocarbons would in principle be expected because various anaerobic bacteria grow with higher homologues (>= C-6)(5). Indeed, chemical analyses of hydrocarbon-rich habitats with limited or no access of oxygen indicated in situ biodegradation of short-chain hydrocarbons(6-10). Here we report the enrichment of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) with such capacity from marine hydrocarbon seep areas. Propane or n-butane as the sole growth substrate led to sediment-free sulphate-reducing enrichment cultures growing at 12, 28 or 60 degrees C. With ethane, a slower enrichment with residual sediment was obtained at 12 degrees C. Isolation experiments resulted in a mesophilic pure culture (strain BuS5) that used only propane and n-butane (methane, isobutane, alcohols or carboxylic acids did not support growth). Complete hydrocarbon oxidation to CO2 and the preferential oxidation of C-12-enriched alkanes were observed with strain BuS5 and other cultures. Metabolites of propane included iso- and n-propylsuccinate, indicating a subterminal as well as an unprecedented terminal alkane activation with involvement of fumarate. According to 16S ribosomal RNA analyses, strain BuS5 affiliates with Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus, a cluster of widespread marine SRB. An enrichment culture with propane growing at 60 degrees C was dominated by Desulfotomaculum-like SRB. Our results suggest that diverse SRB are able to thrive in seep areas and gas reservoirs on propane and butane, thus altering the gas composition and contributing to sulphide production.
C1 Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02536 USA.
   Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Univ Hamburg, Inst Biogeochem & Marine Chem, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
   Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Univ, Inst Organ Chem, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
   Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences; University of Hamburg; RWTH Aachen University; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia
RP Widdel, F (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, Celsiusstr 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
EM fwiddel@mpi-bremen.de
NR 37
TC 301
Z9 351
U1 3
U2 208
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 898
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature06200
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600045
PM 17882164
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Webb, SC
AF Webb, Spahr C.
TI The Earth's 'hum' is driven by ocean waves over the continental shelves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID background free oscillations; solid earth; atmosphere; excitation; noise; generation
AB Observations show that the seismic normal modes of the Earth at frequencies near 10 mHz are excited at a nearly constant level in the absence of large earthquakes(1). This background level of excitation has been called the 'hum' of the Earth(2), and is equivalent to the maximum excitation froma magnitude 5.75 earthquake(3). Its origin is debated, with most studies attributing the forcing to atmospheric turbulence, analogous to the forcing of solar oscillations by solar turbulence(2,4-7). Some reports also predicted that turbulence might excite the planetary modes of Mars to detectable levels(4). Recent observations on Earth, however, suggest that the predominant excitation source lies under the oceans(8-10). Here I show that turbulence is a very weak source, and instead it is interacting ocean waves over the shallow continental shelves that drive the hum of the Earth. Ocean waves couple into seismic waves through the quadratic nonlinearity of the surface boundary condition, which couples pairs of slowly propagating ocean waves of similar frequency to a high phase velocity component at approximately double the frequency. This is the process by which ocean waves generate the well known 'microseism peak' that dominates the seismic spectrum near 140 mHz (refs 11, 12), but at hum frequencies, the mechanism differs significantly in frequency and depth dependence. A calculation of the coupling between ocean waves and seismic modes reproduces the seismic spectrum observed. Measurements of the temporal correlation between ocean wave data and seismic data(9,10) have confirmed that ocean waves, rather than atmospheric turbulence, are driving the modes of the Earth.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Webb, SC (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
EM scw@ldeo.columbia.edu
NR 26
TC 151
Z9 167
U1 1
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7129
BP 754
EP 756
DI 10.1038/nature05536
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136EK
UT WOS:000244205200042
PM 17301790
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aeschlimann, M
   Bauer, M
   Bayer, D
   Brixner, T
   de Abajo, FJ
   Pfeiffer, W
   Rohmer, M
   Spindler, C
   Steeb, F
AF Aeschlimann, Martin
   Bauer, Michael
   Bayer, Daniela
   Brixner, Tobias
   Garcia de Abajo, F. Javier
   Pfeiffer, Walter
   Rohmer, Martin
   Spindler, Christian
   Steeb, Felix
TI Adaptive subwavelength control of nano-optical fields
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum control; femtosecond; phase; microscopy
AB Adaptive shaping of the phase and amplitude of femtosecond laser pulses has been developed into an efficient tool for the directed manipulation of interference phenomena, thus providing coherent control over various quantum-mechanical systems(1-10). Temporal resolution in the femtosecond or even attosecond range has been demonstrated, but spatial resolution is limited by diffraction to approximately half the wavelength of the light field (that is, several hundred nanometres). Theory has indicated(11,12) that the spatial limitation to coherent control can be overcome with the illumination of nanostructures: the spatial near-field distribution was shown to depend on the linear chirp of an irradiating laser pulse. An extension of this idea to adaptive control, combining multiparameter pulse shaping with a learning algorithm, demonstrated the generation of user-specified optical near-field distributions in an optimal and flexible fashion(13). Shaping of the polarization of the laser pulse 14,15 provides a particularly efficient and versatile nano-optical manipulation method(16,17). Here we demonstrate the feasibility of this concept experimentally, by tailoring the optical near field in the vicinity of silver nanostructures through adaptive polarization shaping of femtosecond laser pulses 14,15 and then probing the lateral field distribution by two-photon photoemission electron microscopy(18). In this combination of adaptive control(1-10) and nano-optics(19), we achieve subwave-length dynamic localization of electromagnetic intensity on the nanometre scale and thus overcome the spatial restrictions of conventional optics. This experimental realization of theoretical suggestions(11-13,16,17,20) opens a number of perspectives in coherent control, nano-optics, nonlinear spectroscopy, and other research fields in which optical investigations are carried out with spatial or temporal resolution.
C1 Univ Wurzburg, Inst Phys, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
   Tech Univ Kaiserslautern, Fachbereich Phys, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
   Univ Kiel, Inst Expt & Angew Phys, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ Bielefeld, Fak Phys, D-33516 Bielefeld, Germany.
   CSIC, Inst Opt, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
C3 University of Wurzburg; RPTU University Kaiserslautern; University of Kiel; University of Bielefeld; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Optica (Daza de Valdes)
RP Brixner, T (corresponding author), Univ Wurzburg, Inst Phys, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
EM brixner@physik.uni-wuerzburg.de
NR 30
TC 465
Z9 507
U1 0
U2 204
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7133
BP 301
EP 304
DI 10.1038/nature05595
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145VC
UT WOS:000244892900041
PM 17361179
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shima, K
   Isoda, M
   Mushiake, H
   Tanji, J
AF Shima, Keisetsu
   Isoda, Masaki
   Mushiake, Hajime
   Tanji, Jun
TI Categorization of behavioural sequences in the prefrontal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supplementary motor area; temporal organization; neuronal-activity; multiple movements; monkey; representation; damage; cells
AB Although it has long been thought that the prefrontal cortex of primates is involved in the integrative regulation of behaviours(1-4), the neural architecture underlying specific aspects of cognitive behavioural planning has yet to be clarified(5-8). If subjects are required to remember a large number of complex motor sequences and plan to execute each of them individually, categorization of the sequences according to the specific temporal structure inherent in each subset of sequences serves to facilitate higher-order planning based on memory. Here we show, using these requirements, that cells in the lateral prefrontal cortex selectively exhibit activity for a specific category of behavioural sequences, and that categories of behaviours, embodied by different types of movement sequences, are represented in prefrontal cells during the process of planning. This cellular activity implies the generation of neural representations capable of storing structured event complexes at an abstract level, exemplifying the development of macro-structured action knowledge in the lateral prefrontal cortex(9).
C1 Tohoku Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan.
   Tamagawa Univ Res Inst, Brain Sci Res Ctr, Tokyo 1948610, Japan.
C3 Tohoku University
RP Tanji, J (corresponding author), Tohoku Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan.
EM tanji@lab.tamagawa.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 172
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7125
BP 315
EP 318
DI 10.1038/nature05470
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 126HT
UT WOS:000243504700045
PM 17183266
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Doiron-Leyraud, N
   Proust, C
   LeBoeuf, D
   Levallois, J
   Bonnemaison, JB
   Liang, RX
   Bonn, DA
   Hardy, WN
   Taillefer, L
AF Doiron-Leyraud, Nicolas
   Proust, Cyril
   LeBoeuf, David
   Levallois, Julien
   Bonnemaison, Jean-Baptiste
   Liang, Ruixing
   Bonn, D. A.
   Hardy, W. N.
   Taillefer, Louis
TI Quantum oscillations and the Fermi surface in an underdoped high-Tc superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID state
AB Despite twenty years of research, the phase diagram of high-transition-temperature superconductors remains enigmatic(1,2). A central issue is the origin of the differences in the physical properties of these copper oxides doped to opposite sides of the superconducting region. In the overdoped regime, the material behaves as a reasonably conventional metal, with a large Fermi surface(3,4). The underdoped regime, however, is highly anomalous and appears to have no coherent Fermi surface, but only disconnected 'Fermi arcs'(5,6). The fundamental question, then, is whether underdoped copper oxides have a Fermi surface, and if so, whether it is topologically different from that seen in the overdoped regime. Here we report the observation of quantum oscillations in the electrical resistance of the oxygen-ordered copper oxide YBa2Cu3O6.5, establishing the existence of a well-defined Fermi surface in the ground state of underdoped copper oxides, once superconductivity is suppressed by a magnetic field. The low oscillation frequency reveals a Fermi surface made of small pockets, in contrast to the large cylinder characteristic of the overdoped regime. Two possible interpretations are discussed: either a small pocket is part of the band structure specific to YBa2Cu3O6.5 or small pockets arise from a topological change at a critical point in the phase diagram. Our understanding of high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductors will depend critically on which of these two interpretations proves to be correct.
C1 UPS, INSA 5147, UMR CNRS, Lab Natl Champs Magnet, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
   Univ Sherbrooke, Dept Phys, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada.
   Univ Sherbrooke, RQMP, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Canadian Inst Adv Res, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Universite Federale Toulouse Midi-Pyrenees (ComUE); Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse; University of Sherbrooke; University of Sherbrooke; University of British Columbia; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR)
RP Proust, C (corresponding author), UPS, INSA 5147, UMR CNRS, Lab Natl Champs Magnet, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
EM proust@lncmp.org; louis.taillefer@physique.usherbrooke.ca
NR 30
TC 830
Z9 910
U1 3
U2 213
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7144
BP 565
EP 568
DI 10.1038/nature05872
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 172YZ
UT WOS:000246842000042
PM 17538614
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sugimoto, Y
   Pou, P
   Abe, M
   Jelinek, P
   Pérez, R
   Morita, S
   Custance, O
AF Sugimoto, Yoshiaki
   Pou, Pablo
   Abe, Masayuki
   Jelinek, Pavel
   Perez, Ruben
   Morita, Seizo
   Custance, Oscar
TI Chemical identification of individual surface atoms by atomic force microscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID room-temperature; spectroscopy; tracking
AB Scanning probe microscopy is a versatile and powerful method that uses sharp tips to image, measure and manipulate matter at surfaces with atomic resolution(1,2). At cryogenic temperatures, scanning probe microscopy can even provide electron tunnelling spectra that serve as fingerprints of the vibrational properties of adsorbed molecules(3-5) and of the electronic properties of magnetic impurity atoms(6,7), thereby allowing chemical identification. But in many instances, and particularly for insulating systems, determining the exact chemical composition of surfaces or nanostructures remains a considerable challenge. In principle, dynamic force microscopy should make it possible to overcome this problem: it can image insulator, semiconductor and metal surfaces with true atomic resolution(8-10), by detecting and precisely measuring(11-13) the short-range forces that arise with the onset of chemical bonding between the tip and surface atoms(14,15) and that depend sensitively on the chemical identity of the atoms involved. Here we report precise measurements of such short-range chemical forces, and show that their dependence on the force microscope tip used can be overcome through a normalization procedure. This allows us to use the chemical force measurements as the basis for atomic recognition, even at room temperature. We illustrate the performance of this approach by imaging the surface of a particularly challenging alloy system and successfully identifying the three constituent atomic species silicon, tin and lead, even though these exhibit very similar chemical properties and identical surface position preferences that render any discrimination attempt based on topographic measurements impossible.
C1 Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Fis Teor Mat Condensada, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, PRESTO, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Phys, Prague 186253, Czech Republic.
C3 University of Osaka; Autonomous University of Madrid; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
RP Custance, O (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
EM oscar@afm.eei.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 26
TC 590
Z9 673
U1 8
U2 352
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7131
BP 64
EP 67
DI 10.1038/nature05530
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140RY
UT WOS:000244525600037
PM 17330040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tesar, PJ
   Chenoweth, JG
   Brook, FA
   Davies, TJ
   Evans, EP
   Mack, DL
   Gardner, RL
   McKay, RDG
AF Tesar, Paul J.
   Chenoweth, Josh G.
   Brook, Frances A.
   Davies, Timothy J.
   Evans, Edward P.
   Mack, David L.
   Gardner, Richard L.
   McKay, Ronald D. G.
TI New cell lines from mouse epiblast share defining features with human embryonic stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vitro; clonal analysis; self-renewal; germ-line; differentiation; pluripotency; origin; genome; derivation; network
AB The application of human embryonic stem (ES) cells in medicine and biology has an inherent reliance on understanding the starting cell population. Human ES cells differ from mouse ES cells and the specific embryonic origin of both cell types is unclear. Previous work suggested that mouse ES cells could only be obtained from the embryo before implantation in the uterus(1-5). Here we show that cell lines can be derived from the epiblast, a tissue of the post-implantation embryo that generates the embryo proper. These cells, which we refer to as EpiSCs (post-implantation epiblast-derived stem cells), express transcription factors known to regulate pluripotency, maintain their genomic integrity, and robustly differentiate into the major somatic cell types as well as primordial germ cells. The EpiSC lines are distinct from mouse ES cells in their epigenetic state and the signals controlling their differentiation. Furthermore, EpiSC and human ES cells share patterns of gene expression and signalling responses that normally function in the epiblast. These results show that epiblast cells can be maintained as stable cell lines and interrogated to understand how pluripotent cells generate distinct fates during early development.
C1 NINDS, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Mammalian Dev Lab, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   NCI, Stem Cell Biol Sect, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); University of Oxford; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP McKay, RDG (corresponding author), NINDS, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM paultesar@ninds.nih.gov; mckayr@ninds.nih.gov
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline; Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 38
TC 1704
Z9 2079
U1 0
U2 144
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7150
BP 196
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature05972
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 188QN
UT WOS:000247934500043
PM 17597760
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jasti, J
   Furukawa, H
   Gonzales, EB
   Gouaux, E
AF Jasti, Jayasankar
   Furukawa, Hiroyasu
   Gonzales, Eric B.
   Gouaux, Eric
TI Structure of acid-sensing ion channel 1 at 1.9A resolution and low pH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gated na+ channel; ion channels; sodium-channel; acetylcholine-receptor; extracellular domain; activated currents; subunit; h+; desensitization; asic1
AB Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are voltage-independent, proton-activated receptors that belong to the epithelial sodium channel/degenerin family of ion channels and are implicated in perception of pain, ischaemic stroke, mechanosensation, learning and memory. Here we report the low-pH crystal structure of a chicken ASIC1 deletion mutant at 1.9 angstrom resolution. Each subunit of the chalice-shaped homotrimer is composed of short amino and carboxy termini, two transmembrane helices, a bound chloride ion and a disulphide-rich, multidomain extracellular region enriched in acidic residues and carboxyl-carboxylate pairs within 3 angstrom, suggesting that at least one carboxyl group bears a proton. Electrophysiological studies on aspartate-to-asparagine mutants confirm that these carboxyl-carboxylate pairs participate in proton sensing. Between the acidic residues and the transmembrane pore lies a disulphide-rich 'thumb' domain poised to couple the binding of protons to the opening of the ion channel, thus demonstrating that proton activation involves long-range conformational changes.
C1 Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
   Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Health & Science University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Gouaux, E (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
EM gouauxe@ohsu.edu
NR 53
TC 890
Z9 1023
U1 1
U2 96
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7160
BP 316
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06163
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 211XP
UT WOS:000249557300040
PM 17882215
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whittall, JB
   Hodges, SA
AF Whittall, Justen B.
   Hodges, Scott A.
TI Pollinator shifts drive increasingly long nectar spurs in columbine flowers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ancestral character states; evolution; rates
AB Directional evolutionary trends have long garnered interest because they suggest that evolution can be predictable. However, the identification of the trends themselves and the underlying processes that may produce them have often been controversial(1). In 1862, in explaining the exceptionally long nectar spur of Angraecum sesquipedale, Darwin proposed that a coevolutionary 'race' had driven the directional increase in length of a plant's spur and its pollinator's tongue(2). Thus he predicted the existence of an exceptionally long-tongued moth. Though the discovery of Xanthopan morgani ssp. praedicta in 1903 with a tongue length of 22 cm validated Darwin's prediction(3), his 'race' model for the evolution of long-spurred flowers remains contentious(4). Spurs may also evolve to exceptional lengths by way of pollinator shifts as plants adapt to a series of unrelated pollinators, each with a greater tongue length(5). Here, using a species-level phylogeny of the columbine genus, Aquilegia, we show a significant evolutionary trend for increasing spur length during directional shifts to pollinators with longer tongues. In addition, we find evidence for 'punctuated' change in spur length during speciation events(6), suggesting that Aquilegia nectar spurs rapidly evolve to fit adaptive peaks predefined by pollinator morphology. These findings show that evolution may proceed in predictable pathways without reversals and that change may be concentrated during speciation.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Whittall, JB (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM jbwhittall@ucdavis.edu; hodges@lifesci.ucsb.edu
NR 29
TC 552
Z9 650
U1 11
U2 723
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 7
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7145
BP 706
EP U12
DI 10.1038/nature05857
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 175RI
UT WOS:000247030700042
PM 17554306
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gómez-Consarnau, L
   González, JM
   Coll-Lladó, M
   Gourdon, P
   Pascher, T
   Neutze, R
   Pedrós-Alió, C
   Pinhassi, J
AF Gomez-Consarnau, Laura
   Gonzalez, Jose M.
   Coll-Llado, Montserrat
   Gourdon, Pontus
   Pascher, Torbjoern
   Neutze, Richard
   Pedros-Alio, Carlos
   Pinhassi, Jarone
TI Light stimulates growth of proteorhodopsin-containing marine Flavobacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocean; phototrophy; bacterium; sar11; sea
AB Proteorhodopsins are bacterial light-dependent proton pumps. Their discovery within genomic material from uncultivated marine bacterioplankton caused considerable excitement because it indicated a potential phototrophic function within these organisms, which had previously been considered strictly chemotrophic(1). Subsequent studies established that sequences encoding proteorhodopsin are broadly distributed throughout the world's oceans(2-5). Nevertheless, the role of proteorhodopsins in native marine bacteria is still unknown(6). Here we show, from an analysis of the complete genomes of three marine Flavobacteria, that cultivated bacteria in the phylum Bacteroidetes, one of the principal components of marine bacterioplankton, contain proteorhodopsin. Moreover, growth experiments in both natural and artificial seawater ( low in labile organic matter, which is typical of the world's oceans) establish that exposure to light results in a marked increase in the cell yield of one such bacterium (Dokdonia sp. strain MED134) when compared with cells grown in darkness. Thus, our results show that the phototrophy conferred by proteorhodopsin can provide critical amounts of energy, not only for respiration and maintenance but also for active growth of marine bacterioplankton in their natural environment.
C1 Univ Kalmar, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, SE-39182 KAlmar, Sweden.
   Univ La Laguna, Dept Microbiol & Cell Biol, ES-38206 Tenerife, Spain.
   CSIC, CMIMA, Inst Ciencies Mar, ES-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
   Chalmers, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Lund Univ, Kemictr, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
   Univ Gothenburg, Dept Chem Biochem & Biophys, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
C3 Linnaeus University; University of Kalmar; Universidad de la Laguna; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro Mediterraneo de Investigaciones Marinas y Ambientales (CMIMA); CSIC - Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM); Chalmers University of Technology; Lund University; University of Gothenburg
RP Pinhassi, J (corresponding author), Univ Kalmar, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, SE-39182 KAlmar, Sweden.
EM jarone.pinhassi@hik.se
NR 26
TC 297
Z9 332
U1 0
U2 87
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7124
BP 210
EP 213
DI 10.1038/nature05381
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124QF
UT WOS:000243384300052
PM 17215843
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Samokhvalov, IM
   Samokhvalova, NI
   Nishikawa, S
AF Samokhvalov, Igor M.
   Samokhvalova, Natalia I.
   Nishikawa, Shin-ichi
TI Cell tracing shows the contribution of the yolk sac to adult haematopoiesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem-cells; definitive hematopoiesis; interferon-gamma; reporter strain; mouse embryo; expression; mice; reconstitution; recombination; circulation
AB The first haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) appear in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros ( AGM) region, major vitelline and umbilical vessels, and placenta; however, whether they arise locally or from immigrant yolk sac precursor cells remains unclear. This issue is best addressed by measuring cell-lineage relationships rather than cell potentials. To undertake long-term in vivo tracing of yolk sac cells, we designed a non-invasive pulse-labelling system based on Cre/loxP recombination. Here we show that in Runx1(+/-) (runt-related transcription factor 1) heterozygous mice, yolk sac cells expressing Runx1 at embryonic day 7.5 develop into fetal lymphoid progenitors and adult HSCs. During mid-gestation the labelled ( embryonic day 7.5) yolk sac cells colonize the umbilical cord, the AGM region and subsequently the embryonic liver. This raises the possibility that some HSCs associated with major embryonic vasculature are derived from yolk sac precursors. We observed virtually no contribution of the labelled cells towards the yolk sac vasculature, indicating early segregation of endothelial and haematopoietic lineages.
C1 RIKEN Kobe, Ctr Dev Biol, Lab Stem Cell Biol, Kobe, Hyogo 6500047, Japan.
C3 RIKEN
RP Samokhvalov, IM (corresponding author), RIKEN Kobe, Ctr Dev Biol, Lab Stem Cell Biol, Kobe, Hyogo 6500047, Japan.
EM igors@cdb.riken.jp
NR 30
TC 358
Z9 458
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7139
BP 1056
EP 1061
DI 10.1038/nature05725
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 160NU
UT WOS:000245950400044
PM 17377529
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bhaskaran, H
   Russell, R
AF Bhaskaran, Hari
   Russell, Rick
TI Kinetic redistribution of native and misfolded RNAs by a DEAD-box chaperone
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID group-i intron; tetrahymena ribozyme; peripheral element; folding landscape; structured rna; protein; helicases; sequence; helix; intermediate
AB DExD/H-box proteins are ubiquitously involved in RNA-mediated processes and use ATP to accelerate conformational changes in RNA. However, their mechanisms of action, and what determines which RNA species are targeted, are not well understood. Here we show that the DExD/H-box protein CYT-19, a general RNA chaperone, mediates ATP-dependent unfolding of both the native conformation and a long-lived misfolded conformation of a group I catalytic RNA with efficiencies that depend on the stabilities of the RNA species but not on specific structural features. CYT-19 then allows the RNA to refold, changing the distribution from equilibrium to kinetic control. Because misfolding is favoured kinetically, conditions that allow unfolding of the native RNA yield large increases in the population of misfolded species. Our results suggest that DExD/H-box proteins act with sufficient breadth and efficiency to allow structured RNAs to populate a wider range of conformations than would be present at equilibrium. Thus, RNAs may face selective pressure to stabilize their active conformations relative to inactive ones to avoid significant redistribution by DExD/H-box proteins. Conversely, RNAs whose functions depend on forming multiple conformations may rely on DExD/H-box proteins to increase the populations of less stable conformations, thereby increasing their overall efficiencies.
C1 Univ Texas, Dept Chem & Biochem, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Russell, R (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Dept Chem & Biochem, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
EM rick_russell@mail.utexas.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM070456] Funding Source: Medline
NR 48
TC 101
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1014
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature06235
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000043
PM 17960235
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krause, J
   Orlando, L
   Serre, D
   Viola, B
   Prüfer, K
   Richards, MP
   Hublin, JJ
   Hänni, C
   Derevianko, AP
   Pääbo, S
AF Krause, Johannes
   Orlando, Ludovic
   Serre, David
   Viola, Bence
   Pruefer, Kay
   Richards, Michael P.
   Hublin, Jean-Jacques
   Haenni, Catherine
   Derevianko, Anatoly P.
   Paeaebo, Svante
TI Neanderthals in central Asia and Siberia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondrial-dna; sequence
AB Morphological traits typical of Neanderthals began to appear in European hominids at least 400,000 years ago(1) and about 150,000 years ago(2) in western Asia. After their initial appearance, such traits increased in frequency and the extent to which they are expressed until they disappeared shortly after 30,000 years ago. However, because most fossil hominid remains are fragmentary, it can be difficult or impossible to determine unambiguously whether a fossil is of Neanderthal origin. This limits the ability to determine when and where Neanderthals lived. To determine how far to the east Neanderthals ranged, we determined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from hominid remains found in Uzbekistan and in the Altai region of southern Siberia. Here we show that the DNA sequences from these fossils fall within the European Neanderthal mtDNA variation. Thus, the geographic range of Neanderthals is likely to have extended at least 2,000 km further to the east than commonly assumed.
C1 Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
   Univ Lyon, Inst Genom Fonct Lyon,CNRS,INRA, Inst Federat Biosci Gerland Lyon Sud, Ecole Normale Super Lyon, F-69364 Lyon 07, France.
   McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A4, Canada.
   Genome Quebec Innovat Ctr, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A4, Canada.
   Univ Vienna, Fac Life Sci, Dept Anthropol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Archaeol & Ethnog, Paleolith Dept, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
C3 Max Planck Society; CHU Lyon; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); INRAE; McGill University; University of Vienna; Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Archaeology & Ethnography, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Pääbo, S (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Deutsch Pl 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
EM paabo@eva.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 249
Z9 288
U1 1
U2 107
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 902
EP 904
DI 10.1038/nature06193
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600046
PM 17914357
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Froemke, RC
   Merzenich, MM
   Schreiner, CE
AF Froemke, Robert C.
   Merzenich, Michael M.
   Schreiner, Christoph E.
TI A synaptic memory trace for cortical receptive field plasticity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primary auditory-cortex; basal forebrain neurons; nucleus basalis; acetylcholine; modulation; mechanisms; attention; rat
AB Receptive fields of sensory cortical neurons are plastic, changing in response to alterations of neural activity or sensory experience(1-12). In this way, cortical representations of the sensory environment can incorporate new information about the world, depending on the relevance or value of particular stimuli(1,6,9). Neuromodulation is required for cortical plasticity, but it is uncertain how subcortical neuromodulatory systems, such as the cholinergic nucleus basalis, interact with and refine cortical circuits(13-24). Here we determine the dynamics of synaptic receptive field plasticity in the adult primary auditory cortex ( also known as AI) using in vivo whole-cell recording. Pairing sensory stimulation with nucleus basalis activation shifted the preferred stimuli of cortical neurons by inducing a rapid reduction of synaptic inhibition within seconds, which was followed by a large increase in excitation, both specific to the paired stimulus. Although nucleus basalis was stimulated only for a few minutes, reorganization of synaptic tuning curves progressed for hours thereafter: inhibition slowly increased in an activity-dependent manner to rebalance the persistent enhancement of excitation, leading to a retuned receptive field with new preference for the paired stimulus. This restricted period of disinhibition may be a fundamental mechanism for receptive field plasticity, and could serve as a memory trace(9,25) for stimuli or episodes that have acquired new behavioural significance.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Coleman Mem Lab, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, WM Keck Fdn Ctr Integrat Neurosci, Dept Otolaryngol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Froemke, RC (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Coleman Mem Lab, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM rfroemke@phy.ucsf.edu
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC002260] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 469
Z9 573
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 425
EP 429
DI 10.1038/nature06289
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600056
PM 18004384
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scanlon, TM
   Caylor, KK
   Levin, SA
   Rodriguez-Iturbe, I
AF Scanlon, Todd M.
   Caylor, Kelly K.
   Levin, Simon A.
   Rodriguez-Iturbe, Ignacio
TI Positive feedbacks promote power-law clustering of Kalahari vegetation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID local interactions; spatial-patterns; dynamics; disturbance; signatures; savannas; ecology; forests; africa; model
AB The concept of local-scale interactions driving large-scale pattern formation has been supported by numerical simulations, which have demonstrated that simple rules of interaction are capable of reproducing patterns observed in nature(1,2). These models of self-organization suggest that characteristic patterns should exist across a broad range of environmental conditions provided that local interactions do indeed dominate the development of community structure. Readily available observations that could be used to support these theoretical expectations, however, have lacked sufficient spatial extent or the necessary diversity of environmental conditions to confirm the model predictions. We use high-resolution satellite imagery to document the prevalence of self-organized vegetation patterns across a regional rainfall gradient in southern Africa, where percent tree cover ranges from 65% to 4%. Through the application of a cellular automata model, we find that the observed power-law distributions of tree canopy cluster sizes can arise from the interacting effects of global-scale resource constraints (that is, water availability) and local-scale facilitation. Positive local feedbacks result in power-law distributions without entailing threshold behaviour commonly associated with criticality. Our observations provide a framework for integrating a diverse suite of previous studies that have addressed either mean wet season rainfall or landscape-scale soil moisture variability as controls on the structural dynamics of arid and semi-arid ecosystems.
C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Dept Geog, Bloomington, IN 47401 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 University of Virginia; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Scanlon, TM (corresponding author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Clark Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
EM tms2v@virginia.edu
NR 30
TC 316
Z9 370
U1 2
U2 141
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7159
BP 209
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature06060
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 209NF
UT WOS:000249394500048
PM 17851523
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sillanpää, MA
   Park, JI
   Simmonds, RW
AF Sillanpaeae, Mika A.
   Park, Jae I.
   Simmonds, Raymond W.
TI Coherent quantum state storage and transfer between two phase qubits via a resonant cavity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-photon; dynamics; memory
AB As with classical information processing, a quantum information processor requires bits (qubits) that can be independently addressed and read out, long-term memory elements to store arbitrary quantum states(1,2), and the ability to transfer quantum information through a coherent communication bus accessible to a large number of qubits(3,4). Superconducting qubits made with scalable microfabrication techniques are a promising candidate for the realization of a large-scale quantum information processor(5-9). Although these systems have successfully passed tests of coherent coupling for up to four qubits(10-13), communication of individual quantum states between superconducting qubits via a quantum bus has not yet been realized. Here, we perform an experiment demonstrating the ability to coherently transfer quantum states between two superconducting Josephson phase qubits through a quantum bus. This quantum bus is a resonant cavity formed by an open-ended superconducting transmission line of length 7 mm. After preparing an initial quantum state with the first qubit, this quantum information is transferred and stored as a nonclassical photon state of the resonant cavity, then retrieved later by the second qubit connected to the opposite end of the cavity. Beyond simple state transfer, these results suggest that a high-quality-factor superconducting cavity could also function as a useful short-term memory element. The basic architecture presented here can be expanded, offering the possibility for the coherent interaction of a large number of superconducting qubits.
C1 NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Simmonds, RW (corresponding author), NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
EM simmonds@boulder.nist.gov
NR 30
TC 592
Z9 663
U1 1
U2 96
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7161
BP 438
EP 442
DI 10.1038/nature06124
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214GQ
UT WOS:000249724800035
PM 17898762
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dong, KC
   Berger, JM
AF Dong, Ken C.
   Berger, James M.
TI Structural basis for gate-DNA recognition and bending by type IIA topoisomerases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; protein; mechanism; gyrase; domain; transport; topology; complex; simplification; purification
AB Type II topoisomerases disentangle DNA to facilitate chromosome segregation, and represent a major class of therapeutic targets. Although these enzymes have been studied extensively, a molecular understanding of DNA binding has been lacking. Here we present the structure of a complex between the DNA- binding and cleavage core of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Topo II ( also known as Top2) and a gate- DNA segment. The structure reveals that the enzyme enforces a 150 degrees DNA bend through a mechanism similar to that of remodelling proteins such as integration host factor. Large protein conformational changes accompany DNA deformation, creating a bipartite catalytic site that positions the DNA backbone near a reactive tyrosine and a coordinated magnesium ion. This configuration closely resembles the catalytic site of type IA topoisomerases, reinforcing an evolutionary link between these structurally and functionally distinct enzymes. Binding of DNA facilitates opening of an enzyme dimerization interface, providing visual evidence for a key step in DNA transport.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Biochem & Mol Biol, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Inst QB3, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Chem Biol Grad Program, Dept Chem, Coll Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Berger, JM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Biochem & Mol Biol, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Inst QB3, Stanley Hall 3220, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM jmberger@berkeley.edu
FU National Cancer Institute [R01CA077373] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 50
TC 258
Z9 319
U1 2
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1201
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature06396
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200043
PM 18097402
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, F
   Wang, LP
   Brauner, M
   Liewald, JF
   Kay, K
   Watzke, N
   Wood, PG
   Bamberg, E
   Nagel, G
   Gottschalk, A
   Deisseroth, K
AF Zhang, Feng
   Wang, Li-Ping
   Brauner, Martin
   Liewald, Jana F.
   Kay, Kenneth
   Watzke, Natalie
   Wood, Phillip G.
   Bamberg, Ernst
   Nagel, Georg
   Gottschalk, Alexander
   Deisseroth, Karl
TI Multimodal fast optical interrogation of neural circuitry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chloride pump halorhodopsin; green-algae; in-vivo; mammalian neurons; excitable cells; remote-control; ion channels; light; activation; channelrhodopsin-2
AB Our understanding of the cellular implementation of systems-level neural processes like action, thought and emotion has been limited by the availability of tools to interrogate specific classes of neural cells within intact, living brain tissue. Here we identify and develop an archaeal light-driven chloride pump (NpHR) from Natronomonas pharaonis for temporally precise optical inhibition of neural activity. NpHR allows either knockout of single action potentials, or sustained blockade of spiking. NpHR is compatible with ChR2, the previous optical excitation technology we have described, in that the two opposing probes operate at similar light powers but with well-separated action spectra. NpHR, like ChR2, functions in mammals without exogenous cofactors, and the two probes can be integrated with calcium imaging in mammalian brain tissue for bidirectional optical modulation and readout of neural activity. Likewise, NpHR and ChR2 can be targeted together to Caenorhabditis elegans muscle and cholinergic motor neurons to control locomotion bidirectionally. NpHR and ChR2 form a complete system for multimodal, high-speed, genetically targeted, all-optical interrogation of living neural circuits.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Bioengn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Frankfurt Bioctr N220, Inst Biochem, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Frankfurt Bioctr N220, Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Biochem Chem & Pharm, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Univ Wuezburg, D-97082 Wuezburg, Germany.
C3 Stanford University; Goethe University Frankfurt; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max Planck Society
RP Deisseroth, K (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Bioengn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM deissero@stanford.edu
NR 48
TC 1387
Z9 1814
U1 5
U2 380
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7136
BP 633
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature05744
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 153LZ
UT WOS:000245438300032
PM 17410168
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trepat, X
   Deng, LH
   An, SS
   Navajas, D
   Tschumperlin, DJ
   Gerthoffer, WT
   Butler, JP
   Fredberg, JJ
AF Trepat, Xavier
   Deng, Linhong
   An, Steven S.
   Navajas, Daniel
   Tschumperlin, Daniel J.
   Gerthoffer, William T.
   Butler, James P.
   Fredberg, Jeffrey J.
TI Universal physical responses to stretch in the living cell
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID airway smooth-muscle; slow dynamics; force; viscoelasticity; rheology; behavior
AB With every beat of the heart, inflation of the lung or peristalsis of the gut, cell types of diverse function are subjected to substantial stretch. Stretch is a potent stimulus for growth, differentiation, migration, remodelling and gene expression(1,2). Here, we report that in response to transient stretch the cytoskeleton fluidizes in such a way as to define a universal response class. This finding implicates mechanisms mediated not only by specific signalling intermediates, as is usually assumed, but also by non-specific actions of a slowly evolving network of physical forces. These results support the idea that the cell interior is at once a crowded chemical space(3) and a fragile soft material in which the effects of biochemistry, molecular crowding and physical forces are complex and inseparable, yet conspire nonetheless to yield remarkably simple phenomenological laws. These laws seem to be both universal and primitive, and thus comprise a striking intersection between the worlds of cell biology and soft matter physics.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Program Mol & Integrat Physiol Sci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Chongqing Univ, Bioengn Coll, Project Lab Biomech & Tissue Repair 111, Chongqing 400044, Peoples R China.
   Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Div Physiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Univ Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Unitat Biofis & Bioengn, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain.
   Inst Bioengn Catalunya, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain.
   Univ Nevada, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Chongqing University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; University of Barcelona; Hospital Clinic de Barcelona; IDIBAPS; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology; Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno
RP Fredberg, JJ (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Program Mol & Integrat Physiol Sci, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM jeffrey_fredberg@harvard.edu
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL084224, R01 HL065960, P01 HL033009, R01 HL102373] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 580
Z9 676
U1 0
U2 247
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7144
BP 592
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature05824
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 172YZ
UT WOS:000246842000049
PM 17538621
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chaudhuri, O
   Parekh, SH
   Fletcher, DA
AF Chaudhuri, Ovijit
   Parekh, Sapun H.
   Fletcher, Daniel A.
TI Reversible stress softening of actin networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arp2/3 complex; dendritic organization; mechanical-property; cross-linking; cells; filaments; microrheology; microtubules; elasticity; motility
AB The mechanical properties of cells play an essential role in numerous physiological processes. Organized networks of semiflexible actin filaments determine cell stiffness and transmit force during mechanotransduction, cytokinesis, cell motility and other cellular shape changes(1-3). Although numerous actin-binding proteins have been identified that organize networks, the mechanical properties of actin networks with physiological architectures and concentrations have been difficult to measure quantitatively. Studies of mechanical properties in vitro have found that crosslinked networks of actin filaments formed in solution exhibit stress stiffening arising from the entropic elasticity of individual filaments or crosslinkers resisting extension(4-8). Here we report reversible stress-softening behaviour in actin networks reconstituted in vitro that suggests a critical role for filaments resisting compression. Using a modified atomic force microscope to probe dendritic actin networks ( like those formed in the lamellipodia of motile cells), we observe stress stiffening followed by a regime of reversible stress softening at higher loads. This softening behaviour can be explained by elastic buckling of individual filaments under compression that avoids catastrophic fracture of the network. The observation of both stress stiffening and softening suggests a complex interplay between entropic and enthalpic elasticity in determining the mechanical properties of actin networks.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, UC San Francisco UC Berkeley Joint Grad Grp Bioen, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Bioengn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Fletcher, DA (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, UC San Francisco UC Berkeley Joint Grad Grp Bioen, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM fletch@berkeley.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM074751, R01 GM072736] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 344
Z9 406
U1 0
U2 135
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7125
BP 295
EP 298
DI 10.1038/nature05459
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 126HT
UT WOS:000243504700040
PM 17230186
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shara, MM
   Martin, CD
   Seibert, M
   Rich, RM
   Salim, S
   Reitzel, D
   Schiminovich, D
   Deliyannis, CP
   Sarrazine, AR
   Kulkarni, SR
   Ofek, EO
   Brosch, N
   Lépine, S
   Zurek, D
   De Marco, O
   Jacoby, G
AF Shara, Michael M.
   Martin, Christopher D.
   Seibert, Mark
   Rich, R. Michael
   Salim, Samir
   Reitzel, David
   Schiminovich, David
   Deliyannis, Constantine P.
   Sarrazine, Angela R.
   Kulkarni, Shri R.
   Ofek, Eran O.
   Brosch, Noah
   Lepine, Sebastien
   Zurek, David
   De Marco, Orsola
   Jacoby, George
TI An ancient nova shell around the dwarf nova Z Camelopardalis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; space; emission; time; mass
AB Cataclysmic variables ( classical novae and dwarf novae) are binary star systems in which a red dwarf transfers hydrogen-rich matter, by way of an accretion disk, to its white dwarf companion(1). In dwarf novae, an instability(2) is believed to episodically dump much of the accretion disk onto the white dwarf. The liberation of gravitational potential energy then brightens these systems by up to 100-fold every few weeks or months(2). Thermonuclear-powered eruptions thousands of times more luminous(3,4) occur in classical novae(5), accompanied by significant mass ejection(6) and formation of clearly visible shells(7,8) from the ejected material. Theory predicts that the white dwarfs in all dwarf novae must eventually accrete enough mass to undergo classical nova eruptions(9). Here we report a shell, an order of magnitude more extended than those detected around many classical novae, surrounding the prototypical dwarf nova Z Camelopardalis. The derived shell mass matches that of classical novae, and is inconsistent with the mass expected from a dwarf nova wind or a planetary nebula. The shell observationally links the prototypical dwarf nova Z Camelopardalis with an ancient nova eruption and the classical nova process.
C1 Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Astrophys, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   CALTECH, Dept Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Dept Astron, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Wise Observ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, IL-69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel.
   WIYN Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); California Institute of Technology; Carnegie Institution for Science; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Columbia University; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Tel Aviv University
RP Shara, MM (corresponding author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Astrophys, 79th St & Cent Pk W, New York, NY 10024 USA.
EM mshara@amnh.org
NR 25
TC 75
Z9 80
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7132
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/nature05576
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 143JS
UT WOS:000244718100034
PM 17344847
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jepsen, K
   Solum, D
   Zhou, TY
   McEvilly, RJ
   Kim, HJ
   Glass, CK
   Hermanson, O
   Rosenfeld, MG
AF Jepsen, Kristen
   Solum, Derek
   Zhou, Tianyuan
   McEvilly, Robert J.
   Kim, Hyun-Jung
   Glass, Christopher K.
   Hermanson, Ola
   Rosenfeld, Michael G.
TI SMRT-mediated repression of an H3K27 demethylase in progression from neural stem cell to neuron
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID domain-containing proteins; mammalian telencephalon; regulated transcription; histone demethylation; co-repressor; differentiation; corepressor; methylation; notch; expression
AB A series of transcription factors critical for maintenance of the neural stem cell state have been identified(1-3), but the role of functionally important corepressors(4-7) in maintenance of the neural stem cell state and early neurogenesis remains unclear. Previous studies have characterized the expression of both SMRT ( also known as NCoR2, nuclear receptor co-repressor 2) and NCoR in a variety of developmental systems(8); however, the specific role of the SMRT corepressor in neurogenesis is still to be determined. Here we report a critical role for SMRT in forebrain development and in maintenance of the neural stem cell state. Analysis of a series of markers in SMRT-gene-deleted mice revealed the functional requirement of SMRT in the actions of both retinoic-acid-dependent and Notch-dependent forebrain development. In isolated cortical progenitor cells, SMRT was critical for preventing retinoic-acid-receptor- dependent induction of differentiation along a neuronal pathway in the absence of any ligand. Our data reveal that SMRT represses expression of the jumonji-domain containing gene JMJD3, a direct retinoic-acid-receptor target that functions as a histone H3 trimethyl K27 demethylase and which is capable of activating specific components of the neurogenic program.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosci, Ctr Excellence Dev Biol, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Karolinska Institutet
RP Jepsen, K (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM kjepsen@ucsd.edu
NR 35
TC 338
Z9 411
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 415
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature06270
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600054
PM 17928865
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bennett, EJ
   Shaler, TA
   Woodman, B
   Ryu, KY
   Zaitseva, TS
   Becker, CH
   Bates, GP
   Schulman, H
   Kopito, RR
AF Bennett, Eric J.
   Shaler, Thomas A.
   Woodman, Ben
   Ryu, Kwon-Yul
   Zaitseva, Tatiana S.
   Becker, Christopher H.
   Bates, Gillian P.
   Schulman, Howard
   Kopito, Ron R.
TI Global changes to the ubiquitin system in Huntington's disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis; in mouse model; proteasome system; parkinsons-disease; dysfunction; impairment; nuclear; quantification; aggregation; degradation
AB Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neuro-degenerative disorder caused by expansion of CAG triplet repeats in the huntingtin (HTT) gene (also called HD) and characterized by accumulation of aggregated fragments of polyglutamine-expanded HTT protein in affected neurons(1,2). Abnormal enrichment of HD inclusion bodies with ubiquitin, a diagnostic characteristic of HD and many other neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases(3,4), has suggested that dysfunction in ubiquitin metabolism may contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases(5,6). Because modification of proteins with polyubiquitin chains regulates many essential cellular processes including protein degradation, cell cycle, transcription, DNA repair and membrane trafficking(7), disrupted ubiquitin signalling is likely to have broad consequences for neuronal function and survival. Although ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation is impaired in cell-culture models of HD8-11 and of other neurodegenerative diseases(12,13), it has not been possible to evaluate the function of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in HD patients or in animal models of the disease, and a functional role for UPS impairment in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis remains controversial(14-16). Here we exploit a mass-spectrometry-based method to quantify polyubiquitin chains(17) and demonstrate that the abundance of these chains is a faithful endogenous biomarker of UPS function. Lys 48-linked polyubiquitin chains accumulate early in pathogenesis in brains from the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD, from a knock-in model of HD and from human HD patients, establishing that UPS dysfunction is a consistent feature of HD pathology. Lys 63- and Lys 11-linked polyubiquitin chains, which are not typically associated with proteasomal targeting, also accumulate in the R6/2 mouse brain. Thus, HD is linked to global changes in the ubiquitin system to a much greater extent than previously recognized.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   PPD Biomarker Discovery Inc, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
   Kings Coll London, Sch Med, Dept Med & Mol Genet, London SE1 9RT, England.
C3 Stanford University; University of London; King's College London
RP Kopito, RR (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM kopito@stanford.edu
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 435
Z9 521
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7154
BP 704
EP U11
DI 10.1038/nature06022
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 197ZY
UT WOS:000248598000047
PM 17687326
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Potok, RM
   Rau, IG
   Shtrikman, H
   Oreg, Y
   Goldhaber-Gordon, D
AF Potok, R. M.
   Rau, I. G.
   Shtrikman, Hadas
   Oreg, Yuval
   Goldhaber-Gordon, D.
TI Observation of the two-channel Kondo effect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-electron transistor; 2-level tunneling systems; anderson model; renormalization-group; conductance; metals; impurity; transport; point; state
AB Some of the most intriguing problems in solid-state physics arise when the motion of one electron dramatically affects the motion of surrounding electrons. Traditionally, such highly correlated electron systems have been studied mainly in materials with complex transition metal chemistry(1,2). Over the past decade, researchers have learned to confine one or a few electrons within a nanometre-scale semiconductor 'artificial atom', and to understand and control this simple system in detail(3). Here we combine artificial atoms to create a highly correlated electron system within a nano-engineered semiconductor structure(4). We tune the system in situ through a quantum phase transition between two distinct states, each a version of the Kondo state(5), in which a bound electron interacts with surrounding mobile electrons. The boundary between these competing Kondo states is a quantum critical point - namely, the exotic and previously elusive two-channel Kondo state(6,7), in which electrons in two reservoirs are entangled through their interaction with a single localized spin.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-96100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Harvard University; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Goldhaber-Gordon, D (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM goldhaber-gordon@stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 326
Z9 354
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7132
BP 167
EP 171
DI 10.1038/nature05556
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 143JS
UT WOS:000244718100036
PM 17344849
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miyanishi, M
   Tada, K
   Koike, M
   Uchiyama, Y
   Kitamura, T
   Nagata, S
AF Miyanishi, Masanori
   Tada, Kazutoshi
   Koike, Masato
   Uchiyama, Yasuo
   Kitamura, Toshio
   Nagata, Shigekazu
TI Identification of Tim4 as a phosphatidylserine receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apoptotic cells; immunoglobulin-domain; dna-degradation; gene family; annexin-v; t-cells; b-cells; macrophages; expression; clearance
AB In programmed cell death, a large number of cells undergo apoptosis, and are engulfed by macrophages to avoid the release of noxious materials from the dying cells(1,2). In definitive erythropoiesis, nuclei are expelled from erythroid precursor cells and are engulfed by macrophages. Phosphatidylserine is exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells(3) and on the nuclei expelled from erythroid precursor cells(4); it works as an 'eat me' signal for phagocytes(5,6). Phosphatidylserine is also expressed on the surface of exosomes involved in intercellular signalling(7). Here we established a library of hamster monoclonal antibodies against mouse peritoneal macrophages, and found an antibody that strongly inhibited the phosphatidylserine-dependent engulfment of apoptotic cells. The antigen recognized by the antibody was identified by expression cloning as a type I transmembrane protein called Tim4 (T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule; also known as Timd4)(8). Tim4 was expressed in Mac1(+) cells in various mouse tissues, including spleen, lymph nodes and fetal liver. Tim4 bound apoptotic cells by recognizing phosphatidylserine via its immunoglobulin domain. The expression of Tim4 in fibroblasts enhanced their ability to engulf apoptotic cells. When the anti-Tim4 monoclonal antibody was administered into mice, the engulfment of apoptotic cells by thymic macrophages was significantly blocked, and the mice developed autoantibodies. Among the other Tim family members, Tim1, but neither Tim2 nor Tim3, specifically bound phosphatidylserine. Tim1- or Tim4-expressing Ba/F3 B cells were bound by exosomes via phosphatidylserine, and exosomes stimulated the interaction between Tim1 and Tim4. These results indicate that Tim4 and Tim1 are phosphatidylserine receptors for the engulfment of apoptotic cells, and may also be involved in intercellular signalling in which exosomes are involved.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Med Chem, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Neurosci, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Div Cellular Therapy, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Solut Oriented Res Sci & Technol, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Nagata, S (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Med Chem, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
EM snagata@mfour.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 937
Z9 1121
U1 3
U2 107
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 435
EP 439
DI 10.1038/nature06307
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600058
PM 17960135
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Caro, E
   Castellano, MM
   Gutierrez, C
AF Caro, Elena
   Castellano, M. Mar
   Gutierrez, Crisanto
TI A chromatin link that couples cell division to root epidermis patterning in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID e2f transcription factor; cycle; proliferation; rereplication; organization; expression; proteins; pathway; geminin; kinase
AB Cell proliferation and cell fate decisions are strictly coupled processes during plant embryogenesis and organogenesis(1-5). In the Arabidopsis thaliana root epidermis, expression of the homeobox GLABRA2 (GL2) gene determines hair/non-hair cell fate(6,7). This requires signalling of positional information from the underlying cortical layer(8,9), complex transcriptional regulation(10,11) and a change in chromatin accessibility(12). However, the molecular connections among these factors and with cell division are not known. Here we have identified a GL2-expression modulator, GEM, as an interactor of CDT1, a DNA replication protein. GEM also interacts with TTG1 ( TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1), a WD40-repeat protein involved in GL2-dependent cell fate decision, and modulates both cell division and GL2 expression. Here we show that GEM participates in the maintenance of the repressor histone H3K9 methylation status of root patterning genes, providing a link between cell division, fate and differentiation during Arabidopsis root development.
C1 Univ Autonoma Madrid, CSIC, Ctr Biol Mol Severo Ochoa, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM); Autonomous University of Madrid
RP Gutierrez, C (corresponding author), Univ Autonoma Madrid, CSIC, Ctr Biol Mol Severo Ochoa, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
EM cgutierrez@cbm.uam.es
NR 34
TC 107
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7141
BP 213
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature05763
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 165WT
UT WOS:000246338700045
PM 17450124
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Evans, MJ
   von Hahn, T
   Tscherne, DM
   Syder, AJ
   Panis, M
   Wölk, B
   Hatziioannou, T
   McKeating, JA
   Bieniasz, PD
   Rice, CM
AF Evans, Matthew J.
   von Hahn, Thomas
   Tscherne, Donna M.
   Syder, Andrew J.
   Panis, Maryline
   Woelk, Benno
   Hatziioannou, Theodora
   McKeating, Jane A.
   Bieniasz, Paul D.
   Rice, Charles M.
TI Claudin-1 is a hepatitis C virus co-receptor required for a late step in entry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tight junctions; cell entry; liver-transplantation; cholestatic hepatitis; viral-infection; receptor; glycoproteins; replication; cd81; tetraspanin
AB Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer worldwide. A better understanding of the viral life cycle, including the mechanisms of entry into host cells, is needed to identify novel therapeutic targets. Although HCV entry requires the CD81 co-receptor, and other host molecules have been implicated, at least one factor critical to this process remains unknown (reviewed in refs 1 - 3). Using an iterative expression cloning approach we identified claudin-1 (CLDN1), a tight junction component that is highly expressed in the liver(4), as essential for HCV entry. CLDN1 is required for HCV infection of human hepatoma cell lines and is the first factor to confer susceptibility to HCV when ectopically expressed in non-hepatic cells. Discrete residues within the first extracellular loop (EL1) of CLDN1, but not protein interaction motifs in intracellular domains, are critical for HCV entry. Moreover, antibodies directed against an epitope inserted in the CLDN1 EL1 block HCV infection. The kinetics of this inhibition indicate that CLDN1 acts late in the entry process, after virus binding and interaction with the HCV co-receptor CD81. With CLDN1 we have identified a novel key factor for HCV entry and a new target for antiviral drug development.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Ctr Study Hepatitis C, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University
RP Rice, CM (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Ctr Study Hepatitis C, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM ricec@mail.rockefeller.edu
FU Medical Research Council [G0801976, G0400802] Funding Source: Medline; MRC [G0400802] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G9818340B, G0400802] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 29
TC 976
Z9 1208
U1 3
U2 106
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7137
BP 801
EP 805
DI 10.1038/nature05654
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 156CX
UT WOS:000245626800042
PM 17325668
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ferrer, M
   Golyshina, OV
   Beloqui, A
   Golyshin, PN
   Timmis, KN
AF Ferrer, Manuel
   Golyshina, Olga V.
   Beloqui, Ana
   Golyshin, Peter N.
   Timmis, Kenneth N.
TI The cellular machinery of Ferroplasma acidiphilum is iron-protein-dominated
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern-ocean; wall-lacking; sp-nov.; environments; prokaryotes; clusters; archaea; acid
AB Ferroplasma is a genus of the Archaea, one of the three branches of the tree of life, and belongs to the order Thermoplasmatales ( Euryarchaeota), which contains the most acidophilic microbes yet known. Ferroplasma species live in acid mine drainage, acidic pools and environments containing sulphidic ores such as pyrite and characterized by pH values of 0 - 2 and high concentrations of ferrous iron and other heavy metals(1-3). F. acidiphilum strain Y-T is a chemoautotroph that grows optimally at pH 1.7 and gains energy by oxidizing ferrous iron and carbon by the fixation of carbon dioxide(1). Here we show that 86% of 189 investigated cellular proteins of F. acidiphilum are iron-metalloproteins. These include proteins with deduced structural, chaperone and catalytic roles, not described as iron-metalloproteins in any other organism so far investigated. The iron atoms in the proteins seem to organize and stabilize their three-dimensional structures, to act as 'iron rivets'. Analysis of proteins of the phylogenetic neighbour Picrophilus torridus and of the habitat neighbour Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans revealed far fewer and only typical metalloproteins. F. acidiphilum therefore has a currently unique iron-protein-dominated cellular machinery and biochemical phylogeny.
C1 CSIC, Inst Catalysis, Madrid 28049, Spain.
   HZI Helmholtz Ctr Infect Res, Dept Environm Microbiol, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
   Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Microbiol, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
   Univ Essex, Dept Biol Sci, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, England.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica (ICP); Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research; Braunschweig University of Technology; University of Essex
RP Ferrer, M (corresponding author), CSIC, Inst Catalysis, Madrid 28049, Spain.
EM mferrer@icp.csic.es
NR 17
TC 86
Z9 97
U1 2
U2 82
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7123
BP 91
EP 94
DI 10.1038/nature05362
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122KG
UT WOS:000243225100042
PM 17203061
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stegmeier, F
   Rape, M
   Draviam, VM
   Nalepa, G
   Sowa, ME
   Ang, XLL
   McDonald, ER
   Li, MZ
   Hannon, GJ
   Sorger, PK
   Kirschner, MW
   Harper, JW
   Elledge, SJ
AF Stegmeier, Frank
   Rape, Michael
   Draviam, Viji M.
   Nalepa, Grzegorz
   Sowa, Mathew E.
   Ang, Xiaolu L.
   McDonald, E. Robert, III
   Li, Mamie Z.
   Hannon, Gregory J.
   Sorger, Peter K.
   Kirschner, Marc W.
   Harper, J. Wade
   Elledge, Stephen J.
TI Anaphase initiation is regulated by antagonistic ubiquitination and deubiquitination activities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spindle checkpoint; mitotic checkpoint; promoting complex/cyclosome; cyclin-a; mitosis; bistability; aneuploidy; p31(comet); protein; cancer
AB The spindle checkpoint prevents chromosome mis-segregation by delaying sister chromatid separation until all chromosomes have achieved bipolar attachment to the mitotic spindle. Its operation is essential for accurate chromosome segregation, whereas its dysregulation can contribute to birth defects and tumorigenesis. The target of the spindle checkpoint is the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), a ubiquitin ligase that promotes sister chromatid separation and progression to anaphase. Using a short hairpin RNA screen targeting components of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in human cells, we identified the deubiquitinating enzyme USP44 (ubiquitin-specific protease 44) as a critical regulator of the spindle checkpoint. USP44 is not required for the initial recognition of unattached kinetochores and the subsequent recruitment of checkpoint components. Instead, it prevents the premature activation of the APC by stabilizing the APC-inhibitory Mad2 - Cdc20 complex. USP44 deubiquitinates the APC coactivator Cdc20 both in vitro and in vivo, and thereby directly counteracts the APC-driven disassembly of Mad2 - Cdc20 complexes ( discussed in an accompanying paper). Our findings suggest that a dynamic balance of ubiquitination by the APC and deubiquitination by USP44 contributes to the generation of the switch-like transition controlling anaphase entry, analogous to the way that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of Cdk1 by Wee1 and Cdc25 controls entry into mitosis.
C1 Harvard Univ, Harvard Partners Ctr Genet & Genom, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Genet,Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Watson Sch Biol Sci, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Elledge, SJ (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Harvard Partners Ctr Genet & Genom, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Genet,Sch Med, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM marc@hms.harvard.edu; wade_harper@hms.harvard.edu; selledge@genetics.med.harvard.edu
FU National Institute on Aging [R01AG011085] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG011085] Funding Source: Medline; NINDS NIH HHS [F31 NS054507] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 316
Z9 392
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7138
BP 876
EP 881
DI 10.1038/nature05694
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 158IR
UT WOS:000245785700034
PM 17443180
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reineke, J
   Tenzer, S
   Rupnik, M
   Koschinski, A
   Hasselmayer, O
   Schrattenholz, A
   Schild, H
   von Eichel-Streiber, C
AF Reineke, Jessica
   Tenzer, Stefan
   Rupnik, Maja
   Koschinski, Andreas
   Hasselmayer, Oliver
   Schrattenholz, Andre
   Schild, Hansjoerg
   von Eichel-Streiber, Christoph
TI Autocatalytic cleavage of Clostridium difficile toxin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rho-proteins; gene; internalization; glucosylation; homology; site
AB Clostridium difficile, the causative agent of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis, possesses two main virulence factors: the large clostridial cytotoxins A and B. It has been proposed that toxin B is cleaved by a cytosolic factor of the eukaryotic target cell during its cellular uptake. Here we report that cleavage of not only toxin B, but also all other large clostridial cytotoxins, is an autocatalytic process dependent on host cytosolic inositolphosphate cofactors. A covalent inhibitor of aspartate proteases, 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane, completely blocked toxin B function on cultured cells and was used to identify its catalytically active protease site. To our knowledge this is the first report on a bacterial toxin that uses eukaryotic signals for induced autoproteolysis to deliver its toxic domain into the cytosol of target cells. On the basis of our data, we present an integrated model for the uptake and inositolphosphate-induced activation of toxin B.
C1 Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Med Mikrobiol & Hyg, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
   Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Immunol, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
   Univ Maribor, Fac Med, SLO-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
   Inst Publ Hlth Maribor, SLO-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
   Univ Giessen, Rudolf Buchheim Inst Pharmakol, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
   ProteoSys AG, D-55129 Mainz, Germany.
C3 Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; University of Maribor; Justus Liebig University Giessen; ProteoSys AG
RP von Eichel-Streiber, C (corresponding author), Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Med Mikrobiol & Hyg, Hochhaus Augustuspl, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
EM schild@uni-mainz.de; veichel@uni-mainz.de
NR 46
TC 197
Z9 255
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7134
BP 415
EP 419
DI 10.1038/nature05622
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 148MO
UT WOS:000245079500034
PM 17334356
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corneo, B
   Wendland, RL
   Deriano, L
   Cui, XP
   Klein, IA
   Wong, SY
   Arnal, S
   Holub, AJ
   Weller, GR
   Pancake, BA
   Shah, S
   Brandt, VL
   Meek, K
   Roth, DB
AF Corneo, Barbara
   Wendland, Rebecca L.
   Deriano, Ludovic
   Cui, Xiaoping
   Klein, Isaac A.
   Wong, Serre-Yu
   Arnal, Suzzette
   Holub, Abigail J.
   Weller, Geoffrey R.
   Pancake, Bette A.
   Shah, Sundeep
   Brandt, Vicky L.
   Meek, Katheryn
   Roth, David B.
TI Rag mutations reveal robust alternative end joining
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strand break repair; combined immune-deficiency; v(d)j recombination; mammalian-cells; error-prone; proteins; mice; cleavage; regions; signal
AB Mammalian cells repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through either homologous recombination or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). V(D)J recombination, a cut-and-paste mechanism for generating diversity in antigen receptors, relies on NHEJ for repairing DSBs introduced by the Rag1-Rag2 protein complex. Animals lacking any of the seven known NHEJ factors are therefore immunodeficient(1). Nevertheless, DSB repair is not eliminated entirely in these animals: evidence of a third mechanism, 'alternative NHEJ', appears in the form of extremely rare V(D)J junctions(2-4) and a higher rate of chromosomal translocations(5,6). The paucity of these V(D)J events has suggested that alternative NHEJ contributes little to a cell's overall repair capacity, being operative only (and inefficiently) when classical NHEJ fails. Here we find that removing certain portions of murine Rag proteins reveals robust alternative NHEJ activity in NHEJ-deficient cells and some alternative joining activity even in wildtype cells. We propose a two-tier model in which the Rag proteins collaborate with NHEJ factors to preserve genomic integrity during V(D)J recombination.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Kimmel Ctr Biol & Med, Skirball Inst, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Gene & Cell Biol, Black Family Stem Cell Inst, New York, NY 10029 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med Pathobiol & Diagnost Invest, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Immunol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 New York University; New York University; City University of New York (CUNY) System; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Michigan State University; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Roth, DB (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Kimmel Ctr Biol & Med, Skirball Inst, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM roth@saturn.med.nyu.edu
NR 24
TC 254
Z9 338
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7161
BP 483
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature06168
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214GQ
UT WOS:000249724800045
PM 17898768
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ginsberg, NS
   Garner, SR
   Hau, LV
AF Ginsberg, Naomi S.
   Garner, Sean R.
   Hau, Lene Vestergaard
TI Coherent control of optical information with matter wave dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bose-einstein condensation; group-velocity; nobel lecture; atomic vapor; light; gas; amplification; fermions; storage; laser
AB In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in manipulating matter with light, and light with matter(1). Resonant laser fields interacting with cold, dense atom clouds provide a particularly rich system(2-6). Such light fields interact strongly with the internal electrons of the atoms, and couple directly to external atomic motion through recoil momenta imparted when photons are absorbed and emitted. Ultraslow light propagation in Bose Einstein condensates(7) represents an extreme example of resonant light manipulation using cold atoms. Here we demonstrate that a slow light pulse can be stopped and stored in one Bose - Einstein condensate and subsequently revived from a totally different condensate, 160 mu m away; information is transferred through conversion of the optical pulse into a travelling matter wave. In the presence of an optical coupling field, a probe laser pulse is first injected into one of the condensates where it is spatially compressed to a length much shorter than the coherent extent of the condensate. The coupling field is then turned off, leaving the atoms in the first condensate in quantum superposition states that comprise a stationary component and a recoiling component in a different internal state. The amplitude and phase of the spatially localized light pulse are imprinted on the recoiling part of the wavefunction, which moves towards the second condensate. When this 'messenger' atom pulse is embedded in the second condensate, the system is re-illuminated with the coupling laser. The probe light is driven back on and the messenger pulse is coherently added to the matter field of the second condensate by way of slow-light-mediated atomic matter-wave amplification. The revived light pulse records the relative amplitude and phase between the recoiling atomic imprint and the revival condensate. Our results provide a dramatic demonstration of coherent optical information processing with matter wave dynamics. Such quantum control may find application in quantum information processing and wavefunction sculpting.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Hau, LV (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM hau@physics.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 99
Z9 118
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7128
BP 623
EP 626
DI 10.1038/nature05493
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133UM
UT WOS:000244039400038
PM 17287804
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sugase, K
   Dyson, HJ
   Wright, PE
AF Sugase, Kenji
   Dyson, H. Jane
   Wright, Peter E.
TI Mechanism of coupled folding and binding of an intrinsically disordered protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor-binding; chemical-exchange; kix domain; unstructured proteins; macromolecular interactions; transactivation domain; nmr-spectroscopy; creb; cbp; coactivator
AB Protein folding and binding are analogous processes, in which the protein 'searches' for favourable intramolecular or intermolecular interactions on a funnelled energy landscape(1,2). Many eukaryotic proteins are disordered under physiological conditions, and fold into ordered structures only on binding to their cellular targets(3-6). The mechanism by which folding is coupled to binding is poorly understood, but it has been hypothesized on theoretical grounds that the binding kinetics may be enhanced by a 'fly-casting' effect, where the disordered protein binds weakly and non-specifically to its target and folds as it approaches the cognate binding site(7). Here we show, using NMR titrations and N-15 relaxation dispersion, that the phosphorylated kinase inducible activation domain (pKID) of the transcription factor CREB forms an ensemble of transient encounter complexes on binding to the KIX domain of the CREB binding protein. The encounter complexes are stabilized primarily by non-specific hydrophobic contacts, and evolve by way of an intermediate to the fully bound state without dissociation from KIX. The carboxy-terminal helix of pKID is only partially folded in the intermediate, and becomes stabilized by intermolecular interactions formed in the final bound state. Future applications of our method will provide new understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which intrinsically disordered proteins perform their diverse biological functions.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Suntory Inst Bioorgan Res, Shimamoto, Osaka 6188503, Japan.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Suntory Holdings Ltd
RP Wright, PE (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM wright@scripps.edu
NR 33
TC 872
Z9 1045
U1 2
U2 237
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7147
BP 1021
EP U11
DI 10.1038/nature05858
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180NU
UT WOS:000247373100051
PM 17522630
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reese, TA
   Liang, HE
   Tager, AM
   Luster, AD
   Van Rooijen, N
   Voehringer, D
   Locksley, RM
AF Reese, Tiffany A.
   Liang, Hong-Erh
   Tager, Andrew M.
   Luster, Andrew D.
   Van Rooijen, Nico
   Voehringer, David
   Locksley, Richard M.
TI Chitin induces accumulation in tissue of innate immune cells associated with allergy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acidic mammalian chitinase; type-2 immunity; leukotriene b-4; in-vivo; receptor; macrophages; gene; chitotriosidase; identification; inflammation
AB Allergic and parasitic worm immunity is characterized by infiltration of tissues with interleukin (IL)-4- and IL-13-expressing cells, including T-helper-2 cells, eosinophils and basophils(1). Tissue macrophages assume a distinct phenotype, designated alternatively activated macrophages(2). Relatively little is known about the factors that trigger these host responses. Chitin, a widespread environmental biopolymer of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine, provides structural rigidity to fungi, crustaceans, helminths and insects(3). Here, we show that chitin induces the accumulation in tissue of IL-4- expressing innate immune cells, including eosinophils and basophils, when given to mice. Tissue infiltration was unaffected by the absence of Toll-like-receptor-mediated lipopolysaccharide recognition but did not occur if the injected chitin was pre-treated with the IL-4- and IL-13-inducible mammalian chitinase, AMCase(4), or if the chitin was injected into mice that overexpressed AMCase. Chitin mediated alternative macrophage activation in vivo and the production of leukotriene B-4, which was required for optimal immune cell recruitment. Chitin is a recognition element for tissue infiltration by innate cells implicated in allergic and helminth immunity and this process can be negatively regulated by a vertebrate chitinase.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Immunol Microbiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Rheumatol Allergy & Immunol, Ctr Immunol & Inflammatory Dis, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Mol Cell Biol, NL-1091 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Locksley, RM (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM locksley@medicine.ucsf.edu
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [R01AI026918] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIAID NIH HHS [R37 AI026918, R01 AI026918, R01 AI030663, R37 AI040618] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 625
Z9 755
U1 1
U2 96
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7140
BP 92
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature05746
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 163GY
UT WOS:000246149300050
PM 17450126
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Majer, J
   Chow, JM
   Gambetta, JM
   Koch, J
   Johnson, BR
   Schreier, JA
   Frunzio, L
   Schuster, DI
   Houck, AA
   Wallraff, A
   Blais, A
   Devoret, MH
   Girvin, SM
   Schoelkopf, RJ
AF Majer, J.
   Chow, J. M.
   Gambetta, J. M.
   Koch, Jens
   Johnson, B. R.
   Schreier, J. A.
   Frunzio, L.
   Schuster, D. I.
   Houck, A. A.
   Wallraff, A.
   Blais, A.
   Devoret, M. H.
   Girvin, S. M.
   Schoelkopf, R. J.
TI Coupling superconducting qubits via a cavity bus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum; entanglement; photon; states
AB Superconducting circuits are promising candidates for constructing quantum bits (qubits) in a quantum computer; single-qubit operations are now routine(1,2), and several examples(3-9) of two-qubit interactions and gates have been demonstrated. These experiments show that two nearby qubits can be readily coupled with local interactions. Performing gate operations between an arbitrary pair of distant qubits is highly desirable for any quantum computer architecture, but has not yet been demonstrated. An efficient way to achieve this goal is to couple the qubits to a 'quantum bus', which distributes quantum information among the qubits. Here we show the implementation of such a quantum bus, using microwave photons confined in a transmission line cavity, to couple two superconducting qubits on opposite sides of a chip. The interaction is mediated by the exchange of virtual rather than real photons, avoiding cavity-induced loss. Using fast control of the qubits to switch the coupling effectively on and off, we demonstrate coherent transfer of quantum states between the qubits. The cavity is also used to perform multiplexed control and measurement of the qubit states. This approach can be expanded to more than two qubits, and is an attractive architecture for quantum information processing on a chip.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Majer, J (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM johannes.majer@yale.edu; robert.schoelkopf@yale.edu
NR 28
TC 1163
Z9 1356
U1 5
U2 211
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7161
BP 443
EP 447
DI 10.1038/nature06184
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214GQ
UT WOS:000249724800036
PM 17898763
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tzedakis, PC
   Hughen, KA
   Cacho, I
   Harvati, K
AF Tzedakis, P. C.
   Hughen, K. A.
   Cacho, I.
   Harvati, K.
TI Placing late Neanderthals in a climatic context
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiocarbon age calibration; alboran sea; marine; scale; event
AB Attempts to place Palaeolithic finds within a precise climatic framework are complicated by both uncertainty over the radiocarbon calibration beyond about 21,500 C-14 years BP1 and the absence of a master calendar chronology for climate events from reference archives such as Greenland ice cores or speleothems(2). Here we present an alternative approach, in which C-14 dates of interest are mapped directly onto the palaeoclimate record of the Cariaco Basin by means of its C-14 series(3), circumventing calendar age model and correlation uncertainties, and placing dated events in the millennial-scale climate context of the last glacial period. This is applied to different sets of dates from levels with Mousterian artefacts, presumably produced by late Neanderthals, from Gorham's Cave in Gibraltar: first, generally accepted estimates of about 32,000 C-14 years BP for the upper-most Mousterian levels(4,5); second, a possible extended Middle Palaeolithic occupation until about 28,000 C-14 years BP6; and third, more contentious evidence for persistence until about 24,000 C-14 years BP6. This study shows that the three sets translate to different scenarios on the role of climate in Neanderthal extinction. The first two correspond to intervals of general climatic instability between stadials and interstadials that characterized most of the Middle Pleniglacial and are not coeval with Heinrich Events. In contrast, if accepted, the youngest date indicates that late Neanderthals may have persisted up to the onset of a major environmental shift, which included an expansion in global ice volume and an increased latitudinal temperature gradient. More generally, our radiocarbon climatostratigraphic approach can be applied to any 'snapshot' date from discontinuous records in a variety of deposits and can become a powerful tool in evaluating the climatic signature of critical intervals in Late Pleistocene human evolution.
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Earth & Biosphere Inst, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Aegean, Dept Environm, Mitilini 81100, Greece.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Univ Barcelona, GRC Marine Geosci, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
   Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Dept Human Evolut, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
C3 University of Leeds; University of Aegean; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; University of Barcelona; Max Planck Society
RP Tzedakis, PC (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Earth & Biosphere Inst, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
EM p.c.tzedakis@leeds.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 88
Z9 94
U1 1
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7159
BP 206
EP 208
DI 10.1038/nature06117
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 209NF
UT WOS:000249394500047
PM 17851522
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shpyrko, OG
   Isaacs, ED
   Logan, JM
   Feng, YJ
   Aeppli, G
   Jaramillo, R
   Kim, HC
   Rosenbaum, TF
   Zschack, P
   Sprung, M
   Narayanan, S
   Sandy, AR
AF Shpyrko, O. G.
   Isaacs, E. D.
   Logan, J. M.
   Feng, Yejun
   Aeppli, G.
   Jaramillo, R.
   Kim, H. C.
   Rosenbaum, T. F.
   Zschack, P.
   Sprung, M.
   Narayanan, S.
   Sandy, A. R.
TI Direct measurement of antiferromagnetic domain fluctuations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spin-density-wave; charge-density; chromium; noise; dynamics; transition
AB Measurements of magnetic noise emanating from ferromagnets owing to domain motion were first carried out nearly 100 years ago(1), and have underpinned much science and technology(2,3). Antiferromagnets, which carry no net external magnetic dipole moment, yet have a periodic arrangement of the electron spins extending over macroscopic distances, should also display magnetic noise. However, this must be sampled at spatial wavelengths of the order of several interatomic spacings, rather than the macroscopic scales characteristic of ferromagnets. Here we present a direct measurement of the fluctuations in the nanometre-scale superstructure of spin- and charge-density waves associated with antiferromagnetism in elemental chromium. The technique used is X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, where coherent X-ray diffraction produces a speckle pattern that serves as a 'fingerprint' of a particular magnetic domain configuration. The temporal evolution of the patterns corresponds to domain walls advancing and retreating over micrometre distances. This work demonstrates a useful measurement tool for antiferromagnetic domain wall engineering, but also reveals a fundamental finding about spin dynamics in the simplest antiferromagnet: although the domain wall motion is thermally activated at temperatures above 100 K, it is not so at lower temperatures, and indeed has a rate that saturates at a finite value - consistent with quantum fluctuations - on cooling below 40 K.
C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   UCL, London Ctr Nanotechnol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP Shpyrko, OG (corresponding author), Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Adv Photon Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
EM oshpyrko@anl.gov
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/D049717/1] Funding Source: researchfish; EPSRC [EP/D049717/1] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 29
TC 159
Z9 189
U1 1
U2 109
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7140
BP 68
EP 71
DI 10.1038/nature05776
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 163GY
UT WOS:000246149300044
PM 17476263
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ousman, SS
   Tomooka, BH
   van Noort, JM
   Wawrousek, EF
   O'Connor, KC
   Hafler, DA
   Sobel, RA
   Robinson, WH
   Steinman, L
AF Ousman, Shalina S.
   Tomooka, Beren H.
   van Noort, Johannes M.
   Wawrousek, Eric F.
   O'Connor, Kevin C.
   Hafler, David A.
   Sobel, Raymond A.
   Robinson, William H.
   Steinman, Lawrence
TI Protective and therapeutic role for αB-crystallin in autoimmune demyelination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; lens epithelial-cells; nf-kappa-b; multiple-sclerosis; candidate autoantigen; a-crystallin; apoptosis; expression; disease; encephalomyelitis
AB alpha B-crystallin (CRYAB) is the most abundant gene transcript present in early active multiple sclerosis lesions, whereas such transcripts are absent in normal brain tissue(1). This crystallin has anti-apoptotic(2-7) and neuroprotective(8) functions. CRYAB is the major target of CD4(+) T-cell immunity to the myelin sheath from multiple sclerosis brain(9,10). The pathophysiological implications of this immune response were investigated here. We demonstrate that CRYAB is a potent negative regulator acting as a brake on several inflammatory pathways in both the immune system and central nervous system (CNS). Cryab(-/-) mice showed worse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) at the acute and progressive phases, with higher Th1 and Th17 cytokine secretion from T cells and macrophages, and more intense CNS inflammation, compared with their wild-type counterparts. Furthermore, Cryab(-/-) astrocytes showed more cleaved caspase-3 and more TUNEL staining, indicating an anti-apoptotic function of Cryab. Antibody to CRYAB was detected in cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients and in sera from mice with EAE. Administration of recombinant CRYAB ameliorated EAE. Thus, the immune response against a negative regulator of inflammation, CRYAB, in multiple sclerosis, would exacerbate inflammation and demyelination. This can be countered by giving CRYAB itself for therapy of ongoing disease.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Neurol & Neurol Sci, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Div Rheumatol & Immunol, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Vet Affairs Palo Alto Hlth Care Syst, Lab Serv, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Vet Affairs Palo Alto Hlth Care Syst, GRECC, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   TNO Qual Life, Dept Biosci, NL-2301 CE Leiden, Netherlands.
   NEI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Ctr Neurol Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); VA Palo Alto Health Care System; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); VA Palo Alto Health Care System; Geriatric Research Education & Clinical Center; Netherlands Organization Applied Science Research; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Eye Institute (NEI); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Steinman, L (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Neurol & Neurol Sci, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM steinman@stanford.edu
FU Multiple Sclerosis Society [835] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 440
Z9 487
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7152
BP 474
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature05935
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 193VG
UT WOS:000248302700047
PM 17568699
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU MacAlister, CA
   Ohashi-Ito, K
   Bergmann, DC
AF MacAlister, Cora A.
   Ohashi-Ito, Kyoko
   Bergmann, Dominique C.
TI Transcription factor control of asymmetric cell divisions that establish the stomatal lineage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis; mouths; too; mutants; pattern
AB The establishment of new cell lineages during development often requires a symmetry-breaking event. An asymmetric division in the epidermis of plants initiates a lineage that ultimately produces stomatal guard cells. Stomata are pores in the epidermis that serve as the main conduits for gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere; they are critical for photosynthesis and exert a major influence on global carbon and water cycles(1). Recent studies implicated intercellular signalling in preventing the inappropriate production of stomatal complexes(2-4). Genes required to make stomata, however, remained elusive. Here we report the identification of a gene, SPEECHLESS (SPCH), encoding a basic helix - loop helix ( bHLH) transcription factor that is necessary and sufficient for the asymmetric divisions that establish the stomatal lineage in Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrate that SPCH and two paralogues are successively required for the initiation, proliferation and terminal differentiation of cells in the stomatal lineage. The stomatal bHLHs define a molecular pathway sufficient to create one of the key cell types in plants. Similar molecules and regulatory mechanisms are used during muscle and neural development(5,6), highlighting a conserved use of closely related bHLHs for cell fate specification and differentiation.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Bergmann, DC (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM dbergmann@stanford.edu
NR 20
TC 492
Z9 596
U1 4
U2 142
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7127
BP 537
EP 540
DI 10.1038/nature05491
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 131KI
UT WOS:000243867300043
PM 17183265
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wernig, M
   Meissner, A
   Foreman, R
   Brambrink, T
   Ku, MC
   Hochedlinger, K
   Bernstein, BE
   Jaenisch, R
AF Wernig, Marius
   Meissner, Alexander
   Foreman, Ruth
   Brambrink, Tobias
   Ku, Manching
   Hochedlinger, Konrad
   Bernstein, Bradley E.
   Jaenisch, Rudolf
TI In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID de-novo methylation; developmental regulators; retroviral genm; somatic-cells; expression; differentiation; transcription; polycomb; cloning; genes
AB Nuclear transplantation can reprogramme a somatic genome back into an embryonic epigenetic state, and the reprogrammed nucleus can create a cloned animal or produce pluripotent embryonic stem cells. One potential use of the nuclear cloning approach is the derivation of 'customized' embryonic stem (ES) cells for patient-specific cell treatment, but technical and ethical considerations impede the therapeutic application of this technology. Reprogramming of fibroblasts to a pluripotent state can be induced in vitro through ectopic expression of the four transcription factors Oct4 (also called Oct3/4 or Pou5f1), Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4. Here we show that DNA methylation, gene expression and chromatin state of such induced reprogrammed stem cells are similar to those of ES cells. Notably, the cells - derived from mouse fibroblasts - can form viable chimaeras, can contribute to the germ line and can generate live late-term embryos when injected into tetraploid blastocysts. Our results show that the biological potency and epigenetic state of in-vitro-reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem cells are indistinguishable from those of ES cells.
C1 MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Mol Pathol Unit, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Canc Res, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Jaenisch, R (corresponding author), MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM jaenisch@wi.mit.edu
FU National Institute of General Medical Sciences [T32GM007753] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM007753] Funding Source: Medline
NR 34
TC 2093
Z9 2745
U1 2
U2 366
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7151
BP 318
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature05944
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 191GC
UT WOS:000248118300050
PM 17554336
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elias, LAB
   Wang, DD
   Kriegstein, AR
AF Elias, Laura A. B.
   Wang, Doris D.
   Kriegstein, Arnold R.
TI Gap junction adhesion is necessary for radial migration in the neocortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fetal monkey neocortex; neural crest cells; c6 glioma-cells; neuronal migration; glial-cells; differential expression; cerebral-cortex; connexin; communication; modulation
AB Radial glia, the neuronal stem cells of the embryonic cerebral cortex, reside deep within the developing brain and extend radial fibres to the pial surface, along which embryonic neurons migrate to reach the cortical plate. Here we show that the gap junction subunits connexin 26 (Cx26) and connexin 43 (Cx43) are expressed at the contact points between radial fibres and migrating neurons, and acute downregulation of Cx26 or Cx43 impairs the migration of neurons to the cortical plate. Unexpectedly, gap junctions do not mediate neuronal migration by acting in the classical manner to provide an aqueous channel for cell-cell communication. Instead, gap junctions provide dynamic adhesive contacts that interact with the internal cytoskeleton to enable leading process stabilization along radial fibres as well as the subsequent translocation of the nucleus. These results indicate that gap junction adhesions are necessary for glial-guided neuronal migration, raising the possibility that the adhesive properties of gap junctions may have an important role in other physiological processes and diseases associated with gap junction function.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Grad Program Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Inst Regenerat Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Elias, LAB (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Grad Program Neurosci, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM EliasL@stemcell.ucsf.edu; KriegsteinA@stemcell.ucsf.edu
NR 43
TC 466
Z9 549
U1 1
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7156
BP 901
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature06063
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202OM
UT WOS:000248912900041
PM 17713529
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Molnár, A
   Schwach, F
   Studholme, DJ
   Thuenemann, EC
   Baulcombe, DC
AF Molnar, Attila
   Schwach, Frank
   Studholme, David J.
   Thuenemann, Eva C.
   Baulcombe, David C.
TI miRNAs control gene expression in the single-cell alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trans-acting sirnas; small rnas; micrornas; methylation; sequences; cloning
AB MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in eukaryotes guide post-transcriptional regulation by means of targeted RNA degradation and translational arrest(1). They are released by a Dicer nuclease as a 21-24-nucleotide RNA duplex from a precursor in which an imperfectly matched inverted repeat forms a partly double-stranded region. One of the two strands is then recruited by an Argonaute nuclease that is the effector protein of the silencing mechanism. Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which are similar to miRNAs, are also produced by Dicer but the precursors are perfectly double-stranded RNA. These siRNAs guide post-transcriptional regulation, as with miRNAs, and epigenetic genome modification. Diverse eukaryotes including fungi, plants, protozoans and metazoans produce siRNAs(2-5) but, until now, miRNAs have not been described in unicellular organisms and it has been suggested that they evolved together with multicellularity in separate plant and animal lineages(6). Here we show that the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contains miRNAs, putative evolutionary precursors of miRNAs and species of siRNAs resembling those in higher plants. The common features of miRNAs and siRNAs in an alga and in higher plants indicate that complex RNA-silencing systems evolved before multicellularity and were a feature of primitive eukaryotic cells.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Univ E Anglia, Sch Comp Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; University of East Anglia
RP Baulcombe, DC (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM david.baulcombe@tsl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 381
Z9 514
U1 1
U2 112
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7148
BP 1126
EP U15
DI 10.1038/nature05903
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 183HT
UT WOS:000247564600040
PM 17538623
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tomlins, SA
   Laxman, B
   Dhanasekaran, SM
   Helgeson, BE
   Cao, XH
   Morris, DS
   Menon, A
   Jing, XJ
   Cao, Q
   Han, B
   Yu, JD
   Wang, L
   Montie, JE
   Rubin, MA
   Pienta, KJ
   Roulston, D
   Shah, RB
   Varambally, S
   Mehra, R
   Chinnaiyan, AM
AF Tomlins, Scott A.
   Laxman, Bharathi
   Dhanasekaran, Saravana M.
   Helgeson, Beth E.
   Cao, Xuhong
   Morris, David S.
   Menon, Anjana
   Jing, Xiaojun
   Cao, Qi
   Han, Bo
   Yu, Jindan
   Wang, Lei
   Montie, James E.
   Rubin, Mark A.
   Pienta, Kenneth J.
   Roulston, Diane
   Shah, Rajal B.
   Varambally, Sooryanarayana
   Mehra, Rohit
   Chinnaiyan, Arul M.
TI Distinct classes of chromosomal rearrangements create oncogenic ETS gene fusions in prostate cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-frequency; expression; tmprss2-erg; translocations; identification; mechanisms; relevant; pathways; 3q21
AB Recently, we identified recurrent gene fusions involving the 59 untranslated region of the androgen-regulated gene TMPRSS2 and the ETS (E26 transformation-specific) family genes ERG, ETV1 or ETV4 in most prostate cancers(1,2). Whereas TMPRSS2 ERG fusions are predominant, fewer TMPRSS2-ETV1 cases have been identified than expected on the basis of the frequency of high (outlier) expression of ETV1 (refs 3-13). Here we explore the mechanism of ETV1 outlier expression in human prostate tumours and prostate cancer cell lines. We identified previously unknown 59 fusion partners in prostate tumours with ETV1 outlier expression, including untranslated regions from a prostate-specific androgen-induced gene (SLC45A3) and an endogenous retroviral element (HERV-K_22q11.23), a prostate-specific androgen-repressed gene (C15orf21), and a strongly expressed housekeeping gene (HNRPA2B1). To study aberrant activation of ETV1, we identified two prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP and MDA-PCa 2B, that had ETV1 outlier expression. Through distinct mechanisms, the entire ETV1 locus (7p21) is rearranged to a 1.5-megabase prostate-specific region at 14q13.3-14q21.1 in both LNCaP cells (cryptic insertion) and MDA- PCa 2B cells (balanced translocation). Because the common factor of these rearrangements is aberrant ETV1 overexpression, we recapitulated this event in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating that ETV1 overexpression in benign prostate cells and in the mouse prostate confers neoplastic phenotypes. Identification of distinct classes of ETS gene rearrangements demonstrates that dormant oncogenes can be activated in prostate cancer by juxtaposition to tissue-specific or ubiquitously active genomic loci. Subversion of active genomic regulatory elements may serve as a more generalized mechanism for carcinoma development. Furthermore, the identification of androgen-repressed and insensitive 59 fusion partners may have implications for the anti-androgen treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Michigan Ctr Translat Pathol, Dept Pathol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Urol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP Chinnaiyan, AM (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Michigan Ctr Translat Pathol, Dept Pathol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM arul@umich.edu
NR 34
TC 656
Z9 795
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7153
BP 595
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature06024
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 195XV
UT WOS:000248446700044
PM 17671502
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martianov, I
   Ramadass, A
   Barros, AS
   Chow, N
   Akoulitchev, A
AF Martianov, Igor
   Ramadass, Aroul
   Barros, Ana Serra
   Chow, Natalie
   Akoulitchev, Alexandre
TI Repression of the human dihydrofolate reductase gene by a non-coding interfering transcript
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; crystal-structure; tata-element; complex; expression; cells; tfiib; specificity; promoter; site
AB Alternative promoters within the same gene are a general phenomenon in gene expression(1,2). Mechanisms of their selective regulation vary from one gene to another and are still poorly understood. Here we show that in quiescent cells the mechanism of transcriptional repression of the major promoter of the gene encoding dihydrofolate reductase depends on a non-coding transcript initiated from the upstream minor promoter and involves both the direct interaction of the RNA and promoter-specific interference. The specificity and efficiency of repression is ensured by the formation of a stable complex between non-coding RNA and the major promoter, direct interaction of the non-coding RNA with the general transcription factor IIB and dissociation of the preinitiation complex from the major promoter. By using in vivo and in vitro assays such as inducible and reconstituted transcription, RNA bandshifts, RNA interference, chromatin immunoprecipitation and RNA immunoprecipitation, we show that the regulatory transcript produced from the minor promoter has a critical function in an epigenetic mechanism of promoter-specific transcriptional repression.
C1 Univ Oxford, Sir William Dunn Sch Pathol, Oxford OX1 3RE, England.
   Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
   Univ Aveiro, Dept Biol, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal.
C3 University of Oxford; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Universidade de Aveiro
RP Akoulitchev, A (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Sir William Dunn Sch Pathol, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, England.
EM alexandre.akoulitchev@path.ox.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G0200452] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline; MRC [G0200452] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0200452] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 21
TC 617
Z9 763
U1 2
U2 94
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7128
BP 666
EP 670
DI 10.1038/nature05519
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133UM
UT WOS:000244039400048
PM 17237763
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Diaconescu, B
   Pohl, K
   Vattuone, L
   Savio, L
   Hofmann, P
   Silkin, VM
   Pitarke, JM
   Chulkov, EV
   Echenique, PM
   Farias, D
   Rocca, M
AF Diaconescu, Bogdan
   Pohl, Karsten
   Vattuone, Luca
   Savio, Letizia
   Hofmann, Philip
   Silkin, Vyacheslav M.
   Pitarke, Jose M.
   Chulkov, Eugene V.
   Echenique, Pedro M.
   Farias, Daniel
   Rocca, Mario
TI Low-energy acoustic plasmons at metal surfaces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2-dimensional plasmon; electronic-structure; be(0001); systems; state; light
AB Nearly two-dimensional (2D) metallic systems formed in charge inversion layers(1) and artificial layered materials(2,3) permit the existence of low-energy collective excitations(4,5), called 2D plasmons, which are not found in a three-dimensional (3D) metal. These excitations have caused considerable interest because their low energy allows them to participate in many dynamical processes involving electrons and phonons(3), and because they might mediate the formation of Cooper pairs in high-transition-temperature superconductors(6). Metals often support electronic states that are confined to the surface, forming a nearly 2D electron-density layer. However, it was argued that these systems could not support low-energy collective excitations because they would be screened out by the underlying bulk electrons(7). Rather, metallic surfaces should support only conventional surface plasmons(8) - higher-energy modes that depend only on the electron density. Surface plasmons have important applications in microscopy(9,10) and sub-wavelength optics(11-13), but have no relevance to the low-energy dynamics. Here we show that, in contrast to expectations, a low-energy collective excitation mode can be found on bare metal surfaces. The mode has an acoustic ( linear) dispersion, different to the q(parallel to)(1/2) dependence of a 2D plasmon, and was observed on Be( 0001) using angle-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy. First-principles calculations show that it is caused by the coexistence of a partially occupied quasi-2D surface-state band with the underlying 3D bulk electron continuum and also that the non-local character of the dielectric function prevents it from being screened out by the 3D states. The acoustic plasmon reported here has a very general character and should be present on many metal surfaces. Furthermore, its acoustic dispersion allows the confinement of light on small surface areas and in a broad frequency range, which is relevant for nano-optics and photonics applications.
C1 Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
   Univ New Hampshire, Mat Sci Program, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
   Univ Genoa, CNISM, I-16146 Genoa, Italy.
   Univ Genoa, Dipartimento Fis, I-16146 Genoa, Italy.
   Univ Aarhus, Inst Storage Ring Facil, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Univ Aarhus, Interdisciplinary Nanosci Ctr iNANO, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Univ Basque Country, Fac Ciencias Quim, DIPC, Dept Fis Mat, San Sebastian 20018, Spain.
   Univ Basque Country, Fac Ciencias Quim, Ctr Mixto, CSIC, San Sebastian 20018, Spain.
   Univ Basque Country, CIC Nanogune Consolider & Mat Kondentsatuaren Fis, E-2009 Donostia San Sebastian, Basque, Spain.
   Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Fis Mat Condensada, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Genoa, IMEM CNR, I-16146 Genoa, Italy.
   Univ Genoa, Dipartimento Fis, I-16146 Genoa, Italy.
C3 University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire; University of Genoa; University of Genoa; Aarhus University; Aarhus University; University of Basque Country; University of Basque Country; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); University of Basque Country; Autonomous University of Madrid; University of Genoa; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo (IMEM-CNR); University of Genoa
RP Pohl, K (corresponding author), Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
EM karsten.pohl@unh.edu
NR 24
TC 190
Z9 196
U1 1
U2 133
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7149
BP 57
EP 59
DI 10.1038/nature05975
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185OS
UT WOS:000247720900036
PM 17611537
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, H
   Lee, BP
   Messersmith, PB
AF Lee, Haeshin
   Lee, Bruce P.
   Messersmith, Phillip B.
TI A reversible wet/dry adhesive inspired by mussels and geckos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mytilus-edulis; force; micro; dopa
AB The adhesive strategy of the gecko relies on foot pads composed of specialized keratinous foot-hairs called setae, which are subdivided into terminal spatulae of approximately 200 nm (ref.1). Contact between the gecko foot and an opposing surface generates adhesive forces that are sufficient to allow the gecko to cling onto vertical and even inverted surfaces. Although strong, the adhesion is temporary, permitting rapid detachment and reattachment of the gecko foot during locomotion. Researchers have attempted to capture these properties of gecko adhesive in synthetic mimics with nanoscale surface features reminiscent of setae(2-7); however, maintenance of adhesive performance over many cycles has been elusive(2,8), and gecko adhesion is greatly diminished upon full immersion in water(9,10). Here we report a hybrid biologically inspired adhesive consisting of an array of nanofabricated polymer pillars coated with a thin layer of a synthetic polymer that mimics the wet adhesive proteins found in mussel holdfasts. Wet adhesion of the nanostructured polymer pillar arrays increased nearly 15-fold when coated with mussel-mimetic polymer. The system maintains its adhesive performance for over a thousand contact cycles in both dry and wet environments. This hybrid adhesive, which combines the salient design elements of both gecko and mussel adhesives, should be useful for reversible attachment to a variety of surfaces in any environment.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Inst Bionanotechnol Med, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Nerites Corp, Madison, WI 53711 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; Northwestern University; Northwestern University
RP Messersmith, PB (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM philm@northwestern.edu
NR 30
TC 1813
Z9 2115
U1 41
U2 1905
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7151
BP 338
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature05968
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 191GC
UT WOS:000248118300054
PM 17637666
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brandt, A
   Gooday, AJ
   Brandao, SN
   Brix, S
   Brökeland, W
   Cedhagen, T
   Choudhury, M
   Cornelius, N
   Danis, B
   De Mesel, I
   Diaz, RJ
   Gillan, DC
   Ebbe, B
   Howe, JA
   Janussen, D
   Kaiser, S
   Linse, K
   Malyutina, M
   Pawlowski, J
   Raupach, M
   Vanreusel, A
AF Brandt, Angelika
   Gooday, Andrew J.
   Brandao, Simone N.
   Brix, Saskia
   Broekeland, Wiebke
   Cedhagen, Tomas
   Choudhury, Madhumita
   Cornelius, Nils
   Danis, Bruno
   De Mesel, Ilse
   Diaz, Robert J.
   Gillan, David C.
   Ebbe, Brigitte
   Howe, John A.
   Janussen, Dorte
   Kaiser, Stefanie
   Linse, Katrin
   Malyutina, Marina
   Pawlowski, Jan
   Raupach, Michael
   Vanreusel, Ann
TI First insights into the biodiversity and biogeography of the Southern Ocean deep sea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID species-diversity; benthic diversity; weddell sea; ecology; origin; scale; foraminifera; antarctica; peracarida; crustacea
AB Shallow marine benthic communities around Antarctica show high levels of endemism, gigantism, slow growth, longevity and late maturity, as well as adaptive radiations that have generated considerable biodiversity in some taxa(1). The deeper parts of the Southern Ocean exhibit some unique environmental features, including a very deep continental shelf(2) and a weakly stratified water column, and are the source for much of the deep water in the world ocean. These features suggest that deep-sea faunas around the Antarctic may be related both to adjacent shelf communities and to those in other oceans. Unlike shallow-water Antarctic benthic communities, however, little is known about life in this vast deep-sea region(2,3). Here, we report new data from recent sampling expeditions in the deep Weddell Sea and adjacent areas ( 748 - 6,348 m water depth) that reveal high levels of new biodiversity; for example, 674 isopods species, of which 585 were new to science. Bathymetric and biogeographic trends varied between taxa. In groups such as the isopods and polychaetes, slope assemblages included species that have invaded from the shelf. In other taxa, the shelf and slope assemblages were more distinct. Abyssal faunas tended to have stronger links to other oceans, particularly the Atlantic, but mainly in taxa with good dispersal capabilities, such as the Foraminifera. The isopods, ostracods and nematodes, which are poor dispersers, include many species currently known only from the Southern Ocean. Our findings challenge suggestions that deep-sea diversity is depressed in the Southern Ocean and provide a basis for exploring the evolutionary significance of the varied biogeographic patterns observed in this remote environment.
C1 Zool Museum Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
   Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   Univ Aarhus, Dept Marine Ecol, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
   Inst Royal Sci Nat Belgique, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.
   Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, Marine Biol Sect, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
   Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA.
   Univ Libre Bruxelles, Marine Biol Lab, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
   Forschungsmuseum Konig, Forschungsinst Senckenberg, DZMB CeDAMar, D-53113 Bonn, Germany.
   Scottish Assoc Marine Sci, Dunstaffnage Marine Lab, Oban PA37 1QA, Argyll, Scotland.
   Forschungs & Nat Museum Senckenberg, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany.
   British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
   FEB RAS, Inst Marine Biol, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
   Univ Geneva, Dept Zool & Anim Biol, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
   Ruhr Univ Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
C3 University of Hamburg; NERC National Oceanography Centre; Aarhus University; Ghent University; William & Mary; Virginia Institute of Marine Science; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Leibniz Association; Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung (SGN); University of the Highlands & Islands; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey; Russian Academy of Sciences; National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; University of Geneva; Ruhr University Bochum
RP Brandt, A (corresponding author), Zool Museum Hamburg, Martin Luther King Pl 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
EM abrandt@zoologie.uni-hamburg.de
FU Natural Environment Research Council [soc010009, bas010015] Funding Source: researchfish; NERC [soc010009, bas010015] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 29
TC 406
Z9 439
U1 5
U2 184
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7142
BP 307
EP 311
DI 10.1038/nature05827
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 168JK
UT WOS:000246520300043
PM 17507981
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Biertümpfel, C
   Yang, W
   Suck, D
AF Biertuempfel, Christian
   Yang, Wei
   Suck, Dietrich
TI Crystal structure of T4 endonuclease VII resolving a Holliday junction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fast sedimenting dna; nucleic-acids; escherichia-coli; diffraction data; active-site; cleavage; binding; resolution; bacteriophage-t4; crystallography
AB Holliday proposed a four-way DNA junction as an intermediate in homologous recombination(1), and such Holliday junctions have since been identified as a central component in DNA recombination and repair(2). Phage T4 endonuclease VII (endo VII) was the first enzyme shown to resolve Holliday junctions into duplex DNAs by introducing symmetrical nicks in equivalent strands(3). Several Holliday junction resolvases have since been characterized(4), but an atomic structure of a resolvase complex with a Holliday junction remained elusive. Here we report the crystal structure of an inactive T4 endo VII(N62D) complexed with an immobile four-way junction with alternating arm lengths of 10 and 14 base pairs. The junction is a hybrid of the conventional square-planar and stacked-X conformation. Endo VII protrudes into the junction point from the minor groove side, opening it to a 14 angstrom x 32 angstrom parallelogram. This interaction interrupts the coaxial stacking, yet every base pair surrounding the junction remains intact. Additional interactions involve the positively charged protein and DNA phosphate backbones. Each scissile phosphate that is two base pairs from the crossover interacts with a Mg2+ ion in the active site. The similar overall shape and surface charge potential of the Holliday junction resolvases endo VII, RuvC, Ydc2, Hjc and RecU, despite having different folds, active site composition and DNA sequence preference, suggest a conserved binding mode for Holliday junctions.
C1 NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   European Mol Biol Lab, Struct & Computat Biol Programme, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Yang, W (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM wei.yang@nih.gov; suck@embl.de
FU Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 39
TC 110
Z9 133
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7162
BP 616
EP U14
DI 10.1038/nature06152
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 216QG
UT WOS:000249893500049
PM 17873859
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vergassola, M
   Villermaux, E
   Shraiman, BI
AF Vergassola, Massimo
   Villermaux, Emmanuel
   Shraiman, Boris I.
TI 'Infotaxis' as a strategy for searching without gradients
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fine-scale structure; odor plumes; insect orientation; mobile robot; pheromone; chemotaxis; tracking; moths
AB Chemotactic bacteria rely on local concentration gradients to guide them towards the source of a nutrient(1). Such local cues pointing towards the location of the source are not always available at macroscopic scales because mixing in a flowing medium breaks up regions of high concentration into random and disconnected patches. Thus, animals sensing odours in air or water detect them only intermittently as patches sweep by on the wind or currents(2-6). A macroscopic searcher must devise a strategy of movement based on sporadic cues and partial information. Here we propose a search algorithm, which we call 'infotaxis', designed to work under such conditions. Any search process can be thought of as acquisition of information on source location; for infotaxis, information plays a role similar to concentration in chemotaxis. The infotaxis strategy locally maximizes the expected rate of information gain. We demonstrate its efficiency using a computational model of odour plume propagation and experimental data on mixing flows(7). Infotactic trajectories feature 'zigzagging' and 'casting' paths similar to those observed in the flight of moths(8). The proposed search algorithm is relevant to the design of olfactory robots(9-11), but the general idea of infotaxis can be applied more broadly in the context of searching with sparse information.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Kavli Inst Theoret Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Inst Pasteur, CNRS, URA 2171, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Univ Aix Marseille 1, F-13384 Marseille, France.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Aix-Marseille Universite
RP Shraiman, BI (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Kavli Inst Theoret Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM shraiman@kitp.ucsb.edu
NR 31
TC 649
Z9 756
U1 8
U2 179
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7126
BP 406
EP 409
DI 10.1038/nature05464
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 128WD
UT WOS:000243689500034
PM 17251974
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, JX
   Scully, K
   Zhu, X
   Cai, L
   Zhang, J
   Prefontaine, GG
   Krones, A
   Ohgi, KA
   Zhu, P
   Garcia-Bassets, I
   Liu, F
   Taylor, H
   Lozach, J
   Jayes, FL
   Korach, KS
   Glass, CK
   Fu, XD
   Rosenfeld, MG
AF Wang, Jianxun
   Scully, Kathleen
   Zhu, Xiaoyan
   Cai, Ling
   Zhang, Jie
   Prefontaine, Gratien G.
   Krones, Anna
   Ohgi, Kenneth A.
   Zhu, Ping
   Garcia-Bassets, Ivan
   Liu, Forrest
   Taylor, Havilah
   Lozach, Jean
   Jayes, Friederike L.
   Korach, Kenneth S.
   Glass, Christopher K.
   Fu, Xiang-Dong
   Rosenfeld, Michael G.
TI Opposing LSD1 complexes function in developmental gene activation and repression programmes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polycomb protein; pituitary-gland; histone; receptor; expression; estrogen; mice; pit-1; identification; transcription
AB Precise control of transcriptional programmes underlying metazoan development is modulated by enzymatically active co-regulatory complexes, coupled with epigenetic strategies. One thing that remains unclear is how specific members of histone modification enzyme families, such as histone methyltransferases and demethylases, are used in vivo to simultaneously orchestrate distinct developmental gene activation and repression programmes. Here, we report that the histone lysine demethylase, LSD1 - a component of the CoREST-CtBP co- repressor complex - is required for late cell-lineage determination and differentiation during pituitary organogenesis. LSD1 seems to act primarily on target gene activation programmes, as well as in gene repression programmes, on the basis of recruitment of distinct LSD1-containing co- activator or co- repressor complexes. LSD1-dependent gene repression programmes can be extended late in development with the induced expression of ZEB1, a Kruppel-like repressor that can act as a molecular beacon for recruitment of the LSD1-containing CoREST-CtBP co- repressor complex, causing repression of an additional cohort of genes, such as Gh, which previously required LSD1 for activation. These findings suggest that temporal patterns of expression of specific components of LSD1 complexes modulate gene regulatory programmes in many mammalian organs.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Sch Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Cellular & Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, Grad Program, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Mol Pathol Grad Program, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Rosenfeld, MG (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Med, 9500 Gilman Dr,Room 345, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM mrosenfeld@ucsd.edu
NR 50
TC 474
Z9 587
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7138
BP 882
EP 887
DI 10.1038/nature05671
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 158IR
UT WOS:000245785700035
PM 17392792
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petrascheck, M
   Ye, XL
   Buck, LB
AF Petrascheck, Michael
   Ye, Xiaolan
   Buck, Linda B.
TI An antidepressant that extends lifespan in adult Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caloric restriction; serotonin; receptors; extension; genetics; fluoxetine; octopamine; mutations; longevity; food
AB The mechanisms that determine the lifespan of an organism are still largely a mystery(1). One goal of ageing research is to find drugs that would increase lifespan and vitality when given to an adult animal. To this end, we tested 88,000 chemicals for the ability to extend the lifespan of adult Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes. Here we report that a drug used as an antidepressant in humans increases C. elegans lifespan. In humans, this drug blocks neural signalling by the neurotransmitter serotonin. In C. elegans, the effect of the drug on lifespan is reduced or eradicated by mutations that affect serotonin synthesis, serotonin re-uptake at synapses, or either of two G-protein-coupled receptors: one that recognizes serotonin and the other that detects another neurotransmitter, octopamine. In vitro studies show that the drug acts as an antagonist at both receptors. Testing of the drug on dietary-restricted animals or animals with mutations that affect lifespan indicates that its effect on lifespan involves mechanisms associated with lifespan extension by dietary restriction. These studies indicate that lifespan can be extended by blocking certain types of neurotransmission implicated in food sensing in the adult animal, possibly leading to a state of perceived, although not real, starvation.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Div Basic Sci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Buck, LB (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Div Basic Sci, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
EM lbuck@fhcrc.org
NR 29
TC 223
Z9 281
U1 2
U2 79
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 553
EP U12
DI 10.1038/nature05991
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500048
PM 18033297
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Albert, I
   Mavrich, TN
   Tomsho, LP
   Qi, J
   Zanton, SJ
   Schuster, SC
   Pugh, BF
AF Albert, Istvan
   Mavrich, Travis N.
   Tomsho, Lynn P.
   Qi, Ji
   Zanton, Sara J.
   Schuster, Stephan C.
   Pugh, B. Franklin
TI Translational and rotational settings of H2A.Z nucleosomes across the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histone h2a; eukaryotic genome; yeast; variant; genes; wide; identification; promoters; core; map
AB The nucleosome is the fundamental building block of eukaryotic chromosomes. Access to genetic information encoded in chromosomes is dependent on the position of nucleosomes along the DNA. Alternative locations just a few nucleotides apart can have profound effects on gene expression(1). Yet the nucleosomal context in which chromosomal and gene regulatory elements reside remains ill-defined on a genomic scale. Here we sequence the DNA of 322,000 individual Saccharomyces cerevisiae nucleosomes, containing the histone variant H2A.Z, to provide a comprehensive map of H2A.Z nucleosomes in functionally important regions. With a median 4-base-pair resolution, we identify new and established signatures of nucleosome positioning. A single predominant rotational setting and multiple translational settings are evident. Chromosomal elements, ranging from telomeres to centromeres and transcriptional units, are found to possess characteristic nucleosomal architecture that may be important for their function. Promoter regulatory elements, including transcription factor binding sites and transcriptional start sites, show topological relationships with nucleosomes, such that transcription factor binding sites tend to be rotationally exposed on the nucleosome surface near its border. Transcriptional start sites tended to reside about one helical turn inside the nucleosome border. These findings reveal an intimate relationship between chromatin architecture and the underlying DNA sequence it regulates.
C1 Penn State Univ, Ctr Comparat Genom & Bioinformat, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Ctr Gene Regulat, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Pugh, BF (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Ctr Comparat Genom & Bioinformat, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM bfp2@psu.edu
NR 30
TC 562
Z9 735
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7135
BP 572
EP 576
DI 10.1038/nature05632
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150TQ
UT WOS:000245242900056
PM 17392789
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kovtun, IV
   Liu, Y
   Bjoras, M
   Klungland, A
   Wilson, SH
   McMurray, CT
AF Kovtun, Irina V.
   Liu, Yuan
   Bjoras, Magnar
   Klungland, Arne
   Wilson, Samuel H.
   McMurray, Cynthia T.
TI OGG1 initiates age-dependent CAG trinucleotide expansion in somatic cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID base-excision-repair; cag/ctg triplet repeats; huntington-disease; substrate-specificity; human dna; instability; mice; mechanism; glycosylase; toxicity
AB Although oxidative damage has long been associated with ageing and neurological disease, mechanistic connections of oxidation to these phenotypes have remained elusive. Here we show that the age-dependent somatic mutation associated with Huntington's disease occurs in the process of removing oxidized base lesions, and is remarkably dependent on a single base excision repair enzyme, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (OGG1). Both in vivo and in vitro results support a 'toxic oxidation' model in which OGG1 initiates an escalating oxidation - excision cycle that leads to progressive age-dependent expansion. Age-dependent CAG expansion provides a direct molecular link between oxidative damage and toxicity in post-mitotic neurons through a DNA damage response, and error-prone repair of single-strand breaks.
C1 Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
   Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
   Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Program Neurosci, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
   Univ Oslo, Ctr Mol Biol & Neurosci, Rikshosp Radiumhosp HF, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
   Univ Oslo, Inst Med Microbiol, Rikshosp Radiumhosp HF, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
   NIEHS, Struct Biol Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
C3 Mayo Clinic; Mayo Clinic; Mayo Clinic; University of Oslo; University of Oslo; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
RP McMurray, CT (corresponding author), Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
EM mcmurray.cynthia@mayo.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM066359] Funding Source: Medline; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS040738] Funding Source: Medline; Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 ES050158] Funding Source: Medline
NR 44
TC 372
Z9 445
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7143
BP 447
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature05778
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 170VA
UT WOS:000246693100041
PM 17450122
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tessier, PM
   Lindquist, S
AF Tessier, Peter M.
   Lindquist, Susan
TI Prion recognition elements govern nucleation, strain specificity and species barriers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genetic-variation; protein; transmission; scrapie; sup35; mice; replication; propagation; principles; mechanism
AB Prions are proteins that can switch to self-perpetuating, infectious conformations. The abilities of prions to replicate, form structurally distinct strains, and establish and overcome transmission barriers between species are poorly understood. We exploit surface-bound peptides to overcome complexities of investigating such problems in solution. For the yeast prion Sup35, we find that the switch to the prion state is controlled with exquisite specificity by small elements of primary sequence. Strikingly, these same sequence elements govern the formation of distinct self-perpetuating conformations ( prion strains) and determine species-specific seeding activities. A Sup35 chimaera that traverses the transmission barrier between two yeast species possesses the critical sequence elements from both. Using this chimaera, we show that the influence of environment and mutations on the formation of species-specific strains is driven by selective recognition of either sequence element. Thus, critical aspects of prion conversion are enciphered by subtle differences between small, highly specific recognition elements.
C1 Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
RP Lindquist, S (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM lindquist_admin@wi.mit.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM025874, R37 GM025874] Funding Source: Medline
NR 51
TC 121
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7144
BP 556
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature05848
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 172YZ
UT WOS:000246842000040
PM 17495929
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cassidy, DB
   Mills, AP
AF Cassidy, D. B.
   Mills, A. P., Jr.
TI The production of molecular positronium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID annihilation; surfaces; pulses
AB It has been known for many years that an electron and its antiparticle, the positron, may together form a metastable hydrogen-like atom, known as positronium or Ps (ref. 1). In 1946, Wheeler speculated(2) that two Ps atoms may combine to form the dipositronium molecule (Ps(2)), with a binding energy(3) of 0.4 eV. More recently, this molecule has been studied theoretically(4); however, because Ps has a short lifetime and it is difficult to obtain low-energy positrons in large numbers, Ps(2) has not previously been observed unambiguously(5). Here we show that when intense positron bursts are implanted into a thin film of porous silica, Ps(2) is created on the internal pore surfaces. We found that molecule formation occurs much more efficiently than the competing process of spin exchange quenching, which appears to be suppressed in the confined pore geometry. This result experimentally confirms the existence of the Ps(2) molecule and paves the way for further multi-positronium work. Using similar techniques, but with a more intense positron source, we expect to increase the Ps density to the point where many thousands of atoms interact and can undergo a phase transition to form a Bose-Einstein condensate(6). As a purely leptonic, macroscopic quantum matter-antimatter system this would be of interest in its own right, but it would also represent a milestone on the path to produce an annihilation gamma-ray laser(7).
C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Phys & Astron, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Riverside
RP Cassidy, DB (corresponding author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Phys & Astron, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
EM cassidy@physics.ucr.edu
NR 29
TC 246
Z9 264
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7159
BP 195
EP 197
DI 10.1038/nature06094
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 209NF
UT WOS:000249394500044
PM 17851519
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frederick, KK
   Marlow, MS
   Valentine, KG
   Wand, AJ
AF Frederick, Kendra King
   Marlow, Michael S.
   Valentine, Kathleen G.
   Wand, A. Joshua
TI Conformational entropy in molecular recognition by proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calmodulin-peptide complex; nmr relaxation; temperature-dependence; backbone dynamics; internal dynamics; structural basis; heat-capacity; side-chains; binding; kinase
AB Molecular recognition by proteins is fundamental to almost every biological process, particularly the protein associations underlying cellular signal transduction. Understanding the basis for protein-protein interactions requires the full characterization of the thermodynamics of their association. Historically it has been virtually impossible to experimentally estimate changes in protein conformational entropy, a potentially important component of the free energy of protein association. However, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful tool for characterizing the dynamics of proteins. Here we employ changes in conformational dynamics as a proxy for corresponding changes in conformational entropy. We find that the change in internal dynamics of the protein calmodulin varies significantly on binding a variety of target domains. Surprisingly, the apparent change in the corresponding conformational entropy is linearly related to the change in the overall binding entropy. This indicates that changes in protein conformational entropy can contribute significantly to the free energy of protein-ligand association.
C1 Univ Penn, Johnson Res Fdn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP Wand, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Johnson Res Fdn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM wand@mail.med.upenn.edu
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK039806] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM008275] Funding Source: Medline
NR 34
TC 580
Z9 677
U1 2
U2 185
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7151
BP 325
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature05959
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 191GC
UT WOS:000248118300051
PM 17637663
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grosenick, L
   Clement, TS
   Fernald, RD
AF Grosenick, Logan
   Clement, Tricia S.
   Fernald, Russell D.
TI Fish can infer social rank by observation alone
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transitive inference; haplochromis-burtoni; information; memory; rats
AB Transitive inference (TI) involves using known relationships to deduce unknown ones ( for example, using A. B and B. C to infer A. C), and is thus essential to logical reasoning. First described as a developmental milestone in children(1), TI has since been reported in nonhuman primates(2-4), rats(5,6) and birds(7-10). Still, how animals acquire and represent transitive relationships and why such abilities might have evolved remain open problems. Here we show that male fish (Astatotilapia burtoni) can successfully make inferences on a hierarchy implied by pairwise fights between rival males. These fish learned the implied hierarchy vicariously ( as 'bystanders'), by watching fights between rivals arranged around them in separate tank units. Our findings show that fish use TI when trained on socially relevant stimuli, and that they can make such inferences by using indirect information alone. Further, these bystanders seem to have both spatial and featural representations related to rival abilities, which they can use to make correct inferences depending on what kind of information is available to them. Beyond extending TI to fish and experimentally demonstrating indirect TI learning in animals, these results indicate that a universal mechanism underlying TI is unlikely. Rather, animals probably use multiple domain-specific representations adapted to different social and ecological pressures that they encounter during the course of their natural lives.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Ctr Study Language & Informat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Grosenick, L (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Ctr Study Language & Informat, Ventura Hall,200 Panama St, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM logang@stanford.edu
NR 29
TC 385
Z9 449
U1 1
U2 155
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7126
BP 429
EP 432
DI 10.1038/nature05511
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 128WD
UT WOS:000243689500040
PM 17251980
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Markiewicz, WJ
   Titov, DV
   Limaye, SS
   Keller, HU
   Ignatiev, N
   Jaumann, R
   Thomas, N
   Michalik, H
   Moissl, R
   Russo, P
AF Markiewicz, W. J.
   Titov, D. V.
   Limaye, S. S.
   Keller, H. U.
   Ignatiev, N.
   Jaumann, R.
   Thomas, N.
   Michalik, H.
   Moissl, R.
   Russo, P.
TI Morphology and dynamics of the upper cloud layer of Venus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID compressible convection; atmosphere; galileo; images; winds
AB Venus is completely covered by a thick cloud layer, of which the upper part is composed of sulphuric acid and some unknown aerosols(1). The cloud tops are in fast retrograde rotation (super-rotation), but the factors responsible for this super-rotation are unknown(2). Here we report observations of Venus with the Venus Monitoring Camera(3) on board the Venus Express spacecraft. We investigate both global and small-scale properties of the clouds, their temporal and latitudinal variations, and derive wind velocities. The southern polar region is highly variable and can change dramatically on timescales as short as one day, perhaps arising from the injection of SO2 into the mesosphere. The convective cells in the vicinity of the subsolar point are much smaller than previously inferred(4-6), which we interpret as indicating that they are confined to the upper cloud layer, contrary to previous conclusions(7,8), but consistent with more recent study(9).
C1 Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
   Space Res Inst, IKI, Moscow 117997, Russia.
   Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Inst Planetenforsch, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   TU Braunschweig, IDA, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Russian Academy of Sciences; Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Bern; Braunschweig University of Technology
RP Markiewicz, WJ (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
EM markiewicz@mps.mpg.de
NR 17
TC 101
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 633
EP 636
DI 10.1038/nature06320
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700034
PM 18046394
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Diggle, SP
   Griffin, AS
   Campbell, GS
   West, SA
AF Diggle, Stephen P.
   Griffin, Ashleigh S.
   Campbell, Genevieve S.
   West, Stuart A.
TI Cooperation and conflict in quorum-sensing bacterial populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pseudomonas-aeruginosa; competition; evolution; lactone; signal; identification; communication; expression; virulence; altruism
AB It has been suggested that bacterial cells communicate by releasing and sensing small diffusible signal molecules in a process commonly known as quorum sensing (QS)(1-4). It is generally assumed that QS is used to coordinate cooperative behaviours at the population level(3,5). However, evolutionary theory predicts that individuals who communicate and cooperate can be exploited(6-10). Here we examine the social evolution of QS experimentally in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and show that although QS can provide a benefit at the group level, exploitative individuals can avoid the cost of producing the QS signal or of performing the cooperative behaviour that is coordinated by QS, and can therefore spread. We also show that a solution to the problem of exploitation is kin selection, if interacting bacterial cells tend to be close relatives. These results show that the problem of exploitation, which has been the focus of considerable attention in animal communication, also arises in bacteria.
C1 Univ Nottingham, Ctr Biomol Sci, Inst Infect Immun & Inflammat, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Sch Biol Sci, Inst Evolutionary Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Nottingham; University of Edinburgh
RP Diggle, SP (corresponding author), Univ Nottingham, Ctr Biomol Sci, Inst Infect Immun & Inflammat, Univ Pk, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
EM steve.diggle@nottingham.ac.uk; stu.west@ed.ac.uk
NR 33
TC 658
Z9 774
U1 5
U2 279
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 411
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature06279
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600053
PM 18004383
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butts, DA
   Weng, C
   Jin, J
   Yeh, CI
   Lesica, NA
   Alonso, JM
   Stanley, GB
AF Butts, Daniel A.
   Weng, Chong
   Jin, Jianzhong
   Yeh, Chun-I
   Lesica, Nicholas A.
   Alonso, Jose-Manuel
   Stanley, Garrett B.
TI Temporal precision in the neural code and the timescales of natural vision
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral geniculate-nucleus; spike trains; somatosensory cortex; visual information; neurons; discrimination; representation; variability; integration; responses
AB The timing of action potentials relative to sensory stimuli can be precise down to milliseconds in the visual system(1-7), even though the relevant timescales of natural vision are much slower. The existence of such precision contributes to a fundamental debate over the basis of the neural code and, specifically, what timescales are important for neural computation(8-10). Using recordings in the lateral geniculate nucleus, here we demonstrate that the relevant timescale of neuronal spike trains depends on the frequency content of the visual stimulus, and that 'relative', not absolute, precision is maintained both during spatially uniform white-noise visual stimuli and naturalistic movies. Using information-theoretic techniques, we demonstrate a clear role of relative precision, and show that the experimentally observed temporal structure in the neuronal response is necessary to represent accurately the more slowly changing visual world. By establishing a functional role of precision, we link visual neuron function on slow timescales to temporal structure in the response at faster timescales, and uncover a straightforward purpose of fine-timescale features of neuronal spike trains.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsau, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   SUNY Coll Optometry, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10036 USA.
   Univ Connecticut, Dept Psychol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Optometry; University of Connecticut
RP Butts, DA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM dab2024@med.cornell.edu
NR 32
TC 310
Z9 396
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7158
BP 92
EP U64
DI 10.1038/nature06105
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207ED
UT WOS:000249233500042
PM 17805296
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bell, RE
   Studinger, M
   Shuman, CA
   Fahnestock, MA
   Joughin, I
AF Bell, Robin E.
   Studinger, Michael
   Shuman, Christopher A.
   Fahnestock, Mark A.
   Joughin, Ian
TI Large subglacial lakes in East Antarctica at the onset of fast-flowing ice streams
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vostok; water; discharge; origin
AB Water plays a crucial role in ice-sheet stability and the onset of ice streams. Subglacial lake water moves between lakes(1) and rapidly drains, causing catastrophic floods(2). The exact mechanisms by which subglacial lakes influence ice-sheet dynamics are unknown, however, and large subglacial lakes(3,4) have not been closely associated with rapidly flowing ice streams. Here we use satellite imagery and ice-surface elevations to identify a region of subglacial lakes, similar in total area to Lake Vostok, at the onset region of the Recovery Glacier ice stream in East Antarctica and predicted by ice-sheet models(5). We define four lakes through extensive, flat, featureless regions of ice surface bounded by upstream troughs and downstream ridges. Using ice velocities determined using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), we find the onset of rapid flow ( moving at 20 to 30 m yr(-1)) of the tributaries to the Recovery Glacier ice stream in a 280-km-wide segment at the downslope margins of these four subglacial lakes. We conclude that the subglacial lakes initiate and maintain rapid ice flow through either active modification of the basal thermal regime of the ice sheet by lake accretion or through scouring bedrock channels in periodic drainage events. We suggest that the role of subglacial lakes needs to be considered in ice-sheet mass balance assessments.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
   Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
C3 Columbia University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Bell, RE (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
EM robinb@ldeo.columbia.edu
NR 22
TC 208
Z9 243
U1 5
U2 98
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7130
BP 904
EP 907
DI 10.1038/nature05554
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 138CR
UT WOS:000244341200046
PM 17314977
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klauk, H
   Zschieschang, U
   Pflaum, J
   Halik, M
AF Klauk, Hagen
   Zschieschang, Ute
   Pflaum, Jens
   Halik, Marcus
TI Ultralow-power organic complementary circuits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID field-effect transistors; low-voltage; monolayers; mobility; aluminum; acids
AB The prospect of using low-temperature processable organic semiconductors to implement transistors, circuits, displays and sensors on arbitrary substrates, such as glass or plastics, offers enormous potential for a wide range of electronic products(1). Of particular interest are portable devices that can be powered by small batteries or by near-field radio-frequency coupling. The main problem with existing approaches is the large power consumption of conventional organic circuits, which makes battery-powered applications problematic, if not impossible. Here we demonstrate an organic circuit with very low power consumption that uses a self-assembled monolayer gate dielectric and two different air-stable molecular semiconductors (pentacene and hexadecafluorocopperphthalocyanine, F16CuPc). The monolayer dielectric is grown on patterned metal gates at room temperature and is optimized to provide a large gate capacitance and low gate leakage currents. By combining low-voltage p-channel and n-channel organic thin-film transistors in a complementary circuit design, the static currents are reduced to below 100 pA per logic gate. We have fabricated complementary inverters, NAND gates, and ring oscillators that operate with supply voltages between 1.5 and 3 V and have a static power consumption of less than 1 nW per logic gate. These organic circuits are thus well suited for battery-powered systems such as portable display devices 2 and large-surface sensor networks(3) as well as for radio-frequency identification tags with extended operating range(4).
C1 Max Planck Inst Solid State Res, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Univ Stuttgart, Inst Phys 3, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Inst Polymer Mat, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Stuttgart; University of Erlangen Nuremberg
RP Klauk, H (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Solid State Res, Heisenbergstr 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
EM h.klauk@fkf.mpg.de
NR 26
TC 1286
Z9 1412
U1 8
U2 575
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7129
BP 745
EP 748
DI 10.1038/nature05533
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136EK
UT WOS:000244205200040
PM 17301788
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Natsume, R
   Eitoku, M
   Akai, Y
   Sano, N
   Horikoshi, M
   Senda, T
AF Natsume, Ryo
   Eitoku, Masamitsu
   Akai, Yusuke
   Sano, Norihiko
   Horikoshi, Masami
   Senda, Toshiya
TI Structure and function of the histone chaperone CIA/ASF1 complexed with histones H3 and H4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromatin; asf1; transcription; deposition; identification; replication; history; genes; rad53
AB CIA(CCG1-interacting factor A)/ASF1, which is the most conserved histone chaperone among the eukaryotes, was genetically identified as a factor for an anti-silencing function (Asf1)(1) by yeast genetic screening. Shortly after that, the CIA-histone-H3-H4 complex was isolated from Drosophila as a histone chaperone CAF-1 stimulator(2). Human CIA-I/II (ASF1a/b) was identified as a histone chaperone that interacts with the bromodomain - an acetylated-histone-recognizing domain - of CCG1, in the general transcription initiation factor TFIID3-5. Intensive studies have revealed that CIA/ASF1 mediates nucleosome assembly by forming a complex with another histone chaperone in human cells 6 and yeast 7, and is involved in DNA replication 1,2, transcription 4,8 - 10, DNA repair 1,2,11,12 and silencing/ anti-silencing(1,2,8,13-15) in yeast. CIA/ASF1 was shown as a major storage chaperone for soluble histones in proliferating human cells(6,16). Despite all these biochemical and biological functional analyses, the structure - function relationship of the nucleosome assembly/disassembly activity of CIA/ASF1 has remained elusive. Here we report the crystal structure, at 2.7 angstrom resolution, of CIA-I in complex with histones H3 and H4. The structure shows the histone H3 - H4 dimer's mutually exclusive interactions with another histone H3 - H4 dimer and CIA-I. The carboxy-terminal beta-strand of histone H4 changes its partner from the beta-strand in histone H2A to that of CIA-I through large conformational change. In vitro functional analysis demonstrated that CIA-I has a histone H3 - H4 tetramer-disrupting activity. Mutants with weak histone H3-H4 dimer binding activity showed critical functional effects on cellular processes related to transcription. The histone H3-H4 tetramer-disrupting activity of CIA/ASF1 and the crystal structure of the CIA/ASF1-histone-H3-H4 dimer complex should give insights into mechanisms of both nucleosome assembly/disassembly and nucleosome semi-conservative replication.
C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Biol Informat Res Ctr, Koto Ku, Tokyo 1350064, Japan.
   JST, ERATO, Horikoshi Gene Selector Project, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3002635, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Dev Biol Lab, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
   JBIC, JBIRC, Koto Ku, Tokyo 1350064, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Tokyo
RP Senda, T (corresponding author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Biol Informat Res Ctr, Koto Ku, 2-42 Aomi, Tokyo 1350064, Japan.
EM horikosh@iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp; tsenda@jbirc.aist.go.jp
NR 30
TC 246
Z9 294
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7133
BP 338
EP 341
DI 10.1038/nature05613
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145VC
UT WOS:000244892900050
PM 17293877
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burgisser, A
   Scaillet, B
AF Burgisser, Alain
   Scaillet, Bruno
TI Redox evolution of a degassing magma rising to the surface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxidation-state; kilauea-volcano; oxygen fugacity; silicate melts; gas; temperature; solubility; morphology; pressure; eruption
AB Volatiles carried by magmas, either dissolved or exsolved, have a fundamental effect on a variety of geological phenomena, such as magma dynamics(1-5) and the composition of the Earth's atmosphere(6). In particular, the redox state of volcanic gases emanating at the Earth's surface is widely believed to mirror that of the magma source, and is thought to have exerted a first-order control on the secular evolution of atmospheric oxygen(6,7). Oxygen fugacity (f(O2)) estimated from lava or related gas chemistry, however, may vary by as much as one log unit(8-10), and the reason for such differences remains obscure. Here we use a coupled chemical - physical model of conduit flow to show that the redox state evolution of an ascending magma, and thus of its coexisting gas phase, is strongly dependent on both the composition and the amount of gas in the reservoir. Magmas with no sulphur show a systematic f(O2) increase during ascent, by as much as 2 log units. Magmas with sulphur show also a change of redox state during ascent, but the direction of change depends on the initial f(O2) in the reservoir. Our calculations closely reproduce the H2S/SO2 ratios of volcanic gases observed at convergent settings, yet the difference between f(O2) in the reservoir and that at the exit of the volcanic conduit may be as much as 1.5 log units. Thus, the redox state of erupted magmas is not necessarily a good proxy of the redox state of the gases they emit. Our findings may require re-evaluation of models aimed at quantifying the role of magmatic volatiles in geological processes.
C1 Univ Orleans, CNRS, UMR 6113, ISTO, F-45071 Orleans 2, France.
C3 Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Orleans
RP Burgisser, A (corresponding author), Univ Orleans, CNRS, UMR 6113, ISTO, 1a Rue Ferollerie, F-45071 Orleans 2, France.
EM burgisse@cnrs-orleans.fr
NR 29
TC 224
Z9 243
U1 1
U2 81
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7124
BP 194
EP 197
DI 10.1038/nature05509
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124QF
UT WOS:000243384300048
PM 17215841
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okita, K
   Ichisaka, T
   Yamanaka, S
AF Okita, Keisuke
   Ichisaka, Tomoko
   Yamanaka, Shinya
TI Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-renewal; mouse development; es cells; expression; nanog; methylation; gene; differentiation; igf2r; lines
AB We have previously shown that pluripotent stem cells can be induced from mouse fibroblasts by retroviral introduction of Oct3/4 (also called Pou5f1), Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4, and subsequent selection for Fbx15 (also called Fbxo15) expression. These induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells (hereafter called Fbx15 iPS cells) are similar to embryonic stem (ES) cells in morphology, proliferation and teratoma formation; however, they are different with regards to gene expression and DNA methylation patterns, and fail to produce adult chimaeras. Here we show that selection for Nanog expression results in germline-competent iPS cells with increased ES-cell-like gene expression and DNA methylation patterns compared with Fbx15 iPS cells. The four transgenes (Oct3/4, Sox2, c-myc and Klf4) were strongly silenced in Nanog iPS cells. We obtained adult chimaeras from seven Nanog iPS cell clones, with one clone being transmitted through the germ line to the next generation. Approximately 20% of the offspring developed tumours attributable to reactivation of the c-myc transgene. Thus, iPS cells competent for germline chimaeras can be obtained from fibroblasts, but retroviral introduction of c-Myc should be avoided for clinical application.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Inst Frontier Med Sci, Dept Stem Cell Biol, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Yamanaka, S (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Inst Frontier Med Sci, Dept Stem Cell Biol, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
EM yamanaka@frontier.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 28
TC 3384
Z9 4395
U1 9
U2 1700
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7151
BP 313
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature05934
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 191GC
UT WOS:000248118300049
PM 17554338
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hadden, JM
   Déclais, AC
   Carr, SB
   Lilley, DMJ
   Phillips, SEV
AF Hadden, Jonathan M.
   Declais, Anne-Cecile
   Carr, Stephen B.
   Lilley, David M. J.
   Phillips, Simon E. V.
TI The structural basis of Holliday junction resolution by T7 endonuclease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 4-way dna junction; crystal-structure; escherichia-coli; complex; ruva; site; bacteriophage-t7; recognition; binding
AB The four-way (Holliday) DNA junction is the central intermediate in homologous recombination, a ubiquitous process that is important in DNA repair and generation of genetic diversity(1). The penultimate stage of recombination requires resolution of the DNA junction into nicked-duplex species by the action of a junction-resolving enzyme, examples of which have been identified in a wide variety of organisms(2). These enzymes are nucleases that are highly selective for the structure of branched DNA. The mechanism of this selectivity has, however, been unclear in the absence of structural data. Here we present the crystal structure of the junction-resolving enzyme phage T7 endonuclease I in complex with a synthetic four-way DNA junction. Although the enzyme is structure-selective, significant induced fit occurs in the interaction, with changes in the structure of both the protein and the junction. The dimeric enzyme presents two binding channels that contact the backbones of the junction's helical arms over seven nucleotides. These interactions effectively measure the relative orientations and positions of the arms of the junction, thereby ensuring that binding is selective for branched DNA that can achieve this geometry.
C1 Univ Leeds, Fac Biol Sci, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Astbury Ctr Struct Mol Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Dundee, Canc Res UK, Nucl Acid Struct Res Grp, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland.
C3 University of Leeds; Cancer Research UK; University of Dundee
RP Phillips, SEV (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Fac Biol Sci, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Astbury Ctr Struct Mol Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
EM s.e.v.phillips@leeds.ac.uk
FU BBSRC [BB/E001777/1] Funding Source: UKRI; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/E001777/1] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/E001777/1] Funding Source: Medline; Cancer Research UK [11722] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 32
TC 73
Z9 90
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7162
BP 621
EP U15
DI 10.1038/nature06158
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 216QG
UT WOS:000249893500050
PM 17873858
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mullighan, CG
   Goorha, S
   Radtke, I
   Miller, CB
   Coustan-Smith, E
   Dalton, JD
   Girtman, K
   Mathew, S
   Ma, J
   Pounds, SB
   Su, XP
   Pui, CH
   Relling, MV
   Evans, WE
   Shurtleff, SA
   Downing, JR
AF Mullighan, Charles G.
   Goorha, Salil
   Radtke, Ina
   Miller, Christopher B.
   Coustan-Smith, Elaine
   Dalton, James D.
   Girtman, Kevin
   Mathew, Susan
   Ma, Jing
   Pounds, Stanley B.
   Su, Xiaoping
   Pui, Ching-Hon
   Relling, Mary V.
   Evans, William E.
   Shurtleff, Sheila A.
   Downing, James R.
TI Genome-wide analysis of genetic alterations in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID b-cell development; zinc-finger protein; ikaros gene; bsap pax-5; deletion; lymphoma; dna; expression; differentiation; translocation
AB Chromosomal aberrations are a hallmark of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ( ALL) but alone fail to induce leukaemia. To identify cooperating oncogenic lesions, we performed a genome-wide analysis of leukaemic cells from 242 paediatric ALL patients using high-resolution, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays and genomic DNA sequencing. Our analyses revealed deletion, amplification, point mutation and structural rearrangement in genes encoding principal regulators of B lymphocyte development and differentiation in 40% of B-progenitor ALL cases. The PAX5 gene was the most frequent target of somatic mutation, being altered in 31.7% of cases. The identified PAX5 mutations resulted in reduced levels of PAX5 protein or the generation of hypomorphic alleles. Deletions were also detected in TCF3 ( also known as E2A), EBF1, LEF1, IKZF1 (IKAROS) and IKZF3 (AIOLOS). These findings suggest that direct disruption of pathways controlling B-cell development and differentiation contributes to B-progenitor ALL pathogenesis. Moreover, these data demonstrate the power of high-resolution, genome-wide approaches to identify new molecular lesions in cancer.
C1 St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Oncol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Biostat, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Hartwell Ctr Bioinformat & Biotechnol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital
RP Downing, JR (corresponding author), St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Pathol, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
EM james.downing@stjude.org
NR 38
TC 1461
Z9 1670
U1 0
U2 109
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7137
BP 758
EP 764
DI 10.1038/nature05690
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 156CX
UT WOS:000245626800032
PM 17344859
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hierro, A
   Rojas, AL
   Rojas, R
   Murthy, N
   Effantin, G
   Kajava, AV
   Steven, AC
   Bonifacino, JS
   Hurley, JH
AF Hierro, Aitor
   Rojas, Adriana L.
   Rojas, Raul
   Murthy, Namita
   Effantin, Gregory
   Kajava, Andrey V.
   Steven, Alasdair C.
   Bonifacino, Juan S.
   Hurley, James H.
TI Functional architecture of the retromer cargo-recognition complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polycistronic expression; retrograde transport; mammalian retromer; requires retromer; crystal-structure; structural basis; model; proteins; domains; vps29
AB The retromer complex(1,2) is required for the sorting of acid hydrolases to lysosomes(3-7), transcytosis of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor(8), Wnt gradient formation(9,10), iron transporter recycling(11) and processing of the amyloid precursor protein(12). Human retromer consists of two smaller complexes: the cargo recognition VPS26-VPS29-VPS35 heterotrimer and a membrane-targeting heterodimer or homodimer of SNX1 and/or SNX2 (ref. 13). Here we report the crystal structure of a VPS29-VPS35 subcomplex showing how the metallophosphoesterase-fold subunit VPS29 (refs 14, 15) acts as a scaffold for the carboxyterminal half of VPS35. VPS35 forms a horseshoe-shaped, right-handed, alpha-helical solenoid, the concave face of which completely covers the metal-binding site of VPS29, whereas the convex face exposes a series of hydrophobic interhelical grooves. Electron microscopy shows that the intact VPS26-VPS29-VPS35 complex is a stick-shaped, flexible structure, approximately 21 nm long. A hybrid structural model derived from crystal structures, electron microscopy, interaction studies and bioinformatics shows that the alpha-solenoid fold extends the full length of VPS35, and that VPS26 is bound at the opposite end from VPS29. This extended structure presents multiple binding sites for the SNX complex and receptor cargo, and appears capable of flexing to conform to curved vesicular membranes.
C1 NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NICHHD, Cell Biol & Metab Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIAMSD, Struct Biol Lab, NIH, US Dept HHS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ctr Rech Biochim Macromol, F-34293 Montpellier, France.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Arthritis & Musculoskeletal & Skin Diseases (NIAMS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Montpellier
RP Hurley, JH (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM hurley@helix.nih.gov
FU Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 DK036118] Funding Source: Medline
NR 43
TC 241
Z9 281
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1063
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature06216
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000055
PM 17891154
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Doorn, GS
   Kirkpatrick, M
AF van Doorn, G. S.
   Kirkpatrick, M.
TI Turnover of sex chromosomes induced by sexual conflict
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cichlid fish; sympatric speciation; y-chromosome; evolution; selection; genes; model; mechanisms; expression; reversal
AB Sex-determination genes are among the most fluid features of the genome in many groups of animals(1,2). In some taxa the master sex-determining gene moves frequently between chromosomes, whereas in other taxa different genes have been recruited to determine the sex of the zygotes. There is a well developed theory for the origin of stable and highly dimorphic sex chromosomes seen in groups such as the eutherian mammals(3). In contrast, the evolutionary lability of genetic sex determination in other groups remains largely unexplained(1). In this theoretical study, we show that an autosomal gene under sexually antagonistic selection can cause the spread of a new sex-determining gene linked to it. The mechanism can account for the origin of new sex-determining loci, the transposition of an ancestral sex-determining gene to an autosome, and the maintenance of multiple sex-determining factors in species that lack heteromorphic sex chromosomes.
C1 Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
   Univ Texas, Sect Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 The Santa Fe Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP van Doorn, GS (corresponding author), Santa Fe Inst, 1399 Hyde Pk Rd, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
EM vandoorn@santafe.edu
NR 25
TC 296
Z9 328
U1 0
U2 70
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 909
EP 912
DI 10.1038/nature06178
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600048
PM 17943130
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Massey, R
   Rhodes, J
   Ellis, R
   Scoville, N
   Leauthaud, A
   Finoguenov, A
   Capak, P
   Bacon, D
   Aussel, H
   Kneib, JP
   Koekemoer, A
   McCracken, H
   Mobasher, B
   Pires, S
   Refregier, A
   Sasaki, S
   Starck, JL
   Taniguchi, Y
   Taylor, A
   Taylor, J
AF Massey, Richard
   Rhodes, Jason
   Ellis, Richard
   Scoville, Nick
   Leauthaud, Alexie
   Finoguenov, Alexis
   Capak, Peter
   Bacon, David
   Aussel, Herve
   Kneib, Jean-Paul
   Koekemoer, Anton
   McCracken, Henry
   Mobasher, Bahram
   Pires, Sandrine
   Refregier, Alexandre
   Sasaki, Shunji
   Starck, Jean-Luc
   Taniguchi, Yoshi
   Taylor, Andy
   Taylor, James
TI Dark matter maps reveal cosmic scaffolding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID weak; evolution; galaxy; space
AB Ordinary baryonic particles ( such as protons and neutrons) account for only one-sixth of the total matter in the Universe(1-3). The remainder is a mysterious 'dark matter' component, which does not interact via electromagnetism and thus neither emits nor reflects light. As dark matter cannot be seen directly using traditional observations, very little is currently known about its properties. It does interact via gravity, and is most effectively probed through gravitational lensing: the deflection of light from distant galaxies by the gravitational attraction of foreground mass concentrations(4,5). This is a purely geometrical effect that is free of astrophysical assumptions and sensitive to all matter - whether baryonic or dark(6,7). Here we show high-fidelity maps of the large-scale distribution of dark matter, resolved in both angle and depth. We find a loose network of filaments, growing over time, which intersect in massive structures at the locations of clusters of galaxies. Our results are consistent with predictions of gravitationally induced structure formation(8,9), in which the initial, smooth distribution of dark matter collapses into filaments then into clusters, forming a gravitational scaffold into which gas can accumulate, and stars can be built(10).
C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France.
   Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Inst Astron, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   CNRS, CEA, Unite Mixte Rech, AIM, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Paris 07, CE Saclay, UMR 7158, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Univ Paris 06, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Ctr Etud Saclay, CEA, DSM, DAPNIA,SEDI, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Ehime Univ, Dept Phys, Matsuyama, Ehime 7908577, Japan.
   Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys & Astron, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Aix-Marseille Universite; Max Planck Society; University of Edinburgh; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); CEA; Universite Paris Cite; Space Telescope Science Institute; Sorbonne Universite; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Ehime University; University of Waterloo
RP Massey, R (corresponding author), CALTECH, MC105-24,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM rjm@astro.caltech.edu
NR 30
TC 274
Z9 301
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7125
BP 286
EP 290
DI 10.1038/nature05497
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 126HT
UT WOS:000243504700038
PM 17206154
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whisson, SC
   Boevink, PC
   Moleleki, L
   Avrova, AO
   Morales, JG
   Gilroy, EM
   Armstrong, MR
   Grouffaud, S
   van West, P
   Chapman, S
   Hein, I
   Toth, IK
   Pritchard, L
   Birch, PRJ
AF Whisson, Stephen C.
   Boevink, Petra C.
   Moleleki, Lucy
   Avrova, Anna O.
   Morales, Juan G.
   Gilroy, Eleanor M.
   Armstrong, Miles R.
   Grouffaud, Severine
   van West, Pieter
   Chapman, Sean
   Hein, Ingo
   Toth, Ian K.
   Pritchard, Leighton
   Birch, Paul R. J.
TI A translocation signal for delivery of oomycete effector proteins into host plant cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phytophthora-infestans; pseudomonas-syringae; potato infection; downy mildew; avirulence; gene; resistance; secretion; pathogen; transcription
AB Bacterial(1), oomycete(2) and fungal(3) plant pathogens establish disease by translocation of effector proteins into host cells, where they may directly manipulate host innate immunity. In bacteria, translocation is through the type III secretion system(1), but analogous processes for effector delivery are uncharacterized in fungi and oomycetes. Here we report functional analyses of two motifs, RXLR and EER, present in translocated oomycete effectors(2). We use the Phytophthora infestans RXLR-EER-containing protein Avr3a as a reporter for translocation because it triggers RXLR-EER-independent hypersensitive cell death following recognition within plant cells that contain the R3a resistance protein(4,5). We show that Avr3a, with or without RXLR-EER motifs, is secreted from P. infestans biotrophic structures called haustoria, demonstrating that these motifs are not required for targeting to haustoria or for secretion. However, following replacement of Avr3a RXLR-EER motifs with alanine residues, singly or in combination, or with residues KMIK-DDK-representing a change that conserves physicochemical properties of the protein-P. infestans fails to deliver Avr3a or an Avr3a-GUS fusion protein into plant cells, demonstrating that these motifs are required for translocation. We show that RXLR-EER-encoding genes are transcriptionally upregulated during infection. Bioinformatic analysis identifies 425 potential genes encoding secreted RXLR-EER class proteins in the P. infestans genome. Identification of this class of proteins provides unparalleled opportunities to determine how oomycetes manipulate hosts to establish infection.
C1 Scottish Crop Res Inst, Plant Pathol Programme, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland.
   Univ Aberdeen, Inst Med Sci, Aberdeen Oomycete Grp, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland.
C3 James Hutton Institute; University of Aberdeen
RP Birch, PRJ (corresponding author), Scottish Crop Res Inst, Plant Pathol Programme, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland.
EM Paul.Birch@scri.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/E007120/1] Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/E007120/1] Funding Source: researchfish; BBSRC [BB/E007120/1] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 27
TC 607
Z9 759
U1 8
U2 240
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 115
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06203
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800048
PM 17914356
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Malathi, K
   Dong, BH
   Gale, M
   Silverman, RH
AF Malathi, Krishnamurthy
   Dong, Beihua
   Gale, Michael, Jr.
   Silverman, Robert H.
TI Small self-RNA generated by RNase L amplifies antiviral innate immunity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hepatitis-c virus; rig-i; interferon action; 2-5a-dependent rnase; adapter protein; responses; infection; identification; ribonuclease; expression
AB Antiviral innate immunity is initiated in response to RNA molecules that are produced in virus- infected cells(1). These RNAs activate signalling cascades that activate the genes that encode alpha- and beta- interferon ( IFN). Signalling occurs through the interaction of the RNAs with either of two pathogen recognition receptors, retinoic acid- inducible gene- I ( RIG- I, also known as DDX58) and melanoma differentiation associated gene- 5 ( MDA5, also known as IFIH1), which contain amino- terminal caspase activation and recruitment domains ( CARD) and carboxy- terminal DExD/ H Box RNA helicase motifs(2-5). RIG- I and MDA5 interact with another CARD protein, interferon-beta promotor stimulator protein- 1 ( IPS- 1, also known as MAVS, VISA and Cardif), in the mitochondrial membrane, which relays the signal through the transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 ( IRF- 3) and nuclear factor ( NF)- kappa B to the IFN-beta gene(6-10). Although the signalling pathway is well understood, the origin of the RNA molecules that initiate these processes is not. Here we show that activation of the antiviral endoribonuclease, RNase L-11, by 2',5'- linked oligoadenylate ( 2-5A)(12) produces small RNA cleavage products from self- RNA that initiate IFN production. Accordingly, mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking RNase L were resistant to the induction of IFN-beta expression in response to 2- 5A, dsRNA or viral infection. Single-stranded regions of RNA are cleaved 39 of UpUp and UpAp sequences by RNase L during viral infections, resulting in small, often duplex, RNAs13,14. We show that small self- RNAs produced by the action of RNase L on cellular RNA induce IFN-beta expression and that the signalling involves RIG- I, MDA5 and IPS- 1. Mice lacking RNase L produce significantly less IFN-beta during viral infections than infected wild- type mice. Furthermore, activation of RNase L with 2- 5A in vivo induced the expression of IFN-beta in wild- type but not RNase L- deficient mice. Our results indicate that RNase L has an essential role in the innate antiviral immune response that relieves the requirement for direct sensing of non- self RNA.
C1 Cleveland Clin, Dept Canc Biol, Lerner Res Inst, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Cleveland Clinic Foundation; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Silverman, RH (corresponding author), Cleveland Clin, Dept Canc Biol, Lerner Res Inst, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
EM silverr@ccf.org
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA044059] Funding Source: Medline; NIAID NIH HHS [R15 AI089518] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 520
Z9 671
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7155
BP 816
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature06042
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200HJ
UT WOS:000248754200042
PM 17653195
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sabeti, PC
   Varilly, P
   Fry, B
   Lohmueller, J
   Hostetter, E
   Cotsapas, C
   Xie, XH
   Byrne, EH
   McCarroll, SA
   Gaudet, R
   Schaffner, SF
   Lander, ES
AF Sabeti, Pardis C.
   Varilly, Patrick
   Fry, Ben
   Lohmueller, Jason
   Hostetter, Elizabeth
   Cotsapas, Chris
   Xie, Xiaohui
   Byrne, Elizabeth H.
   McCarroll, Steven A.
   Gaudet, Rachelle
   Schaffner, Stephen F.
   Lander, Eric S.
TI Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID death domain; nmr structure; recombination; polymorphisms; pigmentation; gene
AB With the advent of dense maps of human genetic variation, it is now possible to detect positive natural selection across the human genome. Here we report an analysis of over 3 million polymorphisms from the International HapMap Project Phase 2 (HapMap2)(1). We used 'long-range haplotype' methods, which were developed to identify alleles segregating in a population that have undergone recent selection(2), and we also developed new methods that are based on cross-population comparisons to discover alleles that have swept to near-fixation within a population. The analysis reveals more than 300 strong candidate regions. Focusing on the strongest 22 regions, we develop a heuristic for scrutinizing these regions to identify candidate targets of selection. In a complementary analysis, we identify 26 non-synonymous, coding, single nucleotide polymorphisms showing regional evidence of positive selection. Examination of these candidates highlights three cases in which two genes in a common biological process have apparently undergone positive selection in the same population: LARGE and DMD, both related to infection by the Lassa virus(3), in West Africa; SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, both involved in skin pigmentation(4,5), in Europe; and EDAR and EDA2R, both involved in development of hair follicles(6), in Asia.
C1 MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Human Genet Res, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Sabeti, PC (corresponding author), MIT, Broad Inst, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM pardis@broad.mit.edu
FU Wellcome Trust [077011, 077046, 081682, 077008] Funding Source: Medline
NR 34
TC 1558
Z9 1815
U1 5
U2 339
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 913
EP U12
DI 10.1038/nature06250
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600049
PM 17943131
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bocquet, N
   de Carvalho, LP
   Cartaud, J
   Neyton, J
   Le Poupon, C
   Taly, A
   Grutter, T
   Changeux, JP
   Corringer, PJ
AF Bocquet, Nicolas
   de Carvalho, Lia Prado
   Cartaud, Jean
   Neyton, Jacques
   Le Poupon, Chantal
   Taly, Antoine
   Grutter, Thomas
   Changeux, Jean-Pierre
   Corringer, Pierre-Jean
TI A prokaryotic proton-gated ion channel from the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor family
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding-protein; gating mechanism; domain; modulation; subunit; desensitization; mutations; reveals; form; loop
AB Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) mediate excitatory and inhibitory transmission in the nervous system. Among them, the pentameric or 'Cys-loop' receptors (pLGICs) compose a family that until recently was found in only eukaryotes. Yet a recent genome search identified putative homologues of these proteins in several bacterial species(1). Here we report the cloning, expression and functional identification of one of these putative homologues from the cyanobacterium Gloeobacter violaceus. It was expressed as a homo-oligomer in HEK 293 cells and Xenopus oocytes, generating a transmembrane cationic channel that is opened by extracellular protons and shows slow kinetics of activation, no desensitization and a single channel conductance of 8 pS. Electron microscopy and cross-linking experiments of the protein fused to the maltose-binding protein and expressed in Escherichia coli are consistent with a homo-pentameric organization. Sequence comparison shows that it possesses a compact structure, with the absence of the amino-terminal helix, the canonical disulphide bridge and the large cytoplasmic domain found in eukaryotic pLGICs. Therefore it embodies a minimal structure required for signal transduction. These data establish the prokaryotic origin of the family. Because Gloeobacter violaceus carries out photosynthesis and proton transport at the cytoplasmic membrane(2), this new proton-gated ion channel might contribute to adaptation to pH change.
C1 Inst Pasteur, CNRS, URA D2182, Unit Receptor & Cognit, F-75015 Paris, France.
   Univ Paris 06 & 7, Inst Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7590, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Ecole Normale Super, CNRS, UMR 8544, Neurobiol Lab, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Universite Paris Cite; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS)
RP Corringer, PJ (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur, CNRS, URA D2182, Unit Receptor & Cognit, F-75015 Paris, France.
EM pjcorrin@pasteur.fr
NR 30
TC 260
Z9 334
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7123
BP 116
EP 119
DI 10.1038/nature05371
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122KG
UT WOS:000243225100047
PM 17167423
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Willett, KM
   Gillett, NP
   Jones, PD
   Thorne, PW
AF Willett, Katharine M.
   Gillett, Nathan P.
   Jones, Philip D.
   Thorne, Peter W.
TI Attribution of observed surface humidity changes to human influence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature; trends; climatology; model; variability; icoads
AB Water vapour is the most important contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, and the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere is expected to increase under conditions of greenhouse-gas-induced warming, leading to a significant feedback on anthropogenic climate change(1-3). Theoretical and modelling studies predict that relative humidity will remain approximately constant at the global scale as the climate warms, leading to an increase in specific humidity(1,4,5). Although significant increases in surface specific humidity have been identified in several regions(6-9), and on the global scale in non-homogenized data(10), it has not been shown whether these changes are due to natural or human influences on climate. Here we use a new quality-controlled and homogenized gridded observational data set of surface humidity, with output from a coupled climate model, to identify and explore the causes of changes in surface specific humidity over the late twentieth century. We identify a significant global-scale increase in surface specific humidity that is attributable mainly to human influence. Specific humidity is found to have increased in response to rising temperatures, with relative humidity remaining approximately constant. These changes may have important implications, because atmospheric humidity is a key variable in determining the geographical distribution(11-13) and maximum intensity(14) of precipitation, the potential maximum intensity of tropical cyclones(15), and human heat stress(16), and has important effects on the biosphere(17) and surface hydrology(17,18).
C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Met Off, Hadley Ctr, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England.
C3 University of East Anglia; Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre
RP Gillett, NP (corresponding author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
EM n.gillett@uea.ac.uk
NR 36
TC 307
Z9 358
U1 1
U2 142
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7163
BP 710
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature06207
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 218VV
UT WOS:000250045000041
PM 17928858
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koenigs, M
   Young, L
   Adolphs, R
   Tranel, D
   Cushman, F
   Hauser, M
   Damasio, A
AF Koenigs, Michael
   Young, Liane
   Adolphs, Ralph
   Tranel, Daniel
   Cushman, Fiery
   Hauser, Marc
   Damasio, Antonio
TI Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID networks; emotion; fmri
AB The psychological and neurobiological processes underlying moral judgement have been the focus of many recent empirical studies(1-11). Of central interest is whether emotions play a causal role in moral judgement, and, in parallel, how emotion-related areas of the brain contribute to moral judgement. Here we show that six patients with focal bilateral damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC), a brain region necessary for the normal generation of emotions and, in particular, social emotions(12-14), produce an abnormally 'utilitarian' pattern of judgements on moral dilemmas that pit compelling considerations of aggregate welfare against highly emotionally aversive behaviours ( for example, having to sacrifice one person's life to save a number of other lives)(7,8). In contrast, the VMPC patients' judgements were normal in other classes of moral dilemmas. These findings indicate that, for a selective set of moral dilemmas, the VMPC is critical for normal judgements of right and wrong. The findings support a necessary role for emotion in the generation of those judgements.
C1 Univ Iowa Hosp & Clin, Dept Neurol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Humanities & Social Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Brain & Creat Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dornsife Ctr Cognit Neuroimaging, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
C3 University of Iowa; Harvard University; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; University of Southern California; University of Southern California
RP Adolphs, R (corresponding author), Univ Iowa Hosp & Clin, Dept Neurol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
EM radolphs@hss.caltech.edu
FU NIDA NIH HHS [R01 DA022549] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 1080
Z9 1318
U1 11
U2 391
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7138
BP 908
EP 911
DI 10.1038/nature05631
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 158IR
UT WOS:000245785700041
PM 17377536
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bianco, A
   Poukkula, M
   Cliffe, A
   Mathieu, J
   Luque, CM
   Fulga, TA
   Rorth, P
AF Bianco, Ambra
   Poukkula, Minna
   Cliffe, Adam
   Mathieu, Juliette
   Luque, Carlos M.
   Fulga, Tudor A.
   Rorth, Pernille
TI Two distinct modes of guidance signalling during collective migration of border cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zebrafish lateral-line; drosophila oogenesis; egf receptor; protein; morphogenesis; microscopy; pathway
AB Although directed migration is a feature of both individual cells and cell groups, guided migration has been studied most extensively for single cells in simple environments(1,2). Collective guidance of cell groups remains poorly understood, despite its relevance for development and metastasis(3). Neural crest cells and neuronal precursors migrate as loosely organized streams of individual cells(4,5), whereas cells of the fish lateral line(6,7), Drosophila tracheal tubes and border-cell clusters(8) migrate as more coherent groups. Here we use Drosophila border cells to examine how collective guidance is performed. We report that border cells migrate in two phases using distinct mechanisms. Genetic analysis combined with live imaging shows that polarized cell behaviour is critical for the initial phase of migration, whereas dynamic collective behaviour dominates later. PDGF- and VEGF-related receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor act in both phases, but use different effector pathways in each. The myoblast city (Mbc, also known as DOCK180) and engulfment and cell motility (ELMO, also known as Ced-12) pathway is required for the early phase, in which guidance depends on subcellular localization of signalling within a leading cell. During the later phase, mitogen-activated protein kinase and phospholipase C gamma are used redundantly, and we find that the cluster makes use of the difference in signal levels between cells to guide migration. Thus, information processing at the multicellular level is used to guide collective behaviour of a cell group.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Temasek Life Sci Lab TLL, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); National University of Singapore
RP Rorth, P (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM Pernille@tll.org.sg
NR 27
TC 234
Z9 303
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7151
BP 362
EP U12
DI 10.1038/nature05965
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 191GC
UT WOS:000248118300060
PM 17637670
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mandal, L
   Martinez-Agosto, JA
   Evans, CJ
   Hartenstein, V
   Banerjee, U
AF Mandal, Lolitika
   Martinez-Agosto, Julian A.
   Evans, Cory J.
   Hartenstein, Volker
   Banerjee, Utpal
TI A Hedgehog- and Antennapedia-dependent niche maintains Drosophila haematopoietic precursors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem-cell niche; lymph-gland; meis1; blood; aorta
AB The Drosophila melanogaster lymph gland is a haematopoietic organ(1-3) in which pluripotent blood cell progenitors proliferate and mature into differentiated haemocytes. Previous work(4) has defined three domains, the medullary zone, the cortical zone and the posterior signalling centre (PSC), within the developing third-instar lymph gland. The medullary zone is populated by a core of undifferentiated, slowly cycling progenitor cells, whereas mature haemocytes comprising plasmatocytes, crystal cells and lamellocytes are peripherally located in the cortical zone. The PSC comprises a third region that was first defined as a small group of cells expressing the Notch ligand Serrate(5). Here we show that the PSC is specified early in the embryo by the homeotic gene Antennapedia (Antp) and expresses the signalling molecule Hedgehog. In the absence of the PSC or the Hedgehog signal, the precursor population of the medullary zone is lost because cells differentiate prematurely. We conclude that the PSC functions as a haematopoietic niche that is essential for the maintenance of blood cell precursors in Drosophila. Identification of this system allows the opportunity for genetic manipulation and direct in vivo imaging of a haematopoietic niche interacting with blood precursors.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Dept Mol Cell & Dev Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Biol Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Mattel Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Banerjee, U (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Dept Mol Cell & Dev Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM banerjee@mbi.ucla.edu
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [L40 HL090710, K08 HL087026] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 236
Z9 277
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7133
BP 320
EP 324
DI 10.1038/nature05585
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145VC
UT WOS:000244892900046
PM 17361183
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU North, TE
   Goessling, W
   Walkley, CR
   Lengerke, C
   Kopani, KR
   Lord, AM
   Weber, GJ
   Bowman, TV
   Jang, IH
   Grosser, T
   FitzGerald, GA
   Daley, GQ
   Orkin, SH
   Zon, LI
AF North, Trista E.
   Goessling, Wolfram
   Walkley, Carl R.
   Lengerke, Claudia
   Kopani, Kamden R.
   Lord, Allegra M.
   Weber, Gerhard J.
   Bowman, Teresa V.
   Jang, Il-Ho
   Grosser, Tilo
   FitzGerald, Garret A.
   Daley, George Q.
   Orkin, Stuart H.
   Zon, Leonard I.
TI Prostaglandin E2 regulates vertebrate haematopoietic stem cell homeostasis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zebrafish; expression; mice; cyclooxygenase-2; transplantation; embryo; blood; stat5; runx1
AB Haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis is tightly controlled by growth factors, signalling molecules and transcription factors. Definitive HSCs derived during embryogenesis in the aorta gonad - mesonephros region subsequently colonize fetal and adult haematopoietic organs(1,2). To identify new modulators of HSC formation and homeostasis, a panel of biologically active compounds was screened for effects on stem cell induction in the zebrafish aorta - gonad - mesonephros region. Here, we show that chemicals that enhance prostaglandin ( PG) E2 synthesis increased HSC numbers, and those that block prostaglandin synthesis decreased stem cell numbers. The cyclooxygenases responsible for PGE2 synthesis were required for HSC formation. A stable derivative of PGE2 improved kidney marrow recovery following irradiation injury in the adult zebrafish. In murine embryonic stem cell differentiation assays, PGE2 caused amplification of multipotent progenitors. Furthermore, ex vivo exposure to stabilized PGE2 enhanced spleen colony forming units at day 12 post transplant and increased the frequency of long-term repopulating HSCs present in murine bone marrow after limiting dilution competitive transplantation. The conserved role for PGE2 in the regulation of vertebrate HSC homeostasis indicates that modulation of the prostaglandin pathway may facilitate expansion of HSC number for therapeutic purposes.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Div Hematol Oncol,Harvard Stem Cell Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Stem Cell Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Inst Translat Med & Therapeut, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; University of Pennsylvania
RP Zon, LI (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Div Hematol Oncol,Harvard Stem Cell Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM zon@enders.tch.harvard.edu
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL048801] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 931
Z9 1156
U1 2
U2 108
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7147
BP 1007
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature05883
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180NU
UT WOS:000247373100048
PM 17581586
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Römer, W
   Berland, L
   Chambon, V
   Gaus, K
   Windschiegl, B
   Tenza, D
   Aly, MRE
   Fraisier, V
   Florent, JC
   Perrais, D
   Lamaze, C
   Raposo, G
   Steinem, C
   Sens, P
   Bassereau, P
   Johannes, L
AF Roemer, Winfried
   Berland, Ludwig
   Chambon, Valerie
   Gaus, Katharina
   Windschiegl, Barbara
   Tenza, Daniele
   Aly, Mohamed R. E.
   Fraisier, Vincent
   Florent, Jean-Claude
   Perrais, David
   Lamaze, Christophe
   Raposo, Graca
   Steinem, Claudia
   Sens, Pierre
   Bassereau, Patricia
   Johannes, Ludger
TI Shiga toxin induces tubular membrane invaginations for its uptake into cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retrograde transport; crystal-structure; endocytosis; curvature; dynamin; proteins; identification; mechanisms; separation; caveolae
AB Clathrin seems to be dispensable for some endocytic processes and, in several instances, no cytosolic coat protein complexes could be detected at sites of membrane invagination. Hence, new principles must in these cases be invoked to account for the mechanical force driving membrane shape changes. Here we show that the Gb3 (glycolipid)-binding B-subunit of bacterial Shiga toxin induces narrow tubular membrane invaginations in human and mouse cells and model membranes. In cells, tubule occurrence increases on energy depletion and inhibition of dynamin or actin functions. Our data thus demonstrate that active cellular processes are needed for tubule scission rather than tubule formation. We conclude that the B-subunit induces lipid reorganization that favours negative membrane curvature, which drives the formation of inward membrane tubules. Our findings support a model in which the lateral growth of B-subunit-Gb3 microdomains is limited by the invagination process, which itself is regulated by membrane tension. The physical principles underlying this basic cargo-induced membrane uptake may also be relevant to other internalization processes, creating a rationale for conceptualizing the perplexing diversity of endocytic routes.
C1 Inst Curie, Ctr Rech, Lab Traf Signalisat & Ciblage Intracellulaires, F-75248 Paris 05, France.
   Inst Curie, Ctr Rech, Lab Physicochim, F-75248 Paris 05, France.
   Inst Curie, Ctr Rech, Lab Struct & Compartiments Membranaires, F-75248 Paris 05, France.
   Inst Curie, Ctr Rech, Lab Chim Organ Vectorisat, F-75248 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR168, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   CNRS, UMR176, F-75700 Paris, France.
   Univ New S Wales, Ctr Vasc Res, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
   Prince Wales Hosp, Dept Haematol, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
   Univ Gottingen, Inst Organ & Biomol Chem, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   CNRS, UMR 5091, Lab Physiol Cellulaire Synapse, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.
   Univ Bordeaux 2, Inst Francois Magendie, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.
   CNRS, ESPCI, UMR Gulliver 7083, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
C3 UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; Universite PSL; UNICANCER; Institut Curie; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; CNRS - Institute of Chemistry (INC); Universite PSL; UNICANCER; Institut Curie; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of New South Wales Sydney; University of New South Wales Sydney; Prince of Wales Hospital (POWH); University of Gottingen; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Bordeaux; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite PSL; Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI)
RP Johannes, L (corresponding author), Inst Curie, Ctr Rech, Lab Traf Signalisat & Ciblage Intracellulaires, 26 Rue Ulm, F-75248 Paris 05, France.
EM johannes@curie.fr
NR 50
TC 483
Z9 542
U1 4
U2 97
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 670
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature05996
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700045
PM 18046403
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Young, S
   Axon, DJ
   Robinson, A
   Hough, JH
   Smith, JE
AF Young, S.
   Axon, D. J.
   Robinson, A.
   Hough, J. H.
   Smith, J. E.
TI The rotating wind of the quasar PG 1700+518
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID broad absorption-line; active galactic nuclei; driven disk winds; emission-line; accretion disks; agn feedback; black-holes; continuum; dynamics; polarization
AB It is now widely accepted that most galaxies undergo an active phase, during which a central super-massive black hole generates vast radiant luminosities through the gravitational accretion of gas(1,2). Winds launched from a rotating accretion disk surrounding the black hole are thought to play a critical role, allowing the disk to shed angular momentum that would otherwise inhibit accretion(3,4). Such winds are capable of depositing large amounts of mechanical energy in the host galaxy and its environs, profoundly affecting its formation and evolution(5-7), and perhaps regulating the formation of large-scale cosmological structures in the early Universe(8,9). Although there are good theoretical grounds for believing that outflows from active galactic nuclei originate as disk winds(10), observational verification has proven elusive. Here we show that structures observed in polarized light across the broad Ha emission line in the quasar PG 17001518 originate close to the accretion disk in an electron scattering wind. The wind has large rotational motions (similar to 4,000 km s(-1)), providing direct observational evidence that outflows from active galactic nuclei are launched from the disks. Moreover, the wind rises nearly vertically from the disk, favouring launch mechanisms that impart an initial acceleration perpendicular to the disk plane.
C1 Rochester Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Rochester, NY 14623 USA.
   Univ Hertfordshire, Sci & Technol Res Inst, Ctr Astrophys Res, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England.
C3 Rochester Institute of Technology; University of Hertfordshire
RP Young, S (corresponding author), Rochester Inst Technol, Dept Phys, 84 Lomb Mem Dr, Rochester, NY 14623 USA.
EM sxysps@rit.edu
FU STFC [PP/D000920/1] Funding Source: UKRI; Science and Technology Facilities Council [PP/D000920/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 54
Z9 57
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 74
EP 76
DI 10.1038/nature06319
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800038
PM 17972879
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spandler, C
   O'Neill, HSC
   Kamenetsky, VS
AF Spandler, C.
   O'Neill, H. St C.
   Kamenetsky, V. S.
TI Survival times of anomalous melt inclusions from element diffusion in olivine and chromite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ortho-pyroxene; trace-elements; oceanic-crust; magma chamber; ree; reequilibration; fractionation; heterogeneity; assimilation; coefficients
AB The chemical composition of basaltic magma erupted at the Earth's surface is the end product of a complex series of processes, beginning with partial melting and melt extraction from a mantle source and ending with fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation at lower pressures. It has been proposed that studying inclusions of melt trapped in early crystallizing phenocrysts such as Mg-rich olivine and chromite may help petrologists to see beyond the later-stage processes and back to the origin of the partial melts in the mantle(1,2). Melt inclusion suites often span a much greater compositional range than associated erupted lavas, and a significant minority of inclusions carry distinct compositions that have been claimed to sample melts from earlier stages of melt production, preserving separate contributions from mantle heterogeneities(1-4). This hypothesis is underpinned by the assumption that melt inclusions, once trapped, remain chemically isolated from the external magma for all elements except those that are compatible in the host minerals(1,2). Here we show that the fluxes of rare-earth elements through olivine and chromite by lattice diffusion are sufficiently rapid at magmatic temperatures to reequilibrate completely the rare-earth-element patterns of trapped melt inclusions in times that are short compared to those estimated for the production and ascent of mantle-derived magma(5,6) or for magma residence in the crust(7). Phenocryst-hosted melt inclusions with anomalous trace-element signatures must therefore form shortly before magma eruption and cooling. We conclude that the assumption of chemical isolation of incompatible elements in olivine- and chromite-hosted melt inclusions(1,2) is not valid, and we call for re-evaluation of the popular interpretation that anomalous melt inclusions represent preserved samples of unmodified mantle melts.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Univ Tasmania, Sch Earth Sci, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Univ Tasmania, ARC Ctr Excellence Ore Deposits, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
C3 Australian National University; University of Tasmania; University of Tasmania
RP Spandler, C (corresponding author), Univ Bern, Inst Geol Sci, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
EM spandler@geo.unibe.ch; hugh.oneill@anu.edu.au
NR 30
TC 121
Z9 142
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7142
BP 303
EP 306
DI 10.1038/nature05759
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 168JK
UT WOS:000246520300042
PM 17507980
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kobasa, D
   Jones, SM
   Shinya, K
   Kash, JC
   Copps, J
   Ebihara, H
   Hatta, Y
   Kim, JH
   Halfmann, P
   Hatta, M
   Feldmann, F
   Alimonti, JB
   Fernando, L
   Li, Y
   Katze, MG
   Feldmann, H
   Kawaoka, Y
AF Kobasa, Darwyn
   Jones, Steven M.
   Shinya, Kyoko
   Kash, John C.
   Copps, John
   Ebihara, Hideki
   Hatta, Yasuko
   Kim, Jin Hyun
   Halfmann, Peter
   Hatta, Masato
   Feldmann, Friederike
   Alimonti, Judie B.
   Fernando, Lisa
   Li, Yan
   Katze, Michael G.
   Feldmann, Heinz
   Kawaoka, Yoshihiro
TI Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID a virus; hemagglutinin; expression; disease; origin; genes; roles
AB The 1918 influenza pandemic was unusually severe, resulting in about 50 million deaths worldwide(1). The 1918 virus is also highly pathogenic in mice, and studies have identified a multigenic origin of this virulent phenotype in mice(2-4). However, these initial characterizations of the 1918 virus did not address the question of its pathogenic potential in primates. Here we demonstrate that the 1918 virus caused a highly pathogenic respiratory infection in a cynomolgus macaque model that culminated in acute respiratory distress and a fatal outcome. Furthermore, infected animals mounted an immune response, characterized by dysregulation of the antiviral response, that was insufficient for protection, indicating that atypical host innate immune responses may contribute to lethality. The ability of influenza viruses to modulate host immune responses, such as that demonstrated for the avian H5N1 influenza viruses(5), may be a feature shared by the virulent influenza viruses.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Div Virol, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Special Pathogens Program Natl Microbiol Lab, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.
   Univ Manitoba, Dept Immunol, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.
   Univ Manitoba, Dept Med Microbiol, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.
   Tottori Univ, Avian Zoonosis Res Ctr, Tottori 6808550, Japan.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Washington Natl Primate Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Canadian Food Inspect Agcy, Natl Ctr Foreign Anim Dis, Canadian Sci Ctr Human & Anim Hlth, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Int Res Ctr Infect Dis, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Saitama 3220012, Japan.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Pathobiol Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Tokyo; Public Health Agency of Canada; University of Manitoba; University of Manitoba; Tottori University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Canadian Science Centre for Human & Animal Health; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Kawaoka, Y (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Div Virol, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
EM kawaokay@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu
NR 30
TC 766
Z9 904
U1 0
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7125
BP 319
EP 323
DI 10.1038/nature05495
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 126HT
UT WOS:000243504700046
PM 17230189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Astafiev, O
   Inomata, K
   Niskanen, AO
   Yamamoto, T
   Pashkin, YA
   Nakamura, Y
   Tsai, JS
AF Astafiev, O.
   Inomata, K.
   Niskanen, A. O.
   Yamamoto, T.
   Pashkin, Yu. A.
   Nakamura, Y.
   Tsai, J. S.
TI Single artificial-atom lasing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cavity quantum electrodynamics; josephson; photon; circuit; system; states; laser; dot
AB Solid-state superconducting circuits(1-3) are versatile systems in which quantum states can be engineered and controlled. Recent progress in this area has opened up exciting possibilities for exploring fundamental physics as well as applications in quantum information technology; in a series of experiments(4-8) it was shown that such circuits can be exploited to generate quantum optical phenomena, by designing superconducting elements as artificial atoms that are coupled coherently to the photon field of a resonator. Here we demonstrate a lasing effect with a single artificial atom-a Josephson-junction charge qubit(9)-embedded in a superconducting resonator. We make use of one of the properties of solid-state artificial atoms, namely that they are strongly and controllably coupled to the resonator modes. The device is essentially different from existing lasers and masers; one and the same artificial atom excited by current injection produces many photons.
C1 NEC Corp Ltd, Nano Elect Res Labs, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058501, Japan.
   RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   CREST JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   VTT, Tech Res Ctr Finland, Espoo 02044, Finland.
C3 NEC Corporation; RIKEN; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); VTT Technical Research Center Finland
RP Astafiev, O (corresponding author), NEC Corp Ltd, Nano Elect Res Labs, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058501, Japan.
EM astf@zb.jp.nec.com
NR 23
TC 276
Z9 293
U1 3
U2 61
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7162
BP 588
EP 590
DI 10.1038/nature06141
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 216QG
UT WOS:000249893500042
PM 17914393
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eaton, DW
   Frederiksen, A
AF Eaton, David W.
   Frederiksen, Andrew
TI Seismic evidence for convection-driven motion of the North American plate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal structure; driving forces; hotspot track; mantle plume; polar wander; atlantic; eastern; flow; geochronology; velocity
AB Since the discovery of plate tectonics, the relative importance of driving forces of plate motion has been debated(1,2). Resolution of this issue has been hindered by uncertainties in estimates of basal traction, which controls the coupling between lithospheric plates and underlying mantle convection(2-4). Hotspot tracks preserve records of past plate motion(5) and provide markers with which the relative motion between a plate's surface and underlying mantle regions may be examined. Here we show that the 115-140-Myr surface expression of the Great Meteor hotspot track in eastern North America is misaligned with respect to its location at 200 km depth, as inferred from plate-reconstruction models and seismic tomographic studies(6). The misalignment increases with age and is consistent with westward displacement of the base of the plate relative to its surface, at an average rate of 3.8 +/- 1.8 mm yr(-1). Here age-constrained 'piercing points' have enabled direct estimation of relative motion between the surface and underside of a plate. The relative displacement of the base is approximately parallel to seismic fast axes and calculated mantle flow(7), suggesting that asthenospheric flow may be deforming the lithospheric keel and exerting a driving force on this part of the North American plate.
C1 Univ Western Ontario, Dept Earth Sci, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
   Univ Manitoba, Dept Geol Sci, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
C3 Western University (University of Western Ontario); University of Manitoba
RP Eaton, DW (corresponding author), Univ Western Ontario, Dept Earth Sci, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
EM deaton@uwo.ca
NR 30
TC 93
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7134
BP 428
EP 431
DI 10.1038/nature05675
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 148MO
UT WOS:000245079500037
PM 17377580
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dai, SD
   Friemann, R
   Glauser, DA
   Bourquin, F
   Manieri, W
   Schürmann, P
   Eklund, H
AF Dai, Shaodong
   Friemann, Rosmarie
   Glauser, Dominique A.
   Bourquin, Florence
   Manieri, Wanda
   Schuermann, Peter
   Eklund, Hans
TI Structural snapshots along the reaction pathway of ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; s-adenosylmethionine; 4fe-4s cluster; ferredoxinthioredoxin reductase; disulfide reduction; spinach ferredoxin; active-site; chloroplast; protein; chemistry
AB Oxygen-evolving photosynthetic organisms regulate carbon metabolism through a light-dependent redox signalling pathway(1). Electrons are shuttled from photosystem I by means of ferredoxin (Fdx) to ferredoxin - thioredoxin reductase (FTR), which catalyses the two-electron-reduction of chloroplast thioredoxins (Trxs). These modify target enzyme activities by reduction, regulating carbon flow(2). FTR is unique in its use of a [4Fe - 4S] cluster and a proximal disulphide bridge in the conversion of a light signal into a thiol signal(2). We determined the structures of FTR in both its one- and its two-electron-reduced intermediate states and of four complexes in the pathway, including the ternary Fdx - FTR - Trx complex. Here we show that, in the first complex ( Fdx - FTR) of the pathway, the Fdx [2Fe - 2S] cluster is positioned suitably for electron transfer to the FTR [ 4Fe - 4S] centre. After the transfer of one electron, an intermediate is formed in which one sulphur atom of the FTR active site is free to attack a disulphide bridge in Trx and the other sulphur atom forms a fifth ligand for an iron atomin the FTR [ 4Fe - 4S] centre - a unique structure in biology. Fdx then delivers a second electron that cleaves the FTR - Trx heterodisulphide bond, which occurs in the Fdx - FTR - Trx complex. In this structure, the redox centres of the three proteins are aligned to maximize the efficiency of electron transfer from the Fdx [2Fe - 2S] cluster to the active-site disulphide of Trxs. These results provide a structural framework for understanding the mechanism of disulphide reduction by an iron - sulphur enzyme(3) and describe previously unknown interaction networks for both Fdx and Trx ( refs 4 - 6).
C1 Natl Jewish Med & Res Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Integrated Dept Immunol, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
   Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Ctr Biomed, Dept Mol Biol, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Neuchatel, Mol & Cellular Biol Lab, CH-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
C3 National Jewish Health; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; University of Neuchatel
RP Dai, SD (corresponding author), Natl Jewish Med & Res Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Integrated Dept Immunol, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
EM dais@njc.org
NR 51
TC 115
Z9 136
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7149
BP 92
EP 102
DI 10.1038/nature05937
PG 11
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185OS
UT WOS:000247720900044
PM 17611542
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xue, W
   Zender, L
   Miething, C
   Dickins, RA
   Hernando, E
   Krizhanovsky, V
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Lowe, SW
AF Xue, Wen
   Zender, Lars
   Miething, Cornelius
   Dickins, Ross A.
   Hernando, Eva
   Krizhanovsky, Valery
   Cordon-Cardo, Carlos
   Lowe, Scott W.
TI Senescence and tumour clearance is triggered by p53 restoration in murine liver carcinomas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell senescence; oncogenic ras; killer-cells; suppression; cancer; tumorigenesis; pathway; nevi
AB Although cancer arises from a combination of mutations in oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, the extent to which tumour suppressor gene loss is required for maintaining established tumours is poorly understood. p53 is an important tumour suppressor that acts to restrict proliferation in response to DNA damage or deregulation of mitogenic oncogenes, by leading to the induction of various cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis or cellular senescence(1,2). Consequently, p53 mutations increase cell proliferation and survival, and in some settings promote genomic instability and resistance to certain chemotherapies(3). To determine the consequences of reactivating the p53 pathway in tumours, we used RNA interference (RNAi) to conditionally regulate endogenous p53 expression in a mosaic mouse model of liver carcinoma(4,5). We show that even brief reactivation of endogenous p53 in p53-deficient tumours can produce complete tumour regressions. The primary response to p53 was not apoptosis, but instead involved the induction of a cellular senescence program that was associated with differentiation and the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines. This program, although producing only cell cycle arrest in vitro, also triggered an innate immune response that targeted the tumour cells in vivo, thereby contributing to tumour clearance. Our study indicates that p53 loss can be required for the maintenance of aggressive carcinomas, and illustrates how the cellular senescence program can act together with the innate immune system to potently limit tumour growth.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Div Mol Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Lowe, SW (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, POB 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM lowe@cshl.edu
FU National Cancer Institute [P30CA008748, P01CA087497] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA008748, P01 CA087497] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 2079
Z9 2444
U1 4
U2 236
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7128
BP 656
EP 660
DI 10.1038/nature05529
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133UM
UT WOS:000244039400046
PM 17251933
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Veiga-Fernandes, H
   Coles, MC
   Foster, KE
   Patel, A
   Williams, A
   Natarajan, D
   Barlow, A
   Pachnis, V
   Kioussis, D
AF Veiga-Fernandes, Henrique
   Coles, Mark C.
   Foster, Katie E.
   Patel, Amisha
   Williams, Adam
   Natarajan, Dipa
   Barlow, Amanda
   Pachnis, Vassilis
   Kioussis, Dimitris
TI Tyrosine kinase receptor RET is a key regulator of Peyer's Patch organogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peripheral lymphoid organs; beta-deficient mice; abnormal-development; lymphotoxin-alpha; nervous-system; lacking gdnf; t-cells; expression; defects; tissue
AB Normal organogenesis requires co-ordinate development and interaction of multiple cell types, and is seemingly governed by tissue specific factors. Lymphoid organogenesis during embryonic life is dependent on molecules the temporal expression of which is tightly regulated. During this process, haematopoietic 'inducer' cells interact with stromal 'organizer' cells, giving rise to the lymphoid organ primordia(1). Here we show that the haematopoietic cells in the gut exhibit a random pattern of motility before aggregation into the primordia of Peyer's patches, a major component of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. We further show that a CD45(+)CD4(-)CD3(-)Il7R alpha(-) c-Kit(+) CD11c(+) haematopoietic population expressing lymphotoxin has an important role in the formation of Peyer's patches. A subset of these cells expresses the receptor tyrosine kinase RET, which is essential for mammalian enteric nervous system formation(2). We demonstrate that RET signalling is also crucial for Peyer's patch formation. Functional genetic analysis revealed that Gfra3-deficiency results in impairment of Peyer's patch development, suggesting that the signalling axis RET/GFR alpha 3/ARTN is involved in this process. To support this hypothesis, we show that the RET ligand ARTN is a strong attractant of gut haematopoietic cells, inducing the formation of ectopic Peyer's patch-like structures. Our work strongly suggests that the RET signalling pathway, by regulating the development of both the nervous and lymphoid system in the gut, has a key role in the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate intestine organogenesis.
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, Div Mol Immunol, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, Div Mol Neurobiol, London NW7 1AA, England.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP Kioussis, D (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, Div Mol Immunol, Ridgeway Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
EM dkiouss@nimr.mrc.ac.uk
FU MRC [G0601156, MC_U117512796, MC_U117537087] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U117537087, MC_U117512796, G0601156] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [MC_U117512796, MC_U117537087, G0601156] Funding Source: Medline
NR 33
TC 230
Z9 269
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7135
BP 547
EP 551
DI 10.1038/nature05597
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150TQ
UT WOS:000245242900051
PM 17322904
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huang, J
   Sengupta, R
   Espejo, AB
   Lee, MG
   Dorsey, JA
   Richter, M
   Opravil, S
   Shiekhattar, R
   Bedford, MT
   Jenuwein, T
   Berger, SL
AF Huang, Jing
   Sengupta, Roopsha
   Espejo, Alexsandra B.
   Lee, Min Gyu
   Dorsey, Jean A.
   Richter, Mario
   Opravil, Susanne
   Shiekhattar, Ramin
   Bedford, Mark T.
   Jenuwein, Thomas
   Berger, Shelley L.
TI p53 is regulated by the lysine demethylase LSD1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histone demethylation; androgen-receptor; dna-binding; phd finger; methylation; 53bp1; domain; transcription; activation; proteins
AB p53, the tumour suppressor and transcriptional activator, is regulated by numerous post-translational modifications, including lysine methylation(1,2). Histone lysine methylation has recently been shown to be reversible; however, it is not known whether nonhistone proteins are substrates for demethylation. Here we show that, in human cells, the histone lysine-specific demethylase LSD1 (refs 3, 4) interacts with p53 to repress p53-mediated transcriptional activation and to inhibit the role of p53 in promoting apoptosis. We find that, in vitro, LSD1 removes both monomethylation (K370me1) and dimethylation (K370me2) at K370, a previously identified Smyd2-dependent monomethylation site(2). However, in vivo, LSD1 shows a strong preference to reverse K370me2, which is performed by a distinct, but unknown, methyltransferase. Our results indicate that K370me2 has a different role in regulating p53 from that of K370me1: K370me1 represses p53 function, whereas K370me2 promotes association with the coactivator 53BP1 (p53-binding protein 1) through tandem Tudor domains in 53BP1. Further, LSD1 represses p53 function through the inhibition of interaction of p53 with 53BP1. These observations show that p53 is dynamically regulated by lysine methylation and demethylation and that the methylation status at a single lysine residue confers distinct regulatory output. Lysine methylation therefore provides similar regulatory complexity for non-histone proteins and for histones.
C1 Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Vienna Bioctr, Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Carcinogenesis, Smithville, TX 78957 USA.
C3 The Wistar Institute; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center
RP Berger, SL (corresponding author), Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, 3601 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM berger@wistar.org
NR 28
TC 682
Z9 879
U1 2
U2 104
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7158
BP 105
EP U80
DI 10.1038/nature06092
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207ED
UT WOS:000249233500045
PM 17805299
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kirmizis, A
   Santos-Rosa, H
   Penkett, CJ
   Singer, MA
   Vermeulen, M
   Mann, M
   Bähler, J
   Green, RD
   Kouzarides, T
AF Kirmizis, Antonis
   Santos-Rosa, Helena
   Penkett, Christopher J.
   Singer, Michael A.
   Vermeulen, Michiel
   Mann, Matthias
   Baehler, Juerg
   Green, Roland D.
   Kouzarides, Tony
TI Arginine methylation at histone H3R2 controls deposition of H3K4 trimethylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; molecular regulation; lysine methylation; gene-expression; phd finger; yeast; chromatin; genome; transcription; generation
AB Modifications on histones control important biological processes through their effects on chromatin structure(1-3). Methylation at lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4) is found at the 5' end of active genes and contributes to transcriptional activation by recruiting chromatin-remodelling enzymes(4,5). An adjacent arginine residue (H3R2) is also known to be asymmetrically dimethylated (H3R2me2a) in mammalian cells(6), but its location within genes and its function in transcription are unknown. Here we show that H3R2 is also methylated in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and by using an antibody specific for H3R2me2a in a chromatin immunoprecipitation-on-chip analysis we determine the distribution of this modification on the entire yeast genome. We find that H3R2me2a is enriched throughout all heterochromatic loci and inactive euchromatic genes and is present at the 3' end of moderately transcribed genes. In all cases the pattern of H3R2 methylation is mutually exclusive with the trimethyl form of H3K4 (H3K4me3). We show that methylation at H3R2 abrogates the trimethylation of H3K4 by the Set1 methyltransferase. The specific effect on H3K4me3 results from the occlusion of Spp1, a Set1 methyltransferase subunit necessary for trimethylation. Thus, the inability of Spp1 to recognize H3 methylated at R2 prevents Set1 from trimethylating H3K4. These results provide the first mechanistic insight into the function of arginine methylation on chromatin.
C1 Gurdon Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Pathol, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
   Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1HH, England.
   NimbleGen Syst Inc, Madison, WI 53711 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Proteom & Signal Transduct, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 University of Cambridge; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Roche NimbleGen; Max Planck Society
RP Kouzarides, T (corresponding author), Gurdon Inst, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
EM t.kouzarides@gurdon.cam.ac.uk
FU Cancer Research UK [A6517] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust [077118, 092096] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 286
Z9 361
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 928
EP U17
DI 10.1038/nature06160
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600052
PM 17898715
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dahn, RD
   Davis, MC
   Pappano, WN
   Shubin, NH
AF Dahn, Randall D.
   Davis, Marcus C.
   Pappano, William N.
   Shubin, Neil H.
TI Sonic hedgehog function in chondrichthyan fins and the evolution of appendage patterning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinoic acid; pectoral fin; polarizing activity; polyodon-spathula; limb; expression; zebrafish; range; shh; enhancer
AB The genetic mechanisms regulating tetrapod limb development are well characterized, but how they were assembled during evolution and their function in basal vertebrates is poorly understood. Initial studies report that chondrichthyans, the most primitive extant vertebrates with paired appendages, differ from ray-finned fish and tetrapods in having Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-independent patterning of the appendage skeleton(1). Here we demonstrate that chondrichthyans share patterns of appendage Shh expression, Shh appendage-specific regulatory DNA, and Shh function with ray-finned fish and tetrapods(2-10). These studies demonstrate that some aspects of Shh function are deeply conserved in vertebrate phylogeny, but also highlight how the evolution of Shh regulation may underlie major morphological changes during appendage evolution.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Field Museum Nat Hist, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago)
RP Shubin, NH (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, 1025 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM nshubin@uchicago.edu
NR 21
TC 119
Z9 149
U1 1
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7125
BP 311
EP 314
DI 10.1038/nature05436
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 126HT
UT WOS:000243504700044
PM 17187056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schwickert, TA
   Lindquist, RL
   Shakhar, G
   Livshits, G
   Skokos, D
   Kosco-Vilbois, MH
   Dustin, ML
   Nussenzweig, MC
AF Schwickert, Tanja A.
   Lindquist, Randall L.
   Shakhar, Guy
   Livshits, Geulah
   Skokos, Dimitris
   Kosco-Vilbois, Marie H.
   Dustin, Michael L.
   Nussenzweig, Michel C.
TI In vivo imaging of germinal centres reveals a dynamic open structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primary immune-response; lymph-nodes; b-cells; dendritic cells; antigen; selection; (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl; activation; microscopy; mechanism
AB Germinal centres are specialized structures wherein B lymphocytes undergo clonal expansion, class switch recombination, antibody gene diversification and affinity maturation. Three to four antigen-specific B cells colonize a follicle to establish a germinal centre and become rapidly dividing germinal-centre centroblasts that give rise to dark zones(1-4). Centroblasts produce non-proliferating centrocytes that are thought to migrate to the light zone of the germinal centre, which is rich in antigen-trapping follicular dendritic cells and CD4(+) T cells(5-7). It has been proposed that centrocytes are selected in the light zone on the basis of their ability to bind cognate antigen(5-8). However, there have been no studies of germinal-centre dynamics or the migratory behaviour of germinal-centre cells in vivo. Here we report the direct visualization of B cells in lymph node germinal centres by two-photon laser-scanning microscopy in mice. Nearly all antigen-specific B cells participating in a germinal-centre reaction were motile and physically restricted to the germinal centre but migrated bidirectionally between dark and light zones. Notably, follicular B cells were frequent visitors to the germinal-centre compartment, suggesting that all B cells scan antigen trapped in germinal centres. Consistent with this observation, we found that high-affinity antigen-specific B cells can be recruited to an ongoing germinal-centre reaction. We conclude that the open structure of germinal centres enhances competition and ensures that rare high-affinity B cells can participate in antibody responses.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Program Mol Pathogenesis, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Skirball Inst Biomol Med, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Mol Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   NovImmune SA, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
C3 New York University; New York University; Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; NovImmune SA
RP Dustin, ML (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Program Mol Pathogenesis, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM mikeroscope@nyc.rr.com; nussen@rockefeller.edu
NR 30
TC 385
Z9 480
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7131
BP 83
EP 87
DI 10.1038/nature05573
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140RY
UT WOS:000244525600042
PM 17268470
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Henzler-Wildman, KA
   Lei, M
   Thai, V
   Kerns, SJ
   Karplus, M
   Kern, D
AF Henzler-Wildman, Katherine A.
   Lei, Ming
   Thai, Vu
   Kerns, S. Jordan
   Karplus, Martin
   Kern, Dorothee
TI A hierarchy of timescales in protein dynamics is linked to enzyme catalysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coli adenylate kinase; n-15 nmr relaxation; model-free approach; temperature-dependence; globular-proteins; backbone dynamics; hydrodynamic calculations; conformational-change; domain flexibility; order parameters
AB The synergy between structure and dynamics is essential to the function of biological macromolecules. Thermally driven dynamics on different timescales have been experimentally observed or simulated, and a direct link between micro- to millisecond domain motions and enzymatic function has been established(1-4). However, very little is understood about the connection of these functionally relevant, collective movements with local atomic fluctuations, which are much faster. Here we show that pico- to nano-second timescale atomic fluctuations in hinge regions of adenylate kinase facilitate the large-scale, slower lid motions that produce a catalytically competent state. The fast, local mobilities differ between a mesophilic and hyperthermophilic adenylate kinase, but are strikingly similar at temperatures at which enzymatic activity and free energy of folding are matched. The connection between different timescales and the corresponding amplitudes of motions in adenylate kinase and their linkage to catalytic function is likely to be a general characteristic of protein energy landscapes.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Dept Biochem, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Strasbourg 1, Lab Chim Biophys, Inst Sci & Ingn Supramol, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
C3 Brandeis University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg
RP Kern, D (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Dept Biochem, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
EM dkern@brandeis.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [F32 GM070251, T32 GM007596] Funding Source: Medline
NR 47
TC 903
Z9 1103
U1 2
U2 295
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 913
EP U27
DI 10.1038/nature06407
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900063
PM 18026087
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schwartz, T
   Bartal, G
   Fishman, S
   Segev, M
AF Schwartz, Tal
   Bartal, Guy
   Fishman, Shmuel
   Segev, Mordechai
TI Transport and Anderson localization in disordered two-dimensional photonic lattices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID weak-localization; diffusion; solitons; absence; light
AB One of the most interesting phenomena in solid-state physics is Anderson localization, which predicts that an electron may become immobile when placed in a disordered lattice(1). The origin of localization is interference between multiple scatterings of the electron by random defects in the potential, altering the eigenmodes from being extended ( Bloch waves) to exponentially localized(2). As a result, the material is transformed from a conductor to an insulator. Anderson's work dates back to 1958, yet strong localization has never been observed in atomic crystals, because localization occurs only if the potential ( the periodic lattice and the fluctuations superimposed on it) is time-independent. However, in atomic crystals important deviations from the Anderson model always occur, because of thermally excited phonons and electron - electron interactions. Realizing that Anderson localization is a wave phenomenon relying on interference, these concepts were extended to optics(3,4). Indeed, both weak(5-7,31) and strong(8-11) localization effects were experimentally demonstrated, traditionally by studying the transmission properties of randomly distributed optical scatterers ( typically suspensions or powders of dielectric materials). However, in these studies the potential was fully random, rather than being 'frozen' fluctuations on a periodic potential, as the Anderson model assumes. Here we report the experimental observation of Anderson localization in a perturbed periodic potential: the transverse localization of light caused by random fluctuations on a two-dimensional photonic lattice. We demonstrate how ballistic transport becomes diffusive in the presence of disorder, and that crossover to Anderson localization occurs at a higher level of disorder. Finally, we study how nonlinearities affect Anderson localization. As Anderson localization is a universal phenomenon, the ideas presented here could also be implemented in other systems ( for example, matter waves), thereby making it feasible to explore experimentally long-sought fundamental concepts, and bringing up a variety of intriguing questions related to the interplay between disorder and nonlinearity.
C1 Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
C3 Technion Israel Institute of Technology
RP Segev, M (corresponding author), Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
EM msegev@tx.technion.ac.il
NR 31
TC 1356
Z9 1505
U1 6
U2 268
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7131
BP 52
EP 55
DI 10.1038/nature05623
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140RY
UT WOS:000244525600034
PM 17330037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tahiliani, M
   Mei, PC
   Fang, R
   Leonor, T
   Rutenberg, M
   Shimizu, F
   Li, J
   Rao, A
   Shi, YJ
AF Tahiliani, Mamta
   Mei, Pinchao
   Fang, Rui
   Leonor, Thiago
   Rutenberg, Michael
   Shimizu, Fumiko
   Li, Jing
   Rao, Anjana
   Shi, Yujiang
TI The histone H3K4 demethylase SMCX links REST target genes to X-linked mental retardation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID restrictive silencer factor; domain-containing proteins; transcriptional regulation; co-repressor; channel; jmjc; expression; disorders; mutations; epilepsy
AB Gene transcription is critically influenced by chromatin structure and the modification status of histone tails(1). Methylation of lysine residues in histone tails is dynamically regulated by the opposing activities of histone methyltransferases and histone demethylases(2). Here we show that JARID1C/SMCX, a JmjC-domain-containing protein implicated in X-linked mental retardation and epilepsy(3,4), possesses H3K4 tri-demethylase activity and functions as a transcriptional repressor. An SMCX complex isolated from HeLa cells contains additional chromatin modifiers (the histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2, and the histone H3K9 methyltransferase G9a) and the transcriptional repressor REST(5), suggesting a direct role for SMCX in chromatin dynamics and REST-mediated repression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals that SMCX and REST co-occupy the neuron-restrictive silencing elements in the promoters of a subset of REST target genes. RNA-interference-mediated depletion of SMCX derepresses several of these targets and simultaneously increases H3K4 trimethylation at the sodium channel type 2A (SCN2A) and synapsin I (SYN1) promoters. We propose that loss of SMCX activity impairs REST-mediated neuronal gene regulation, thereby contributing to SMCX-associated X-linked mental retardation.
C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Hypertens, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, BCMP, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   CBR Inst Biomed Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); State University System of Florida; University of Florida
RP Shi, YJ (corresponding author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Hypertens, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM yujiang_shi@hms.harvard.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM078458] Funding Source: Medline
NR 38
TC 359
Z9 435
U1 1
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7144
BP 601
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature05823
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 172YZ
UT WOS:000246842000051
PM 17468742
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Motoyoshi, I
   Nishida, S
   Sharan, L
   Adelson, EH
AF Motoyoshi, Isamu
   Nishida, Shin'ya
   Sharan, Lavanya
   Adelson, Edward H.
TI Image statistics and the perception of surface qualities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural image; reflectance; lightness; organization; constancy; texture
AB The world is full of surfaces, and by looking at them we can judge their material qualities. Properties such as colour or glossiness can help us decide whether a pancake is cooked, or a patch of pavement is icy. Most studies of surface appearance have emphasized textureless matte surfaces(1-3), but real-world surfaces, which may have gloss and complex mesostructure, are now receiving increased attention(4-7). Their appearance results from a complex interplay of illumination, reflectance and surface geometry, which are difficult to tease apart given an image. If there were simple image statistics that were diagnostic of surface properties it would be sensible to use them(8-11). Here we show that the skewness of the luminance histogram and the skewness of sub-band filter outputs are correlated with surface gloss and inversely correlated with surface albedo ( diffuse reflectance). We find evidence that human observers use skewness, or a similar measure of histogram asymmetry, in making judgements about surfaces. When the image of a surface has positively skewed statistics, it tends to appear darker and glossier than a similar surface with lower skewness, and this is true whether the skewness is inherent to the original image or is introduced by digital manipulation. We also find a visual aftereffect based on skewness: adaptation to patterns with skewed statistics can alter the apparent lightness and glossiness of surfaces that are subsequently viewed. We suggest that there are neural mechanisms sensitive to skewed statistics, and that their outputs can be used in estimating surface properties.
C1 NTT Corp, Human & Informat Sci Lab, NTT Commun Sci Labs, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
   MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Comp Sci & Artificial Intelligence Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 NTT, Inc; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Motoyoshi, I (corresponding author), NTT Corp, Human & Informat Sci Lab, NTT Commun Sci Labs, 3-1 Morinosato, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
EM motoyosi@apollo3.brl.ntt.co.jp
NR 25
TC 472
Z9 531
U1 2
U2 112
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7141
BP 206
EP 209
DI 10.1038/nature05724
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 165WT
UT WOS:000246338700043
PM 17443193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brennecke, F
   Donner, T
   Ritter, S
   Bourdel, T
   Köhl, M
   Esslinger, T
AF Brennecke, Ferdinand
   Donner, Tobias
   Ritter, Stephan
   Bourdel, Thomas
   Koehl, Michael
   Esslinger, Tilman
TI Cavity QED with a Bose-Einstein condensate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single atoms; quantum electrodynamics; ultracold atoms; entanglement; photons; optics; field
AB Cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED) describes the coherent interaction between matter and an electromagnetic field confined within a resonator structure, and is providing a useful platform for developing concepts in quantum information processing(1). By using high-quality resonators, a strong coupling regime can be reached experimentally in which atoms coherently exchange a photon with a single light-field mode many times before dissipation sets in. This has led to fundamental studies with both microwave(2,3) and optical resonators(4). To meet the challenges posed by quantum state engineering(5) and quantum information processing, recent experiments have focused on laser cooling and trapping of atoms inside an optical cavity(6-8). However, the tremendous degree of control over atomic gases achieved with Bose-Einstein condensation(9) has so far not been used for cavity QED. Here we achieve the strong coupling of a Bose-Einstein condensate to the quantized field of an ultrahigh-finesse optical cavity and present a measurement of its eigenenergy spectrum. This is a conceptually new regime of cavity QED, in which all atoms occupy a single mode of a matter-wave field and couple identically to the light field, sharing a single excitation. This opens possibilities ranging from quantum communication(10-12) to a wealth of new phenomena that can be expected in the many-body physics of quantum gases with cavity-mediated interactions(13,14).
C1 ETH, Inst Quantum Elect, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Inst Opt, Lab Charles Fabry, F-91127 Palaiseau, France.
   Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Universite Paris Saclay; University of Cambridge
RP Esslinger, T (corresponding author), ETH, Inst Quantum Elect, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM esslinger@phys.ethz.ch
NR 30
TC 508
Z9 543
U1 0
U2 75
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7167
BP 268
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature06120
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228RC
UT WOS:000250746200054
PM 17994093
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Suzuki, K
   Okuno, T
   Yamamoto, M
   Pasterkamp, RJ
   Takegahara, N
   Takamatsu, H
   Kitao, T
   Takagi, J
   Rennert, PD
   Kolodkin, AL
   Kumanogoh, A
   Kikutani, H
AF Suzuki, Kazuhiro
   Okuno, Tatsusada
   Yamamoto, Midori
   Pasterkamp, R. Jeroen
   Takegahara, Noriko
   Takamatsu, Hyota
   Kitao, Tomoe
   Takagi, Junichi
   Rennert, Paul D.
   Kolodkin, Alex L.
   Kumanogoh, Atsushi
   Kikutani, Hitoshi
TI Semaphorin 7A initiates T-cell-mediated inflammatory responses through α1β1 integrin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; collagen-binding integrins; expression; family; hypersensitivity; alpha(1)beta(1); transmembrane; arthritis; adhesion; colitis
AB Semaphorins are axon guidance factors that assist growing axons in finding appropriate targets and forming synapses(1). Emerging evidence suggests that semaphorins are involved not only in embryonic development but also in immune responses(2). Semaphorin 7A (Sema7A; also known as CD108)(3,4), which is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored semaphorin, promotes axon outgrowth through beta 1-integrin receptors and contributes to the formation of the lateral olfactory tract(5). Although Sema7A has been shown to stimulate human monocytes(6), its function as a negative regulator of T-cell responses has also been reported(7). Thus, the precise function of Sema7A in the immune system remains unclear. Here we show that Sema7A, which is expressed on activated T cells, stimulates cytokine production in monocytes and macrophages through alpha 1 beta 1 integrin ( also known as very late antigen-1) as a component of the immunological synapse, and is critical for the effector phase of the inflammatory immune response. Sema7A-deficient (Sema7a(-/-)) mice are defective in cell-mediated immune responses such as contact hypersensitivity and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Although antigen-specific and cytokine-producing effector T cells can develop and migrate into antigen-challenged sites in Sema7a(-/-) mice, Sema7a(-/-) T cells fail to induce contact hypersensitivity even when directly injected into the antigen-challenged sites. Thus, the interaction between Sema7A and alpha 1 beta 1 integrin is crucial at the site of inflammation. These findings not only identify a function of Sema7A as an effector molecule in T-cell-mediated inflammation, but also reveal a mechanism of integrin-mediated immune regulation.
C1 JST, Dept Mol Immunol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   JST, CREST Program, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Microbial Dis Res Inst, Dept Immunopathol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, Rudolf Magnus Inst Neurosci, Dept Pharmacol & Anat, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Osaka Univ, Inst Prot Res, Lab Prot Synth & Express, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Biogen Idec Inc, Cambridge, MA 01746 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Solomon H Snyder Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Osaka; University of Osaka; Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center; University of Osaka; Biogen; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Kumanogoh, A (corresponding author), JST, Dept Mol Immunol, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
EM kumanogo@ragtime.biken.osaka-u.ac.jp; kikutani@ragtime.biken.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 27
TC 243
Z9 287
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7136
BP 680
EP 684
DI 10.1038/nature05652
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 153LZ
UT WOS:000245438300043
PM 17377534
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kazmierczak, P
   Sakaguchi, H
   Tokita, J
   Wilson-Kubalek, EM
   Milligan, RA
   Müller, U
   Kachar, B
AF Kazmierczak, Piotr
   Sakaguchi, Hirofumi
   Tokita, Joshua
   Wilson-Kubalek, Elizabeth M.
   Milligan, Ronald A.
   Mueller, Ulrich
   Kachar, Bechara
TI Cadherin 23 and protocadherin 15 interact to form tip-link filaments in sensory hair cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID syndrome type 1d; c-cadherin; transduction; mutations; stereocilia; cdh23; ear; component; adhesion; waltzer
AB Hair cells of the inner ear are mechanosensors that transduce mechanical forces arising from sound waves and head movement into electrochemical signals to provide our sense of hearing and balance. Each hair cell contains at the apical surface a bundle of stereocilia. Mechanoelectrical transduction takes place close to the tips of stereocilia in proximity to extracellular tip-link filaments that connect the stereocilia and are thought to gate the mechanoelectrical transduction channel(1-3). Recent reports on the composition(4-8), properties and function(9-11) of tip links are conflicting(29). Here we demonstrate that two cadherins that are linked to inherited forms of deafness in humans(12-15) interact to form tip links. Immunohistochemical studies using rodent hair cells show that cadherin 23 (CDH23) and protocadherin 15 (PCDH15) localize to the upper and lower part of tip links, respectively. The amino termini of the two cadherins co-localize on tip-link filaments. Biochemical experiments show that CDH23 homodimers interact in trans with PCDH15 homodimers to form a filament with structural similarity to tip links. Ions that affect tip-link integrity and a mutation in PCDH15 that causes a recessive form of deafness(16) disrupt interactions between CDH23 and PCDH15. Our studies define the molecular composition of tip links and provide a conceptual base for exploring the mechanisms of sensory impairment associated with mutations in CDH23 and PCDH15.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Inst Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Inst Childhood & Neglected Dis, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   NIDCD, Lab Cellular Biol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Deafness & Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)
RP Müller, U (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Inst Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM umueller@scripps.edu; kacharb@nidcd.nih.gov
FU Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline; National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders [ZIADC000002] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 29
TC 578
Z9 723
U1 6
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7158
BP 87
EP U59
DI 10.1038/nature06091
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207ED
UT WOS:000249233500041
PM 17805295
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lande, R
   Gregorio, J
   Facchinetti, V
   Chatterjee, B
   Wang, YH
   Homey, B
   Cao, W
   Wang, YH
   Su, B
   Nestle, FO
   Zal, T
   Mellman, I
   Schröder, JM
   Liu, YJ
   Gilliet, M
AF Lande, Roberto
   Gregorio, Josh
   Facchinetti, Valeria
   Chatterjee, Bithi
   Wang, Yi-Hong
   Homey, Bernhard
   Cao, Wei
   Wang, Yui-Hsi
   Su, Bing
   Nestle, Frank O.
   Zal, Tomasz
   Mellman, Ira
   Schroeder, Jens-Michael
   Liu, Yong-Jun
   Gilliet, Michel
TI Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID systemic-lupus-erythematosus; toll-like receptors; human skin; innate immunity; vertebrate dna; bacterial-dna; psoriasis; alpha; autoimmunity; ll-37
AB Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) sense viral and microbial DNA through endosomal Toll-like receptors to produce type 1 interferons. pDCs do not normally respond to self-DNA, but this restriction seems to break down in human autoimmune disease by an as yet poorly understood mechanism. Here we identify the antimicrobial peptide LL37 (also known as CAMP) as the key factor that mediates pDC activation in psoriasis, a common autoimmune disease of the skin. LL37 converts inert self-DNA into a potent trigger of interferon production by binding the DNA to form aggregated and condensed structures that are delivered to and retained within early endocytic compartments in pDCs to trigger Toll-like receptor 9. Thus, our data uncover a fundamental role of an endogenous antimicrobial peptide in breaking innate tolerance to self-DNA and suggest that this pathway may drive autoimmunity in psoriasis.
C1 Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Immunol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Melanoma Med Oncol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Genentech Inc, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Univ Dusseldorf, Dept Dermatol, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
   Kings Coll London Sch Med, St Johns Inst Dermatol, London SE1 9RT, England.
   Univ Kiel, Univ Hosp Schleswig Holstein, Dept Dermatol, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
C3 University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; Yale University; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; University of London; King's College London; University of Kiel; Schleswig Holstein University Hospital
RP Gilliet, M (corresponding author), Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Immunol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM mgilliet@mdanderson.org
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI074809] Funding Source: Medline
NR 42
TC 1472
Z9 1701
U1 2
U2 177
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7162
BP 564
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature06116
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 216QG
UT WOS:000249893500037
PM 17873860
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Millard, SS
   Flanagan, JJ
   Pappu, KS
   Wu, W
   Zipursky, SL
AF Millard, S. Sean
   Flanagan, John J.
   Pappu, Kartik S.
   Wu, Wei
   Zipursky, S. Lawrence
TI Dscam2 mediates axonal tiling in the Drosophila visual system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID repressible cell marker; sensory neurons; molecular diversity; mosaic analysis; nervous-system; morphogenesis; specificity; expression
AB Sensory processing centres in both the vertebrate and the invertebrate brain are often organized into reiterated columns, thus facilitating an internal topographic representation of the external world. Cells within each column are arranged in a stereotyped fashion and form precise patterns of synaptic connections within discrete layers. These connections are largely confined to a single column, thereby preserving the spatial information from the periphery. Other neurons integrate this information by connecting to multiple columns. Restricting axons to columns is conceptually similar to tiling. Axons and dendrites of neighbouring neurons of the same class use tiling to form complete, yet non-overlapping, receptive fields(1-3). It is thought that, at the molecular level, cell-surface proteins mediate tiling through contact-dependent repulsive interactions(1,2,4,5), but proteins serving this function have not yet been identified. Here we show that the immunoglobulin superfamily member Dscam2 restricts the connections formed by L1 lamina neurons to columns in the Drosophila visual system. Our data support a model in which Dscam2 homophilic interactions mediate repulsion between neurites of L1 cells in neighbouring columns. We propose that Dscam2 is a tiling receptor for L1 neurons.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biol Chem, David Geffen Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
RP Zipursky, SL (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biol Chem, David Geffen Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM lzipursky@mednet.ucla.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 122
Z9 158
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 7
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7145
BP 720
EP U14
DI 10.1038/nature05855
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 175RI
UT WOS:000247030700045
PM 17554308
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schuster, DI
   Houck, AA
   Schreier, JA
   Wallraff, A
   Gambetta, JM
   Blais, A
   Frunzio, L
   Majer, J
   Johnson, B
   Devoret, MH
   Girvin, SM
   Schoelkopf, RJ
AF Schuster, D. I.
   Houck, A. A.
   Schreier, J. A.
   Wallraff, A.
   Gambetta, J. M.
   Blais, A.
   Frunzio, L.
   Majer, J.
   Johnson, B.
   Devoret, M. H.
   Girvin, S. M.
   Schoelkopf, R. J.
TI Resolving photon number states in a superconducting circuit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-sensitive detection; single quantum-dot; trapped atom; cavity; electrodynamics; oscillator; coherence; vacuum
AB Electromagnetic signals are always composed of photons, although in the circuit domain those signals are carried as voltages and currents on wires, and the discreteness of the photon's energy is usually not evident. However, by coupling a superconducting quantum bit ( qubit) to signals on a microwave transmission line, it is possible to construct an integrated circuit in which the presence or absence of even a single photon can have a dramatic effect. Such a system(1) can be described by circuit quantum electrodynamics ( QED) - the circuit equivalent of cavity QED, where photons interact with atoms or quantum dots. Previously, circuit QED devices were shown to reach the resonant strong coupling regime, where a single qubit could absorb and re-emit a single photon many times(2). Here we report a circuit QED experiment in the strong dispersive limit, a new regime where a single photon has a large effect on the qubit without ever being absorbed. The hallmark of this strong dispersive regime is that the qubit transition energy can be resolved into a separate spectral line for each photon number state of the microwave field. The strength of each line is a measure of the probability of finding the corresponding photon number in the cavity. This effect is used to distinguish between coherent and thermal fields, and could be used to create a photon statistics analyser. As no photons are absorbed by this process, it should be possible to generate non-classical states of light by measurement and perform qubit - photon conditional logic, the basis of a logic bus for a quantum computer.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University
RP Schoelkopf, RJ (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM Robert.Schoelkopf@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 725
Z9 877
U1 1
U2 138
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7127
BP 515
EP 518
DI 10.1038/nature05461
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 131KI
UT WOS:000243867300038
PM 17268464
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaiser, BK
   Yim, D
   Chow, IT
   Gonzalez, S
   Dai, Z
   Mann, HH
   Strong, RK
   Groh, V
   Spies, T
AF Kaiser, Brett K.
   Yim, Daesong
   Chow, I-Ting
   Gonzalez, Segundo
   Dai, Zhenpeng
   Mann, Henning H.
   Strong, Roland K.
   Groh, Veronika
   Spies, Thomas
TI Disulphide-isomerase-enabled shedding of tumour-associated NKG2D ligands
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cells; in-vivo; receptor; mhc; expression; mica; cytotoxicity; immunity; activation; exchange
AB Tumour-associated ligands of the activating NKG2D ( natural killer group 2, member D; also called KLRK1) receptor - which are induced by genotoxic or cellular stress - trigger activation of natural killer cells and co-stimulation of effector T cells, and may thus promote resistance to cancer(1-6). However, many progressing tumours in humans counter this anti-tumour activity by shedding the soluble major histocompatibility complex class-I-related ligand MICA, which induces internalization and degradation of NKG2D and stimulates population expansions of normally rare NKG2D(+) CD4(+) T cells with negative regulatory functions(7-9). Here we show that on the surface of tumour cells, MICA associates with endoplasmic reticulum protein 5 (ERp5; also called PDIA6 or P5), which, similar to protein disulphide isomerase, usually assists in the folding of nascent proteins inside cells(10). Pharmacological inhibition of thioreductase activity and ERp5 gene silencing revealed that cell-surface ERp5 function is required for MICA shedding. ERp5 and membrane-anchored MICA form transitory mixed disulphide complexes from which soluble MICA is released after proteolytic cleavage near the cell membrane. Reduction of the seemingly inaccessible disulphide bond in the membrane-proximal alpha 3 domain of MICA must involve a large conformational change that enables proteolytic cleavage. These results uncover a molecular mechanism whereby domain-specific deconstruction regulates MICA protein shedding, thereby promoting tumour immune evasion, and identify surface ERp5 as a strategic target for therapeutic intervention.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
RP Chow, IT (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
NR 28
TC 319
Z9 382
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7143
BP 482
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature05768
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 170VA
UT WOS:000246693100049
PM 17495932
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abram, NJ
   Gagan, MK
   Liu, ZY
   Hantoro, WS
   McCulloch, MT
   Suwargadi, BW
AF Abram, Nerilie J.
   Gagan, Michael K.
   Liu, Zhengyu
   Hantoro, Wahyoe S.
   McCulloch, Malcolm T.
   Suwargadi, Bambang W.
TI Seasonal characteristics of the Indian Ocean Dipole during the Holocene epoch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-surface temperature; summer monsoon; el-nino; asian monsoon; enso; pacific; precipitation; oscillation; midholocene; variability
AB The Indian Ocean Dipole(1,2) (IOD) - an oscillatory mode of coupled ocean - atmosphere variability - causes climatic extremes and socio-economic hardship throughout the tropical Indian Ocean region(1-5). There is much debate about how the IOD interacts with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Asian monsoon, and recent changes in the historic ENSO - monsoon relationship(6) raise the possibility that the properties of the IOD may also be evolving. Improving our understanding of IOD events and their climatic impacts thus requires the development of records defining IOD activity in different climatic settings, including prehistoric times when ENSO and the Asian monsoon behaved differently from the present day. Here we use coral geochemical records from the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean to reconstruct surface-ocean cooling and drought during individual IOD events over the past similar to 6,500 years. We find that IOD events during the middle Holocene were characterized by a longer duration of strong surface ocean cooling, together with droughts that peaked later than those expected by El Nino forcing alone. Climate model simulations suggest that this enhanced cooling and drying was the result of strong cross-equatorial winds driven by the strengthened Asian monsoon of the middle Holocene. These IOD - monsoon connections imply that the socioeconomic impacts of projected future changes in Asian monsoon strength may extend throughout Australasia.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Climat Res, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Earth Environm Inst, Xian 710075, Peoples R China.
   Ocean Univ China, Qingdao 266003, Peoples R China.
   Indonesian Inst Sci, Res & Dev Ctr Geotechnol, Bandung 40135, Indonesia.
C3 Australian National University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ocean University of China; National Research & Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN)
RP Abram, NJ (corresponding author), British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
EM nabr@bas.ac.uk; michael.gagan@anu.edu.au
NR 29
TC 161
Z9 184
U1 2
U2 99
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7125
BP 299
EP 302
DI 10.1038/nature05477
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 126HT
UT WOS:000243504700041
PM 17230187
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mumby, PJ
   Hastings, A
   Edwards, HJ
AF Mumby, Peter J.
   Hastings, Alan
   Edwards, Helen J.
TI Thresholds and the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; stable states; mortality; dynamics
AB The deteriorating health of the world's coral reefs threatens global biodiversity, ecosystem function, and the livelihoods of millions of people living in tropical coastal regions(1). Reefs in the Caribbean are among the most heavily affected(2,3), having experienced mass disease-induced mortality of the herbivorous urchin Diadema antillarum(4) in 1983 and two framework-building species of coral(5). Declining reef health is characterized by increases in macroalgae. A critical question is whether the observed macroalgal bloom on Caribbean reefs is easily reversible. To answer this question, we must resolve whether algal-dominated reefs are an alternative stable state of the ecosystem or simply the readily reversible result of a phase change along a gradient of some environmental or ecological parameter(6). Here, using a fully parameterized simulation model in combination with a simple analytical model, we show that Caribbean reefs became susceptible to alternative stable states once the urchin mortality event of 1983 confined the majority of grazing to parrotfishes. We reveal dramatic hysteresis in a natural system(7,8) and define critical thresholds of grazing and coral cover beyond which resilience is lost. Most grazing thresholds lie near the upper level observed for parrotfishes in nature, suggesting that reefs are highly sensitive to parrotfish exploitation. Ecosystem thresholds can be combined with stochastic models of disturbance to identify targets for the restoration of ecosystem processes. We illustrate this principle by estimating the relationship between current reef state (coral cover and grazing) and the probability that the reef will withstand moderate hurricane intensity for two decades without becoming entrained in a shift towards a stable macroalgal-dominated state. Such targets may help reef managers face the challenge of addressing global disturbance at local scales.
C1 Univ Exeter, Sch Biosci, Marine Spatial Ecol Lab, Exeter EX4 4PS, Devon, England.
   Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of Exeter; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Mumby, PJ (corresponding author), Univ Exeter, Sch Biosci, Marine Spatial Ecol Lab, Prince Wales Rd, Exeter EX4 4PS, Devon, England.
EM p.j.mumby@ex.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/E00606X/1] Funding Source: researchfish; NERC [NE/E00606X/1] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 26
TC 721
Z9 837
U1 9
U2 532
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 98
EP 101
DI 10.1038/nature06252
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800044
PM 17972885
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bieling, P
   Laan, L
   Schek, H
   Munteanu, EL
   Sandblad, L
   Dogterom, M
   Brunner, D
   Surrey, T
AF Bieling, Peter
   Laan, Liedewij
   Schek, Henry
   Munteanu, E. Laura
   Sandblad, Linda
   Dogterom, Marileen
   Brunner, Damian
   Surrey, Thomas
TI Reconstitution of a microtubule plus-end tracking system in vitro
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fission yeast; proteins; dynamics; eb1; kinesin; binding; tip1p; mechanisms; movement; behavior
AB The microtubule cytoskeleton is essential to cell morphogenesis. Growing microtubule plus ends have emerged as dynamic regulatory sites in which specialized proteins, called plus- end- binding proteins ( + TIPs), bind and regulate the proper functioning of microtubules(1-4). However, the molecular mechanism of plus- end association by + TIPs and their ability to track the growing end are not well understood. Here we report the in vitro reconstitution of a minimal plus- end tracking system consisting of the three fission yeast proteins Mal3, Tip1 and the kinesin Tea2. Using time- lapse total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we show that the EB1 homologue Mal3 has an enhanced affinity for growing microtubule end structures as opposed to the microtubule lattice. This allows it to track growing microtubule ends autonomously by an end recognition mechanism. In addition, Mal3 acts as a factor that mediates loading of the processive motor Tea2 and its cargo, the Clip170 homologue Tip1, onto the microtubule lattice. The interaction of all three proteins is required for the selective tracking of growing microtubule plus ends by both Tea2 and Tip1. Our results dissect the collective interactions of the constituents of this plus-end tracking system and show how these interactions lead to the emergence of its dynamic behaviour. We expect that such in vitro reconstitutions will also be essential for the mechanistic dissection of other plus- end tracking systems.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, Cell Biol & Biophys Unit, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   FOM, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); AMOLF
RP Surrey, T (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Cell Biol & Biophys Unit, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM dogterom@amolf.nl; brunner@embl.de; surrey@embl.de
NR 30
TC 373
Z9 454
U1 1
U2 61
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1100
EP 1105
DI 10.1038/nature06386
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900091
PM 18059460
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reddy, SK
   Rape, M
   Margansky, WA
   Kirschner, MW
AF Reddy, S. K.
   Rape, M.
   Margansky, W. A.
   Kirschner, M. W.
TI Ubiquitination by the anaphase-promoting complex drives spindle checkpoint inactivation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID assembly checkpoint; mitotic checkpoint; protein bubr1; mad2; activation; binding; ubch10; overexpression; inhibition; carcinomas
AB Eukaryotic cells rely on a surveillance mechanism known as the spindle checkpoint to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. The spindle checkpoint prevents sister chromatids from separating until all kinetochores achieve bipolar attachments to the mitotic spindle(1-3). Checkpoint proteins tightly inhibit the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), a ubiquitin ligase required for chromosome segregation and progression to anaphase. Unattached kinetochores promote the binding of checkpoint proteins Mad2 and BubR1 to the APC-activator Cdc20, rendering it unable to activate APC. Once all kinetochores are properly attached, however, cells inactivate the checkpoint within minutes, allowing for the rapid and synchronous segregation of chromosomes(4). How cells switch from strong APC inhibition before kinetochore attachment to rapid APC activation once attachment is complete remains a mystery. Here we show that checkpoint inactivation is an energy-consuming process involving APC-dependent multi-ubiquitination. Multi-ubiquitination by APC leads to the dissociation of Mad2 and BubR1 from Cdc20, a process that is reversed by a Cdc20-directed de-ubiquitinating enzyme(5). The mutual regulation between checkpoint proteins and APC leaves the cell poised for rapid checkpoint inactivation and ensures that chromosome segregation promptly follows the completion of kinetochore attachment. In addition, our results suggest a mechanistic basis for how cancer cells can have a compromised spindle checkpoint without corresponding mutations in checkpoint genes(6).
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Mit Div Hlth Sci & Technol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University
RP Kirschner, MW (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM marc@hms.harvard.edu
NR 22
TC 295
Z9 361
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7138
BP 921
EP 925
DI 10.1038/nature05734
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 158IR
UT WOS:000245785700044
PM 17443186
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Forest, F
   Grenyer, R
   Rouget, M
   Davies, TJ
   Cowling, RM
   Faith, DP
   Balmford, A
   Manning, JC
   Proches, S
   van der Bank, M
   Reeves, G
   Hedderson, TAJ
   Savolainen, V
AF Forest, Felix
   Grenyer, Richard
   Rouget, Mathieu
   Davies, T. Jonathan
   Cowling, Richard M.
   Faith, Daniel P.
   Balmford, Andrew
   Manning, John C.
   Proches, Serban
   van der Bank, Michelle
   Reeves, Gail
   Hedderson, Terry A. J.
   Savolainen, Vincent
TI Preserving the evolutionary potential of floras in biodiversity hotspots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cape flora; plant diversity; conservation; radiation; richness; history
AB One of the biggest challenges for conservation biology is to provide conservation planners with ways to prioritize effort. Much attention has been focused on biodiversity hotspots(1). However, the conservation of evolutionary process is now also acknowledged as a priority in the face of global change(2). Phylogenetic diversity (PD) is a biodiversity index that measures the length of evolutionary pathways that connect a given set of taxa(3,4). PD therefore identifies sets of taxa that maximize the accumulation of 'feature diversity'. Recent studies, however, concluded that taxon richness is a good surrogate for PD5-9. Here we show taxon richness to be decoupled from PD, using a biome-wide phylogenetic analysis of the flora of an undisputed biodiversity hotspot - the Cape of South Africa. We demonstrate that this decoupling has real-world importance for conservation planning. Finally, using a database of medicinal and economic plant use(10), we demonstrate that PD protection is the best strategy for preserving feature diversity in the Cape. We should be able to use PD to identify those key regions that maximize future options, both for the continuing evolution of life on Earth and for the benefit of society.
C1 Kirstenbosch Res Ctr, S African Natl Biodivers Inst, ZA-7735 Claremont, South Africa.
   Univ Cape Town, Dept Bot, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa.
   Royal Bot Gardens, Jodrell Lab, Richmond TW9 3DS, Surrey, England.
   S African Natl Biodivers Inst, Biodivers Planning Unit, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Biol, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA.
   Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Univ, Dept Bot, ZA-6031 Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
   Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Univ Stellenbosch, Ctr Invas Biol, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa.
   Univ Johannesburg, Dept Bot & Plant Biotechnol, ZA-2006 Auckland Pk, South Africa.
C3 South African National Biodiversity Institute; University of Cape Town; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; South African National Biodiversity Institute; University of Virginia; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; Nelson Mandela University; Australian Museum; University of Cambridge; Stellenbosch University; University of Johannesburg
RP Forest, F (corresponding author), Kirstenbosch Res Ctr, S African Natl Biodivers Inst, Private Bag X7, ZA-7735 Claremont, South Africa.
EM f.forest@kew.org; v.savolainen@kew.org
NR 30
TC 795
Z9 897
U1 9
U2 448
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7129
BP 757
EP 760
DI 10.1038/nature05587
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136EK
UT WOS:000244205200043
PM 17301791
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fu, ZQ
   Guo, M
   Jeong, BR
   Tian, F
   Elthon, TE
   Cerny, RL
   Staiger, D
   Alfano, JR
AF Fu, Zheng Qing
   Guo, Ming
   Jeong, Byeong-ryool
   Tian, Fang
   Elthon, Thomas E.
   Cerny, Ronald L.
   Staiger, Dorothee
   Alfano, James R.
TI A type III effector ADP-ribosylates RNA-binding proteins and quells plant immunity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; secretion system effectors; pv. tomato dc3000; pseudomonas-syringae; arabidopsis-thaliana; innate immunity; tyrosine-phosphatase; bacterial toxins; identification; gene
AB The bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae injects effector proteins into host cells through a type III protein secretion system to cause disease. The enzymatic activities of most of P. syringae effectors and their targets remain obscure. Here we show that the type III effector HopU1 is a mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase (ADP-RT). HopU1 suppresses plant innate immunity in a manner dependent on its ADP-RT active site. The HopU1 substrates in Arabidopsis thaliana extracts were RNA-binding proteins that possess RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs). A. thaliana knockout lines defective in the glycine-rich RNA-binding protein GRP7 ( also known as AtGRP7), a HopU1 substrate, were more susceptible than wild-type plants to P. syringae. The ADP-ribosylation of GRP7 by HopU1 required two arginines within the RRM, indicating that this modification may interfere with GRP7' s ability to bind RNA. Our results suggest a pathogenic strategy where the ADP-ribosylation of RNA-binding proteins quells host immunity by affecting RNA metabolism and the plant defence transcriptome.
C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron & Hort, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Dept Chem, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Univ Bielefeld, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
C3 University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; University of Bielefeld
RP Alfano, JR (corresponding author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
EM jalfano2@unl.edu
NR 42
TC 304
Z9 395
U1 1
U2 98
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7142
BP 284
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature05737
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 168JK
UT WOS:000246520300037
PM 17450127
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barreto, G
   Schäfer, A
   Marhold, J
   Stach, D
   Swaminathan, SK
   Handa, V
   Döderlein, G
   Maltry, N
   Wu, W
   Lyko, F
   Niehrs, C
AF Barreto, Guillermo
   Schaefer, Andrea
   Marhold, Joachim
   Stach, Dirk
   Swaminathan, Suresh K.
   Handa, Vikas
   Doederlein, Gabi
   Maltry, Nicole
   Wu, Wei
   Lyko, Frank
   Niehrs, Christof
TI Gadd45a promotes epigenetic gene activation by repair-mediated DNA demethylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID methylation; expression; protein; cells; cycle
AB DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that is essential for gene silencing and genome stability in many organisms. Although methyltransferases that promote DNA methylation are well characterized, the molecular mechanism underlying active DNA demethylation is poorly understood and controversial(1,2). Here we show that Gadd45a ( growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein 45 alpha), a nuclear protein involved in maintenance of genomic stability, DNA repair and suppression of cell growth 3,4, has a key role in active DNA demethylation. Gadd45a overexpression activates methylation-silenced reporter plasmids and promotes global DNA demethylation. Gadd45a knockdown silences gene expression and leads to DNA hypermethylation. During active demethylation of oct4 in Xenopus laevis oocytes(5), Gadd45a is specifically recruited to the site of demethylation. Active demethylation occurs by DNA repair and Gadd45a interacts with and requires the DNA repair endonuclease XPG. We conclude that Gadd45a relieves epigenetic gene silencing by promoting DNA repair, which erases methylation marks.
C1 German Canc Res Ctr, Div Mol Embryol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
RP Niehrs, C (corresponding author), German Canc Res Ctr, Div Mol Embryol, Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM niehrs@dkfz.de
NR 29
TC 607
Z9 742
U1 0
U2 74
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7128
BP 671
EP 675
DI 10.1038/nature05515
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133UM
UT WOS:000244039400049
PM 17268471
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pol, A
   Heijmans, K
   Harhangi, HR
   Tedesco, D
   Jetten, MSM
   den Camp, HJMO
AF Pol, Arjan
   Heijmans, Klaas
   Harhangi, Harry R.
   Tedesco, Dario
   Jetten, Mike S. M.
   den Camp, Huub J. M. Op
TI Methanotrophy below pH1 by a new Verrucomicrobia species
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mosby mud volcano; pmoa-like gene; sp nov.; methane monooxygenase; methylocystis strain; activated-sludge; bacteria; diversity; environment; sequence
AB Mud volcanoes, mudpots and fumaroles are remarkable geological features characterized by the emission of gas, water and/or semi-liquid mud matrices(1) with significant methane fluxes to the atmosphere ( 10(-1) to 10(3) ty(-1))(2-4). Environmental conditions in these areas vary from ambient temperature and neutral pH to high temperatures and low pH. Although there are strong indications for biological methane consumption in mud volcanoes(4,5), no methanotrophic bacteria are known that would thrive in the hostile conditions of fumaroles ( temperatures up to 70 degrees C and pH down to 1.8)(2). The first step in aerobic methane oxidation is performed by a soluble or membrane-bound methane mono-oxygenase. Here we report that pmoA ( encoding the beta-subunit of membrane-bound methane mono-oxygenase) clone libraries, made by using DNA extracted from the Solfatara volcano mudpot and surrounding bare soil near the fumaroles, showed clusters of novel and distant pmoA genes. After methanotrophic enrichment at 50 degrees C and pH 2.0 the most distant cluster, sharing less than 50% identity with any other described pmoA gene, was represented in the culture. Finally we isolated an acidiphilic methanotrophic bacterium Acidimethylosilex fumarolicum SolV belonging to the Planctomycetes/Verrucomicrobia/Chlamydiae superphylum(6), 'outside' the subphyla of the Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria containing the established methanotrophs. This bacterium grows under oxygen limitation on methane as the sole source of energy, down to pH 0.8-far below the pH optimum of any previously described methanotroph. A. fumarolicum SolV has three different pmoA genes, with two that are very similar to sequences retrieved from the mudpot. Highly homologous environmental 16S rRNA gene sequences from Yellowstone Park show that this new type of methanotrophic bacteria may be a common inhabitant of extreme environments. This is the first time that a representative of the widely distributed Verrucomicrobia phylum, of which most members remain uncultivated(6), is coupled to a geochemically relevant reaction.
C1 Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Microbiol, IWWR, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Univ Naples 2, Dipartimento Sci Ambientali, I-81100 Caserta, Italy.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen; Universita della Campania Vanvitelli
RP Jetten, MSM (corresponding author), Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Microbiol, IWWR, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
EM m.jetten@science.ru.nl; h.opdencamp@science.ru.nl
NR 30
TC 329
Z9 413
U1 3
U2 173
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 874
EP U17
DI 10.1038/nature06222
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900055
PM 18004305
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alber, F
   Dokudovskaya, S
   Veenhoff, LM
   Zhang, WH
   Kipper, J
   Devos, D
   Suprapto, A
   Karni-Schmidt, O
   Williams, R
   Chait, BT
   Sali, A
   Rout, MP
AF Alber, Frank
   Dokudovskaya, Svetlana
   Veenhoff, Liesbeth M.
   Zhang, Wenzhu
   Kipper, Julia
   Devos, Damien
   Suprapto, Adisetyantari
   Karni-Schmidt, Orit
   Williams, Rosemary
   Chait, Brian T.
   Sali, Andrej
   Rout, Michael P.
TI The molecular architecture of the nuclear pore complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fg-repeat domains; terminal domain; transport; nucleoporins; components; dynamics; homolog; regions; binding; import
AB Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are proteinaceous assemblies of approximately 50 MDa that selectively transport cargoes across the nuclear envelope. To determine the molecular architecture of the yeast NPC, we collected a diverse set of biophysical and proteomic data, and developed a method for using these data to localize the NPC's 456 constituent proteins (see the accompanying paper). Our structure reveals that half of the NPC is made up of a core scaffold, which is structurally analogous to vesicle-coating complexes. This scaffold forms an interlaced network that coats the entire curved surface of the nuclear envelope membrane within which the NPC is embedded. The selective barrier for transport is formed by large numbers of proteins with disordered regions that line the inner face of the scaffold. The NPC consists of only a few structural modules that resemble each other in terms of the configuration of their homologous constituents, the most striking of these being a 16-fold repetition of 'columns'. These findings provide clues to the evolutionary origins of the NPC.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Cellular & Struct Biol, New York, NY 10065 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Bioengn & Therapeut Sci, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Calif Inst Quantitat Biosci, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Mass Spectrometry & Gaseous Ion Chem, New York, NY 10065 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Rockefeller University
RP Rout, MP (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Cellular & Struct Biol, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065 USA.
EM chait@rockefeller.edu; sali@salilab.org; rout@rockefeller.edu
FU NCRR NIH HHS [U54 RR022220] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM062427] Funding Source: Medline
NR 56
TC 837
Z9 993
U1 1
U2 143
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 695
EP 701
DI 10.1038/nature06405
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700048
PM 18046406
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bendall, SC
   Stewart, MH
   Menendez, P
   George, D
   Vijayaragavan, K
   Werbowetski-Ogilvie, T
   Ramos-Mejia, V
   Rouleau, A
   Yang, JB
   Bossé, M
   Lajoie, G
   Bhatia, M
AF Bendall, Sean C.
   Stewart, Morag H.
   Menendez, Pablo
   George, Dustin
   Vijayaragavan, Kausalia
   Werbowetski-Ogilvie, Tamra
   Ramos-Mejia, Veronica
   Rouleau, Anne
   Yang, Jiabi
   Bosse, Marc
   Lajoie, Gilles
   Bhatia, Mickie
TI IGF and FGF cooperatively establish the regulatory stem cell niche of pluripotent human cells in vitro
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse embryonic fibroblasts; self-renewal; growth; receptor; expression; differentiation; sb-431542; inhibitor; support; culture
AB Distinctive properties of stem cells are not autonomously achieved, and recent evidence points to a level of external control from the microenvironment. Here, we demonstrate that self-renewal and pluripotent properties of human embryonic stem (ES) cells depend on a dynamic interplay between human ES cells and autologously derived human ES cell fibroblast-like cells (hdFs). Human ES cells and hdFs are uniquely defined by insulin-like growth factor (IGF)- and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-dependence. IGF 1 receptor (IGF1R) expression was exclusive to the human ES cells, whereas FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) expression was restricted to surrounding hdFs. Blocking the IGF-II/IGF1R pathway reduced survival and clonogenicity of human ES cells, whereas inhibition of the FGF pathway indirectly caused differentiation. IGF-II is expressed by hdFs in response to FGF, and alone was sufficient in maintaining human ES cell cultures. Our study demonstrates a direct role of the IGF-II/IGF1R axis on human ES cell physiology and establishes that hdFs produced by human ES cells themselves define the stem cell niche of pluripotent human stem cells.
C1 McMaster Univ, Michael G DeGroote Sch Med, McMaster Stem Cell & Canc Res Inst, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
   Univ Western Ontario, Don Rix Prot Identificat Facil, Dept Biochem, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
C3 McMaster University; McMaster University Hospital; Western University (University of Western Ontario)
RP Bhatia, M (corresponding author), McMaster Univ, Michael G DeGroote Sch Med, McMaster Stem Cell & Canc Res Inst, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
EM mbhatia@mcmaster.ca
NR 31
TC 489
Z9 626
U1 1
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7157
BP 1015
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature06027
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 205EU
UT WOS:000249097600030
PM 17625568
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matheu, A
   Maraver, A
   Klatt, P
   Flores, I
   Garcia-Cao, I
   Borras, C
   Flores, JM
   Viña, J
   Blasco, MA
   Serrano, M
AF Matheu, Ander
   Maraver, Antonio
   Klatt, Peter
   Flores, Ignacio
   Garcia-Cao, Isabel
   Borras, Consuelo
   Flores, Juana M.
   Vina, Jose
   Blasco, Maria A.
   Serrano, Manuel
TI Delayed ageing through damage protection by the Arf/p53 pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID p53 tumor-suppressor; mammalian life-span; oncogenic ras; dna-damage; mice; senescence; resistant; stress; growth; age
AB The tumour-suppressor pathway formed by the alternative reading frame protein of the Cdkn2a locus (Arf) and by p53 (also called Trp53) plays a central part in the detection and elimination of cellular damage, and this constitutes the basis of its potent cancer protection activity(1,2). Similar to cancer, ageing also results from the accumulation of damage and, therefore, we have reasoned that Arf/p53 could have anti-ageing activity by alleviating the load of age-associated damage. Here we show that genetically manipulated mice with increased, but otherwise normally regulated, levels of Arf and p53 present strong cancer resistance and have decreased levels of ageing-associated damage. These observations extend the protective role of Arf/p53 to ageing, revealing a previously unknown anti-ageing mechanism and providing a rationale for the co-evolution of cancer resistance and longevity.
C1 Spanish Natl Canc Res Ctr CNIO, Tumor Suppress Grp, Madrid 28029, Spain.
   Spanish Natl Canc Res Ctr CNIO, Telomeres & Telomerase Grp, Madrid 28029, Spain.
   Univ Valencia, Dept Physiol, Valencia 46010, Spain.
   Univ Complutense Madrid, Dept Anim Surg & Med, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
C3 Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas (CNIO); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas (CNIO); University of Valencia; Complutense University of Madrid
RP Serrano, M (corresponding author), Spanish Natl Canc Res Ctr CNIO, Tumor Suppress Grp, Madrid 28029, Spain.
EM mserrano@cnio.es
NR 38
TC 392
Z9 442
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7151
BP 375
EP U14
DI 10.1038/nature05949
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 191GC
UT WOS:000248118300063
PM 17637672
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maccarone, TJ
   Kundu, A
   Zepf, SE
   Rhode, KL
AF Maccarone, Thomas J.
   Kundu, Arunav
   Zepf, Stephen E.
   Rhode, Katherine L.
TI A black hole in a globular cluster
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray binary; ngc-4472; connection; catalog
AB Globular star clusters contain thousands to millions of old stars packed within a region only tens of light years across. Their high stellar densities make it very probable that their member stars will interact or collide. There has accordingly been considerable debate about whether black holes should exist in these star clusters(1-3). Some theoretical work suggests that dynamical processes in the densest inner regions of globular clusters may lead to the formation of black holes of similar to 1,000 solar masses(3). Other numerical simulations instead predict that stellar interactions will eject most or all of the black holes that form in globular clusters(1,2). Here we report the X-ray signature of an accreting black hole in a globular cluster associated with the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4472 ( in the Virgo cluster). This object has an X-ray luminosity of about 4 x 10(39) erg s(-1), which rules out any object other than a black hole in such an old stellar population. The X-ray luminosity varies by a factor of seven in a few hours, which excludes the possibility that the object is several neutron stars superposed.
C1 Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton S017 1BJ, Hants, England.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Wesleyan Univ, Dept Astron, Middletown, CT 06459 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Astron, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 University of Southampton; Michigan State University; Wesleyan University; Yale University
RP Maccarone, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton S017 1BJ, Hants, England.
EM tjm@phys.soton.ac.uk
NR 26
TC 221
Z9 242
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7124
BP 183
EP 185
DI 10.1038/nature05434
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124QF
UT WOS:000243384300045
PM 17203062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fitzpatrick, MJ
   Feder, E
   Rowe, L
   Sokolowski, MB
AF Fitzpatrick, Mark J.
   Feder, Elah
   Rowe, Locke
   Sokolowski, Marla B.
TI Maintaining a behaviour polymorphism by frequency-dependent selection on a single gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase pkg; drosophila-melanogaster; balancing selection; larval competition; locus
AB Accounting for the abundance of genetic variation in the face of natural selection remains a central problem of evolutionary biology(1,2). Genetic polymorphisms are constantly arising through mutation, and although most are promptly eliminated(3), polymorphisms in functionally important traits are common. One mechanism that can maintain polymorphisms is negative frequency-dependent selection on alternative alleles, whereby the fitness of each decreases as its frequency increases(4,5). Examples of frequency-dependent selection are rare, especially when attempting to describe the genetic basis of the phenotype under selection. Here we show frequency-dependent selection in a well-known natural genetic polymorphism affecting fruitfly foraging behaviour. When raised in low nutrient conditions, both of the naturally occurring alleles of the foraging gene (for(s) and for(R)) have their highest fitness when rare - the hallmark of negative frequency-dependent selection. This effect disappears at higher resources levels, demonstrating the role of larval competition. We are able to confirm the involvement of the foraging gene by showing that a sitter-like mutant allele on a rover background has similar frequency-dependent fitness as the natural sitter allele. Our study represents a clear demonstration of frequency-dependent selection, and we are able to attribute this effect to a single, naturally polymorphic gene known to affect behaviour.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Biol, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; University Toronto Mississauga; University of Toronto
RP Sokolowski, MB (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Biol, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
EM msokolow@utm.utoronto.ca
NR 29
TC 170
Z9 211
U1 0
U2 131
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7141
BP 210
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature05764
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 165WT
UT WOS:000246338700044
PM 17495926
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luo, JL
   Tan, W
   Ricono, JM
   Korchynskyi, O
   Zhang, M
   Gonias, SL
   Cheresh, DA
   Karin, M
AF Luo, Jun-Li
   Tan, Wei
   Ricono, Jill M.
   Korchynskyi, Olexandr
   Zhang, Ming
   Gonias, Steven L.
   Cheresh, David A.
   Karin, Michael
TI Nuclear cytokine-activated IKKα controls prostate cancer metastasis by repressing Maspin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; mammary-gland development; transcription factor; transgenic mouse; bone metastasis; tumor-growth; expression; cells; inflammation; progression
AB Inflammation enhances tumour promotion through NF-kappa B-dependent mechanisms(1). NF-kappa B was also proposed to promote metastatogenesis through epithelial - mesenchymal transition(2). Yet a mechanistic link between inflammation and metastasis is missing. We identified a role for I kappa B kinase alpha (IKK alpha), activated by receptor activator of NF-kappa B (RANK/TNFRSF11A), in mammary epithelial proliferation during pregnancy(3). Owing to similarities between mammary and prostate epithelia, we examined IKK alpha involvement in prostate cancer and its progression. Here we show that a mutation that prevents IKK alpha activation slows down CaP growth and inhibits metastatogenesis in TRAMP mice, which express SV40 T antigen in the prostate epithelium(4). Decreased metastasis correlated with elevated expression of the metastasis suppressor Maspin(5), the ablation of which restored metastatic activity. IKK alpha activation by RANK ligand (RANKL/TNFSF11) inhibits Maspin expression in prostate epithelial cells, whereas repression of Maspin transcription requires nuclear translocation of active IKK alpha. The amount of active nuclear IKK alpha in mouse and human prostate cancer correlates with metastatic progression, reduced Maspin expression and infiltration of prostate tumours with RANKL-expressing inflammatory cells. We propose that tumour-infiltrating RANKL-expressing cells lead to nuclear IKK alpha activation and inhibition of Maspin transcription, thereby promoting the metastatic phenotype.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Ctr Canc, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pathol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Moores Canc Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Karin, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM karinoffice@ucsd.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA127923] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 371
Z9 424
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7136
BP 690
EP 694
DI 10.1038/nature05656
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 153LZ
UT WOS:000245438300045
PM 17377533
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yu, D
   Tan, AHM
   Hu, X
   Athanasopoulos, V
   Simpson, N
   Silva, DG
   Hutloff, A
   Giles, KM
   Leedman, PJ
   Lam, KP
   Goodnow, CC
   Vinuesa, CG
AF Yu, Di
   Tan, Andy Hee-Meng
   Hu, Xin
   Athanasopoulos, Vicki
   Simpson, Nicholas
   Silva, Diego G.
   Hutloff, Andreas
   Giles, Keith M.
   Leedman, Peter J.
   Lam, Kong Peng
   Goodnow, Christopher C.
   Vinuesa, Carola G.
TI Roquin represses autoimmunity by limiting inducible T-cell co-stimulator messenger RNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immune-responses; icos; helper; activation; tolerance; receptor; signals; stress; family; ligand
AB Immune responses are normally targeted against microbial pathogens and not self-antigens by mechanisms that are only partly understood. Here we define a newly discovered pathway that prevents autoimmunity by limiting the levels on T lymphocytes of a co-stimulatory receptor, the inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS). In sanroque mice homozygous for an M199R mutation in the ROQ domain of Roquin (also known as Rc3h1)(1), increased Icos expression on T cells causes the accumulation of lymphocytes that is associated with a lupus-like autoimmune syndrome. Roquin normally limits Icos expression by promoting the degradation of Icos messenger RNA. A conserved segment in the unusually long ICOS 39 untranslated mRNA is essential for regulation by Roquin. This segment comprises a 47-base-pair minimal region complementary to T-cell-expressed microRNAs including miR-101, the repressive activity of which is disrupted by base-pair inversions predicted to abrogate miR-101 binding. These findings illuminate a critical post-transcriptional pathway within T cells that regulates lymphocyte accumulation and autoimmunity, and highlights the therapeutic potential of partially antagonising the ICOS pathway.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, John Curtin Sch Med Res, Div Immunol & Genet, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   ASTAR, Inst Biomed Sci, Cellular & Mol Immunol Lab, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
   Australian Natl Univ, ARC Ctr Mol Genet Dev, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Robert Koch Inst, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Western Australia, Med Res Ctr, Western Australian Inst Med Res, Lab Canc Med, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
   Univ Western Australia, Sch Med & Pharmacol, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
   Australian Phenom Facil, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
C3 Australian National University; John Curtin School of Medical Research; Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR); Australian National University; Robert Koch Institute; University of Western Australia; University of Western Australia
RP Vinuesa, CG (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, John Curtin Sch Med Res, Div Immunol & Genet, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
EM carola.vinuesa@anu.edu.au
NR 30
TC 357
Z9 410
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7167
BP 299
EP U15
DI 10.1038/nature06253
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228RC
UT WOS:000250746200061
PM 18172933
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jaillon, O
   Aury, JM
   Noel, B
   Policriti, A
   Clepet, C
   Casagrande, A
   Choisne, N
   Aubourg, S
   Vitulo, N
   Jubin, C
   Vezzi, A
   Legeai, F
   Hugueney, P
   Dasilva, C
   Horner, D
   Mica, E
   Jublot, D
   Poulain, J
   Bruyère, C
   Billault, A
   Segurens, B
   Gouyvenoux, M
   Ugarte, E
   Cattonaro, F
   Anthouard, V
   Vico, V
   Del Fabbro, C
   Alaux, M
   Di Gaspero, G
   Dumas, V
   Felice, N
   Paillard, S
   Juman, I
   Moroldo, M
   Scalabrin, S
   Canaguier, A
   Le Clainche, I
   Malacrida, G
   Durand, E
   Pesole, G
   Laucou, V
   Chatelet, P
   Merdinoglu, D
   Delledonne, M
   Pezzotti, M
   Lecharny, A
   Scarpelli, C
   Artiguenave, F
   Pè, ME
   Valle, G
   Morgante, M
   Caboche, M
   Adam-Blondon, AF
   Weissenbach, J
   Quétier, F
   Wincker, P
AF Jaillon, Olivier
   Aury, Jean-Marc
   Noel, Benjamin
   Policriti, Alberto
   Clepet, Christian
   Casagrande, Alberto
   Choisne, Nathalie
   Aubourg, Sebastien
   Vitulo, Nicola
   Jubin, Claire
   Vezzi, Alessandro
   Legeai, Fabrice
   Hugueney, Philippe
   Dasilva, Corinne
   Horner, David
   Mica, Erica
   Jublot, Delphine
   Poulain, Julie
   Bruyère, Clemence
   Billault, Alain
   Segurens, Beatrice
   Gouyvenoux, Michel
   Ugarte, Edgardo
   Cattonaro, Federica
   Anthouard, Veronique
   Vico, Virginie
   Del Fabbro, Cristian
   Alaux, Michael
   Di Gaspero, Gabriele
   Dumas, Vincent
   Felice, Nicoletta
   Paillard, Sophie
   Juman, Irena
   Moroldo, Marco
   Scalabrin, Simone
   Canaguier, Aurelie
   Le Clainche, Isabelle
   Malacrida, Giorgio
   Durand, Eleonore
   Pesole, Graziano
   Laucou, Valerie
   Chatelet, Philippe
   Merdinoglu, Didier
   Delledonne, Massimo
   Pezzotti, Mario
   Lecharny, Alain
   Scarpelli, Claude
   Artiguenave, Francois
   Pè, M. Enrico
   Valle, Giorgio
   Morgante, Michele
   Caboche, Michel
   Adam-Blondon, Anne-Francoise
   Weissenbach, Jean
   Quétier, Francis
   Wincker, Patrick
TI The grapevine genome sequence suggests ancestral hexaploidization in major angiosperm phyla
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; duplication; identification; polyploidy; map; monoterpenes; resveratrol; divergence; evolution; markers
AB The analysis of the first plant genomes provided unexpected evidence for genome duplication events in species that had previously been considered as true diploids on the basis of their genetics(1-3). These polyploidization events may have had important consequences in plant evolution, in particular for species radiation and adaptation and for the modulation of functional capacities(4-10). Here we report a high-quality draft of the genome sequence of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) obtained from a highly homozygous genotype. The draft sequence of the grapevine genome is the fourth one produced so far for flowering plants, the second for a woody species and the first for a fruit crop ( cultivated for both fruit and beverage). Grapevine was selected because of its important place in the cultural heritage of humanity beginning during the Neolithic period(11). Several large expansions of gene families with roles in aromatic features are observed. The grapevine genome has not undergone recent genome duplication, thus enabling the discovery of ancestral traits and features of the genetic organization of flowering plants. This analysis reveals the contribution of three ancestral genomes to the grapevine haploid content. This ancestral arrangement is common to many dicotyledonous plants but is absent from the genome of rice, which is a monocotyledon. Furthermore, we explain the chronology of previously described whole-genome duplication events in the evolution of flowering plants.
C1 Univ Evry, CEA, F-91057 Evry, France.
   Univ Evry, CNRS, UMR 8030, F-91057 Evry, France.
   Ist Genom Applicata, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
   Univ Udine, Dipartimento Matemat & Informat, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
   Univ Evry Genom Vegetale, INRA, UMR 1165, URGV,CNRS, F-91057 Evry, France.
   Univ Udine, Dipartimento Sci Agr & Ambientali, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
   Univ Padua, CRIBI, I-35121 Padua, Italy.
   URGI, F-91034 Evry, France.
   Univ Strasbourg, INRA, UMR 1131, F-68021 Colmar, France.
   Univ Milan, Dipartimento Sci Biomol & Biotecnol, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Bari, Dipartmento Biochim & Biol Mol, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
   CNR, Ist Tecnol Biomed, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
   Univ Montpellier 2, IRD Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, UMR 1097, F-34060 Montpellier 1, France.
   CIRAD, IRD Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, UMR 1098, F-34060 Montpellier 1, France.
   Univ Verona, Dipartimento Sci & Tecnol, I-37134 Verona, Italy.
   Univ Verona, Dipartimento Sci Tecnol & Mercati Vite & Vino, I-37029 S Floriano, VR, Italy.
   Univ Siena, VIGNA, CRA Initiat, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
   Univ Siena, Consorzio Interuniv Nazl Biol Mol Piante, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); University of Udine; Universite Paris Saclay; INRAE; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Udine; University of Padua; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; INRAE; University of Milan; Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche (ITB-CNR); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); INRAE; Institut Agro; Institut Agro Montpellier; Universite de Montpellier; CIRAD; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); INRAE; Institut Agro; Institut Agro Montpellier; University of Verona; University of Verona; University of Siena; University of Siena
RP Wincker, P (corresponding author), Univ Evry, CEA, 2 Rue Gaston Cremieux,BP5706, F-91057 Evry, France.
EM pwincker@genoscope.cns.fr
NR 40
TC 2812
Z9 3362
U1 11
U2 635
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7161
BP 463
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature06148
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214GQ
UT WOS:000249724800041
PM 17721507
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bailey, JV
   Joye, SB
   Kalanetra, KM
   Flood, BE
   Corsetti, FA
AF Bailey, Jake V.
   Joye, Samantha B.
   Kalanetra, Karen M.
   Flood, Beverly E.
   Corsetti, Frank A.
TI Evidence of giant sulphur bacteria in Neoproterozoic phosphorites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID precambrian animal life; doushantuo formation; embryos; preservation; constraints; taphonomy; guizhou; fossils; algae
AB In situ phosphatization(1) and reductive cell division(2) have recently been discovered within the vacuolate sulphur-oxidizing bacteria. Here we show that certain Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation ( about 600 million years BP) microfossils, including structures previously interpreted as the oldest known metazoan eggs and embryos(3-10), can be interpreted as giant vacuolate sulphur bacteria. Sulphur bacteria of the genus Thiomargarita have sizes and morphologies similar to those of many Doushantuo microfossils, including symmetrical cell clusters that result from multiple stages of reductive division in three planes. We also propose that Doushantuo phosphorite precipitation was mediated by these bacteria, as shown in modern Thiomargarita-associated phosphogenic sites, thus providing the taphonomic conditions that preserved other fossils known from the Doushantuo Formation.
C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
C3 University of Southern California; University of Southern California; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia
RP Bailey, JV (corresponding author), Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
EM jvbailey@usc.edu
NR 30
TC 162
Z9 202
U1 2
U2 73
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7124
BP 198
EP 201
DI 10.1038/nature05457
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124QF
UT WOS:000243384300049
PM 17183268
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morth, JP
   Pedersen, BP
   Toustrup-Jensen, MS
   Sorensen, TLM
   Petersen, J
   Andersen, JP
   Vilsen, B
   Nissen, P
AF Morth, J. Preben
   Pedersen, Bjorn P.
   Toustrup-Jensen, Mads S.
   Sorensen, Thomas L. -M.
   Petersen, Janne
   Andersen, Jens Peter
   Vilsen, Bente
   Nissen, Poul
TI Crystal structure of the sodium-potassium pump
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmembrane segment m1; sarcoplasmic-reticulum; calcium-pump; cation-binding; alpha-subunit; k+-atpase; density-modification; gamma-subunit; fxyd proteins; ion-transport
AB The Na+, K+-ATPase generates electrochemical gradients for sodium and potassium that are vital to animal cells, exchanging three sodium ions for two potassium ions across the plasma membrane during each cycle of ATP hydrolysis. Here we present the X- ray crystal structure at 3.5 angstrom resolution of the pig renal Na+, K 1- ATPase with two rubidium ions bound ( as potassium congeners) in an occluded state in the transmembrane part of the alpha-subunit. Several of the residues forming the cavity for rubidium/potassium occlusion in the Na+, K+-ATPase are homologous to those binding calcium in the Ca2+- ATPase of sarco( endo) plasmic reticulum. The beta- and gamma-subunits specific to the Na+, K+- ATPase are associated with transmembrane helices alpha M7/alpha M10 and alpha M9, respectively. The alpha-subunit corresponds to a fragment of the V- type ATPase c subunit. The carboxy terminus of the alpha-subunit is contained within a pocket between transmembrane helices and seems to be a novel regulatory element controlling sodium affinity, possibly influenced by the membrane potential.
C1 Danish Natl Res Fdn, Ctr Membrane Pumps Cells & Dis PUMPKIN, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Aarhus Univ, Dept Mol Biol, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Aarhus Univ, Inst Physiol & Biophys, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
C3 Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Aarhus University; Aarhus University
RP Nissen, P (corresponding author), Danish Natl Res Fdn, Ctr Membrane Pumps Cells & Dis PUMPKIN, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
EM bv@fi.au.dk; pn@mb.au.dk
NR 52
TC 732
Z9 871
U1 6
U2 203
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1043
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature06419
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900078
PM 18075585
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Otto, SB
   Rall, BC
   Brose, U
AF Otto, Sonja B.
   Rall, Bjoern C.
   Brose, Ulrich
TI Allometric degree distributions facilitate food-web stability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prey body-size
AB In natural ecosystems, species are linked by feeding interactions that determine energy fluxes and create complex food webs. The stability of these food webs(1,2) enables many species to coexist and to form diverse ecosystems. Recent theory finds predator - prey body- mass ratios to be critically important for food- web stability(3-5). However, the mechanisms responsible for this stability are unclear. Here we use a bioenergetic consumer - resource model(6) to explore how and why only particular predator - prey body- mass ratios promote stability in tri- trophic ( three- species) food chains. We find that this 'persistence domain' of ratios is constrained by bottom- up energy availability when predators are much smaller than their prey and by enrichment- driven dynamics when predators are much larger. We also find that 97% of the tri- trophic food chains across five natural food webs(7) exhibit body- mass ratios within the predicted persistence domain. Further analyses of randomly rewired food webs show that body mass and allometric degree distributions in natural food webs mediate this consistency. The allometric degree distributions hold that the diversity of species' predators and prey decreases and increases, respectively, with increasing species' body masses. Our results demonstrate how simple relationships between species' body masses and feeding interactions may promote the stability of complex food webs.
C1 Tech Univ Darmstadt, Dept Biol, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
   Pacific Ecoinformat & Computat Ecol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94703 USA.
C3 Technical University of Darmstadt
RP Otto, SB (corresponding author), Tech Univ Darmstadt, Dept Biol, Schnittspahnstr 10, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
EM sonotto@bio.tu-darmstadt.de
NR 30
TC 245
Z9 267
U1 2
U2 103
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1226
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature06359
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200049
PM 18097408
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Torres-Padilla, ME
   Parfitt, DE
   Kouzarides, T
   Zernicka-Goetz, M
AF Torres-Padilla, Maria-Elena
   Parfitt, David-Emlyn
   Kouzarides, Tony
   Zernicka-Goetz, Magdalena
TI Histone arginine methylation regulates pluripotency in the early mouse embryo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein methyltransferase; stem-cells; blastomeres; expression; cleavage; receptor; h3; specification; embryogenesis; transcription
AB It has been generally accepted that the mammalian embryo starts its development with all cells identical, and only when inside and outside cells form do differences between cells first emerge. However, recent findings show that cells in the mouse embryo can differ in their developmental fate and potency as early as the four-cell stage(1-4). These differences depend on the orientation and order of the cleavage divisions that generated them(2,5). Because epigenetic marks are suggested to be involved in sustaining pluripotency(6,7), we considered that such developmental properties might be achieved through epigenetic mechanisms. Here we show that modification of histone H3, through the methylation of specific arginine residues, is correlated with cell fate and potency. Levels of H3 methylation at specific arginine residues are maximal in four-cell blastomeres that will contribute to the inner cell mass (ICM) and polar trophectoderm and undertake full development when combined together in chimaeras. Arginine methylation of H3 is minimal in cells whose progeny contributes more to the mural trophectoderm and that show compromised development when combined in chimaeras. This suggests that higher levels of H3 arginine methylation predispose blastomeres to contribute to the pluripotent cells of the ICM. We confirm this prediction by overexpressing the H3-specific arginine methyltransferase CARM1 in individual blastomeres and show that this directs their progeny to the ICM and results in a dramatic upregulation of Nanog and Sox2. Thus, our results identify specific histone modifications as the earliest known epigenetic marker contributing to development of ICM and show that manipulation of epigenetic information influences cell fate determination.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Gurdon Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Zernicka-Goetz, M (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Gurdon Inst, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
EM mzg@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
FU MRC [G0300723] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0300723, G0300723B] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [G0300723, G0800784] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust [064421] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 482
Z9 573
U1 2
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7124
BP 214
EP 218
DI 10.1038/nature05458
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124QF
UT WOS:000243384300053
PM 17215844
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Joo, HY
   Zhai, L
   Yang, CY
   Nie, SY
   Erdjument-Bromage, H
   Tempst, P
   Chang, CB
   Wang, HB
AF Joo, Heui-Yun
   Zhai, Ling
   Yang, Chunying
   Nie, Shuyi
   Erdjument-Bromage, Hediye
   Tempst, Paul
   Chang, Chenbei
   Wang, Hengbin
TI Regulation of cell cycle progression and gene expression by H2A deubiquitination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histone h2a; recombinant histones; x-inactivation; ubiquitylation; ubiquitination; transcription; phosphorylation; purification; chromosm; methylation
AB Post-translational histone modifications have important regulatory roles in chromatin structure and function(1-3). One example of such modifications is histone ubiquitination, which occurs predominately on histone H2A and H2B. Although the recent identification of the ubiquitin ligase for histone H2A has revealed important roles for H2A ubiquitination in Hox gene silencing(4-6) as well as in X-chromosome inactivation(7,8), the enzyme(s) involved in H2A deubiquitination and the function of H2A deubiquitination are not known. Here we report the identification and functional characterization of the major deubiquitinase for histone H2A, Ubp-M (also called USP16). Ubp-M prefers nucleosomal substrates in vitro, and specifically deubiquitinates histone H2A but not H2B in vitro and in vivo. Notably, knockdown of Ubp-M in HeLa cells results in slow cell growth rates owing to defects in the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Further studies reveal that H2A deubiquitination by Ubp-M is a prerequisite for subsequent phosphorylation of Ser 10 of H3 and chromosome segregation when cells enter mitosis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Ubp-M regulates Hox gene expression through H2A deubiquitination and that blocking the function of Ubp-M results in defective posterior development in Xenopus laevis. This study identifies the major deubiquitinase for histone H2A and demonstrates that H2A deubiquitination is critically involved in cell cycle progression and gene expression.
C1 Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Cell Biol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Wang, HB (corresponding author), Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Kaul Human Genet Bldg 402A,720 S 20th St, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
EM hbwang@uab.edu
NR 26
TC 262
Z9 328
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1068
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature06256
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000056
PM 17914355
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kumar, P
   Yuan, XH
   Kumar, MR
   Kind, R
   Li, XQ
   Chadha, RK
AF Kumar, Prakash
   Yuan, Xiaohui
   Kumar, M. Ravi
   Kind, Rainer
   Li, Xueqing
   Chadha, R. K.
TI The rapid drift of the Indian tectonic plate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary; upper-mantle; paleomagnetic constraints; receiver functions; beneath; antarctica; australia; cratons; breakup; africa
AB The breakup of the supercontinent Gondwanaland into Africa, Antarctica, Australia and India about 140 million years ago, and consequently the opening of the Indian Ocean, is thought to have been caused by heating of the lithosphere from below by a large plume whose relicts are now the Marion, Kerguelen and Reunion plumes. Plate reconstructions based on palaeomagnetic data suggest that the Indian plate attained a very high speed (18-20 cm yr(-1) during the late Cretaceous period) subsequent to its breakup from Gondwanaland, and then slowed to similar to 5 cm yr(-1) after the continental collision with Asia similar to 50 Myr ago(1,2). The Australian and African plates moved comparatively less distance and at much lower speeds of 2-4 cm yr(-1) (refs 3-5). Antarctica remained almost stationary. This mobility makes India unique among the fragments of Gondwanaland. Here we propose that when the fragments of Gondwanaland were separated by the plume, the penetration of their lithospheric roots into the asthenosphere were important in determining their speed. We estimated the thickness of the lithospheric plates of the different fragments of Gondwanaland around the Indian Ocean by using the shear-wave receiver function technique. We found that the fragment of Gondwanaland with clearly the thinnest lithosphere is India. The lithospheric roots in South Africa, Australia and Antarctica are between 180 and 300 km deep, whereas the Indian lithosphere extends only about 100 km deep. We infer that the plume that partitioned Gondwanaland may have also melted the lower half of the Indian lithosphere, thus permitting faster motion due to ridge push or slab pull.
C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Natl Geophys Res Inst, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India.
   Free Univ Berlin, D-12249 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; CSIR - National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI); Free University of Berlin
RP Kind, R (corresponding author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
EM kind@gfz-potsdam.de
NR 33
TC 402
Z9 440
U1 7
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 894
EP 897
DI 10.1038/nature06214
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600044
PM 17943128
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krimpenfort, P
   IJpenberg, A
   Song, JY
   van der Valk, M
   Nawijn, M
   Zevenhoven, J
   Berns, A
AF Krimpenfort, Paul
   IJpenberg, Annemieke
   Song, Ji-Ying
   van der Valk, Martin
   Nawijn, Martijn
   Zevenhoven, John
   Berns, Anton
TI p15Ink4b is a critical tumour suppressor in the absence of p16Ink4a
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ink4a locus; mice; tumorigenesis; p19(arf); inhibitors; genes; product; cancer; cells; p53
AB The CDKN2b-CDKN2a locus on chromosome 9p21 in human (chromosome 4 in mouse) is frequently lost in cancer. The locus encodes three cell cycle inhibitory proteins: p15(INK4b) encoded by CDKN2b, p16(INK4a) encoded by CDKN2a and p14(ARF) (p19(Arf) in mice) encoded by an alternative reading frame of CDKN2a (ref. 1). Whereas the tumour suppressor functions for p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF) have been firmly established, the role of p15(INK4b) remains ambiguous. However, many 9p21 deletions also remove CDKN2b, so we hypothesized a synergistic effect of the combined deficiency for p15(INK4b), p14(ARF) and p16(INK4a). Here we report that mice deficient for all three open reading frames (Cdkn2ab(-/-)) are more tumour-prone and develop a wider spectrum of tumours than Cdkn2a mutant mice, with a preponderance of skin tumours and soft tissue sarcomas (for example, mesothelioma) frequently composed of mixed cell types and often showing biphasic differentiation. Cdkn2ab(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are substantially more sensitive to oncogenic transformation than Cdkn2a mutant MEFs. Under conditions of stress, p15(Ink4b) protein levels are significantly elevated in MEFs deficient for p16(Ink4a). Our data indicate that p15(Ink4b) can fulfil a critical backup function for p16(Ink4a) and provide an explanation for the frequent loss of the complete CDKN2b-CDKN2a locus in human tumours.
C1 Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Genet, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Ctr Biomed Genet, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Dept Expt Anim Pathol, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Netherlands Cancer Institute
RP Berns, A (corresponding author), Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Genet, Plesmanlaan 121, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM a.berns@nki.nl
NR 24
TC 219
Z9 260
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7156
BP 943
EP U11
DI 10.1038/nature06084
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202OM
UT WOS:000248912900050
PM 17713536
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Northen, TR
   Yanes, O
   Northen, MT
   Marrinucci, D
   Uritboonthai, W
   Apon, J
   Golledge, SL
   Nordström, A
   Siuzdak, G
AF Northen, Trent R.
   Yanes, Oscar
   Northen, Michael T.
   Marrinucci, Dena
   Uritboonthai, Winnie
   Apon, Junefredo
   Golledge, Stephen L.
   Nordstrom, Anders
   Siuzdak, Gary
TI Clathrate nanostructures for mass spectrometry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID secondary-ion ms; desorption-ionization; electrospray-ionization; large biomolecules; tissue-sections; separation; proteins; drugs; blood; sims
AB The ability of mass spectrometry to generate intact biomolecular ions efficiently in the gas phase has led to its widespread application in metabolomics(1), proteomics(2), biological imaging(3), biomarker discovery(4) and clinical assays (namely neonatal screens(5)). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization(6,7) (MALDI) and electrospray ionization(8) have been at the forefront of these developments. However, matrix application complicates the use of MALDI for cellular, tissue, biofluid and microarray analysis and can limit the spatial resolution because of the matrix crystal size(9) (typically more than 10 mu m), sensitivity and detection of small compounds (less than 500 Da). Secondary-ion mass spectrometry(10) has extremely high lateral resolution (100 nm) and has found biological applications(11,12) although the energetic desorption/ionization is a limitation owing to molecular fragmentation. Here we introduce nanostructure- initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS), a tool for spatially defined mass analysis. NIMS uses 'initiator' molecules trapped in nanostructured surfaces or 'clathrates' to release and ionize intact molecules adsorbed on the surface. This surface responds to both ion and laser irradiation. The lateral resolution (ion-NIMS about 150 nm), sensitivity, matrix-free and reduced fragmentation of NIMS allows direct characterization of peptide microarrays, direct mass analysis of single cells, tissue imaging, and direct characterization of blood and urine.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Scripps Ctr Mass Spectrometry, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Oregon, CAMCOR Surface Anal Facil, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of Oregon
RP Siuzdak, G (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, 10666 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM siuzdak@scripps.edu
NR 28
TC 411
Z9 490
U1 2
U2 305
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1033
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature06195
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000048
PM 17960240
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jakobsson, M
   Backman, J
   Rudels, B
   Nycander, J
   Frank, M
   Mayer, L
   Jokat, W
   Sangiorgi, F
   O'Regan, M
   Brinkhuis, H
   King, J
   Moran, K
AF Jakobsson, Martin
   Backman, Jan
   Rudels, Bert
   Nycander, Jonas
   Frank, Martin
   Mayer, Larry
   Jokat, Wilfried
   Sangiorgi, Francesca
   O'Regan, Matthew
   Brinkhuis, Henk
   King, John
   Moran, Kathryn
TI The early Miocene onset of a ventilated circulation regime in the Arctic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lomonosov ridge; fram strait; basin
AB Deep-water formation in the northern North Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean is a key driver of the global thermohaline circulation and hence also of global climate(1). Deciphering the history of the circulation regime in the Arctic Ocean has long been prevented by the lack of data from cores of Cenozoic sediments from the Arctic's deep-sea floor. Similarly, the timing of the opening of a connection between the northern North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean, permitting deep-water exchange, has been poorly constrained. This situation changed when the first drill cores were recovered from the central Arctic Ocean(2). Here we use these cores to show that the transition from poorly oxygenated to fully oxygenated ('ventilated') conditions in the Arctic Ocean occurred during the later part of early Miocene times. We attribute this pronounced change in ventilation regime to the opening of the Fram Strait. A palaeo-geographic and palaeo-bathymetric reconstruction of the Arctic Ocean, together with a physical oceanographic analysis of the evolving strait and sill conditions in the Fram Strait, suggests that the Arctic Ocean went from an oxygen-poor 'lake stage', to a transitional 'estuarine sea' phase with variable ventilation, and finally to the fully ventilated 'ocean' phase 17.5 Myr ago. The timing of this palaeo-oceanographic change coincides with the onset of the middle Miocene climatic optimum(3), although it remains unclear if there is a causal relationship between these two events.
C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Geol & Geochem, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Stockholm Univ, Dept Meteorol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Finnish Inst Marine Res, FI-00561 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Kiel, IFM GEOMAR, Leibniz Inst MArine Sci, DE-24148 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Coastal & Ocean Mapping, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar Res, DE-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Univ Utrecht, Palaeobot & Palynol Lab, NL-3584 Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
C3 Stockholm University; Stockholm University; Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; University of Kiel; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; Utrecht University; University of Rhode Island
RP Jakobsson, M (corresponding author), Stockholm Univ, Dept Geol & Geochem, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM martin.jakobsson@geo.su.se
NR 29
TC 221
Z9 241
U1 1
U2 57
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7147
BP 986
EP 990
DI 10.1038/nature05924
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180NU
UT WOS:000247373100043
PM 17581581
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Day, J
   Beamish, J
AF Day, James
   Beamish, John
TI Low-temperature shear modulus changes in solid 4He and connection to supersolidity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hcp he-4; sound-velocity; bcc he-3; dislocations; impurity; crystals; helium
AB Superfluidity - liquid flow without friction - is familiar in helium. The first evidence for 'supersolidity', its analogue in quantum solids, came from torsional oscillator measurements(1,2) involving He-4. At temperatures below 200 mK, the torsional oscillator frequencies increased, suggesting that some of the solid decoupled from the oscillator. This behaviour has been replicated by several groups(3-7), but solid He-4 does not respond to pressure differences(8), and persistent currents and other signatures of superflow have not been seen. Both experiments and theory(9-14) indicate that defects are involved; these should also affect the solid's mechanical behaviour. Here we report a measurement of the shear modulus of solid He-4 at low frequencies and strains. We observe large increases below 200 mK, with the same dependence on measurement amplitude, He-3 impurity concentration and annealing as the decoupling seen in the torsional oscillator experiments. We explain this unusual elastic behaviour in terms of a dislocation network that is pinned by He-3 at the lowest temperatures but becomes mobile above 100 mK. The frequency changes in the torsional oscillator experiments appear to be related to the motion of these dislocations, perhaps by disrupting a possible supersolid state.
C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada.
C3 University of Alberta
RP Beamish, J (corresponding author), Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada.
EM beamish@phys.ualberta.ca
NR 30
TC 278
Z9 298
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 853
EP 856
DI 10.1038/nature06383
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900050
PM 18064007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tritsch, NX
   Yi, EY
   Gale, JE
   Glowatzki, E
   Bergles, DE
AF Tritsch, Nicolas X.
   Yi, Eunyoung
   Gale, Jonathan E.
   Glowatzki, Elisabeth
   Bergles, Dwight E.
TI The origin of spontaneous activity in the developing auditory system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inner hair-cells; mammalian cochlea; brain-stem; calcium currents; hearing; nerve; rat; ear; organization; astrocytes
AB Spontaneous activity in the developing auditory system is required for neuronal survival as well as the refinement and maintenance of tonotopic maps in the brain. However, the mechanisms responsible for initiating auditory nerve firing in the absence of sound have not been determined. Here we show that supporting cells in the developing rat cochlea spontaneously release ATP, which causes nearby inner hair cells to depolarize and release glutamate, triggering discrete bursts of action potentials in primary auditory neurons. This endogenous, ATP-mediated signalling synchronizes the output of neighbouring inner hair cells, which may help refine tonotopic maps in the brain. Spontaneous ATP-dependent signalling rapidly subsides after the onset of hearing, thereby preventing this experience-independent activity from interfering with accurate encoding of sound. These data indicate that supporting cells in the organ of Corti initiate electrical activity in auditory nerves before hearing, pointing to an essential role for peripheral, non-sensory cells in the development of central auditory pathways.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Solomon H Snyder Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Ctr Hearing & Balance, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   UCL, UCL Ear Inst, London WC1X 8EE, England.
   UCL, Dept Physiol, London WC1X 8EE, England.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP Bergles, DE (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Solomon H Snyder Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM dbergles@jhmi.edu
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC006476] Funding Source: Medline
NR 46
TC 442
Z9 523
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 50
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06233
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800034
PM 17972875
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chapman, HN
   Hau-Riege, SP
   Bogan, MJ
   Bajt, S
   Barty, A
   Boutet, S
   Marchesini, S
   Frank, M
   Woods, BW
   Benner, WH
   London, RA
   Rohner, U
   Szöke, A
   Spiller, E
   Möller, T
   Bostedt, C
   Shapiro, DA
   Kuhlmann, M
   Treusch, R
   Plönjes, E
   Burmeister, F
   Bergh, M
   Caleman, C
   Huldt, G
   Seibert, MM
   Hajdu, J
AF Chapman, Henry N.
   Hau-Riege, Stefan P.
   Bogan, Michael J.
   Bajt, Sasa
   Barty, Anton
   Boutet, Sebastien
   Marchesini, Stefano
   Frank, Matthias
   Woods, Bruce W.
   Benner, W. Henry
   London, Richard A.
   Rohner, Urs
   Szoeke, Abraham
   Spiller, Eberhard
   Moeller, Thomas
   Bostedt, Christoph
   Shapiro, David A.
   Kuhlmann, Marion
   Treusch, Rolf
   Ploenjes, Elke
   Burmeister, Florian
   Bergh, Magnus
   Caleman, Carl
   Huldt, Goesta
   Seibert, M. Marvin
   Hajdu, Janos
TI Femtosecond time-delay X-ray holography
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID free-electron laser; pulses; generation; light; scattering; radiation; dynamics
AB Extremely intense and ultrafast X-ray pulses from free-electron lasers offer unique opportunities to study fundamental aspects of complex transient phenomena in materials. Ultrafast time-resolved methods usually require highly synchronized pulses to initiate a transition and then probe it after a precisely defined time delay. In the X-ray regime, these methods are challenging because they require complex optical systems and diagnostics. Here we propose and apply a simple holographic measurement scheme, inspired by Newton's 'dusty mirror' experiment(1), to monitor the X-ray-induced explosion of microscopic objects. The sample is placed near an X-ray mirror; after the pulse traverses the sample, triggering the reaction, it is reflected back onto the sample by the mirror to probe this reaction. The delay is encoded in the resulting diffraction pattern to an accuracy of one femtosecond, and the structural change is holographically recorded with high resolution. We apply the technique to monitor the dynamics of polystyrene spheres in intense free-electron-laser pulses, and observe an explosion occurring well after the initial pulse. Our results support the notion that X-ray flash imaging(2,3) can be used to achieve high resolution, beyond radiation damage limits for biological samples(4). With upcoming ultrafast X-ray sources we will be able to explore the three-dimensional dynamics of materials at the time-scale of atomic motion.
C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Biophoton Sci & Technol, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Uppsala Univ, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Lab Mol Biophys, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Opt & Atomare Phys, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
   DESY, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Davis; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; Uppsala University; Technical University of Berlin; Helmholtz Association; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
RP Chapman, HN (corresponding author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
EM henry.chapman@llnl.gov
NR 32
TC 215
Z9 226
U1 0
U2 92
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7154
BP 676
EP 679
DI 10.1038/nature06049
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 197ZY
UT WOS:000248598000040
PM 17687320
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ago, H
   Kanaoka, Y
   Irikura, D
   Lam, BK
   Shimamura, T
   Austen, KF
   Miyano, M
AF Ago, Hideo
   Kanaoka, Yoshihide
   Irikura, Daisuke
   Lam, Bing K.
   Shimamura, Tatsuro
   Austen, K. Frank
   Miyano, Masashi
TI Crystal structure of a human membrane protein involved in cysteinyl leukotriene biosynthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-4 synthase; glutathione; identification; transferase; expression; substance; cloning; enzyme
AB The cysteinyl leukotrienes, namely leukotriene (LT)C-4 and its metabolites LTD4 and LTE4, the components of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis(1,2), are lipid mediators of smooth muscle constriction(3-5) and inflammation(6,7), particularly implicated in bronchial asthma(8,9). LTC4 synthase (LTC4S), the pivotal enzyme for the biosynthesis of LTC4 (ref. 10), is an 18-kDa integral nuclear membrane protein(11,12) that belongs to a superfamily of membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism that includes 5-lipoxygenase- activating protein, microsomal glutathione S-transferases (MGSTs), and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 (ref. 13). LTC4S conjugates glutathione to LTA(4), the endogenous substrate derived from arachidonic acid through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway(14). In contrast with MGST2 and MGST3 (refs 15, 16), LTC4S does not conjugate glutathione to xenobiotics(17). Here we show the atomic structure of human LTC4S in a complex with glutathione at 3.3 angstrom resolution by X-ray crystallography and provide insights into the high substrate specificity for glutathione and LTA(4) that distinguishes LTC4S from other MGSTs. The LTC4S monomer has four transmembrane alpha-helices and forms a threefold symmetric trimer as a unit with functional domains across each interface. Glutathione resides in a U-shaped conformation within an interface between adjacent monomers, and this binding is stabilized by a loop structure at the top of the interface. LTA(4) would fit into the interface so that Arg 104 of one monomer activates glutathione to provide the thiolate anion that attacks C6 of LTA(4) to form a thioether bond, and Arg 31 in the neighbouring monomer donates a proton to form a hydroxyl group at C5, resulting in 5(S)-hydroxy-6(R)-S-glutathionyl-7,9-trans-11,14-cis-eicosatetraenoic acid (LTC4). These findings provide a structural basis for the development of LTC4S inhibitors for a proinflammatory pathway mediated by three cysteinyl leukotriene ligands whose stability and potency are different and by multiple cysteinyl leukotriene receptors whose functions may be non-redundant.
C1 Harima Inst, Struct Biophys Lab, RIKEN SPring Ctr 8, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Rheumatol Immunol & Allergy, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 RIKEN; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
RP Miyano, M (corresponding author), Harima Inst, Struct Biophys Lab, RIKEN SPring Ctr 8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
EM fausten@rics.bwh.harvard.edu; miyano@spring8.or.jp
NR 31
TC 129
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7153
BP 609
EP U12
DI 10.1038/nature05936
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 195XV
UT WOS:000248446700047
PM 17632548
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jazayeri, M
   Movshon, JA
AF Jazayeri, Mehrdad
   Movshon, J. Anthony
TI A new perceptual illusion reveals mechanisms of sensory decoding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-motion; discrimination; populations; neurons; cortex; cat
AB Perceptual illusions are usually thought to arise from the way sensory signals are encoded by the brain, and indeed are often used to infer the mechanisms of sensory encoding(1). But perceptual illusions might also result from the way the brain decodes sensory information(2), reflecting the strategies that optimize performance in particular tasks. In a fine discrimination task, the most accurate information comes from neurons tuned away from the discrimination boundary(3,4), and observers seem to use signals from these 'displaced' neurons to optimize their performance(5,6,7). We wondered whether using signals from these neurons might also bias perception. In a fine direction discrimination task using moving random-dot stimuli, we found that observers' perception of the direction of motion is indeed biased away from the boundary. This misperception can be accurately described by a decoding model that preferentially weights signals from neurons whose responses best discriminate those directions. In a coarse discrimination task, to which a different decoding rule applies(4), the same stimulus is not misperceived, suggesting that the illusion is a direct consequence of the decoding strategy that observers use to make fine perceptual judgments. The subjective experience of motion is therefore not mediated directly by the responses of sensory neurons, but is only developed after the responses of these neurons are decoded.
C1 NYU, Ctr Neural Sci, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 New York University
RP Jazayeri, M (corresponding author), NYU, Ctr Neural Sci, 4 Washington Pl, New York, NY 10003 USA.
EM mjaz@cns.nyu.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY004440, R01 EY002017] Funding Source: Medline
NR 13
TC 135
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7138
BP 912
EP 915
DI 10.1038/nature05739
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 158IR
UT WOS:000245785700042
PM 17410125
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Junt, T
   Moseman, EA
   Iannacone, M
   Massberg, S
   Lang, PA
   Boes, M
   Fink, K
   Henrickson, SE
   Shayakhmetov, DM
   Di Paolo, NC
   Van Rooijen, N
   Mempel, TR
   Whelan, SP
   von Andrian, UH
AF Junt, Tobias
   Moseman, E. Ashley
   Iannacone, Matteo
   Massberg, Steffen
   Lang, Philipp A.
   Boes, Marianne
   Fink, Katja
   Henrickson, Sarah E.
   Shayakhmetov, Dmitry M.
   Di Paolo, Nelson C.
   Van Rooijen, Nico
   Mempel, Thorsten R.
   Whelan, Sean P.
   von Andrian, Ulrich H.
TI Subcapsular sinus macrophages in lymph nodes clear lymph-borne viruses and present them to antiviral B cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immune-responses; dendritic cells; mice; lymphocytes; complement; receptors
AB Lymph nodes prevent the systemic dissemination of pathogens such as viruses that infect peripheral tissues after penetrating the body's surface barriers. They are also the staging ground of adaptive immune responses to pathogen-derived antigens(1,2). It is unclear how virus particles are cleared from afferent lymph and presented to cognate B cells to induce antibody responses. Here we identify a population of CD11b(+)CD169(+)MHCII(+) macrophages on the floor of the subcapsular sinus (SCS) and in the medulla of lymph nodes that capture viral particles within minutes after subcutaneous injection. Macrophages in the SCS translocated surface-bound viral particles across the SCS floor and presented them to migrating B cells in the underlying follicles. Selective depletion of these macrophages compromised local viral retention, exacerbated viraemia of the host, and impaired local B-cell activation. These findings indicate that CD169(+) macrophages have a dual physiological function. They act as innate 'flypaper' by preventing the systemic spread of lymph-borne pathogens and as critical gatekeepers at the lymph-tissue interface that facilitate the recognition of particulate antigens by B cells and initiate humoral immune responses.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Immune Dis Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Dermatol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Ist Sci San Raffaele, Immunopathogenesis Liver Infect Unit, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Zurich Hosp, Inst Expt Immunol, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Novartis Inst Trop Dis, Singapore 138670, Singapore.
   Univ Washington, Dept Med, Div Med Genet, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, VUMC, Fac Med, Dept Mol Cell Biol, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; University of Zurich; University Zurich Hospital; Novartis; Novartis Singapore; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP von Andrian, UH (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Immune Dis Inst, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM uva@hms.harvard.edu
FU National Institute of General Medical Sciences [T32GM007753] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI059371] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM007753] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 685
Z9 842
U1 2
U2 58
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 110
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06287
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800047
PM 17934446
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sluijs, A
   Brinkhuis, H
   Schouten, S
   Bohaty, SM
   John, CM
   Zachos, JC
   Reichart, GJ
   Damsté, JSS
   Crouch, EM
   Dickens, GR
AF Sluijs, Appy
   Brinkhuis, Henk
   Schouten, Stefan
   Bohaty, Steven M.
   John, Cedric M.
   Zachos, James C.
   Reichart, Gert-Jan
   Damste, Jaap S. Sinninghe
   Crouch, Erica M.
   Dickens, Gerald R.
TI Environmental precursors to rapid light carbon injection at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eocene thermal maximum; methane hydrate; late paleocene; isotope excursion; membrane-lipids; temperatures; marine; ocean; gas; dissociation
AB The start of the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum - a period of exceptional global warming about 55 million years ago - is marked by a prominent negative carbon isotope excursion that reflects a massive input of C-13-depleted (`light') carbon to the ocean - atmosphere system(1). It is often assumed(2) that this carbon injection initiated the rapid increase in global surface temperatures and environmental change that characterize the climate perturbation(3-7), but the exact sequence of events remains uncertain. Here we present chemical and biotic records of environmental change across the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary from two sediment sections in New Jersey that have high sediment accumulation rates. We show that the onsets of environmental change ( as recorded by the abundant occurrence ('acme') of the dinoflagellate cyst Apectodinium) and of surface- ocean warming ( as evidenced by the palaeothermometer TEX86) preceded the light carbon injection by several thousand years. The onset of the Apectodinium acme also precedes the carbon isotope excursion in sections from the southwest Pacific Ocean(8) and the North Sea, indicating that the early onset of environmental change was not confined to the New Jersey shelf. The lag of similar to 3,000 years between the onset of warming in New Jersey shelf waters and the carbon isotope excursion is consistent with the hypothesis that bottom water warming caused the injection of C-13-depleted carbon by triggering the dissociation of submarine methane hydrates(1,9,10), but the cause of the early warming remains uncertain.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Palaeobot & Palynol Lab, Inst Environm Biol, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Dept Earth Sci, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Inst Sea Res, Dept Marine Biogeochem & Toxicol, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA.
   Rice Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
C3 Utrecht University; Utrecht University; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ); University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Rice University
RP Sluijs, A (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Palaeobot & Palynol Lab, Inst Environm Biol, Budapestlaan 4, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM A.Sluijs@uu.nl
NR 30
TC 284
Z9 333
U1 3
U2 100
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1218
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature06400
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200047
PM 18097406
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsakmakidis, KL
   Boardman, AD
   Hess, O
AF Tsakmakidis, Kosmas L.
   Boardman, Allan D.
   Hess, Ortwin
TI 'Trapped rainbow' storage of light in metamaterials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID slow light
AB Light usually propagates inside transparent materials in well known ways(1). However, recent research(2-6) has examined the possibility of modifying the way the light travels by taking a normal transparent dielectric and inserting tiny metallic inclusions of various shapes and arrangements. As light passes through these structures, oscillating electric currents are set up that generate electromagnetic field moments; these can lead to dramatic effects on the light propagation, such as negative refraction. Possible applications include lenses that break traditional diffraction limits(3,4) and `invisibility cloaks' (refs 5, 6). Significantly less research has focused on the potential of such structures for slowing, trapping and releasing light signals. Here we demonstrate theoretically that an axially varying heterostructure with a metamaterial core of negative refractive index can be used to efficiently and coherently bring light to a complete standstill. In contrast to previous approaches for decelerating and storing light(7-13), the present scheme simultaneously allows for high in-coupling efficiencies and broadband, room-temperature operation. Surprisingly, our analysis reveals a critical point at which the effective thickness of the waveguide is reduced to zero, preventing the light wave from propagating further. At this point, the light ray is permanently trapped, its trajectory forming a double light-cone that we call an `optical clepsydra'. Each frequency component of the wave packet is stopped at a different guide thickness, leading to the spatial separation of its spectrum and the formation of a `trapped rainbow'. Our results bridge the gap between two important contemporary realms of science-metamaterials and slow light. Combined investigations may lead to applications in optical data processing and storage or the realization of quantum optical memories.
C1 Univ Surrey, Fac Engn & Phys Sci, Adv Technol Inst, Guildford GU7 1QR, Surrey, England.
   Univ Surrey, Fac Engn & Phys Sci, Dept Phys, Guildford GU7 1QR, Surrey, England.
   Univ Salford, Dept Phys, Joule Lab, Photon & Nonlinear Sci Grp, Salford M5 4WT, Lancs, England.
C3 University of Surrey; University of Surrey; University of Salford
RP Hess, O (corresponding author), Univ Surrey, Fac Engn & Phys Sci, Adv Technol Inst, Guildford GU7 1QR, Surrey, England.
EM O.Hess@surrey.ac.uk
FU EPSRC [EP/E033601/1, EP/E031684/1] Funding Source: UKRI; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/E033601/1, EP/E031684/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 794
Z9 879
U1 4
U2 383
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 397
EP 401
DI 10.1038/nature06285
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600050
PM 18004380
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dery, H
   Dalal, P
   Cywinski, L
   Sham, LJ
AF Dery, H.
   Dalal, P.
   Cywinski, L.
   Sham, L. J.
TI Spin-based logic in semiconductors for reconfigurable large-scale circuits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID room-temperature; giant magnetoresistance; cellular-automata; injection; transport; exchange; gaas
AB Research in semiconductor spintronics aims to extend the scope of conventional electronics by using the spin degree of freedom of an electron in addition to its charge(1). Significant scientific advances in this area have been reported, such as the development of diluted ferromagnetic semiconductors(2,)3, spin injection into semiconductors from ferromagnetic metals(4-8) and discoveries of new physical phenomena involving electron spin(9,10). Yet no viable means of developing spintronics in semiconductors has been presented. Here we report a theoretical design that is a conceptual step forward-spin accumulation is used as the basis of a semiconductor computer circuit. Although the giant magnetoresistance effect in metals(11,12) has already been commercially exploited, it does not extend to semiconductor/ ferromagnet systems, because the effect is too weak for logic operations. We overcome this obstacle by using spin accumulation rather than spin flow(13-15). The basic element in our design is a logic gate that consists of a semiconductor structure with multiple magnetic contacts; this serves to perform fast and reprogrammable logic operations in a noisy, room-temperature environment. We then introduce a method to interconnect a large number of these gates to form a 'spin computer'. As the shrinking of conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transistors reaches its intrinsic limit, greater computational capability will mean an increase in both circuit area and power dissipation. Our spin-based approach may provide wide margins for further scaling and also greater computational capability per gate.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Dery, H (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM hdery@ucsd.edu
NR 30
TC 385
Z9 445
U1 2
U2 126
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7144
BP 573
EP 576
DI 10.1038/nature05833
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 172YZ
UT WOS:000246842000044
PM 17538616
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benton, R
   Vannice, KS
   Vosshall, LB
AF Benton, Richard
   Vannice, Kirsten S.
   Vosshall, Leslie B.
TI An essential role for a CD36-related receptor in pheromone detection in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID olfactory neurons; sex-pheromone; cd36 family; fly brain; melanogaster; responses; protein; reveals; acetate; system
AB The CD36 family of transmembrane receptors is present across metazoans and has been implicated biochemically in lipid binding and transport(1). Several CD36 proteins function in the immune system as scavenger receptors for bacterial pathogens and seem to act as cofactors for Toll-like receptors by facilitating recognition of bacterially derived lipids(2-4). Here we show that a Drosophila melanogaster CD36 homologue, Sensory neuron membrane protein (SNMP), is expressed in a population of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) implicated in pheromone detection. SNMP is essential for the electrophysiological responses of OSNs expressing the receptor OR67d to (Z)-11-octadecenyl acetate (cis-vaccenyl acetate, cVA), a volatile male-specific fatty-acid-derived pheromone that regulates sexual and social aggregation behaviours(5-8). SNMP is also required for the activation of the moth pheromone receptor HR13 by its lipid-derived pheromone ligand (Z)-11-hexadecenal(9), but is dispensable for the responses of the conventional odorant receptor OR22a to its short hydrocarbon fruit ester ligands. Finally, we show that SNMP is required for responses of OR67d to cVA when ectopically expressed in OSNs not normally activated by pheromones. Because mammalian CD36 binds fatty acids(10), we suggest that SNMP acts in concert with odorant receptors to capture pheromone molecules on the surface of olfactory dendrites. Our work identifies an unanticipated cofactor for odorant receptors that is likely to have a widespread role in insect pheromone detection. Moreover, these results define a unifying model for CD36 function, coupling recognition of lipid-based extracellular ligands to signalling receptors in both pheromonal communication and pathogen recognition through the innate immune system.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Neurogenet & Behav, New York, NY 10065 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP Vosshall, LB (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Neurogenet & Behav, 1230 York Ave,Box 63, New York, NY 10065 USA.
EM leslie@mail.rockefeller.edu
NR 39
TC 436
Z9 510
U1 5
U2 116
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7167
BP 289
EP U13
DI 10.1038/nature06328
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228RC
UT WOS:000250746200059
PM 17943085
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, XB
   Zwiers, FW
   Hegerl, GC
   Lambert, FH
   Gillett, NP
   Solomon, S
   Stott, PA
   Nozawa, T
AF Zhang, Xuebin
   Zwiers, Francis W.
   Hegerl, Gabriele C.
   Lambert, F. Hugo
   Gillett, Nathan P.
   Solomon, Susan
   Stott, Peter A.
   Nozawa, Toru
TI Detection of human influence on twentieth-century precipitation trends
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID attribution analysis; hydrological cycle; temperature; sensitivity; aerosol
AB Human influence on climate has been detected in surface air temperature(1-5), sea level pressure(6), free atmospheric temperature(7), tropopause height(8) and ocean heat content(9). Human-induced changes have not, however, previously been detected in precipitation at the global scale(10-12), partly because changes in precipitation in different regions cancel each other out and thereby reduce the strength of the global average signal(13-19). Models suggest that anthropogenic forcing should have caused a small increase in global mean precipitation and a latitudinal redistribution of precipitation, increasing precipitation at high latitudes, decreasing precipitation at sub-tropical latitudes(15,18,19), and possibly changing the distribution of precipitation within the tropics by shifting the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone(20). Here we compare observed changes in land precipitation during the twentieth century averaged over latitudinal bands with changes simulated by fourteen climate models. We show that anthropogenic forcing has had a detectable influence on observed changes in average precipitation within latitudinal bands, and that these changes cannot be explained by internal climate variability or natural forcing. We estimate that anthropogenic forcing contributed significantly to observed increases in precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, drying in the Northern Hemisphere subtropics and tropics, and moistening in the Southern Hemisphere subtropics and deep tropics. The observed changes, which are larger than estimated from model simulations, may have already had significant effects on ecosystems, agriculture and human health in regions that are sensitive to changes in precipitation, such as the Sahel.
C1 Environm Canada, Div Climate Res, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.
   Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geog, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   Univ Reading, Met Off, Hadley Ctr, Reading Unit, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England.
   Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan.
C3 Environment & Climate Change Canada; Duke University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of East Anglia; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre; University of Reading; National Institute for Environmental Studies - Japan
RP Zwiers, FW (corresponding author), Environm Canada, Div Climate Res, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.
EM francis.zwiers@ec.gc.ca
NR 31
TC 820
Z9 993
U1 5
U2 468
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7152
BP 461
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature06025
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 193VG
UT WOS:000248302700044
PM 17646832
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Silvotti, R
   Schuh, S
   Janulis, R
   Solheim, JE
   Bernabei, S
   Ostensen, R
   Oswalt, TD
   Bruni, I
   Gualandi, R
   Bonanno, A
   Vauclair, G
   Reed, M
   Chen, CW
   Leibowitz, E
   Paparo, M
   Baran, A
   Charpinet, S
   Dolez, N
   Kawaler, S
   Kurtz, D
   Moskalik, P
   Riddle, R
   Zola, S
AF Silvotti, R.
   Schuh, S.
   Janulis, R.
   Solheim, J.-E.
   Bernabei, S.
   Ostensen, R.
   Oswalt, T. D.
   Bruni, I.
   Gualandi, R.
   Bonanno, A.
   Vauclair, G.
   Reed, M.
   Chen, C. -W.
   Leibowitz, E.
   Paparo, M.
   Baran, A.
   Charpinet, S.
   Dolez, N.
   Kawaler, S.
   Kurtz, D.
   Moskalik, P.
   Riddle, R.
   Zola, S.
TI A giant planet orbiting the 'extreme horizontal branch' star V391 Pegasi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subdwarf-b-stars; stellar evolution; system; dwarf; companion; jupiter; pulsar; modes
AB After the initial discoveries fifteen years ago(1,2), over 200 extrasolar planets have now been detected. Most of them orbit main-sequence stars similar to our Sun, although a few planets orbiting red giant stars have been recently found(3). When the hydrogen in their cores runs out, main-sequence stars undergo an expansion into red-giant stars. This expansion can modify the orbits of planets and can easily reach and engulf the inner planets. The same will happen to the planets of our Solar System in about five billion years and the fate of the Earth is matter of debate(4,5). Here we report the discovery of a planetary-mass body (Msini = 3.2M(Jupiter)) orbiting the star V 391 Pegasi at a distance of about 1.7 astronomical units (AU), with a period of 3.2 years. This star is on the extreme horizontal branch of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, burning helium in its core and pulsating. The maximum radius of the red-giant precursor of V 391 Pegasi may have reached 0.7 AU, while the orbital distance of the planet during the stellar main-sequence phase is estimated to be about 1 AU. This detection of a planet orbiting a post-red-giant star demonstrates that planets with orbital distances of less than 2 AU can survive the red-giant expansion of their parent stars.
C1 Osserv Astron Capodimonte, INAF, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
   Univ Gottingen, Inst Astrophys, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   Vilnius State Univ, Inst Theoret Phys & Astron, LT-01108 Vilnius, Lithuania.
   Univ Oslo, Inst Teoret Astrofys, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.
   Osservatorio Astron Bologna, INAF, I-40127 Bologna, Italy.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Astron, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
   Florida Inst Technol, Dept Phys & Space Sci, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA.
   Florida Inst Technol, SARA Observ, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA.
   Osserv Astrofis Catania, INAF, I-95123 Catania, Italy.
   Univ Toulouse 3, Observ Midi Pyrenees, CNRS, UMR5572, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
   Missouri State Univ, Dept Phys Astron & Mat Sci, Springfield, MO 65897 USA.
   Natl Cent Univ, Inst Astron, Chungli 32054, Taiwan.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Wise Observ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Konkoly Observ Budapest, H-1525 Budapest 12, Hungary.
   Cracow Pedag Univ, PL-30084 Krakow, Poland.
   Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
   Univ Cent Lancashire, Ctr Astrophys, Preston PR1 2HE, Lancs, England.
   Copernicus Astron Ctr, PL-00716 Warsaw, Poland.
   Thirty Meter Telescope Project, Pasadena, CA 91107 USA.
   Jagiellonian Univ, Astron Observ, PL-30244 Krakow, Poland.
C3 Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Gottingen; Vilnius University; University of Oslo; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); KU Leuven; Florida Institute of Technology; Florida Institute of Technology; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Missouri State University; National Central University; Tel Aviv University; HUN-REN; HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy & Earth Sciences; Konkoly Thege Miklos Astronomical Institute; University of the National Education Commission; Iowa State University; University of Lancashire; Jagiellonian University
RP Silvotti, R (corresponding author), Osserv Astron Capodimonte, INAF, Via Moiariello 16, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
EM silvotti@na.astro.it
NR 29
TC 197
Z9 216
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7159
BP 189
EP 191
DI 10.1038/nature06143
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 209NF
UT WOS:000249394500042
PM 17851517
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Perron, JT
   Mitrovica, JX
   Manga, M
   Matsuyama, I
   Richards, MA
AF Perron, J. Taylor
   Mitrovica, Jerry X.
   Manga, Michael
   Matsuyama, Isamu
   Richards, Mark A.
TI Evidence for an ancient martian ocean in the topography of deformed shorelines
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mars global surveyor; altimeter mola data; northern plains; polar wander; tests; evolution; tharsis; gravity; field; fate
AB A suite of observations suggests that the northern plains of Mars, which cover nearly one third of the planet's surface, may once have contained an ocean(1-7). Perhaps the most provocative evidence for an ancient ocean is a set of surface features that ring the plains for thousands of kilometres and that have been interpreted as a series of palaeoshorelines of different age(1,7). It has been shown, however, that topographic profiles along the putative shorelines contain long-wavelength trends with amplitudes of up to several kilometres(4,5,8), and these trends have been taken as an argument against the martian shoreline ( and ocean) hypothesis(8). Here we show that the long-wavelength topography of the shorelines is consistent with deformation caused by true polar wander - a change in the orientation of a planet with respect to its rotation pole - and that the inferred pole path has the geometry expected for a true polar wander event that postdates the formation of the massive Tharsis volcanic rise.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Toronto; Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Perron, JT (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM perron@eps.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 169
Z9 196
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7146
BP 840
EP 843
DI 10.1038/nature05873
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 178FV
UT WOS:000247207500040
PM 17568743
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vaquero, A
   Scher, M
   Erdjument-Bromage, H
   Tempst, P
   Serrano, L
   Reinberg, D
AF Vaquero, Alejandro
   Scher, Michael
   Erdjument-Bromage, Hediye
   Tempst, Paul
   Serrano, Lourdes
   Reinberg, Danny
TI SIRT1 regulates the histone methyl-transferase SUV39H1 during heterochromatin formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lysine-9 methylation; dominant role; methyltransferase; deacetylase; chromatin; yeast; h4
AB In contrast to stably repressive, constitutive heterochromatin and stably active, euchromatin, facultative heterochromatin has the capacity to alternate between repressive and activated states of transcription(1). As such, it is an instructive source to understand the molecular basis for changes in chromatin structure that correlate with transcriptional status. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and suppressor of variegation 3-9 homologue 1 ( SUV39H1) are amongst the enzymes responsible for chromatin modulations associated with facultative heterochromatin formation. SUV39H1 is the principal enzyme responsible for the accumulation of histone H3 containing a trimethyl group at its lysine 9 position (H3K9me3) in regions of heterochromatin(2). SIRT1 is an NAD+-dependent deacetylase that targets histone H4 at lysine 16 (refs 3 and 4), and through an unknown mechanism facilitates increased levels of H3K9me3 (ref. 3). Here we show that the mammalian histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 is itself targeted by the histone deacetylase SIRT1 and that SUV39H1 activity is regulated by acetylation at lysine residue 266 in its catalytic SET domain. SIRT1 interacts directly with, recruits and deacetylates SUV39H1, and these activities independently contribute to elevated levels of SUV39H1 activity resulting in increased levels of the H3K9me3 modification. Loss of SIRT1 greatly affects SUV39H1-dependent H3K9me3 and impairs localization of heterochromatin protein 1. These findings demonstrate a functional link between the heterochromatin-related histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 and the histone deacetylase SIRT1.
C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Biochem, Howard Hughes Med Inst,Div Nucl Acids Enzymol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Inst Human Genet, Dept Genet, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; New York University; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Reinberg, D (corresponding author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Biochem, Howard Hughes Med Inst,Div Nucl Acids Enzymol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM reinbdO1@med.nyu.edu
NR 17
TC 340
Z9 411
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 440
EP 444
DI 10.1038/nature06268
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600059
PM 18004385
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cai, HQ
   Yu, S
   Menon, S
   Cai, YY
   Lazarova, D
   Fu, CM
   Reinisch, K
   Hay, JC
   Ferro-Novick, S
AF Cai, Huaqing
   Yu, Sidney
   Menon, Shekar
   Cai, Yiying
   Lazarova, Darina
   Fu, Chunmei
   Reinisch, Karin
   Hay, Jesse C.
   Ferro-Novick, Susan
TI TRAPPI tethers COPII vesicles by binding the coat subunit Sec23
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guanine-nucleotide exchange; to-golgi transport; endoplasmic-reticulum; fusion; protein; docking; intermediate; hydrolysis; complexes; sites
AB The budding of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived vesicles is dependent on the COPII coat complex(1). Coat assembly is initiated when Sar1-GTP recruits the cargo adaptor complex, Sec23/Sec24, by binding to its GTPase-activating protein ( GAP) Sec23 (ref. 2). This leads to the capture of transmembrane cargo by Sec24 (refs 3, 4) before the coat is polymerized by the Sec13/Sec31 complex(5). The initial interaction of a vesicle with its target membrane is mediated by tethers(6). We report here that in yeast and mammalian cells the tethering complex TRAPPI ( ref. 7) binds to the coat subunit Sec23. This event requires the Bet3 subunit. In vitro studies demonstrate that the interaction between Sec23 and Bet3 targets TRAPPI to COPII vesicles to mediate vesicle tethering. We propose that the binding of TRAPPI to Sec23 marks a coated vesicle for fusion with another COPII vesicle or the Golgi apparatus. An implication of these findings is that the intracellular destination of a transport vesicle may be determined in part by its coat and its associated cargo.
C1 Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06519 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New Haven, CT 06519 USA.
   Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; University of Montana System; University of Montana
RP Ferro-Novick, S (corresponding author), Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06519 USA.
EM susan.ferronovick@yale.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM080616] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 198
Z9 262
U1 1
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7130
BP 941
EP 944
DI 10.1038/nature05527
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 138CR
UT WOS:000244341200055
PM 17287728
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ballester, GE
   Sing, DK
   Herbert, F
AF Ballester, Gilda E.
   Sing, David K.
   Herbert, Floyd
TI The signature of hot hydrogen in the atmosphere of the extrasolar planet HD 209458b
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB About ten per cent of the known extrasolar planets are gas giants that orbit very close to their parent stars. The atmospheres of these 'hot Jupiters' are heated by the immense stellar irradiation(1-5). In the case of the planet HD 209458b, this energy deposition results in a hydrodynamic state in the upper atmosphere, allowing for sizeable expansion and escape of neutral hydrogen gas(2-6). HD 209458b was the first extrasolar planet discovered that transits in front of its parent star(7). The size of the planet can be measured using the total optical obscuration of the stellar disk during an observed transit, and the structure and composition of the planetary atmosphere can be studied using additional planetary absorption signatures in the stellar spectrum. Here we report the detection of absorption by hot hydrogen in the atmosphere of HD 209458b. Previously, the lower atmosphere and the full extended upper atmosphere of HD 209458b have been observed(2,6,8), whereas here we probe a layer where the escaping gas forms in the upper atmosphere of HD 209458b.
C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   UPMC, Inst Astrophys Paris, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France.
C3 University of Arizona; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite
RP Ballester, GE (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Sonett Space Sci Bldg, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM gilda@vega.LPL.arizona.edu
NR 16
TC 97
Z9 102
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7127
BP 511
EP 514
DI 10.1038/nature05525
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 131KI
UT WOS:000243867300037
PM 17268463
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Uiberacker, M
   Uphues, T
   Schultze, M
   Verhoef, AJ
   Yakovlev, V
   Kling, MF
   Rauschenberger, J
   Kabachnik, NM
   Schröder, H
   Lezius, M
   Kompa, KL
   Muller, HG
   Vrakking, MJJ
   Hendel, S
   Kleineberg, U
   Heinzmann, U
   Drescher, M
   Krausz, F
AF Uiberacker, M.
   Uphues, Th.
   Schultze, M.
   Verhoef, A. J.
   Yakovlev, V.
   Kling, M. F.
   Rauschenberger, J.
   Kabachnik, N. M.
   Schroeder, H.
   Lezius, M.
   Kompa, K. L.
   Muller, H. -G.
   Vrakking, M. J. J.
   Hendel, S.
   Kleineberg, U.
   Heinzmann, U.
   Drescher, M.
   Krausz, F.
TI Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shake-up; xe 4d; kr 3d; ionization; photoionization; threshold; cycle; auger; satellites; spectra
AB Atoms exposed to intense light lose one or more electrons and become ions. In strong fields, the process is predicted to occur via tunnelling through the binding potential that is suppressed by the light field near the peaks of its oscillations. Here we report the real-time observation of this most elementary step in strong-field interactions: light-induced electron tunnelling. The process is found to deplete atomic bound states in sharp steps lasting several hundred attoseconds. This suggests a new technique, attosecond tunnelling, for probing short-lived, transient states of atoms or molecules with high temporal resolution. The utility of attosecond tunnelling is demonstrated by capturing multi-electron excitation (shake-up) and relaxation ( cascaded Auger decay) processes with subfemtosecond resolution.
C1 Univ Munich, Dept Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Bielefeld, Fak Phys, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
   Vienna Univ Technol, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
   FOM, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Inst Nucl Phys, Moscow 119992, Russia.
   Univ Hamburg, Inst Expt Phys, D-22671 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; Max Planck Society; University of Bielefeld; Technische Universitat Wien; AMOLF; Lomonosov Moscow State University; National Research Centre - Kurchatov Institute; Institute of High Energy Physics - IHEP; University of Hamburg
RP Uiberacker, M (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Dept Phys, Coulombwall 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM matthias.uiberacker@mpq.mpg.de; ferenc.krausz@mpq.mpg.de
NR 31
TC 790
Z9 884
U1 2
U2 211
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7136
BP 627
EP 632
DI 10.1038/nature05648
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 153LZ
UT WOS:000245438300031
PM 17410167
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU He, L
   He, XY
   Lim, LP
   De Stanchina, E
   Xuan, ZY
   Liang, Y
   Xue, W
   Zender, L
   Magnus, J
   Ridzon, D
   Jackson, AL
   Linsley, PS
   Chen, CF
   Lowe, SW
   Cleary, MA
   Hannon, GJ
AF He, Lin
   He, Xingyue
   Lim, Lee P.
   De Stanchina, Elisa
   Xuan, Zhenyu
   Liang, Yu
   Xue, Wen
   Zender, Lars
   Magnus, Jill
   Ridzon, Dana
   Jackson, Aimee L.
   Linsley, Peter S.
   Chen, Caifu
   Lowe, Scott W.
   Cleary, Michele A.
   Hannon, Gregory J.
TI A microRNA component of the p53 tumour suppressor network
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID short-interfering rnas; human cancers; expression; transcription; responses; pathway; targets; genes; pcr
AB A global decrease in microRNA (miRNA) levels is often observed in human cancers(1,2), indicating that small RNAs may have an intrinsic function in tumour suppression. To identify miRNA components of tumour suppressor pathways, we compared miRNA expression profiles of wild-type and p53-deficient cells. Here we describe a family of miRNAs, miR-34a-c, whose expression reflected p53 status. Genes encoding miRNAs in the miR-34 family are direct transcriptional targets of p53, whose induction by DNA damage and oncogenic stress depends on p53 both in vitro and in vivo. Ectopic expression of miR-34 induces cell cycle arrest in both primary and tumour-derived cell lines, which is consistent with the observed ability of miR-34 to downregulate a programme of genes promoting cell cycle progression. The p53 network suppresses tumour formation through the coordinated activation of multiple transcriptional targets, and miR-34 may act in concert with other effectors to inhibit inappropriate cell proliferation.
C1 Rosetta Inpharmat, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Watson Sch Biol Sci, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Genet Program, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Appl Biosyst Inc, Adv Res & Technol, Foster City, CA 94404 USA.
C3 Merck & Company; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Thermo Fisher Scientific; Applied Biosystems
RP Cleary, MA (corresponding author), Rosetta Inpharmat, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
EM michele_cleary@merck.com; hannon@cshl.org
FU NCI NIH HHS [P01 CA013106, P30 CA008748, K99 CA126186, P01 CA087497] Funding Source: Medline; National Cancer Institute [P30CA008748, P01CA013106, P01CA087497] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 29
TC 2254
Z9 2693
U1 1
U2 340
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7148
BP 1130
EP U16
DI 10.1038/nature05939
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 183HT
UT WOS:000247564600041
PM 17554337
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsui, T
   Agrawal, A
   Nahata, A
   Vardeny, ZV
AF Matsui, Tatsunosuke
   Agrawal, Amit
   Nahata, Ajay
   Vardeny, Z. Valy
TI Transmission resonances through aperiodic arrays of subwavelength apertures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quasi-crystals; hole arrays; optical-transmission; diffraction; shifts
AB Resonantly enhanced light transmission through periodic sub-wavelength aperture arrays perforated in metallic films(1) has generated significant interest because of potential applications in near-field microscopy, photolithography, displays, and thermal emission(2). The enhanced transmission was originally explained by a mechanism where surface plasmon polaritons ( collective electronic excitations in the metal surface) mediate light transmission through the grating(1,3). In this picture, structural periodicity is perceived to be crucial in forming the transmission resonances. Here we demonstrate experimentally that, in contrast to the conventional view, sharp transmission resonances can be obtained from aperiodic aperture arrays. Terahertz transmission resonances are observed from several arrays in metallic films that exhibit unusual local n-fold rotational symmetries, where n = 10, 12, 18, 40 and 120. This is accomplished by using quasicrystals with long-range order, as well as a new type of 'quasicrystal approximates' in which the long-range order is somewhat relaxed. We find that strong transmission resonances also form in these aperiodic structures, at frequencies that closely match the discrete Fourier transform vectors in the aperture array structure factor. The shape of these resonances arises from Fano interference(4) of the discrete resonances and the non-resonant transmission band continuum related to the individual holes(5). Our approach expands potential design parameters for aperture arrays that are aperiodic but contain discrete Fourier transform vectors, and opens new avenues for optoelectronic devices.
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Phys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Univ Utah, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Vardeny, ZV (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Phys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
EM nahata@ece.utah.edu; val@physics.utah.edu
NR 21
TC 276
Z9 324
U1 0
U2 181
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7135
BP 517
EP 521
DI 10.1038/nature05620
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150TQ
UT WOS:000245242900044
PM 17392781
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paliwal, S
   Iglesias, PA
   Campbell, K
   Hilioti, Z
   Groisman, A
   Levchenko, A
AF Paliwal, Saurabh
   Iglesias, Pablo A.
   Campbell, Kyle
   Hilioti, Zoe
   Groisman, Alex
   Levchenko, Andre
TI MAPK-mediated bimodal gene expression and adaptive gradient sensing in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pheromone response pathway; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; signal-transduction; positive feedback; escherichia-coli; kinase; kss1; hysteresis; growth; differentiation
AB The mating pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been the focus of considerable research effort, yet many quantitative aspects of its regulation still remain unknown. Using an integrated approach involving experiments in microfluidic chips and computational modelling, we studied gene expression and phenotypic changes associated with the mating response under well-defined pheromone gradients. Here we report a combination of switch-like and graded pathway responses leading to stochastic phenotype determination in a specific range of pheromone concentrations. Furthermore, we show that these responses are critically dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated regulation of the activity of the pheromone-response-specific transcription factor, Ste12, as well as on the autoregulatory feedback of Ste12. In particular, both the switch-like characteristics and sensitivity of gene expression in shmooing cells to pheromone concentration were significantly diminished in cells lacking Kss1, one of the MAP kinases activated in the mating pathway. In addition, the dynamic range of gradient sensing of Kss1-deficient cells was reduced compared with wild type. We thus provide unsuspected functional significance for this kinase in regulation of the mating response.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Whitehead Inst Biomed Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Levchenko, A (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM agroisman@ucsd.edu; alev@jhu.edu
FU NCRR NIH HHS [U54 RR020839] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM072024] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 233
Z9 297
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7131
BP 46
EP 51
DI 10.1038/nature05561
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140RY
UT WOS:000244525600033
PM 17310144
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lieberman, D
   Tooby, J
   Cosmides, L
AF Lieberman, Debra
   Tooby, John
   Cosmides, Leda
TI The architecture of human kin detection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inbreeding depression; sibling incest; selection; evolution; sex; preferences; hypotheses; history
AB Evolved mechanisms for assessing genetic relatedness have been found in many species, but their existence in humans has been a matter of controversy. Here we report three converging lines of evidence, drawn from siblings, that support the hypothesis that kin detection mechanisms exist in humans. These operate by computing, for each familiar individual, a unitary regulatory variable ( the kinship index) that corresponds to a pairwise estimate of genetic relatedness between self and other. The cues that the system uses were identified by quantitatively matching individual exposure to potential cues of relatedness to variation in three outputs relevant to the system's evolved functions: sibling altruism, aversion to personally engaging in sibling incest, and moral opposition to third party sibling incest. As predicted, the kin detection system uses two distinct, ancestrally valid cues to compute relatedness: the familiar other's perinatal association with the individual's biological mother, and duration of sibling coresidence.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Ctr Evolut Psychol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Dept Psychol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of Hawaii System
RP Lieberman, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Ctr Evolut Psychol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM debra@debralieberman.com
FU NIH HHS [DP1 OD000516] Funding Source: Medline
NR 43
TC 391
Z9 468
U1 1
U2 91
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7129
BP 727
EP 731
DI 10.1038/nature05510
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136EK
UT WOS:000244205200036
PM 17301784
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Théry, M
   Jiménez-Dalmaroni, A
   Racine, V
   Bornens, M
   Jülicher, F
AF Thery, Manuel
   Jimenez-Dalmaroni, Andrea
   Racine, Victor
   Bornens, Michel
   Juelicher, Frank
TI Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-division axis; force generators; centrosome; cues; pins
AB The architecture and adhesiveness of a cell microenvironment is a critical factor for the regulation of spindle orientation in vivo(1,2). Using a combination of theory and experiments, we have investigated spindle orientation in HeLa ( human) cells. Here we show that spindle orientation can be understood as the result of the action of cortical force generators, which interact with spindle microtubules and are activated by cortical cues. We develop a simple physical description of this spindle mechanics, which allows us to calculate angular profiles of the torque acting on the spindle, as well as the angular distribution of spindle orientations. Our model accounts for the preferred spindle orientation and the shape of the full angular distribution of spindle orientations observed in a large variety of different cellular microenvironment geometries. It also correctly describes asymmetric spindle orientations, which are observed for certain distributions of cortical cues. We conclude that, on the basis of a few simple assumptions, we can provide a quantitative description of the spindle orientation of adherent cells.
C1 Inst Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75248 Paris, France.
   Comm Energie Atom, DSV, iRTSV, Lab Biopuces, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
   Max Planck Inst Phys Komplexer Syst, D-01187 Dresden, Germany.
C3 Universite PSL; UNICANCER; Institut Curie; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Sorbonne Universite; CEA; Max Planck Society
RP Bornens, M (corresponding author), Inst Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 Rue Ulm, F-75248 Paris, France.
EM michel.bornens@curie.fr; julicher@pks.mpg.de
NR 18
TC 342
Z9 387
U1 1
U2 62
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7143
BP 493
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature05786
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 170VA
UT WOS:000246693100051
PM 17495931
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bode, M
   Heide, M
   von Bergmann, K
   Ferriani, P
   Heinze, S
   Bihlmayer, G
   Kubetzka, A
   Pietzsch, O
   Blügel, S
   Wiesendanger, R
AF Bode, M.
   Heide, M.
   von Bergmann, K.
   Ferriani, P.
   Heinze, S.
   Bihlmayer, G.
   Kubetzka, A.
   Pietzsch, O.
   Bluegel, S.
   Wiesendanger, R.
TI Chiral magnetic order at surfaces driven by inversion asymmetry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spin; antiferromagnetism
AB Chirality is a fascinating phenomenon that can manifest itself in subtle ways, for example in biochemistry ( in the observed single-handedness of biomolecules(1)) and in particle physics ( in the charge-parity violation of electroweak interactions(2)). In condensed matter, magnetic materials can also display single-handed, or homochiral, spin structures. This may be caused by the Dzyaloshinskii - Moriya interaction, which arises from spin - orbit scattering of electrons in an inversion-asymmetric crystal field(3,4). This effect is typically irrelevant in bulk metals as their crystals are inversion symmetric. However, low-dimensional systems lack structural inversion symmetry, so that homochiral spin structures may occur(5). Here we report the observation of magnetic order of a specific chirality in a single atomic layer of manganese on a tungsten ( 110) substrate. Spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy reveals that adjacent spins are not perfectly antiferromagnetic but slightly canted, resulting in a spin spiral structure with a period of about 12 nm. We show by quantitative theory that this chiral order is caused by the Dzyaloshinskii - Moriya interaction and leads to a left-rotating spin cycloid. Our findings confirm the significance of this interaction for magnets in reduced dimensions. Chirality in nanoscale magnets may play a crucial role in spintronic devices, where the spin rather than the charge of an electron is used for data transmission and manipulation. For instance, a spin-polarized current flowing through chiral magnetic structures will exert a spin-torque on the magnetic structure(6,7), causing a variety of excitations or manipulations of the magnetization(8,9) and giving rise to microwave emission, magnetization switching, or magnetic motors.
C1 Univ Hamburg, Inst Appl Phys, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Hamburg, Microstruct Res Ctr, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany.
   Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Festkorperforsch, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
C3 University of Hamburg; University of Hamburg; Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre
RP Bode, M (corresponding author), Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
EM mbode@anl.gov
NR 27
TC 864
Z9 920
U1 6
U2 383
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7141
BP 190
EP 193
DI 10.1038/nature05802
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 165WT
UT WOS:000246338700039
PM 17495922
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gorrini, C
   Squatrito, M
   Luise, C
   Syed, N
   Perna, D
   Wark, L
   Martinato, F
   Sardella, D
   Verrecchia, A
   Bennett, S
   Confalonieri, S
   Cesaroni, M
   Marchesi, F
   Gasco, M
   Scanziani, E
   Capra, M
   Mai, S
   Nuciforo, P
   Crook, T
   Lough, J
   Amati, B
AF Gorrini, Chiara
   Squatrito, Massimo
   Luise, Chiara
   Syed, Nelofer
   Perna, Daniele
   Wark, Landon
   Martinato, Francesca
   Sardella, Domenico
   Verrecchia, Alessandro
   Bennett, Samantha
   Confalonieri, Stefano
   Cesaroni, Matteo
   Marchesi, Francesco
   Gasco, Milena
   Scanziani, Eugenio
   Capra, Maria
   Mai, Sabine
   Nuciforo, Paolo
   Crook, Tim
   Lough, John
   Amati, Bruno
TI Tip60 is a haplo-insufficient tumour suppressor required for an oncogene-induced DNA damage response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID myc-induced lymphomagenesis; c-myc; genomic instability; histone acetyltransferase; induced apoptosis; p53 pathway; atm; tumorigenesis; acetylation; activation
AB The acetyl-transferase Tip60 might influence tumorigenesis in multiple ways(1). First, Tip60 is a co-regulator of transcription factors that either promote or suppress tumorigenesis, such as Myc and p53(2-4). Second, Tip60 modulates DNA-damage response (DDR) signalling(1), and a DDR triggered by oncogenes can counteract tumour progression(5,6). Using E-mu-myc transgenic mice that are heterozygous for a Tip60 gene (Htatip) knockout allele (hereafter denoted as Tip60(+/-) mice), we show that Tip60 counteracts Myc-induced lymphomagenesis in a haplo-insufficient manner and in a time window that is restricted to a pre- or early-tumoral stage. Tip60 heterozygosity severely impaired the Myc-induced DDR7-9 but caused no general DDR defect in B cells. Myc- and p53-dependent transcription were not affected, and neither were Myc- induced proliferation, activation of the ARF-p53 tumour suppressor pathway or the resulting apoptotic response(10-13). We found that the human TIP60 gene (HTATIP) is a frequent target for mono-allelic loss in human lymphomas and head-and-neck and mammary carcinomas, with concomitant reduction in mRNA levels. Immunohistochemical analysis also demonstrated loss of nuclear TIP60 staining in mammary carcinomas. These events correlated with disease grade and frequently concurred with mutation of p53. Thus, in both mouse and human, Tip60 has a haplo-insufficient tumour suppressor activity that is independent from-but not contradictory with-its role within the ARF-p53 pathway(1-3,14-16). We suggest that this is because critical levels of Tip60 are required for mounting an oncogene-induced DDR in incipient tumour cells(5,6), the failure of which might synergize with p53 mutation towards tumour progression(17-20).
C1 European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, I-20139 Milan, Italy.
   FIRC Inst Mol Oncol, IFOM, I-20139 Milan, Italy.
   Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, Breakthrough Breast Canc Res Ctr, London SW3 6JB, England.
   Univ Manitoba, Manitoba Inst Cell Biol, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
   Univ Manitoba, Genom Ctr Canc Res & Diag, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
   Univ Milan, Dept Vet Pathol Hyg & Publ Hlth, Sect Vet & Avian Pathol, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   San Croce & Carle Hosp, Dept Med Oncol, I-12100 Cuneo, Italy.
   Med Coll Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA.
C3 IRCCS European Institute of Oncology (IEO); IFOM - FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; University of Manitoba; University of Manitoba; University of Milan; Medical College of Wisconsin
RP Amati, B (corresponding author), European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, I-20139 Milan, Italy.
EM bruno.amati@ifom-ieo-campus.it
FU Breast Cancer Now [BREAST CANCER NOW RESEARCH CENTRE] Funding Source: Medline
NR 43
TC 286
Z9 344
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7157
BP 1063
EP U12
DI 10.1038/nature06055
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 205EU
UT WOS:000249097600041
PM 17728759
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cunningham, JT
   Rodgers, JT
   Arlow, DH
   Vazquez, F
   Mootha, VK
   Puigserver, P
AF Cunningham, John T.
   Rodgers, Joseph T.
   Arlow, Daniel H.
   Vazquez, Francisca
   Mootha, Vamsi K.
   Puigserver, Pere
TI mTOR controls mitochondrial oxidative function through a YY1-PGC-1α transcriptional complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insulin-resistance; amino-acid; err-alpha; metabolism; genes; cell; phosphorylation; identification; activation; sirolimus
AB Transcriptional complexes that contain peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha control mitochondrial oxidative function to maintain energy homeostasis in response to nutrient and hormonal signals(1,2). An important component in the energy and nutrient pathways is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a kinase that regulates cell growth, size and survival(3-5). However, it is unknown whether and how mTOR controls mitochondrial oxidative activities. Here we show that mTOR is necessary for the maintenance of mitochondrial oxidative function. In skeletal muscle tissues and cells, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin decreased the gene expression of the mitochondrial transcriptional regulators PGC-1 alpha, oestrogen-related receptor a and nuclear respiratory factors, resulting in a decrease in mitochondrial gene expression and oxygen consumption. Using computational genomics, we identified the transcription factor yin-yang 1 (YY1) as a common target of mTOR and PGC-1 alpha. Knockdown of YY1 caused a significant decrease in mitochondrial gene expression and in respiration, and YY1 was required for rapamycin-dependent repression of those genes. Moreover, mTOR and raptor interacted with YY1, and inhibition of mTOR resulted in a failure of YY1 to interact with and be coactivated by PGC-1 alpha. We have therefore identified a mechanism by which a nutrient sensor (mTOR) balances energy metabolism by means of the transcriptional control of mitochondrial oxidative function. These results have important implications for our understanding of how these pathways might be altered in metabolic diseases and cancer.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Johns Hopkins University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University
RP Puigserver, P (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM vamsi@hms.harvard.edu; pere_puigserver@dfci.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 1236
Z9 1481
U1 0
U2 123
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 736
EP U12
DI 10.1038/nature06322
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700057
PM 18046414
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wan, YSY
   Flavell, RA
AF Wan, Yisong Y.
   Flavell, Richard A.
TI Regulatory T-cell functions are subverted and converted owing to attenuated Foxp3 expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunological self-tolerance; transcription factor foxp3; scurfy mouse; interleukin-2; inflammation; cd25(+); protein
AB The naturally occurring regulatory T cell (T-R) is the pivotal cell type that maintains self-tolerance and exerts active immune suppression. The development and function of T-R cells is controlled by Foxp3 (refs 1, 2), a lack of which results in loss of T-R cells and massive multi-organ autoimmunity in scurfy mice and IPEX ( immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked) patients(3,4). It is generally thought that, through a binary mechanism, Foxp3 expression serves as an on-and-off switch to regulate positively the physiology of T-R cells; however, emerging evidence associates decreased Foxp3 expression in T-R cells with various immune disorders(5-7). We hypothesized that Foxp3 regulates T(R)cell development and function in a dose-dependent, nonbinary manner, and that decreased Foxp3 expression can cause immune disease. Here, by generating a mouse model in which endogenous Foxp3 gene expression is attenuated in T-R cells, we show that decreased Foxp3 expression results in the development of an aggressive autoimmune syndrome similar to that of scurfy mice, but does not affect thymic development, homeostatic expansion/maintenance or transforming-growth-factor-beta-induced de novo generation of Foxp3-expressing cells. The immune-suppressive activities of T cells with attenuated Foxp3 expression were nearly abolished in vitro and in vivo, whereas their anergic properties in vitro were maintained. This was accompanied by decreased expression of T(R)cell 'signature genes'. Notably, T cells expressing decreased Foxp3 preferentially became T-helper 2 (T(H)2)-type effectors even in a T(H)1-polarizing environment. These cells instructed T(H)2 differentiation of conventional T cells, which contributed to the immune diseases observed in these mice. Thus, decreased Foxp3 expression causes immune disease by subverting the suppressive function of T-R cells and converting T-R cells into effector cells; these findings are important for understanding the regulation of T-R cell function and the aetiology of various human immune diseases.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Immunobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Flavell, RA (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Immunobiol Sect, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM richard.flavell@yale.edu
NR 27
TC 713
Z9 864
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7129
BP 766
EP 770
DI 10.1038/nature05479
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136EK
UT WOS:000244205200045
PM 17220876
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Greenman, C
   Stephens, P
   Smith, R
   Dalgliesh, GL
   Hunter, C
   Bignell, G
   Davies, H
   Teague, J
   Butler, A
   Edkins, S
   O'Meara, S
   Vastrik, I
   Schmidt, EE
   Avis, T
   Barthorpe, S
   Bhamra, G
   Buck, G
   Choudhury, B
   Clements, J
   Cole, J
   Dicks, E
   Forbes, S
   Gray, K
   Halliday, K
   Harrison, R
   Hills, K
   Hinton, J
   Jenkinson, A
   Jones, D
   Menzies, A
   Mironenko, T
   Perry, J
   Raine, K
   Richardson, D
   Shepherd, R
   Small, A
   Tofts, C
   Varian, J
   Webb, T
   West, S
   Widaa, S
   Yates, A
   Cahill, DP
   Louis, DN
   Goldstraw, P
   Nicholson, AG
   Brasseur, F
   Looijenga, L
   Weber, BL
   Chiew, YE
   Defazio, A
   Greaves, MF
   Green, AR
   Campbell, P
   Birney, E
   Easton, DF
   Chenevix-Trench, G
   Tan, MH
   Khoo, SK
   Teh, BT
   Yuen, ST
   Leung, SY
   Wooster, R
   Futreal, PA
   Stratton, MR
AF Greenman, Christopher
   Stephens, Philip
   Smith, Raffaella
   Dalgliesh, Gillian L.
   Hunter, Christopher
   Bignell, Graham
   Davies, Helen
   Teague, Jon
   Butler, Adam
   Edkins, Sarah
   O'Meara, Sarah
   Vastrik, Imre
   Schmidt, Esther E.
   Avis, Tim
   Barthorpe, Syd
   Bhamra, Gurpreet
   Buck, Gemma
   Choudhury, Bhudipa
   Clements, Jody
   Cole, Jennifer
   Dicks, Ed
   Forbes, Simon
   Gray, Kris
   Halliday, Kelly
   Harrison, Rachel
   Hills, Katy
   Hinton, Jon
   Jenkinson, Andy
   Jones, David
   Menzies, Andy
   Mironenko, Tatiana
   Perry, Janet
   Raine, Keiran
   Richardson, Dave
   Shepherd, Rebecca
   Small, Alexandra
   Tofts, Calli
   Varian, Jennifer
   Webb, Tony
   West, Sofie
   Widaa, Sara
   Yates, Andy
   Cahill, Daniel P.
   Louis, David N.
   Goldstraw, Peter
   Nicholson, Andrew G.
   Brasseur, Francis
   Looijenga, Leendert
   Weber, Barbara L.
   Chiew, Yoke-Eng
   deFazio, Anna
   Greaves, Mel F.
   Green, Anthony R.
   Campbell, Peter
   Birney, Ewan
   Easton, Douglas F.
   Chenevix-Trench, Georgia
   Tan, Min-Han
   Khoo, Sok Kean
   Teh, Bin Tean
   Yuen, Siu Tsan
   Leung, Suet Yi
   Wooster, Richard
   Futreal, P. Andrew
   Stratton, Michael R.
TI Patterns of somatic mutation in human cancer genomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinase gene family; human lung-cancer; colorectal cancers; signaling pathway; tumor-suppressor; breast-cancer; beta receptor; protein; titin; inactivation
AB Cancers arise owing to mutations in a subset of genes that confer growth advantage. The availability of the human genome sequence led us to propose that systematic resequencing of cancer genomes for mutations would lead to the discovery of many additional cancer genes. Here we report more than 1,000 somatic mutations found in 274 megabases (Mb) of DNA corresponding to the coding exons of 518 protein kinase genes in 210 diverse human cancers. There was substantial variation in the number and pattern of mutations in individual cancers reflecting different exposures, DNA repair defects and cellular origins. Most somatic mutations are likely to be 'passengers' that do not contribute to oncogenesis. However, there was evidence for 'driver' mutations contributing to the development of the cancers studied in approximately 120 genes. Systematic sequencing of cancer genomes therefore reveals the evolutionary diversity of cancers and implicates a larger repertoire of cancer genes than previously anticipated.
C1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Canc Genome Project, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   EMBL, European Bioinformat Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Neurosurg Serv, Mol Pathol Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Canc Res, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Royal Brompton Hosp, London SW3 6NP, England.
   Ludwig Inst Canc Res, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
   Erasmus MC, Daniel den Hoed Canc Ctr, Josephine Nefkens Inst, Lab Pathol Expt Pathooncol, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Penn, Ctr Canc, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Westmead Hosp, Dept Gynaecol Oncol, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
   Univ Sydney, Westmead Inst Canc Res, Westmead Millennium Inst, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
   Inst Canc Res, Sutton SM2 5NG, Surrey, England.
   Addenbrookes NHS Trust, Dept Haematol, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Canc Res UK Genet Epidemiol Unit, Cambridge CB1 8RN, England.
   Univ Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hosp, Queensland Inst Med Res, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia.
   Van Andel Res Inst, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA.
   Univ Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hosp, Dept Pathol, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of Cambridge; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Bioinformatics Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Royal Brompton Hospital; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus MC; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute; University of Pennsylvania; NSW Health; Westmead Hospital; University of Sydney; University of Sydney; Westmead Institute for Medical Research; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; Cancer Research UK; University of Queensland; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital; Van Andel Institute; Van Andel Research Institute; University of Hong Kong
RP Futreal, PA (corresponding author), Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Canc Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
EM paf@sanger.ac.uk; mrs@sanger.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [077012, 088340] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G0300723B] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 39
TC 2421
Z9 3384
U1 1
U2 259
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7132
BP 153
EP 158
DI 10.1038/nature05610
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 143JS
UT WOS:000244718100033
PM 17344846
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moehring, DL
   Maunz, P
   Olmschenk, S
   Younge, KC
   Matsukevich, DN
   Duan, LM
   Monroe, C
AF Moehring, D. L.
   Maunz, P.
   Olmschenk, S.
   Younge, K. C.
   Matsukevich, D. N.
   Duan, L.-M.
   Monroe, C.
TI Entanglement of single-atom quantum bits at a distance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photons; communication; interference
AB Quantum information science involves the storage, manipulation and communication of information encoded in quantum systems, where the phenomena of superposition and entanglement can provide enhancements over what is possible classically(1,2). Large-scale quantum information processors require stable and addressable quantum memories, usually in the form of fixed quantum bits ( qubits), and a means of transferring and entangling the quantum information between memories that may be separated by macroscopic or even geographic distances. Atomic systems are excellent quantum memories, because appropriate internal electronic states can coherently store qubits over very long timescales. Photons, on the other hand, are the natural platform for the distribution of quantum information between remote qubits, given their ability to traverse large distances with little perturbation. Recently, there has been considerable progress in coupling small samples of atomic gases through photonic channels(2,3), including the entanglement between light and atoms(4,5) and the observation of entanglement signatures between remotely located atomic ensembles(6) (-8). In contrast to atomic ensembles, single-atom quantum memories allow the implementation of conditional quantum gates through photonic channels2,9, a key requirement for quantum computing. Along these lines, individual atoms have been coupled to photons in cavities(2,10-12), and trapped atoms have been linked to emitted photons in free space(13-17). Here we demonstrate the entanglement of two fixed single-atom quantum memories separated by one metre. Two remotely located trapped atomic ions each emit a single photon, and the interference and detection of these photons signals the entanglement of the atomic qubits. We characterize the entangled pair by directly measuring qubit correlations with near-perfect detection efficiency. Although this entanglement method is probabilistic, it is still in principle useful for subsequent quantum operations and scalable quantum information applications(18-20).
C1 Univ Michigan, FOCUS Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Moehring, DL (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, FOCUS Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM david.moehring@mpq.mpg.de
NR 33
TC 678
Z9 798
U1 0
U2 105
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7158
BP 68
EP U48
DI 10.1038/nature06118
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207ED
UT WOS:000249233500036
PM 17805290
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Agger, K
   Cloos, PAC
   Christensen, J
   Pasini, D
   Rose, S
   Rappsilber, J
   Issaeva, I
   Canaani, E
   Salcini, AE
   Helin, K
AF Agger, Karl
   Cloos, Paul A. C.
   Christensen, Jesper
   Pasini, Diego
   Rose, Simon
   Rappsilber, Juri
   Issaeva, Irina
   Canaani, Eli
   Salcini, Anna Elisabetta
   Helin, Kristian
TI UTX and JMJD3 are histone H3K27 demethylases involved in HOX gene regulation and development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; caenorhabditis-elegans; ink4a-arf locus; target genes; polycomb; proteins; methylation
AB The trithorax and the polycomb group proteins are chromatin modifiers, which play a key role in the epigenetic regulation of development, differentiation and maintenance of cell fates(1-3). The polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) mediates transcriptional repression by catalysing the di- and tri-methylation of Lys 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me2/me3)(3). Owing to the essential role of the PRC2 complex in repressing a large number of genes involved in somatic processes, the H3K27me3 mark is associated with the unique epigenetic state of stem cells(4-7). The rapid decrease of the H3K27me3 mark during specific stages of embryogenesis and stem-cell differentiation indicates that histone demethylases specific for H3K27me3 may exist. Here we show that the human JmjC-domain-containing proteins UTX and JMJD3 demethylate tri-methylated Lys 27 on histone H3. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of JMJD3 leads to a strong decrease of H3K27me3 levels and causes delocalization of polycomb proteins in vivo. Consistent with the strong decrease in H3K27me3 levels associated with HOX genes during differentiation, we show that UTX directly binds to the HOXB1 locus and is required for its activation. Finally mutation of F18E9.5, a Caenorhabditis elegans JMJD3 orthologue, or inhibition of its expression, results in abnormal gonad development. Taken together, these results suggest that H3K27me3 demethylation regulated by UTX/JMJD3 proteins is essential for proper development. Moreover, the recent demonstration that UTX associates with the H3K4me3 histone methyltransferase MLL2 (ref. 8) supports a model in which the coordinated removal of repressive marks, polycomb group displacement, and deposition of activating marks are important for the stringent regulation of transcription during cellular differentiation.
C1 Univ Copenhagen, Biotech Res & Innovat Ctr, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Copenhagen, Ctr Epigenet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Edinburgh, Wellcome Trust Ctr Cell Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mol Cell Biol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 University of Copenhagen; University of Copenhagen; University of Edinburgh; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Helin, K (corresponding author), Univ Copenhagen, Biotech Res & Innovat Ctr, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
EM kristian.helin@bric.dk
NR 20
TC 1081
Z9 1335
U1 2
U2 141
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7163
BP 731
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature06145
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 218VV
UT WOS:000250045000046
PM 17713478
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stanger, BZ
   Tanaka, AJ
   Melton, DA
AF Stanger, Ben Z.
   Tanaka, Akemi J.
   Melton, Douglas A.
TI Organ size is limited by the number of embryonic progenitor cells in the pancreas but not the liver
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hematopoietic stem-cells; gene-expression; transgenic mice; beta-catenin; growth; differentiation; complementation; epithelium; lineage; fgf10
AB The determinants of vertebrate organ size are poorly understood, but the process is thought to depend heavily on growth factors and other environmental cues. In the blood and central nervous system, for example, organ mass is determined primarily by growth-factor-regulated cell proliferation and apoptosis to achieve a final target size. Here, we report that the size of the mouse pancreas is constrained by an intrinsic programme established early in development, one that is essentially not subject to growth compensation. Specifically, final pancreas size is limited by the size of the progenitor cell pool that is set aside in the developing pancreatic bud. By contrast, the size of the liver is not constrained by reductions in the progenitor cell pool. These findings show that progenitor cell number, independently of regulation by growth factors, can be a key determinant of organ size.
C1 Harvard Univ, Stem Cell Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Gastrointestinal Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Melton, DA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Stem Cell Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM bstanger@mail.med.upenn.edu; dmelton@harvard.edu
NR 42
TC 287
Z9 368
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7130
BP 886
EP 891
DI 10.1038/nature05537
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 138CR
UT WOS:000244341200042
PM 17259975
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gleyzes, S
   Kuhr, S
   Guerlin, C
   Bernu, J
   Deleglise, S
   Hoff, UB
   Brune, M
   Raimond, JM
   Haroche, S
AF Gleyzes, Sebastien
   Kuhr, Stefan
   Guerlin, Christine
   Bernu, Julien
   Deleglise, Samuel
   Hoff, Ulrich Busk
   Brune, Michel
   Raimond, Jean-Michel
   Haroche, Serge
TI Quantum jumps of light recording the birth and death of a photon in a cavity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nondemolition measurements; states; field; atom; numbers
AB A microscopic quantum system under continuous observation exhibits at random times sudden jumps between its states. The detection of this quantum feature requires a quantum non-demolition (QND) measurement(1-3) repeated many times during the system's evolution. Whereas quantum jumps of trapped massive particles ( electrons, ions or molecules(4-8)) have been observed, this has proved more challenging for light quanta. Standard photodetectors absorb light and are thus unable to detect the same photon twice. It is therefore necessary to use a transparent counter that can 'see' photons without destroying them(3). Moreover, the light needs to be stored for durations much longer than the QND detection time. Here we report an experiment in which we fulfil these challenging conditions and observe quantum jumps in the photon number. Microwave photons are stored in a superconducting cavity for times up to half a second, and are repeatedly probed by a stream of non-absorbing atoms. An atom interferometer measures the atomic dipole phase shift induced by the non-resonant cavity field, so that the final atom state reveals directly the presence of a single photon in the cavity. Sequences of hundreds of atoms, highly correlated in the same state, are interrupted by sudden state switchings. These telegraphic signals record the birth, life and death of individual photons. Applying a similar QND procedure to mesoscopic fields with tens of photons should open new perspectives for the exploration of the quantum-to-classical boundary(9,10).
C1 Ecole Normale Super, Dept Phys, Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
   Coll France, F-75231 Paris, France.
C3 Universite PSL; College de France; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Universite PSL; College de France
RP Brune, M (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super, Dept Phys, Lab Kastler Brossel, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
EM brune@lkb.ens.fr
NR 23
TC 436
Z9 490
U1 0
U2 100
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7133
BP 297
EP 300
DI 10.1038/nature05589
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145VC
UT WOS:000244892900040
PM 17361178
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nyberg, J
   Malmgren, BA
   Winter, A
   Jury, MR
   Kilbourne, KH
   Quinn, TM
AF Nyberg, Johan
   Malmgren, Bjorn A.
   Winter, Amos
   Jury, Mark R.
   Kilbourne, K. Halimeda
   Quinn, Terrence M.
TI Low Atlantic hurricane activity in the 1970s and 1980s compared to the past 270 years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tropical atlantic; maunder minimum; coral skeletons; intensity; frequency; sea; luminescence; variability; century; rainfall
AB Hurricane activity in the North Atlantic Ocean has increased significantly since 1995 ( refs 1,2). This trend has been attributed to both anthropogenically induced climate change(3) and natural variability(1), but the primary cause remains uncertain. Changes in the frequency and intensity of hurricanes in the past can provide insights into the factors that influence hurricane activity, but reliable observations of hurricane activity in the North Atlantic only cover the past few decades(2). Here we construct a record of the frequency of major Atlantic hurricanes over the past 270 years using proxy records of vertical wind shear and sea surface temperature ( the main controls on the formation of major hurricanes kin this region(1,3-5)) from corals and a marine sediment core. The record indicates that the average frequency of major hurricanes decreased gradually from the 1760s until the early 1990s, reaching anomalously low values during the 1970s and 1980s. Furthermore, the phase of enhanced hurricane activity since 1995 is not unusual compared to other periods of high hurricane activity in the record and thus appears to represent a recovery to normal hurricane activity, rather than a direct response to increasing sea surface temperature. Comparison of the record with a reconstruction of vertical wind shear indicates that variability in this parameter primarily controlled the frequency of major hurricanes in the Atlantic over the past 270 years, suggesting that changes in the magnitude of vertical wind shear will have a significant influence on future hurricane activity.
C1 Geol Survey Sweden, SE-75128 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Gothenburg, Dept Earth Sci, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Phys, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA.
   Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33707 USA.
   NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Phys Sci Div R PSD1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Austin, TX 78758 USA.
C3 University of Gothenburg; University of Puerto Rico; University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Nyberg, J (corresponding author), Geol Survey Sweden, Box 670, SE-75128 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM johan.nyberg@sgu.se
NR 33
TC 113
Z9 135
U1 1
U2 73
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 7
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7145
BP 698
EP U11
DI 10.1038/nature05895
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 175RI
UT WOS:000247030700040
PM 17554304
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shin, YH
   Grinberg, I
   Chen, IW
   Rappe, AM
AF Shin, Young-Han
   Grinberg, Ilya
   Chen, I-Wei
   Rappe, Andrew M.
TI Nucleation and growth mechanism of ferroelectric domain-wall motion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-films; polarization reversal; kinetics; batio3; titanate
AB The motion of domain walls is critical to many applications involving ferroelectric materials, such as fast high-density non-volatile random access memory(1). In memories of this sort, storing a data bit means increasing the size of one polar region at the expense of another, and hence the movement of a domain wall separating these regions. Experimental measurements of domain growth rates in the well-established ferroelectrics PbTiO(3) and BaTiO(3) have been performed, but the development of new materials has been hampered by a lack of microscopic understanding of how domain walls move(2-11). Despite some success in interpreting domain-wall motion in terms of classical nucleation and growth models(12-16), these models were formulated without insight from first-principles-based calculations, and they portray a picture of a large, triangular nucleus that leads to unrealistically large depolarization and nucleation energies(5). Here we use atomistic molecular dynamics and coarse-grained Monte Carlo simulations to analyse these processes, and demonstrate that the prevailing models are incorrect. Our multi-scale simulations reproduce experimental domain growth rates in PbTiO(3) and reveal small, square critical nuclei with a diffuse interface. A simple analytic model is also proposed, relating bulk polarization and gradient energies to wall nucleation and growth, and thus rationalizing all experimental rate measurements in PbTiO(3) and BaTiO(3).
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Makineni Theoret Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP Rappe, AM (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Makineni Theoret Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM rappe@sas.upenn.edu
NR 26
TC 397
Z9 451
U1 5
U2 389
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 881
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature06165
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600041
PM 17922002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vincent, JL
   Patel, GH
   Fox, MD
   Snyder, AZ
   Baker, JT
   Van Essen, DC
   Zempel, JM
   Snyder, LH
   Corbetta, M
   Raichle, ME
AF Vincent, J. L.
   Patel, G. H.
   Fox, M. D.
   Snyder, A. Z.
   Baker, J. T.
   Van Essen, D. C.
   Zempel, J. M.
   Snyder, L. H.
   Corbetta, M.
   Raichle, M. E.
TI Intrinsic functional architecture in the anaesthetized monkey brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID macaque monkey; parietal lobe; default mode; connections; networks; cortex; organization; dynamics; images; areas
AB The traditional approach to studying brain function is to measure physiological responses to controlled sensory, motor and cognitive paradigms. However, most of the brain's energy consumption is devoted to ongoing metabolic activity not clearly associated with any particular stimulus or behaviour(1). Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in humans aimed at understanding this ongoing activity have shown that spontaneous fluctuations of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal occur continuously in the resting state. In humans, these fluctuations are temporally coherent within widely distributed cortical systems that recapitulate the functional architecture of responses evoked by experimentally administered tasks(2-6\). Here, we show that the same phenomenon is present in anaesthetized monkeys even at anaesthetic levels known to induce profound loss of consciousness. We specifically demonstrate coherent spontaneous fluctuations within three well known systems ( oculomotor, somatomotor and visual) and the 'default' system, a set of brain regions thought by some to support uniquely human capabilities. Our results indicate that coherent system fluctuations probably reflect an evolutionarily conserved aspect of brain functional organization that transcends levels of consciousness.
C1 Washington Univ, Dept Radiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Neurol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, Ctr Brain Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Athinoula A Martinos Ctr Biomed Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Raichle, ME (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Dept Radiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
EM marc@npg.wustl.edu
FU NINDS NIH HHS [F31 NS051972] Funding Source: Medline
NR 33
TC 1443
Z9 1683
U1 0
U2 106
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7140
BP 83
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature05758
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 163GY
UT WOS:000246149300048
PM 17476267
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brons, IGM
   Smithers, LE
   Trotter, MWB
   Rugg-Gunn, P
   Sun, BW
   Lopes, SMCD
   Howlett, SK
   Clarkson, A
   Ahrlund-Richter, L
   Pedersen, RA
   Vallier, L
AF Brons, I. Gabrielle M.
   Smithers, Lucy E.
   Trotter, Matthew W. B.
   Rugg-Gunn, Peter
   Sun, Bowen
   de Sousa Lopes, Susana M. Chuva
   Howlett, Sarah K.
   Clarkson, Amanda
   Ahrlund-Richter, Lars
   Pedersen, Roger A.
   Vallier, Ludovic
TI Derivation of pluripotent epiblast stem cells from mammalian embryos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primordial germ-cells; mouse embryo; es cells; differentiation; culture; line; gastrulation; blastocysts; expression
AB Although the first mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell lines were derived 25 years ago(1,2) using feeder-layer-based blastocyst cultures, subsequent efforts to extend the approach to other mammals, including both laboratory and domestic species, have been relatively unsuccessful. The most notable exceptions were the derivation of non-human primate ES cell lines(3) followed shortly thereafter by their derivation of human ES cells(4). Despite the apparent common origin and the similar pluripotency of mouse and human embryonic stem cells, recent studies have revealed that they use different signalling pathways to maintain their pluripotent status. Mouse ES cells depend on leukaemia inhibitory factor and bone morphogenetic protein, whereas their human counterparts rely on activin (INHBA)/nodal (NODAL) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Here we show that pluripotent stem cells can be derived from the late epiblast layer of post-implantation mouse and rat embryos using chemically defined, activin-containing culture medium that is sufficient for long-term maintenance of human embryonic stem cells. Our results demonstrate that activin/Nodal signalling has an evolutionarily conserved role in the derivation and the maintenance of pluripotency in these novel stem cells. Epiblast stem cells provide a valuable experimental system for determining whether distinctions between mouse and human embryonic stem cells reflect species differences or diverse temporal origins.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hosp, Dept Surg, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hosp, Cambridge Inst Med Res, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England.
   UCL, Wolfson Inst Biomed Res, CR UK Viral Oncol Grp, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK, Gurdon Inst Canc & Dev Biol, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Physiol, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Juvenile Diabet Res Fdn, Wellcome Trust Diabet & Inflammat Lab, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Hosp NHS Fdn Trust, Dept Med Genet, Cambridge CB2 2FF, England.
   Karolinska Inst, Karolinska Univ Hosp, Clin Res Ctr, Dept Lab Med, S-14157 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; University of London; University College London; University of Cambridge; Cancer Research UK; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital
RP Vallier, L (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hosp, Dept Surg, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England.
EM lv225@cam.ac.uk
FU MRC [G0600275, G0300723] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0300723B, G0300723, G0600275] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [G0600275, G0300723] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 1572
Z9 1884
U1 3
U2 175
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7150
BP 191
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature05950
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 188QN
UT WOS:000247934500042
PM 17597762
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dessaud, E
   Yang, LL
   Hill, K
   Cox, B
   Ulloa, F
   Ribeiro, A
   Mynett, A
   Novitch, BG
   Briscoe, J
AF Dessaud, Eric
   Yang, Lin Lin
   Hill, Katy
   Cox, Barny
   Ulloa, Fausto
   Ribeiro, Ana
   Mynett, Anita
   Novitch, Bennett G.
   Briscoe, James
TI Interpretation of the sonic hedgehog morphogen gradient by a temporal adaptation mechanism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID progenitor-cell identity; ventral neural-tube; neuronal fate; floor plate; transduction; specification; induction; gene; pathway; pattern
AB Morphogens act in developing tissues to control the spatial arrangement of cellular differentiation(1,2). The activity of a morphogen has generally been viewed as a concentration-dependent response to a diffusible signal, but the duration of morphogen signalling can also affect cellular responses(3). One such example is the morphogen sonic hedgehog (SHH). In the vertebrate central nervous system and limbs, the pattern of cellular differentiation is controlled by both the amount and the time of SHH exposure(4-7). How these two parameters are interpreted at a cellular level has been unclear. Here we provide evidence that changing the concentration or duration of SHH has an equivalent effect on intracellular signalling. Chick neural cells convert different concentrations of SHH into time-limited periods of signal transduction, such that signal duration is proportional to SHH concentration. This depends on the gradual desensitization of cells to ongoing SHH exposure, mediated by the SHH-dependent upregulation of patched 1 (PTC1), a ligand-binding inhibitor of SHH signalling(8). Thus, in addition to its role in shaping the SHH gradient(8-10), PTC1 participates cell autonomously in gradient sensing. Together, the data reveal a novel strategy for morphogen interpretation, in which the temporal adaptation of cells to a morphogen integrates the concentration and duration of a signal to control differential gene expression.
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Briscoe, J (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
EM james.briscoe@nimr.mrc.ac.uk
FU MRC [MC_U117560541] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U117560541] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [MC_U117560541] Funding Source: Medline; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS072804] Funding Source: Medline
NR 33
TC 459
Z9 589
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 717
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature06347
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700053
PM 18046410
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Englund, D
   Faraon, A
   Fushman, I
   Stoltz, N
   Petroff, P
   Vuckovic, J
AF Englund, Dirk
   Faraon, Andrei
   Fushman, Ilya
   Stoltz, Nick
   Petroff, Pierre
   Vuckovic, Jelena
TI Controlling cavity reflectivity with a single quantum dot
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photonic crystal; generation; nanocavity; number; light
AB Solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamics ( QED) systems offer a robust and scalable platform for quantum optics experiments and the development of quantum information processing devices. In particular, systems based on photonic crystal nanocavities and semiconductor quantum dots have seen rapid progress. Recent experiments have allowed the observation of weak(1) and strong coupling(2,3) regimes of interaction between the photonic crystal cavity and a single quantum dot in photoluminescence. In the weak coupling regime(1), the quantum dot radiative lifetime is modified; in the strong coupling regime(3), the coupled quantum dot also modifies the cavity spectrum. Several proposals for scalable quantum information networks and quantum computation rely on direct probing of the cavity-quantum dot coupling, by means of resonant light scattering from strongly or weakly coupled quantum dots(4-9). Such experiments have recently been performed in atomic systems(10-12) and superconducting circuit QED systems(13), but not in solid-state quantum dot-cavity QED systems. Here we present experimental evidence that this interaction can be probed in solid-state systems, and show that, as expected from theory, the quantum dot strongly modifies the cavity transmission and reflection spectra. We show that when the quantum dot is coupled to the cavity, photons that are resonant with its transition are prohibited from entering the cavity. We observe this effect as the quantum dot is tuned through the cavity and the coupling strength between them changes. At high intensity of the probe beam, we observe rapid saturation of the transmission dip. These measurements provide both a method for probing the cavity-quantum dot system and a step towards the realization of quantum devices based on coherent light scattering and large optical nonlinearities from quantum dots in photonic crystal cavities.
C1 Stanford Univ, Ginzton Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 Stanford University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Vuckovic, J (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Ginzton Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM jela@stanford.edu
NR 25
TC 566
Z9 667
U1 2
U2 187
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 857
EP 861
DI 10.1038/nature06234
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900051
PM 18064008
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barker, N
   van Es, JH
   Kuipers, J
   Kujala, P
   van den Born, M
   Cozijnsen, M
   Haegebarth, A
   Korving, J
   Begthel, H
   Peters, PJ
   Clevers, H
AF Barker, Nick
   van Es, Johan H.
   Kuipers, Jeroen
   Kujala, Pekka
   van den Born, Maaike
   Cozijnsen, Miranda
   Haegebarth, Andrea
   Korving, Jeroen
   Begthel, Harry
   Peters, Peter J.
   Clevers, Hans
TI Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-coupled receptor; mouse small-intestine; adult-mouse; epithelial progenitors; expression; cancer; overexpression; musashi-1; renewal; gpr49
AB The intestinal epithelium is the most rapidly self-renewing tissue in adult mammals. It is currently believed that four to six crypt stem cells reside at the +4 position immediately above the Paneth cells in the small intestine; colon stem cells remain undefined. Lgr5 (leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5, also known as Gpr49) was selected from a panel of intestinal Wnt target genes for its restricted crypt expression. Here, using two knock-in alleles, we reveal exclusive expression of Lgr5 in cycling columnar cells at the crypt base. In addition, Lgr5 was expressed in rare cells in several other tissues. Using an inducible Cre knock-in allele and the Rosa26-lacZ reporter strain, lineage-tracing experiments were performed in adult mice. The Lgr5-positive crypt base columnar cell generated all epithelial lineages over a 60-day period, suggesting that it represents the stem cell of the small intestine and colon. The expression pattern of Lgr5 suggests that it marks stem cells in multiple adult tissues and cancers.
C1 Hubrecht Inst, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek Hosp, Netherlands Canc Inst, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Hubrecht Institute (KNAW); Netherlands Cancer Institute
RP Clevers, H (corresponding author), Hubrecht Inst, Uppsalalan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM clevers@niob.knaw.nl
NR 30
TC 4572
Z9 5493
U1 16
U2 600
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1003
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature06196
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000041
PM 17934449
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Riebesell, U
   Schulz, KG
   Bellerby, RGJ
   Botros, M
   Fritsche, P
   Meyerhöfer, M
   Neill, C
   Nondal, G
   Oschlies, A
   Wohlers, J
   Zöllner, E
AF Riebesell, U.
   Schulz, K. G.
   Bellerby, R. G. J.
   Botros, M.
   Fritsche, P.
   Meyerhoefer, M.
   Neill, C.
   Nondal, G.
   Oschlies, A.
   Wohlers, J.
   Zoellner, E.
TI Enhanced biological carbon consumption in a high CO2 ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine; temperature; seawater; sink
AB The oceans have absorbed nearly half of the fossil-fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted into the atmosphere since pre-industrial times(1), causing a measurable reduction in seawater pH and carbonate saturation(2). If CO2 emissions continue to rise at current rates, upper-ocean pH will decrease to levels lower than have existed for tens of millions of years and, critically, at a rate of change 100 times greater than at any time over this period(3). Recent studies have shown effects of ocean acidification on a variety of marine life forms, in particular calcifying organisms(4-6). Consequences at the community to ecosystem level, in contrast, are largely unknown. Here we show that dissolved inorganic carbon consumption of a natural plankton community maintained in mesocosm enclosures at initial CO2 partial pressures of 350, 700 and 1,050 mu atm increases with rising CO2. The community consumed up to 39% more dissolved inorganic carbon at increased CO2 partial pressures compared to present levels, whereas nutrient uptake remained the same. The stoichiometry of carbon to nitrogen drawdown increased from 6.0 at low CO2 to 8.0 at high CO2, thus exceeding the Redfield carbon:nitrogen ratio of 6.6 in today's ocean(7). This excess carbon consumption was associated with higher loss of organic carbon from the upper layer of the stratified mesocosms. If applicable to the natural environment, the observed responses have implications for a variety of marine biological and biogeochemical processes, and underscore the importance of biologically driven feedbacks in the ocean to global change.
C1 IFM, GEOMAR, Leibniz Inst Marine Sci, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ Bergen, Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
   Univ Bergen, Inst Geophys, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research; University of Bergen; University of Bergen
RP Riebesell, U (corresponding author), IFM, GEOMAR, Leibniz Inst Marine Sci, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
EM uriebesell@ifm-geomar.de
NR 38
TC 619
Z9 716
U1 11
U2 463
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 545
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature06267
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500046
PM 17994008
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Borg, NA
   Wun, KS
   Kjer-Nielsen, L
   Wilce, MCJ
   Pellicci, DG
   Koh, R
   Besra, GS
   Bharadwaj, M
   Godfrey, DI
   McCluskey, J
   Rossjohn, J
AF Borg, Natalie A.
   Wun, Kwok S.
   Kjer-Nielsen, Lars
   Wilce, Matthew C. J.
   Pellicci, Daniel G.
   Koh, Ruide
   Besra, Gurdyal S.
   Bharadwaj, Mandvi
   Godfrey, Dale I.
   McCluskey, James
   Rossjohn, Jamie
TI CD1d-lipid-antigen recognition by the semi-invariant NKT T-cell receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-galactosylceramide; antigen presentation; structural basis; high-affinity; human cd1d; tcr; selection; complex; binding; glycosphingolipids
AB The CD1 family is a large cluster of non-polymorphic, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I-like molecules that bind distinct lipid-based antigens that are recognized by T cells. The most studied group of T cells that interact with lipid antigens are natural killer T (NKT) cells, which characteristically express a semi-invariant T-cell receptor ( NKT TCR) that specifically recognizes the CD1 family member, CD1d. NKT-cell-mediated recognition of the CD1d - antigen complex has been implicated in microbial immunity, tumour immunity, autoimmunity and allergy. Here we describe the structure of a human NKT TCR in complex with CD1d bound to the potent NKT-cell agonist alpha-galactosylceramide, the archetypal CD1d-restricted glycolipid. In contrast to T-cell receptor - peptide- antigen - MHC complexes, the NKT TCR docked parallel to, and at the extreme end of the CD1d-binding cleft, which enables a lock-and-key type interaction with the lipid antigen. The structure provides a basis for the interaction between the highly conserved NKT TCR alpha-chain and the CD1d - antigen complex that is typified in innate immunity, and also indicates how variability of the NKT TCR beta-chain can impact on recognition of other CD1d - antigen complexes. These findings provide direct insight into how a T-cell receptor recognizes a lipid-antigen-presenting molecule of the immune system.
C1 Monash Univ, Prot Crystallog Unit, ARC Ctr Excellence Struct & Funct Microbial Genom, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol,Sch Biomed Sci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
   Univ Melbourne, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
   Univ Birmingham, Sch Biosci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
C3 Monash University; University of Melbourne; University of Birmingham
RP Rossjohn, J (corresponding author), Monash Univ, Prot Crystallog Unit, ARC Ctr Excellence Struct & Funct Microbial Genom, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol,Sch Biomed Sci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
EM jamesm1@unimelb.edu.au; jamie.rossjohn@med.monash.edu.au
FU Medical Research Council [G0400421] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [G0400421] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0400421] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 36
TC 514
Z9 630
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7149
BP 44
EP 49
DI 10.1038/nature05907
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185OS
UT WOS:000247720900033
PM 17581592
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yagoda, N
   von Rechenberg, M
   Zaganjor, E
   Bauer, AJ
   Yang, WS
   Fridman, DJ
   Wolpaw, AJ
   Smukste, I
   Peltier, JM
   Boniface, JJ
   Smith, R
   Lessnick, SL
   Sahasrabudhe, S
   Stockwell, BR
AF Yagoda, Nicholas
   von Rechenberg, Moritz
   Zaganjor, Elma
   Bauer, Andras J.
   Yang, Wan Seok
   Fridman, Daniel J.
   Wolpaw, Adam J.
   Smukste, Inese
   Peltier, John M.
   Boniface, J. Jay
   Smith, Richard
   Lessnick, Stephen L.
   Sahasrabudhe, Sudhir
   Stockwell, Brent R.
TI RAS-RAF-MEK-dependent oxidative cell death involving voltage-dependent anion channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondrial outer-membrane; human tumor-cells; apoptosis; mechanism; gene; permeability; activation; therapy; library; cancer
AB Therapeutics that discriminate between the genetic makeup of normal cells and tumour cells are valuable for treating and understanding cancer. Small molecules with oncogene-selective lethality may reveal novel functions of oncoproteins and enable the creation of more selective drugs(1). Here we describe the mechanism of action of the selective anti-tumour agent erastin, involving the RAS - RAF - MEK signalling pathway functioning in cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Erastin exhibits greater lethality in human tumour cells harbouring mutations in the oncogenes HRAS, KRAS or BRAF. Using affinity purification and mass spectrometry, we discovered that erastin acts through mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) - a novel target for anti-cancer drugs. We show that erastin treatment of cells harbouring oncogenic RAS causes the appearance of oxidative species and subsequent death through an oxidative, non-apoptotic mechanism. RNA-interference-mediated knockdown of VDAC2 or VDAC3 caused resistance to erastin, implicating these two VDAC isoforms in the mechanism of action of erastin. Moreover, using purified mitochondria expressing a single VDAC isoform, we found that erastin alters the permeability of the outer mitochondrial membrane. Finally, using a radiolabelled analogue and a filter-binding assay, we show that erastin binds directly to VDAC2. These results demonstrate that ligands to VDAC proteins can induce non-apoptotic cell death selectively in some tumour cells harbouring activating mutations in the RAS - RAF - MEK pathway.
C1 Columbia Univ, Fairchild Ctr, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Prolexys Pharmaceut, Salt Lake City, UT 84116 USA.
   Huntsman Canc Inst, Ctr Children, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Huntsman Cancer Institute
RP Stockwell, BR (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Fairchild Ctr, Dept Biol Sci, 1212 Amsterdam Ave,MC 2406, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM stockwell@biology.columbia.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA097061] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 1375
Z9 1582
U1 2
U2 276
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7146
BP 864
EP 868
DI 10.1038/nature05859
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 178FV
UT WOS:000247207500046
PM 17568748
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Radoshitzky, SR
   Abraham, J
   Spiropoulou, CF
   Kuhn, JH
   Nguyen, D
   Li, WH
   Nagel, J
   Schmidt, PJ
   Nunberg, JH
   Andrews, NC
   Farzan, M
   Choe, H
AF Radoshitzky, Sheli R.
   Abraham, Jonathan
   Spiropoulou, Christina F.
   Kuhn, Jens H.
   Nguyen, Dan
   Li, Wenhui
   Nagel, Jane
   Schmidt, Paul J.
   Nunberg, Jack H.
   Andrews, Nancy C.
   Farzan, Michael
   Choe, Hyeryun
TI Transferrin receptor 1 is a cellular receptor for New World haemorrhagic fever arenaviruses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-dystroglycan; endothelium; virus; cells; junin; antibody; biology; binding; entry
AB At least five arenaviruses cause viral haemorrhagic fevers in humans. Lassa virus, an Old World arenavirus, uses the cellular receptor alpha-dystroglycan to infect cells(1). Machupo, Guanarito, Junin and Sabia viruses are New World haemorrhagic fever viruses that do not use alpha-dystroglycan(2). Here we show a specific, high-affinity association between transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and the entry glycoprotein ( GP) of Machupo virus. Expression of human TfR1, but not human transferrin receptor 2, in hamster cell lines markedly enhanced the infection of viruses pseudotyped with the GP of Machupo, Guanarito and Junin viruses, but not with those of Lassa or lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses. An anti-TfR1 antibody efficiently inhibited the replication of Machupo, Guanarito, Junin and Sabia viruses, but not that of Lassa virus. Iron depletion of culture medium enhanced, and iron supplementation decreased, the efficiency of infection by Junin and Machupo but not Lassa pseudoviruses. These data indicate that TfR1 is a cellular receptor for New World haemorrhagic fever arenaviruses.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Hosp,Pulm Div, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, New England Primate Res Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Southborough, MA 01772 USA.
   Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA.
   Free Univ Berlin, Dept Biol Chem Pharm, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Hosp,Div Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Montana, Montana Biotechnol Ctr, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA; Free University of Berlin; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; University of Montana System; University of Montana
RP Choe, H (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Hosp,Pulm Div, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM hyeryun.choe@childrens.harvard.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI074879] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM007753] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of General Medical Sciences [T32GM007753] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 360
Z9 445
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7131
BP 92
EP 96
DI 10.1038/nature05539
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140RY
UT WOS:000244525600044
PM 17287727
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sakellariou, D
   Le Goff, G
   Jacquinot, JF
AF Sakellariou, D.
   Le Goff, G.
   Jacquinot, J.-F.
TI High-resolution, high-sensitivity NMR of nanolitre anisotropic samples by coil spinning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-magnetic-resonance; liquid-state nmr; to-noise ratio; h-1-nmr spectroscopy; single neurons; microcoils; design; spectra; probe
AB Nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR) can probe the local structure and dynamic properties of liquids and solids, making it one of the most powerful and versatile analytical methods available today. However, its intrinsically low sensitivity precludes NMR analysis of very small samples - as frequently used when studying isotopically labelled biological molecules or advanced materials, or as preferred when conducting high-throughput screening of biological samples or 'lab-on-a-chip' studies. The sensitivity of NMR has been improved by using static micro-coils(1), alternative detection schemes(2,3) and pre-polarization approaches(4). But these strategies cannot be easily used in NMR experiments involving the fast sample spinning essential for obtaining well-resolved spectra(5,6) from non-liquid samples. Here we demonstrate that inductive coupling allows wireless transmission of radio-frequency pulses and the reception of NMR signals under fast spinning of both detector coil and sample. This enables NMR measurements characterized by an optimal filling factor, very high radio-frequency field amplitudes and enhanced sensitivity that increases with decreasing sample volume. Signals obtained for nanolitre-sized samples of organic powders and biological tissue increase by almost one order of magnitude ( or, equivalently, are acquired two orders of magnitude faster), compared to standard NMR measurements. Our approach also offers optimal sensitivity when studying samples that need to be confined inside multiple safety barriers, such as radioactive materials. In principle, the co-rotation of a micrometre-sized detector coil with the sample and the use of inductive coupling ( techniques that are at the heart of our method) should enable highly sensitive NMR measurements on any mass-limited sample that requires fast mechanical rotation to obtain well-resolved spectra. The method is easy to implement on a commercial NMR set-up and exhibits improved performance with miniaturization, and we accordingly expect that it will facilitate the development of novel solid-state NMR methodologies and find wide use in high-throughput chemical and biomedical analysis.
C1 CEA Saclay, Lab Struct & Dynam Resonance Magnet, Serv Chim Mol, CNRS,DSM DRECAM SCM,URA 331, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   CEA Saclay, Serv Phys Etat Condense, DSM DRECAM SPEC, CNRS,URA 2464, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Sakellariou, D (corresponding author), CEA Saclay, Lab Struct & Dynam Resonance Magnet, Serv Chim Mol, CNRS,DSM DRECAM SCM,URA 331, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM dimitrios.sakellariou@cea.fr
NR 30
TC 139
Z9 158
U1 0
U2 76
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 7
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7145
BP 694
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature05897
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 175RI
UT WOS:000247030700039
PM 17554303
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Min, JH
   Pavletich, NP
AF Min, Jung-Hyun
   Pavletich, Nikola P.
TI Recognition of DNA damage by the Rad4 nucleotide excision repair protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID group-c protein; adduct opposite dt; xeroderma-pigmentosum; solution conformation; binding domain; base-pairs; cis-syn; group-a; complex; duplex
AB Mutations in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway can cause the xeroderma pigmentosum skin cancer predisposition syndrome. NER lesions are limited to one DNA strand, but otherwise they are chemically and structurally diverse, being caused by a wide variety of genotoxic chemicals and ultraviolet radiation. The xeroderma pigmentosum C (XPC) protein has a central role in initiating global-genome NER by recognizing the lesion and recruiting downstream factors. Here we present the crystal structure of the yeast XPC orthologue Rad4 bound to DNA containing a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) lesion. The structure shows that Rad4 inserts a beta-hairpin through the DNA duplex, causing the two damaged base pairs to flip out of the double helix. The expelled nucleotides of the undamaged strand are recognized by Rad4, whereas the two CPD-linked nucleotides become disordered. These findings indicate that the lesions recognized by Rad4/XPC thermodynamically destabilize the Watson-Crick double helix in a manner that facilitates the flipping-out of two base pairs.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Struct Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Pavletich, NP (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Struct Biol Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM pavletin@mkscc.org
NR 50
TC 353
Z9 432
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7162
BP 570
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature06155
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 216QG
UT WOS:000249893500038
PM 17882165
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hattendorf, DA
   Andreeva, A
   Gangar, A
   Brennwald, PJ
   Weis, WI
AF Hattendorf, Douglas A.
   Andreeva, Anna
   Gangar, Akanksha
   Brennwald, Patrick J.
   Weis, William I.
TI Structure of the yeast polarity protein Sro7 reveals a SNARE regulatory mechanism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lethal-giant-larvae; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; plasma-membrane; exocytosis; tomosyn; complex; phosphorylation; residues; vesicles; effector
AB Polarized exocytosis requires coordination between the actin cytoskeleton and the exocytic machinery responsible for fusion of secretory vesicles at specific sites on the plasma membrane(1). Fusion requires formation of a complex between a vesicle-bound R-SNARE and plasma membrane Qa, Qb and Qc SNARE proteins(2). Proteins in the lethal giant larvae protein family, including lethal giant larvae and tomosyn in metazoans and Sro7 in yeast, interact with Q-SNAREs and are emerging as key regulators of polarized exocytosis(3). The crystal structure of Sro7 reveals two seven-bladed WD40 beta-propellers followed by a 60-residue- long 'tail', which is bound to the surface of the amino-terminal propeller. Deletion of the Sro7 tail enables binding to the Qbc SNARE region of Sec9 and this interaction inhibits SNARE complex assembly. The N-terminal domain of Sec9 provides a second, high-affinity Sro7 interaction that is unaffected by the tail. The results suggest that Sro7 acts as an allosteric regulator of exocytosis through interactions with factors that control the tail. Sequence alignments indicate that lethal giant larvae and tomosyn have a two-beta-propeller fold similar to that of Sro7, but only tomosyn appears to retain the regulatory tail.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Struct, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Weis, WI (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Struct, 299 Campus Dr W, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM pjbrennw@med.unc.edu; bill.weis@stanford.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM054712] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of General Medical Sciences [R01GM054712] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 27
TC 77
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7135
BP 567
EP 571
DI 10.1038/nature05635
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150TQ
UT WOS:000245242900055
PM 17392788
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, Q
   Stelzer, AC
   Fisher, CK
   Al-Hashimi, HM
AF Zhang, Qi
   Stelzer, Andrew C.
   Fisher, Charles K.
   Al-Hashimi, Hashim M.
TI Visualizing spatially correlated dynamics that directs RNA conformational transitions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID residual dipolar couplings; hiv-1 tar rna; liquid-crystalline phase; model-free approach; nmr-spectroscopy; backbone dynamics; protein-structure; relaxation; recognition; reveals
AB RNAs fold into three- dimensional ( 3D) structures that subsequently undergo large, functionally important, conformational transitions in response to a variety of cellular signals(1-3). RNA structures are believed to encode spatially tuned flexibility that can direct transitions along specific conformational pathways(4,5). However, this hypothesis has proved difficult to examine directly because atomic movements in complex biomolecules cannot be visualized in 3D by using current experimental methods. Here we report the successful implementation of a strategy using NMR that has allowed us to visualize, with complete 3D rotational sensitivity, the dynamics between two RNA helices that are linked by a functionally important trinucleotide bulge over timescales extending up to milliseconds. The key to our approach is to anchor NMR frames of reference onto each helix and thereby directly measure their dynamics, one relative to the other, using 'relativistic' sets of residual dipolar couplings ( RDCs)(6,7). Using this approach, we uncovered super- large amplitude helix motions that trace out a surprisingly structured and spatially correlated 3D dynamic trajectory. The two helices twist around their individual axes by approximately 536 and 1106 in a highly correlated manner ( R = 0.97) while simultaneously ( R = 0.81 - 0.92) bending by about 94 degrees. Remarkably, the 3D dynamic trajectory is dotted at various positions by seven distinct ligand- bound conformations of the RNA. Thus even partly unstructured RNAs can undergo structured dynamics that directs ligand- induced transitions along specific predefined conformational pathways.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Chem & Biophys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Al-Hashimi, HM (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Chem & Biophys, 930 N Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM hashimi@umich.edu
NR 36
TC 220
Z9 265
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1263
EP U14
DI 10.1038/nature06389
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200057
PM 18097416
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, X
   Clark, AC
   Chan, MHW
AF Lin, X.
   Clark, A. C.
   Chan, M. H. W.
TI Probable heat capacity signature of the supersolid transition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superfluid transition; he-3; phase
AB Liquid He-4 enters the superfluid state and flows without friction below 2.176 K. Thin liquid films adsorbed on solid substrates undergo the same transformation, although at a lower temperature. When the substrate is subjected to oscillatory motion a portion of the film, known as the superfluid fraction, decouples from the oscillation. A similar phenomenon has been observed(1,2) in solid He-4, in which a fraction of the solid seems to decouple from the motion of the surrounding lattice. Although this observation has been replicated in various laboratories(3-6), no thermodynamic signature of the possible supersolid transition has been seen. Here we report the finding of a heat capacity peak that coincides with the onset of mass decoupling. This complementary experimental evidence supports the existence of a genuine transition between the normal solid and supersolid phases of He-4.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Chan, MHW (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, 104 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM chan@phys.psu.edu
NR 30
TC 63
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1025
EP 1028
DI 10.1038/nature06228
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000046
PM 17960238
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lizarralde, D
   Axen, GJ
   Brown, HE
   Fletcher, JM
   González-Fernández, A
   Harding, AJ
   Holbrook, WS
   Kent, GM
   Paramo, P
   Sutherland, F
   Umhoefer, PJ
AF Lizarralde, Daniel
   Axen, Gary J.
   Brown, Hillary E.
   Fletcher, John M.
   Gonzalez-Fernandez, Antonio
   Harding, Alistair J.
   Holbrook, W. Steven
   Kent, Graham M.
   Paramo, Pedro
   Sutherland, Fiona
   Umhoefer, Paul J.
TI Variation in styles of rifting in the Gulf of California
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plate; extension; evolution; motion
AB Constraints on the structure of rifted continental margins and the magmatism resulting from such rifting can help refine our understanding of the strength of the lithosphere, the state of the underlying mantle and the transition from rifting to seafloor spreading. An important structural classification of rifts is by width(1), with narrow rifts thought to form as necking instabilities(2) ( where extension rates outpace thermal diffusion(3)) and wide rifts thought to require a mechanism to inhibit localization, such as lower-crustal flow in high heat-flow settings(1,4). Observations of the magmatism that results from rifting range from volcanic margins with two to three times the magmatism predicted from melting models(5) to non-volcanic margins with almost no rift or post-rift magmatism. Such variations in magmatic activity are commonly attributed to variations in mantle temperature. Here we describe results from the PESCADOR seismic experiment in the southern Gulf of California and present crustal-scale images across three rift segments. Over short lateral distances, we observe large differences in rifting style and magmatism - from wide rifting with minor synchronous magmatism to narrow rifting in magmatically robust segments. But many of the factors believed to control structural evolution and magmatism during rifting ( extension rate, mantle potential temperature and heat flow) tend to vary over larger length scales. We conclude instead that mantle depletion, rather than low mantle temperature, accounts for the observed wide, magma-poor margins, and that mantle fertility and possibly sedimentary insulation, rather than high mantle temperature, account for the observed robust rift and post-rift magmatism.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA.
   Ctr Invest Cient & Educ Ensenada, Dept Geol, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico.
   Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   No Arizona Univ, Dept Geol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.
   BP Explorat Operating Co Ltd, Sunbury On Thames TW16 7LN, Middx, England.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; New Mexico Institute of Mining Technology; University of Wyoming; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Northern Arizona University; BP
RP Lizarralde, D (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM danl@whoi.edu
NR 29
TC 270
Z9 300
U1 1
U2 66
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7152
BP 466
EP 469
DI 10.1038/nature06035
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 193VG
UT WOS:000248302700045
PM 17653189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tombros, N
   Jozsa, C
   Popinciuc, M
   Jonkman, HT
   van Wees, BJ
AF Tombros, Nikolaos
   Jozsa, Csaba
   Popinciuc, Mihaita
   Jonkman, Harry T.
   van Wees, Bart J.
TI Electronic spin transport and spin precession in single graphene layers at room temperature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrical detection; metal
AB Electronic transport in single or a few layers of graphene is the subject of intense interest at present. The specific band structure of graphene, with its unique valley structure and Dirac neutrality point separating hole states from electron states, has led to the observation of new electronic transport phenomena such as anomalously quantized Hall effects, absence of weak localization and the existence of a minimum conductivity(1). In addition to dissipative transport, supercurrent transport has also been observed(2). Graphene might also be a promising material for spintronics and related applications, such as the realization of spin qubits, owing to the low intrinsic spin orbit interaction, as well as the low hyperfine interaction of the electron spins with the carbon nuclei(3,4). Here we report the observation of spin transport, as well as Larmor spin precession, over micrometre-scale distances in single graphene layers. The 'non-local' spin valve geometry was used in these experiments, employing four-terminal contact geometries with ferromagnetic cobalt electrodes making contact with the graphene sheet through a thin oxide layer. We observe clear bipolar (changing from positive to negative sign) spin signals that reflect the magnetization direction of all four electrodes, indicating that spin coherence extends underneath all of the contacts. No significant changes in the spin signals occur between 4.2 K, 77K and room temperature. We extract a spin relaxation length between 1.5 and 2 mm at room temperature, only weakly dependent on charge density. The spin polarization of the ferromagnetic contacts is calculated from the measurements to be around ten per cent.
C1 Univ Groningen, Zernike Inst Adv Mat, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
C3 University of Groningen
RP Tombros, N (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Zernike Inst Adv Mat, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
EM n.tombros@rug.nl
NR 17
TC 2133
Z9 2331
U1 13
U2 1179
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7153
BP 571
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature06037
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 195XV
UT WOS:000248446700038
PM 17632544
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stuchell-Brereton, MD
   Skalicky, JJ
   Kieffer, C
   Karren, MA
   Ghaffarian, S
   Sundquist, WI
AF Stuchell-Brereton, Melissa D.
   Skalicky, Jack J.
   Kieffer, Collin
   Karren, Mary Anne
   Ghaffarian, Sanaz
   Sundquist, Wesley I.
TI ESCRT-III recognition by VPS4 ATPases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hereditary spastic paraplegia; protein interactions; mit domain; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; membrane-trafficking; mammalian-cells; complex; machinery; amsh; identification
AB The ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) pathway is required for terminal membrane fission events in several important biological processes, including endosomal intraluminal vesicle formation(1,2), HIV budding(3) and cytokinesis(4). VPS4 ATPases perform a key function in this pathway by recognizing membrane-associated ESCRT-III assemblies and catalysing their disassembly(5-7), possibly in conjunction with membrane fission. Here we show that the microtubule interacting and transport (MIT) domains of human VPS4A and VPS4B bind conserved sequence motifs located at the carboxy termini of the CHMP1-3 class of ESCRT-III proteins. Structures of VPS4A MIT-CHMP1A and VPS4B MIT-CHMP2B complexes reveal that the C-terminal CHMP motif forms an amphipathic helix that binds in a groove between the last two helices of the tetratricopeptide-like repeat (TPR) of the VPS4 MIT domain, but in the opposite orientation to that of a canonical TPR interaction. Distinct pockets in the MIT domain bind three conserved leucine residues of the CHMP motif, and mutations that inhibit these interactions block VPS4 recruitment, impair endosomal protein sorting and relieve dominant-negative VPS4 inhibition of HIV budding. Thus, our studies reveal how the VPS4 ATPases recognize their CHMP substrates to facilitate the membrane fission events required for the release of viruses, endosomal vesicles and daughter cells.
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Biochem, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Sundquist, WI (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Biochem, Room 4100,15 N Med Dr E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
EM wes@biochem.utah.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI051174] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [P50 GM082545] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 271
Z9 335
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7163
BP 740
EP 744
DI 10.1038/nature06172
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 218VV
UT WOS:000250045000048
PM 17928862
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nejentsev, S
   Howson, JMM
   Walker, NM
   Szeszko, J
   Field, SF
   Stevens, HE
   Reynolds, P
   Hardy, M
   King, E
   Masters, J
   Hulme, J
   Maier, LM
   Smyth, D
   Bailey, R
   Cooper, JD
   Ribas, G
   Campbell, RD
   Clayton, DG
   Todd, JA
AF Nejentsev, Sergey
   Howson, Joanna M. M.
   Walker, Neil M.
   Szeszko, Jeffrey
   Field, Sarah F.
   Stevens, Helen E.
   Reynolds, Pamela
   Hardy, Matthew
   King, Erna
   Masters, Jennifer
   Hulme, John
   Maier, Lisa M.
   Smyth, Deborah
   Bailey, Rebecca
   Cooper, Jason D.
   Ribas, Gloria
   Campbell, R. Duncan
   Clayton, David G.
   Todd, John A.
TI Localization of type 1 diabetes susceptibility to the MHC class I genes HLA-B and HLA-A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cd8 t-cells; nod mice; mellitus; region; association; reveals; risk; predisposition; infiltration; destruction
AB The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6 is associated with susceptibility to more common diseases than any other region of the human genome, including almost all disorders classified as autoimmune. In type 1 diabetes the major genetic susceptibility determinants have been mapped to the MHC class II genes HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DRB1(refs 1-3), but these genes cannot completely explain the association between type 1 diabetes and the MHC region(4-11). Owing to the region's extreme gene density, the multiplicity of disease-associated alleles, strong associations between alleles, limited genotyping capability, and inadequate statistical approaches and sample sizes, which, and how many, loci within the MHC determine susceptibility remains unclear. Here, in several large type 1 diabetes data sets, we analyse a combined total of 1,729 polymorphisms, and apply statistical methods-recursive partitioning and regression-to pinpoint disease susceptibility to the MHC class I genes HLA-B and HLA-A (risk ratios > 1.5; P(combined) = 2.01 X 10(-19) and 2.35 X 10(-13), respectively) in addition to the established associations of the MHC class II genes. Other loci with smaller and/or rarer effects might also be involved, but to find these, future searches must take into account both the HLA class II and class I genes and use even larger samples. Taken together with previous studies(4-8,10-16), we conclude that MHC-class-I-mediated events, principally involving HLA-B*39, contribute to the aetiology of type 1 diabetes.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Juvenile Diabet Res Fdn, Wellcome Trust Diabet & Inflammat Lab, Dept Med Genet,Cambridge Inst Med Res, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England.
   MRC Rosalind Franklin Ctr Genom Res, Cambridge CB10 1SB, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Physiol Anat & Genet, Oxford OX1 3QX, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Oxford
RP Howson, JMM (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Juvenile Diabet Res Fdn, Wellcome Trust Diabet & Inflammat Lab, Dept Med Genet,Cambridge Inst Med Res, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England.
EM Joanna.Howson@cimr.cam.ac.uk; John.Todd@cimr.cam.ac.uk
FU MRC [G0600681, G0000934] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0000934, G0600681] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust [076113] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G0000934, G0600681] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 454
Z9 520
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 887
EP U19
DI 10.1038/nature06406
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900058
PM 18004301
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Collison, LW
   Workman, CJ
   Kuo, TT
   Boyd, K
   Wang, Y
   Vignali, KM
   Cross, R
   Sehy, D
   Blumberg, RS
   Vignali, DAA
AF Collison, Lauren W.
   Workman, Creg J.
   Kuo, Timothy T.
   Boyd, Kelli
   Wang, Yao
   Vignali, Kate M.
   Cross, Richard
   Sehy, David
   Blumberg, Richard S.
   Vignali, Dario A. A.
TI The inhibitory cytokine IL-35 contributes to regulatory T-cell function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor foxp3; in-vivo; intestinal inflammation; leishmania-major; th1 responses; activation; mice; protein; gene; interleukin-12
AB Regulatory T (T-reg) cells are a critical sub-population of CD4(+) T cells that are essential for maintaining self tolerance and preventing autoimmunity(1,2), for limiting chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and inflammatory bowel disease(3,4), and for regulating homeostatic lymphocyte expansion(5). However, they also suppress natural immune responses to parasites(6) and viruses(7) as well as anti-tumour immunity induced by therapeutic vaccines(8). Although the manipulation of T-reg function is an important goal of immunotherapy, the molecules that mediate their suppressive activity remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that Epstein-Barr-virus-induced gene 3 (Ebi3, which encodes IL-27 beta) and interleukin-12 alpha (Il12a, which encodes IL-2 alpha/p35) are highly expressed by mouse Foxp3(+) ( forkhead box P3) Treg cells but not by resting or activated effector CD4(+) T (T-eff) cells, and that an Ebi3-IL-12 alpha heterodimer is constitutively secreted by T-reg but not T-eff cells. Both Ebi3 and Il12a messenger RNA are markedly upregulated in T-reg cells co-cultured with T-eff cells, thereby boosting Ebi3 and IL-12 alpha production in trans. T-reg-cell restriction of this cytokine occurs because Ebi3 is a downstream target of Foxp3, a transcription factor that is required for T-reg-cell development and function. Ebi3(-/-) and Il12a(-/-) T-reg cells have significantly reduced regulatory activity in vitro and fail to control homeostatic proliferation and to cure inflammatory bowel disease in vivo. Because these phenotypic characteristics are distinct from those of other IL-12 family members, this novel Ebi3-IL-12 alpha heterodimeric cytokine has been designated interleukin-35 ( IL-35). Ectopic expression of IL-35 confers regulatory activity on naive T cells, whereas recombinant IL-35 suppresses T-cell proliferation. Taken together, these data identify IL-35 as a novel inhibitory cytokine that may be specifically produced by T-reg cells and is required for maximal suppressive activity.
C1 St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Immunol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Anim Resources Ctr, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   eBiosci, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Vignali, DAA (corresponding author), St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Immunol, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
EM dario.vignali@stjude.org
NR 43
TC 1642
Z9 2101
U1 3
U2 221
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 566
EP U19
DI 10.1038/nature06306
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500051
PM 18033300
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemiktarak, U
   Ndukum, T
   Schwab, KC
   Ekinci, KL
AF Kemiktarak, U.
   Ndukum, T.
   Schwab, K. C.
   Ekinci, K. L.
TI Radio-frequency scanning tunnelling microscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atomic force microscope; shot-noise; nanomechanical resonator; electronic-structure; surface; transducers
AB The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM)(1) relies on localized electron tunnelling between a sharp probe tip and a conducting sample to attain atomic-scale spatial resolution. In the 25-year period since its invention, the STM has helped uncover a wealth of phenomena in diverse physical systems-ranging from semi-conductors(2,3) to superconductors(4) to atomic and molecular nanosystems(5-9). A severe limitation in scanning tunnelling microscopy is the low temporal resolution, originating from the diminished high-frequency response of the tunnel current readout circuitry. Here we overcome this limitation by measuring the reflection from a resonant inductor-capacitor circuit in which the tunnel junction is embedded, and demonstrate electronic bandwidths as high as 10 MHz. This similar to 100-fold bandwidth improvement on the state of the art translates into fast surface topography as well as delicate measurements in mesoscopic electronics and mechanics. Broadband noise measurements across the tunnel junction using this radio-frequency STM have allowed us to perform thermometry at the nanometre scale. Furthermore, we have detected high-frequency mechanical motion with a sensitivity approaching similar to 15 fm Hz(-1/2). This sensitivity is on par with the highest available from nanoscale optical and electrical displacement detection techniques, and the radio-frequency STM is expected to be capable of quantum-limited position measurements.
C1 Boston Univ, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Phys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Boston University; Boston University; Cornell University
RP Ekinci, KL (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM ekinci@bu.edu
NR 30
TC 87
Z9 109
U1 1
U2 76
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 85
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06238
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800041
PM 17972882
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, T
   Shadlen, MN
AF Yang, Tianming
   Shadlen, Michael N.
TI Probabilistic reasoning by neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral intraparietal area; posterior parietal cortex; developing oculomotor commands; perceptual decision; visual-cortex; sensory stimuli; premotor cortex; macaque monkey; representation; task
AB Our brains allow us to reason about alternatives and to make choices that are likely to pay off. Often there is no one correct answer, but instead one that is favoured simply because it is more likely to lead to reward. A variety of probabilistic classification tasks probe the covert strategies that humans use to decide among alternatives based on evidence that bears only probabilistically on outcome. Here we show that rhesus monkeys can also achieve such reasoning. We have trained two monkeys to choose between a pair of coloured targets after viewing four shapes, shown sequentially, that governed the probability that one of the targets would furnish reward. Monkeys learned to combine probabilistic information from the shape combinations. Moreover, neurons in the parietal cortex reveal the addition and subtraction of probabilistic quantities that underlie decision-making on this task.
C1 Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Natl Primate Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Yang, T (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Natl Primate Res Ctr, Box 357290, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM tianming@u.washington.edu; shadlen@u.washington.edu
FU NCRR NIH HHS [P51 RR000166] Funding Source: Medline; NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY011378] Funding Source: Medline
NR 57
TC 375
Z9 449
U1 0
U2 66
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7148
BP 1075
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature05852
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 183HT
UT WOS:000247564600030
PM 17546027
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sitch, S
   Cox, PM
   Collins, WJ
   Huntingford, C
AF Sitch, S.
   Cox, P. M.
   Collins, W. J.
   Huntingford, C.
TI Indirect radiative forcing of climate change through ozone effects on the land-carbon sink
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface ozone; responses; troposphere; emissions; exposure; impact; trees; co2
AB The evolution of the Earth's climate over the twenty- first century depends on the rate at which anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are removed from the atmosphere by the ocean and land carbon cycles(1). Coupled climate - carbon cycle models suggest that global warming will act to limit the land- carbon sink(2), but these first generation models neglected the impacts of changing atmospheric chemistry. Emissions associated with fossil fuel and biomass burning have acted to approximately double the global mean tropospheric ozone concentration(3), and further increases are expected over the twenty- first century(4). Tropospheric ozone is known to damage plants, reducing plant primary productivity and crop yields(5), yet increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are thought to stimulate plant primary productivity(6). Increased carbon dioxide and ozone levels can both lead to stomatal closure, which reduces the uptake of either gas, and in turn limits the damaging effect of ozone and the carbon dioxide fertilization of photosynthesis(6). Here we estimate the impact of projected changes in ozone levels on the land- carbon sink, using a global land carbon cycle model modified to include the effect of ozone deposition on photosynthesis and to account for interactions between ozone and carbon dioxide through stomatal closure(7). For a range of sensitivity parameters based on manipulative field experiments, we find a significant suppression of the global land- carbon sink as increases in ozone concentrations affect plant productivity. In consequence, more carbon dioxide accumulates in the atmosphere. We suggest that the resulting indirect radiative forcing by ozone effects on plants could contribute more to global warming than the direct radiative forcing due to tropospheric ozone increases.
C1 Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res JCHMR, Met Off, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England.
   Ctr Ecol & Hydrol Wallingford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England.
   Univ Exeter, Sch Engn Comp Sci & Math, Exeter ES4 4QF, Devon, England.
   Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England.
C3 Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); University of Exeter; Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre
RP Sitch, S (corresponding author), Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res JCHMR, Met Off, Maclean Bldg, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England.
EM stephen.sitch@metoffice.gov.uk
NR 30
TC 750
Z9 872
U1 9
U2 425
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7155
BP 791
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature06059
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200HJ
UT WOS:000248754200036
PM 17653194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sharif, J
   Muto, M
   Takebayashi, SI
   Suetake, I
   Iwamatsu, A
   Endo, TA
   Shinga, J
   Mizutani-Koseki, Y
   Toyoda, T
   Okamura, K
   Tajima, S
   Mitsuya, K
   Okano, M
   Koseki, H
AF Sharif, Jafar
   Muto, Masahiro
   Takebayashi, Shin-ichiro
   Suetake, Isao
   Iwamatsu, Akihiro
   Endo, Takaho A.
   Shinga, Jun
   Mizutani-Koseki, Yoko
   Toyoda, Tetsuro
   Okamura, Kunihiro
   Tajima, Shoji
   Mitsuya, Kohzoh
   Okano, Masaki
   Koseki, Haruhiko
TI The SRA protein Np95 mediates epigenetic inheritance by recruiting Dnmt1 to methylated DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; cytosine-5 methyltransferase; mammalian-cells; binding-protein; replication; transcription; maintenance; target; domain; mark
AB DNA methyltransferase (cytosine-5) 1 (Dnmt1) is the principal enzyme responsible for maintenance of CpG methylation and is essential for the regulation of gene expression, silencing of parasitic DNA elements, genomic imprinting and embryogenesis(1-4). Dnmt1 is needed in S phase to methylate newly replicated CpGs occurring opposite methylated ones on the mother strand of the DNA, which is essential for the epigenetic inheritance of methylation patterns in the genome. Despite an intrinsic affinity of Dnmt1 for such hemi-methylated DNA(5), the molecular mechanisms that ensure the correct loading of Dnmt1 onto newly replicated DNA in vivo are not understood. The Np95 ( also known as Uhrf1 and ICBP90) protein binds methylated CpG through its SET and RING finger-associated ( SRA) domain(6). Here we show that localization of mouse Np95 to replicating heterochromatin is dependent on the presence of hemi-methylated DNA. Np95 forms complexes with Dnmt1 and mediates the loading of Dnmt1 to replicating heterochromatic regions. By using Np95-deficient embryonic stem cells and embryos, we show that Np95 is essential in vivo to maintain global and local DNA methylation and to repress transcription of retrotransposons and imprinted genes. The link between hemimethylated DNA, Np95 and Dnmt1 thus establishes key steps of the mechanism for epigenetic inheritance of DNA methylation.
C1 RIKEN Res Ctr Allergy & Immunol, Tsurumi Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   RIKEN Genom Sci Ctr, Tsurumi Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   TUBERO, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808574, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Chem & Biotechnol, Grad Sch Engn, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138565, Japan.
   RIKEN Ctr Dev Biol, Chuo Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500047, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Inst Prot Res, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Prot Res Network Inc, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360004, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; RIKEN; Tohoku University; University of Tokyo; RIKEN; University of Osaka
RP Koseki, H (corresponding author), RIKEN Res Ctr Allergy & Immunol, Tsurumi Ku, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
EM koseki@rcai.riken.jp
NR 30
TC 1019
Z9 1221
U1 1
U2 115
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 908
EP U25
DI 10.1038/nature06397
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900062
PM 17994007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, TL
   Delva, M
   Baumjohann, W
   Auster, HU
   Carr, C
   Russell, CT
   Barabash, S
   Balikhin, M
   Kudela, K
   Berghofer, G
   Biernat, HK
   Lammer, H
   Lichtenegger, H
   Magnes, W
   Nakamura, R
   Schwingenschuh, K
   Volwerk, M
   Vörös, Z
   Zambelli, W
   Fornacon, KH
   Glassmeier, KH
   Richter, I
   Balogh, A
   Schwarzl, H
   Pope, SA
   Shi, JK
   Wang, C
   Motschmann, U
   Lebreton, JP
AF Zhang, T. L.
   Delva, M.
   Baumjohann, W.
   Auster, H. -U.
   Carr, C.
   Russell, C. T.
   Barabash, S.
   Balikhin, M.
   Kudela, K.
   Berghofer, G.
   Biernat, H. K.
   Lammer, H.
   Lichtenegger, H.
   Magnes, W.
   Nakamura, R.
   Schwingenschuh, K.
   Volwerk, M.
   Voros, Z.
   Zambelli, W.
   Fornacon, K. -H.
   Glassmeier, K. -H.
   Richter, I.
   Balogh, A.
   Schwarzl, H.
   Pope, S. A.
   Shi, J. K.
   Wang, C.
   Motschmann, U.
   Lebreton, J. -P.
TI Little or no solar wind enters Venus' atmosphere at solar minimum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-field; bow shock; express; mars; ionosphere; location; planets; plasma; flow
AB Venus has no significant internal magnetic field(1), which allows the solar wind to interact directly with its atmosphere(2,3). A field is induced in this interaction, which partially shields the atmosphere, but we have no knowledge of how effective that shield is at solar minimum. (Our current knowledge of the solar wind interaction with Venus is derived from measurements at solar maximum(4-7).) The bow shock is close to the planet, meaning that it is possible that some solar wind could be absorbed by the atmosphere and contribute to the evolution of the atmosphere(8,9). Here we report magnetic field measurements from the Venus Express spacecraft(4) in the plasma environment surrounding Venus. The bow shock under low solar activity conditions seems to be in the position that would be expected from a complete deflection by a magnetized ionosphere(10). Therefore little solar wind enters the Venus ionosphere even at solar minimum.
C1 Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria.
   TU Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterr Phys, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany.
   TU Braunschweig, Inst Theoret Phys, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci & Technol, London SW7 2BZ, England.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGPP, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Swedish Inst Space Phys, S-98128 Kiruna, Sweden.
   Univ Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, S Yorkshire, England.
   Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Expt Phys, Kosice 04353, Slovakia.
   Chinese Acad Sci, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China.
   RSSD ESTEC, NL-2000 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
C3 Austrian Academy of Sciences; Braunschweig University of Technology; Braunschweig University of Technology; Imperial College London; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Sheffield; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre
RP Zhang, TL (corresponding author), Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria.
EM tielong.zhang@oeaw.ac.at
NR 20
TC 76
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 654
EP 656
DI 10.1038/nature06026
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700039
PM 18046399
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Foster, SL
   Hargreaves, DC
   Medzhitov, R
AF Foster, Simmie L.
   Hargreaves, Diana C.
   Medzhitov, Ruslan
TI Gene-specific control of inflammation by TLR-induced chromatin modifications
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kappa-b; macrophage activation; molecular-mechanisms; murine macrophages; bacterial pyrogens; messenger-rna; tnf-alpha; in-vitro; receptor; lipopolysaccharide
AB Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induce a multi-component inflammatory response that must be tightly regulated to avoid tissue damage. Most known regulatory mechanisms target TLR signalling pathways and thus broadly inhibit multiple aspects of the inflammatory response. Given the functional diversity of TLR-induced genes, we proposed that additional, gene-specific regulatory mechanisms exist to allow individual aspects of the TLR-induced response to be differentially regulated. Using an in vitro system of lipopolysaccharide tolerance in murine macrophages, we show that TLR-induced genes fall into two categories on the basis of their functions and regulatory requirements. We demonstrate that representatives from the two classes acquire distinct patterns of TLR-induced chromatin modifications. These gene-specific chromatin modifications are associated with transient silencing of one class of genes, which includes pro-inflammatory mediators, and priming of the second class, which includes antimicrobial effectors. These findings illustrate an adaptive response in macrophages and reveal component-specific regulation of inflammation.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06405 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunobiol, New Haven, CT 06405 USA.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
RP Medzhitov, R (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06405 USA.
EM ruslan.medzhitov@yale.edu
NR 37
TC 1072
Z9 1271
U1 1
U2 80
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7147
BP 972
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature05836
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180NU
UT WOS:000247373100040
PM 17538624
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luo, ZX
   Chen, PJ
   Li, G
   Chen, M
AF Luo, Zhe-Xi
   Chen, Peiji
   Li, Gang
   Chen, Meng
TI A new eutriconodont mammal and evolutionary development in early mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ossified meckels cartilage; middle-ear; mesozoic mammals; hox genes; origin; diversification; constraints; phylogeny; skeleton; china
AB Detachment of the three tiny middle ear bones from the reptilian mandible is an important innovation of modern mammals. Here we describe a Mesozoic eutriconodont nested within crown mammals that clearly illustrates this transition: the middle ear bones are connected to the mandible via an ossified Meckel's cartilage. The connected ear and jaw structure is similar to the embryonic pattern in modern monotremes (egg-laying mammals) and placental mammals, but is a paedomorphic feature retained in the adult, unlike in monotreme and placental adults. This suggests that reversal to (or retention of) this premammalian ancestral condition is correlated with different developmental timing (heterochrony) in eutriconodonts. This new eutriconodont adds to the evidence of homoplasy of vertebral characters in the thoraco-lumbar transition and unfused lumbar ribs among early mammals. This is similar to the effect of homeobox gene patterning of vertebrae in modern mammals, making it plausible to extrapolate the effects of Hox gene patterning to account for homoplastic evolution of vertebral characters in early mammals.
C1 Carnegie Museum Nat Hist, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   Nanjing Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Nanjing 210093, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Nanjing Inst Geol & Palaeontol, State Key Lab Palaeobiol & Strat, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China.
C3 Nanjing University; Chinese Academy of Sciences
RP Luo, ZX (corresponding author), Carnegie Museum Nat Hist, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
EM luoz@carnegiemnh.org
NR 50
TC 144
Z9 176
U1 1
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7133
BP 288
EP 293
DI 10.1038/nature05627
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145VC
UT WOS:000244892900038
PM 17361176
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tang, C
   Schwieters, CD
   Clore, GM
AF Tang, Chun
   Schwieters, Charles D.
   Clore, G. Marius
TI Open-to-closed transition in apo maltose-binding protein observed by paramagnetic NMR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dipolar couplings; active-transport; macromolecules; spectroscopy; dynamics; refinement; receptor; database; domains; motions
AB Large-scale domain rearrangements in proteins have long been recognized to have a critical function in ligand binding and recognition, catalysis and regulation(1-5). Crystal structures have provided a static picture of the apo (usually open) and holo usually closed) states. The general question arises as to whether the apo state exists as a single species in which the closed state is energetically inaccessible and interdomain rearrangement is induced by ligand or substrate binding, or whether the predominantly open form already coexists in rapid equilibrium with a minor closed species. The maltose-binding protein (MBP), a member of the bacterial periplasmic binding protein family(6), provides a model system for investigating this problem because it has been the subject of extensive studies by crystallography(7,8), NMR9-11 and other biophysical techniques(11-13). Here we show that although paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) data for the sugar-bound form are consistent with the crystal structure of holo MBP, the PRE data for the apo state are indicative of a rapidly exchanging mixture (ns to mu s regime) of a predominantly (similar to 95%) open form (represented by the apo crystal structure) and a minor (similar to 5%) partially closed species. Using ensemble simulated annealing refinement against the PRE data we are able to determine a [r(-6)] ensemble average structure of the minor apo species and show that it is distinct from the sugar-bound state.
C1 NIDDKD, Chem Phys Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIH, Div Computat Biosci, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA
RP Clore, GM (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Chem Phys Lab, NIH, Bldg 5, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM mariusc@intra.niddk.nih.gov
FU National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; NIH Office of the Director [ZIADK029023] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 35
TC 359
Z9 403
U1 0
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1078
EP U12
DI 10.1038/nature06232
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000058
PM 17960247
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stofan, ER
   Elachi, C
   Lunine, JI
   Lorenz, RD
   Stiles, B
   Mitchell, KL
   Ostro, S
   Soderblom, L
   Wood, C
   Zebker, H
   Wall, S
   Janssen, M
   Kirk, R
   Lopes, R
   Paganelli, F
   Radebaugh, J
   Wye, L
   Anderson, Y
   Allison, M
   Boehmer, R
   Callahan, P
   Encrenaz, P
   Flamini, E
   Francescetti, G
   Gim, Y
   Hamilton, G
   Hensley, S
   Johnson, WTK
   Kelleher, K
   Muhleman, D
   Paillou, P
   Picardi, G
   Posa, F
   Roth, L
   Seu, R
   Shaffer, S
   Vetrella, S
   West, R
AF Stofan, E. R.
   Elachi, C.
   Lunine, J. I.
   Lorenz, R. D.
   Stiles, B.
   Mitchell, K. L.
   Ostro, S.
   Soderblom, L.
   Wood, C.
   Zebker, H.
   Wall, S.
   Janssen, M.
   Kirk, R.
   Lopes, R.
   Paganelli, F.
   Radebaugh, J.
   Wye, L.
   Anderson, Y.
   Allison, M.
   Boehmer, R.
   Callahan, P.
   Encrenaz, P.
   Flamini, E.
   Francescetti, G.
   Gim, Y.
   Hamilton, G.
   Hensley, S.
   Johnson, W. T. K.
   Kelleher, K.
   Muhleman, D.
   Paillou, P.
   Picardi, G.
   Posa, F.
   Roth, L.
   Seu, R.
   Shaffer, S.
   Vetrella, S.
   West, R.
TI The lakes of Titan
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID methane; surface; clouds
AB The surface of Saturn's haze-shrouded moon Titan has long been proposed to have oceans or lakes, on the basis of the stability of liquid methane at the surface(1,2). Initial visible(3) and radar(4,5) imaging failed to find any evidence of an ocean, although abundant evidence was found that flowing liquids have existed on the surface(5,6). Here we provide definitive evidence for the presence of lakes on the surface of Titan, obtained during the Cassini Radar flyby of Titan on 22 July 2006 (T-16). The radar imaging polewards of 70 degrees north shows more than 75 circular to irregular radar-dark patches, in a region where liquid methane and ethane are expected to be abundant and stable on the surface(2,7). The radar-dark patches are interpreted as lakes on the basis of their very low radar reflectivity and morphological similarities to lakes, including associated channels and location in topographic depressions. Some of the lakes do not completely fill the depressions in which they lie, and apparently dry depressions are present. We interpret this to indicate that lakes are present in a number of states, including partly dry and liquid-filled. These northern-hemisphere lakes constitute the strongest evidence yet that a condensable-liquid hydrological cycle is active in Titan's surface and atmosphere, in which the lakes are filled through rainfall and/or intersection with the subsurface 'liquid methane' table.
C1 [Stofan, E. R.] Proxemy Res, Rectortown, VA 20140 USA.
   [Stofan, E. R.] UCL, Dept Earth Sci, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   [Elachi, C.; Stiles, B.; Mitchell, K. L.; Ostro, S.; Wall, S.; Janssen, M.; Lopes, R.; Paganelli, F.; Anderson, Y.; Boehmer, R.; Callahan, P.; Gim, Y.; Hamilton, G.; Hensley, S.; Johnson, W. T. K.; Kelleher, K.; Shaffer, S.; West, R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   [Lunine, J. I.; Radebaugh, J.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   [Lorenz, R. D.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Space Dept, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
   [Soderblom, L.; Kirk, R.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
   [Wood, C.] Wheeling Jesuit Univ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA.
   [Wood, C.] Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA.
   [Zebker, H.; Wye, L.] Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   [Allison, M.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.
   [Encrenaz, P.] Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   [Flamini, E.; Vetrella, S.] Alenia Aerospazio, I-00131 Rome, Italy.
   [Francescetti, G.; Vetrella, S.] Fac Ingn, I-80125 Naples, Italy.
   [Muhleman, D.] CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   [Paillou, P.] Observ Aquitain Sci Univ UMR 5804, F-33270 Floirac, France.
   [Picardi, G.; Seu, R.] Univ Roma La Sapienza, I-00184 Rome, Italy.
   [Posa, F.] Politecn Bari, Dipartimento Interateneo Fis, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
C3 University of London; University College London; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); University of Arizona; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Wheeling University; Stanford University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Goddard Institute for Space Studies; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Leonardo; California Institute of Technology; Sapienza University Rome; Politecnico di Bari
RP Stofan, ER (corresponding author), Proxemy Res, Rectortown, VA 20140 USA.
EM estofan@proxemy.com
NR 27
TC 461
Z9 547
U1 1
U2 123
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7123
BP 61
EP 64
DI 10.1038/nature05438
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122KG
UT WOS:000243225100035
PM 17203056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nimmo, F
   Spencer, JR
   Pappalardo, RT
   Mullen, ME
AF Nimmo, F.
   Spencer, J. R.
   Pappalardo, R. T.
   Mullen, M. E.
TI Shear heating as the origin of the plumes and heat flux on Enceladus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strike-slip faults; tidal stresses; europa; ice; evolution; patterns; nuclei
AB Enceladus, a small icy satellite of Saturn, has active plumes jetting from localized fractures ('tiger stripes') within an area of high heat flux near the south pole(1-4). The plume characteristics(1) and local high heat flux(2) have been ascribed either to the presence of liquid water within a few tens of metres of the surface(1), or the decomposition of clathrates(5). Neither model addresses how delivery of internal heat to the near-surface is sustained. Here we show that the most likely explanation for the heat(2) and vapour production(6,7) is shear heating by tidally driven lateral (strike-slip) fault motion(1,8,9) with displacement of similar to 0.5 m over a tidal period. Vapour produced by this heating may escape as plumes through cracks reopened by the tidal stresses(10). The ice shell thickness needed to produce the observed heat flux is at least 5 km. The tidal displacements required imply a Love number of h(2)> 0.01, suggesting that the ice shell is decoupled from the silicate interior by a subsurface ocean. We predict that the tiger-stripe regions with highest relative temperatures will be the lower-latitude branch of Damascus, Cairo around 60 degrees W longitude and Alexandria around 150 degrees W longitude.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   SW Res Inst, Dept Space Studies, Boulder, CO 80304 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Planetary Sci & Life Detect Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Nimmo, F (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM fnimmo@es.ucsc.edu
NR 28
TC 212
Z9 249
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7142
BP 289
EP 291
DI 10.1038/nature05783
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 168JK
UT WOS:000246520300038
PM 17507976
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harrington, J
   Luszcz, S
   Seager, S
   Deming, D
   Richardson, LJ
AF Harrington, Joseph
   Luszcz, Statia
   Seager, Sara
   Deming, Drake
   Richardson, L. Jeremy
TI The hottest planet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spitzer-space-telescope; extrasolar planet; hd 189733b; thermal emission; hot jupiters; atmospheres; 149026b; spectrum; core
AB Of the over 200 known extrasolar planets, just 14 pass in front of and behind their parent stars as seen from Earth. This fortuitous geometry allows direct determination of many planetary properties(1). Previous reports of planetary thermal emission(2-5) give fluxes that are roughly consistent with predictions based on thermal equilibrium with the planets' received radiation, assuming a Bond albedo of similar to 0.3. Here we report direct detection of thermal emission from the smallest known transiting planet, HD149026b, that indicates a brightness temperature ( an expression of flux) of 2,300 +/- 6200K at 8 mm. The planet's predicted temperature for uniform, spherical, blackbody emission and zero albedo ( unprecedented for planets) is 1,741 K. As models with non-zero albedo are cooler, this essentially eliminates uniform blackbody models, and may also require an albedo lower than any measured for a planet, very strong 8 mm emission, strong temporal variability, or a heat source other than stellar radiation. On the other hand, an instantaneous re-emission blackbody model, in which each patch of surface area instantly re-emits all received light, matches the data. This planet is known(6-9) to be enriched in heavy elements, which may give rise to novel atmospheric properties yet to be investigated.
C1 Univ Cent Florida, Dept Phys, Orlando, FL 32816 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Syst Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Exoplanet & Stellar Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Central Florida; Cornell University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Harrington, J (corresponding author), Univ Cent Florida, Dept Phys, Orlando, FL 32816 USA.
EM jharring@physics.ucf.edu
NR 27
TC 120
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 7
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7145
BP 691
EP 693
DI 10.1038/nature05863
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 175RI
UT WOS:000247030700038
PM 17495928
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Syntichaki, P
   Troulinaki, K
   Tavernarakis, N
AF Syntichaki, Popi
   Troulinaki, Kostoula
   Tavernarakis, Nektarios
TI eIF4E function in somatic cells modulates ageing in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID initiation-factor 4e; caloric restriction; oxidative stress; c-elegans; life-span; protein-synthesis; translation; phosphorylation; turnover; kinase
AB Regulation of protein synthesis is critical for cell growth and maintenance. Ageing in many organisms, including humans, is accompanied by marked alterations in both general and specific protein synthesis(1). Whether these alterations are simply a corollary of the ageing process or have a causative role in senescent decline remains unclear. An array of protein factors facilitates the tight control of messenger RNA translation initiation(2). The eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), which binds the 7-monomethyl guanosine cap at the 5' end of all nuclear mRNAs, is a principal regulator of protein synthesis(3). Here we show that loss of a specific eIF4E isoform (IFE-2) that functions in somatic tissues(4) reduces global protein synthesis, protects from oxidative stress and extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Lifespan extension is independent of the forkhead transcription factor DAF-16, which mediates the effects of the insulin-like signalling pathway on ageing. Furthermore, IFE-2 deficiency further extends the lifespan of long-lived age and daf nematode mutants. Similarly, lack of IFE-2 enhances the long-lived phenotype of clk and dietary-restricted eat mutant animals. Knockdown of target of rapamycin ( TOR), a phosphatidylinositol kinase-related kinase that controls protein synthesis in response to nutrient cues, further increases the longevity of ife-2 mutants. Thus, signalling via eIF4E in the soma is a newly discovered pathway influencing ageing in C. elegans.
C1 Fdn Res & Technol Hellas, Inst Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Iraklion 71110, Crete, Greece.
C3 Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas (FORTH)
RP Tavernarakis, N (corresponding author), Fdn Res & Technol Hellas, Inst Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Iraklion 71110, Crete, Greece.
EM tavernarakis@imbb.forth.gr
NR 32
TC 288
Z9 362
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7130
BP 922
EP 926
DI 10.1038/nature05603
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 138CR
UT WOS:000244341200051
PM 17277769
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burg, TP
   Godin, M
   Knudsen, SM
   Shen, W
   Carlson, G
   Foster, JS
   Babcock, K
   Manalis, SR
AF Burg, Thomas P.
   Godin, Michel
   Knudsen, Scott M.
   Shen, Wenjiang
   Carlson, Greg
   Foster, John S.
   Babcock, Ken
   Manalis, Scott R.
TI Weighing of biomolecules, single cells and single nanoparticles in fluid
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID resonant mass sensor; density sensor
AB Nanomechanical resonators enable the measurement of mass with extraordinary sensitivity(1-7). Previously, samples as light as 7 zeptograms ( 1 zg = 10(-21) g) have been weighed in vacuum, and proton-level resolution seems to be within reach(8). Resolving small mass changes requires the resonator to be light and to ring at a very pure tone - that is, with a high quality factor(9). In solution, viscosity severely degrades both of these characteristics, thus preventing many applications in nanotechnology and the life sciences where fluid is required(10). Although the resonant structure can be designed to minimize viscous loss, resolution is still substantially degraded when compared to measurements made in air or vacuum(11-14). An entirely different approach eliminates viscous damping by placing the solution inside a hollow resonator that is surrounded by vacuum(15,16). Here we demonstrate that suspended microchannel resonators can weigh single nanoparticles, single bacterial cells and sub-monolayers of adsorbed proteins in water with sub-femtogram resolution ( 1 Hz bandwidth). Central to these results is our observation that viscous loss due to the fluid is negligible compared to the intrinsic damping of our silicon crystal resonator. The combination of the low resonator mass ( 100 ng) and high quality factor ( 15,000) enables an improvement in mass resolution of six orders of magnitude over a high-end commercial quartz crystal microbalance(17). This gives access to intriguing applications, such as mass-based flow cytometry, the direct detection of pathogens, or the non-optical sizing and mass density measurement of colloidal particles.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Mech Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Innovat Micro Technol, Santa Barbara, CA 93117 USA.
   Affin Biosensors, Santa Barbara, CA 93117 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Manalis, SR (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM scottm@media.mit.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [P50 GM068762] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1002
Z9 1198
U1 7
U2 457
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7139
BP 1066
EP 1069
DI 10.1038/nature05741
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 160NU
UT WOS:000245950400046
PM 17460669
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hofferberth, S
   Lesanovsky, I
   Fischer, B
   Schumm, T
   Schmiedmayer, J
AF Hofferberth, S.
   Lesanovsky, I.
   Fischer, B.
   Schumm, T.
   Schmiedmayer, J.
TI Non-equilibrium coherence dynamics in one-dimensional Bose gases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tonks-girardeau gas; ultracold atoms; quantum; crossover; chip
AB Low-dimensional systems provide beautiful examples of many-body quantum physics(1). For one-dimensional (1D) systems(2), the Luttinger liquid approach(3) provides insight into universal properties. Much is known of the equilibrium state, both in the weakly(4-7) and strongly(8,9) interacting regimes. However, it remains a challenge to probe the dynamics by which this equilibrium state is reached(10). Here we present a direct experimental study of the coherence dynamics in both isolated and coupled degenerate 1D Bose gases. Dynamic splitting is used to create two 1D systems in a phase coherent state(11). The time evolution of the coherence is revealed through local phase shifts of the subsequently observed interference patterns. Completely isolated 1D Bose gases are observed to exhibit universal sub-exponential coherence decay, in excellent agreement with recent predictions(12). For two coupled 1D Bose gases, the coherence factor is observed to approach a non-zero equilibrium value, as predicted by a Bogoliubov approach(13). This coupled-system decay to finite coherence is the matter wave equivalent of phase-locking two lasers by injection. The non-equilibrium dynamics of superfluids has an important role in a wide range of physical systems, such as superconductors, quantum Hall systems, superfluid helium and spin systems(14-16). Our experiments studying coherence dynamics show that 1D Bose gases are ideally suited for investigating this class of phenomena.
C1 Heidelberg Univ, Inst Phys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Vienna Univ Technol, Atominst Osterreich, A-1020 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Technische Universitat Wien; University of Innsbruck
RP Schmiedmayer, J (corresponding author), Heidelberg Univ, Inst Phys, Philosophenweg 12, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM schmiedmayer@atomchip.org
FU Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [Z 118] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 42
TC 646
Z9 669
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7160
BP 324
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06149
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 211XP
UT WOS:000249557300041
PM 17882216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fountain, SJ
   Parkinson, K
   Young, MT
   Cao, LS
   Thompson, CRL
   North, RA
AF Fountain, Samuel J.
   Parkinson, Katie
   Young, Mark T.
   Cao, Lishuang
   Thompson, Christopher R. L.
   North, R. Alan
TI An intracellular P2X receptor required for osmoregulation in Dictyostelium discoideum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID contractile vacuole; ion channels; molecular-property; membrane; trimers; protein; motif; lvsa
AB P2X receptors are membrane ion channels gated by extracellular ATP(1,2) that are found widely in vertebrates, but not previously in microbes. Here we identify a weakly related gene in the genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, and show, with the use of heterologous expression in human embryonic kidney cells, that it encodes a membrane ion channel activated by ATP (30-100 mu M). Site-directed mutagenesis revealed essential conservation of structure-function relations with P2X receptors of higher organisms. The receptor was insensitive to the usual P2X antagonists(3) but was blocked by nanomolar concentrations of Cu2+ ions. In D. discoideum, the receptor was found on intracellular membranes, with prominent localization to an osmoregulatory organelle, the contractile vacuole. Targeted disruption of the gene in D. discoideum resulted in cells that were unable to regulate cell volume in hypotonic conditions. Cell swelling in these mutant cells was accompanied by a marked inhibition of contractile vacuole emptying. These findings demonstrate a new functional role for P2X receptors on intracellular organelles, in this case in osmoregulation.
C1 Univ Manchester, Fac Life Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
C3 University of Manchester
RP Thompson, CRL (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Fac Life Sci, Michael Smith Bldg,Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
EM christopher.thompson@manchester.ac.uk; r.a.north@manchester.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G0400103, G0400103(70396)] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust [074950] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G0400103] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [G0400103] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 19
TC 120
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7150
BP 200
EP 203
DI 10.1038/nature05926
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 188QN
UT WOS:000247934500044
PM 17625565
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wortmann, UG
   Chernyavsky, BM
AF Wortmann, Ulrich G.
   Chernyavsky, Boris M.
TI Effect of evaporite deposition on Early Cretaceous carbon and sulphur cycling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isotope fractionation; sea-level; seawater; sulfate; sediments; records; calcium; model
AB The global carbon and sulphur cycles are central to our understanding of the Earth's history, because changes in the partitioning between the reduced and oxidized reservoirs of these elements are the primary control on atmospheric oxygen concentrations. In modern marine sediments, the burial rates of reduced carbon and sulphur are positively coupled, but high-resolution isotope records indicate that these rates were inversely related during the Early Cretaceous period(1). This inverse relationship is difficult to reconcile with our understanding of the processes that control organic matter remineralization and pyrite burial. Here we show that the inverse correlation can be explained by the deposition of evaporites during the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean basin. Evaporite deposition can alter the chemical composition of sea water(2,3), which can in turn affect the ability of sulphate-reducing bacteria to remineralize organic matter and mediate pyrite burial. We use a reaction - transport model to quantify these effects, and the resulting changes in the burial rates of carbon and sulphur, during the Early Cretaceous period. Our results indicate that deposition of the South Atlantic evaporites removed enough sulphate from the ocean temporarily to reduce biologically mediated pyrite burial and organic matter remineralization by up to fifty per cent, thus explaining the inverse relationship between the burial rates of reduced carbon and sulphur during this interval. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the effect of changing seawater sulphate concentrations on the marine subsurface biosphere may be the key to understanding other large-scale perturbations of the global carbon and sulphur cycles.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, Geobiol Isotope Lab, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Wortmann, UG (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, Geobiol Isotope Lab, 22 Russell St, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada.
EM uli.wortmann@utoronto.ca
NR 28
TC 71
Z9 85
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7136
BP 654
EP 656
DI 10.1038/nature05693
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 153LZ
UT WOS:000245438300036
PM 17410172
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cook, RL
   Martin, PJ
   Geremia, JM
AF Cook, Robert L.
   Martin, Paul J.
   Geremia, J. M.
TI Optical coherent state discrimination using a closed-loop quantum measurement
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID information; feedback
AB Quantum mechanics hinders our ability to determine the state of a physical system in two ways: individual measurements provide only partial information about the observed system ( because of Heisenberg uncertainty), and measurements are themselves invasive - meaning that little or no refinement is achieved by further observation of an already measured system(1). Theoretical methods have been developed to maximize the information gained from a quantum measurement while also minimizing disturbance(2-4), but laboratory implementation of optimal measurement procedures is often difficult. The standard class of operations considered in quantum information theory(5) tends to rely on superposition-basis and entangled measurements(6), which require high-fidelity implementation to be effective in the laboratory(7). Here we demonstrate that real-time quantum feedback(8-10) can be used in place of a delicate quantum superposition, often called a 'Schrodinger cat state', to implement an optimal quantum measurement for discriminating between optical coherent states(11,12). Our procedure actively manipulates the target system during the measurement process, and uses quantum feedback to modify the statistics of an otherwise sub-optimal operator to emulate the optimal cat-state measurement. We verify a long-standing theoretical prediction(13) and demonstrate feedback-mediated quantum measurement(10,14) at its fundamental quantum limit over a non-trivial region of parameter space.
C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Phys & Astron, Quantum Measurement & Control Grp, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
C3 University of New Mexico
RP Geremia, JM (corresponding author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Phys & Astron, Quantum Measurement & Control Grp, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
EM jgeremia@unm.edu
NR 19
TC 193
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7137
BP 774
EP 777
DI 10.1038/nature05655
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 156CX
UT WOS:000245626800035
PM 17429395
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stone, L
   Olinky, R
   Huppert, A
AF Stone, Lewi
   Olinky, Ronen
   Huppert, Amit
TI Seasonal dynamics of recurrent epidemics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chaos; measles; model; england
AB Seasonality is a driving force that has a major effect on the spatiotemporal dynamics of natural systems and their populations(1-5). This is especially true for the transmission of common infectious diseases ( such as influenza, measles, chickenpox and pertussis), and is of great relevance for host-parasite relationships in general(1-23). Here we gain further insights into the nonlinear dynamics of recurrent diseases through the analysis of the classical seasonally forced SIR ( susceptible, infectious or recovered) epidemic model(6,7). Ouranalysis differs from other modelling studies in that the focus is more on post-epidemic dynamics than the outbreak itself. Despite the mathematical intractability of the forced SIR model, we identify a new threshold effect and give clear analytical conditions for predicting the occurrence of either a future epidemic outbreak, or a 'skip'-a year in which an epidemic fails to initiate. The threshold is determined by the population's susceptibility measured after the last outbreak and the rate at which new susceptible individuals are recruited into the population. Moreover, the time of occurrence ( that is, the phase) of an outbreak proves to be a useful parameter that carries important epidemiological information. In forced systems, seasonal changes can prevent late-peaking diseases ( that is, those having high phase) from spreading widely, thereby increasing population susceptibility, and controlling the triggering and intensity of future epidemics. These principles yield forecasting tools that should have relevance for the study of newly emerging and re-emerging diseases controlled by seasonal vectors.
C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Fac Life Sci, Dept Zool, Biomath Unit, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Porter Sch Environm Studies, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
C3 Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv University
RP Stone, L (corresponding author), Tel Aviv Univ, Fac Life Sci, Dept Zool, Biomath Unit, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
EM lewi@post.tau.ac.il
NR 30
TC 228
Z9 259
U1 1
U2 89
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7135
BP 533
EP 536
DI 10.1038/nature05638
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150TQ
UT WOS:000245242900048
PM 17392785
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fyhn, M
   Hafting, T
   Treves, A
   Moser, MB
   Moser, EI
AF Fyhn, Marianne
   Hafting, Torkel
   Treves, Alessandro
   Moser, May-Britt
   Moser, Edvard I.
TI Hippocampal remapping and grid realignment in entorhinal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID place cells; path-integration; memory; representation; input; maps; codes; model
AB A fundamental property of many associative memory networks is the ability to decorrelate overlapping input patterns before information is stored(1-5). In the hippocampus, this neuronal pattern separation is expressed as the tendency of ensembles of place cells 6 to undergo extensive 'remapping' in response to changes in the sensory or motivational inputs to the hippocampus(7-13). Remapping is expressed under some conditions as a change of firing rates in the presence of a stable place code ('rate remapping')(14), and under other conditions as a complete reorganization of the hippocampal place code in which both place and rate of firing take statistically independent values ('global remapping')(14). Here we show that the nature of hippocampal remapping can be predicted by ensemble dynamics in place-selective grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex(15,16), one synapse upstream of the hippocampus. Whereas rate remapping is associated with stable grid fields, global remapping is always accompanied by a coordinate shift in the firing vertices of the grid cells. Grid fields of co-localized medial entorhinal cortex cells move and rotate in concert during this realignment. In contrast to the multiple environment-specific representations coded by place cells in the hippocampus, local ensembles of grid cells thus maintain a constant spatial phase structure, allowing position to be represented and updated by the same translation mechanism in all environments encountered by the animal.
C1 Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Ctr Biol Memmory, NO-7489 Trondheim, Norway.
   SISSA, Int Sch Adv Studies, Cognit Neurosci Sector, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
C3 Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU); International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA)
RP Moser, EI (corresponding author), Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Ctr Biol Memmory, NO-7489 Trondheim, Norway.
EM edvard.moser@ntnu.no
NR 30
TC 523
Z9 652
U1 0
U2 92
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7132
BP 190
EP 194
DI 10.1038/nature05601
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 143JS
UT WOS:000244718100041
PM 17322902
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kruhlak, M
   Crouch, EE
   Orlov, M
   Montaño, C
   Gorski, SA
   Nussenzweig, A
   Misteli, T
   Phair, RD
   Casellas, R
AF Kruhlak, Michael
   Crouch, Elizabeth E.
   Orlov, Marika
   Montano, Carolina
   Gorski, Stanislaw A.
   Nussenzweig, Andre
   Misteli, Tom
   Phair, Robert D.
   Casellas, Rafael
TI The ATM repair pathway inhibits RNA polymerase I transcription in response to chromosome breaks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-strand breaks; dna-damage; cells; phosphorylation; components; nucleolus; stress; genome; kinase; vivo
AB DNA lesions interfere with DNA and RNA polymerase activity. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and photoproducts generated by ultraviolet irradiation cause stalling of RNA polymerase II, activation of transcription-coupled repair enzymes, and inhibition of RNA synthesis(1,2). During the S phase of the cell cycle, collision of replication forks with damaged DNA blocks ongoing DNA replication while also triggering a biochemical signal that suppresses the firing of distant origins of replication(3,4). Whether the transcription machinery is affected by the presence of DNA double-strand breaks remains a long-standing question. Here we monitor RNA polymerase I ( Pol I) activity in mouse cells exposed to genotoxic stress and show that induction of DNA breaks leads to a transient repression in Pol I transcription. Surprisingly, we find Pol I inhibition is not itself the direct result of DNA damage but is mediated by ATM kinase activity and the repair factor proteins NBS1 ( also known as NLRP2) and MDC1. Using live-cell imaging, laser micro-irradiation, and photobleaching technology we demonstrate that DNA lesions interfere with Pol I initiation complex assembly and lead to a premature displacement of elongating holoenzymes from ribosomal DNA. Our data reveal a novel ATM/NBS1/MDC1-dependent pathway that shuts down ribosomal gene transcription in response to chromosome breaks.
C1 NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Integrat Bioinformat, Los Altos, CA 94024 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Arthritis & Musculoskeletal & Skin Diseases (NIAMS); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Casellas, R (corresponding author), NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM casellar@mail.nih.gov
FU National Cancer Institute [ZIABC010283, ZIABC010309] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 244
Z9 285
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 7
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7145
BP 730
EP U16
DI 10.1038/nature05842
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 175RI
UT WOS:000247030700047
PM 17554310
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chinchilla, D
   Zipfel, C
   Robatzek, S
   Kemmerling, B
   Nürnberger, T
   Jones, JDG
   Felix, G
   Boller, T
AF Chinchilla, Delphine
   Zipfel, Cyril
   Robatzek, Silke
   Kemmerling, Birgit
   Nuernberger, Thorsten
   Jones, Jonathan D. G.
   Felix, Georg
   Boller, Thomas
TI A flagellin-induced complex of the receptor FLS2 and BAK1 initiates plant defence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID innate immunity; arabidopsis-thaliana; kinase; perception; brassinosteroids; phosphorylation; endocytosis; domain; signal; gene
AB Plants sense potential microbial invaders by using pattern-recognition receptors to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)(1). In Arabidopsis thaliana, the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases flagellin-sensitive 2 (FLS2) (ref. 2) and elongation factor Tu receptor (EFR) ( ref. 3) act as pattern-recognition receptors for the bacterial PAMPs flagellin(4) and elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) ( ref. 5) and contribute to resistance against bacterial pathogens. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that link receptor activation to intracellular signal transduction. Here we show that BAK1 (BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1), a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase that has been reported to regulate the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1 (refs 6,7), is involved in signalling by FLS2 and EFR. Plants carrying bak1 mutations show normal flagellin binding but abnormal early and late flagellin-triggered responses, indicating that BAK1 acts as a positive regulator in signalling. The bak1-mutant plants also show a reduction in early, but not late, EF-Tu-triggered responses. The decrease in responses to PAMPs is not due to reduced sensitivity to brassino-steroids. We provide evidence that FLS2 and BAK1 form a complex in vivo, in a specific ligand-dependent manner, within the first minutes of stimulation with flagellin. Thus, BAK1 is not only associated with developmental regulation through the plant hormone receptor BRI1 ( refs 6,7), but also has a functional role in PRR-dependent signalling, which initiates innate immunity.
C1 Univ Basel, Zurich Basel Plant Sci Ctr, Inst Bot, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
   Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Max Planck Inst Plant Breeding Res, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Tubingen, Inst Plant Biochem, ZMBP, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 University of Basel; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; Max Planck Society; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Chinchilla, D (corresponding author), Univ Basel, Zurich Basel Plant Sci Ctr, Inst Bot, Hebelstr 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
EM delphine.chinchilla@unibas.ch; thomas.boller@unibas.ch
NR 31
TC 1491
Z9 1821
U1 9
U2 501
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7152
BP 497
EP U12
DI 10.1038/nature05999
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 193VG
UT WOS:000248302700052
PM 17625569
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cummins, PR
AF Cummins, Phil R.
TI The potential for giant tsunamigenic earthquakes in the northern Bay of Bengal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID indo-burma region; subduction zone; tectonics; history; nankai; japan
AB The great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 came as a surprise to most of the earth science community. Although it is now widely recognized that the risk of another giant earthquake is high off central Sumatra(1), just east of the 2004 earthquake, there seems to be relatively little concern about the subduction zone to the north, in the northern Bay of Bengal along the coast of Myanmar. Here I show that similar indicators suggest a high potential for giant earthquakes along the coast of Myanmar. These indicators include the tectonic environment, which is similar to other subduction zones that experience giant megathrust earthquakes, stress and crustal strain observations, which indicate that the seismogenic zone is locked, and historical earthquake activity, which indicates that giant tsunamigenic earthquakes have occurred there in the past. These are all consistent with active subduction in the Myanmar subduction zone and I suggest that the seismogenic zone extends beneath the Bengal Fan. I conclude therefore that giant earthquakes probably occur off the coast of Myanmar, and that a large and vulnerable population is thereby exposed to a significant earthquake and tsunami hazard.
C1 Geosci Australia, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
C3 Geoscience Australia
RP Cummins, PR (corresponding author), Geosci Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
EM phil.cummins@ga.gov.au
NR 22
TC 103
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7158
BP 75
EP 78
DI 10.1038/nature06088
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207ED
UT WOS:000249233500038
PM 17805292
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meyer, JC
   Geim, AK
   Katsnelson, MI
   Novoselov, KS
   Booth, TJ
   Roth, S
AF Meyer, Jannik C.
   Geim, A. K.
   Katsnelson, M. I.
   Novoselov, K. S.
   Booth, T. J.
   Roth, S.
TI The structure of suspended graphene sheets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon nanotubes; crystalline; growth
AB The recent discovery of graphene has sparked much interest, thus far focused on the peculiar electronic structure of this material, in which charge carriers mimic massless relativistic particles(1-3). However, the physical structure of graphene - a single layer of carbon atoms densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice - is also puzzling. On the one hand, graphene appears to be a strictly two-dimensional material, exhibiting such a high crystal quality that electrons can travel submicrometre distances without scattering. On the other hand, perfect two-dimensional crystals cannot exist in the free state, according to both theory and experiment(4-9). This incompatibility can be avoided by arguing that all the graphene structures studied so far were an integral part of larger three-dimensional structures, either supported by a bulk substrate or embedded in a three-dimensional matrix(1-3,9-12). Here we report on individual graphene sheets freely suspended on a microfabricated scaffold in vacuum or air. These membranes are only one atom thick, yet they still display long-range crystalline order. However, our studies by transmission electron microscopy also reveal that these suspended graphene sheets are not perfectly flat: they exhibit intrinsic microscopic roughening such that the surface normal varies by several degrees and out-of-plane deformations reach 1 nm. The atomically thin single-crystal membranes offer ample scope for fundamental research and new technologies, whereas the observed corrugations in the third dimension may provide subtle reasons for the stability of two-dimensional crystals(13-15).
C1 Max Planck Inst Solid State Res, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Univ Manchester, Manchester Ctr Mesosci & Nanotechnol, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
   Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Inst Mol & Mat, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Manchester; Radboud University Nijmegen
RP Meyer, JC (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Solid State Res, Heisenbergstr 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
EM email@jannikmeyer.de; geim@man.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/C511875/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 29
TC 4503
Z9 5212
U1 20
U2 3209
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7131
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/nature05545
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140RY
UT WOS:000244525600036
PM 17330039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pätzold, M
   Häusler, B
   Bird, MK
   Tellmann, S
   Mattei, R
   Asmar, SW
   Dehant, V
   Eidel, W
   Imamura, T
   Simpson, RA
   Tyler, GL
AF Paetzold, M.
   Haeusler, B.
   Bird, M. K.
   Tellmann, S.
   Mattei, R.
   Asmar, S. W.
   Dehant, V.
   Eidel, W.
   Imamura, T.
   Simpson, R. A.
   Tyler, G. L.
TI The structure of Venus' middle atmosphere and ionosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radio occultation; solar-cycle
AB The atmosphere and ionosphere of Venus have been studied in the past by spacecraft with remote sensing(1-4) or in situ techniques(3,4). These early missions, however, have left us with questions about, for example, the atmospheric structure in the transition region from the upper troposphere to the lower mesosphere (50-90 km) and the remarkably variable structure of the ionosphere. Observations become increasingly difficult within and below the global cloud deck (<50 km altitude), where strong absorption greatly limits the available investigative spectrum to a few infrared windows and the radio range. Here we report radio-sounding results from the first Venus Express Radio Science(5) (VeRa) occultation season. We determine the fine structure in temperatures at upper cloud-deck altitudes, detect a distinct day-night temperature difference in the southern middle atmosphere, and track day-to-day changes in Venus' ionosphere.
C1 Univ Cologne, Rhein Inst Umweltforsch, Abt Planetenforsch, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Bundeswehr Munchen, Inst Raumfahrttech, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany.
   Argelander Inst Astron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Observ Royal Belgique, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium.
   Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
   Stanford Univ, Space Telecommun & Radiosci Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of Cologne; Bundeswehr University Munich; University of Bonn; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); Stanford University
RP Pätzold, M (corresponding author), Univ Cologne, Rhein Inst Umweltforsch, Abt Planetenforsch, Aachener Str 201-209, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
EM paetzold@geo.uni-koeln.de
NR 14
TC 103
Z9 116
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 657
EP 660
DI 10.1038/nature06239
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700040
PM 18046400
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ventura, A
   Kirsch, DG
   McLaughlin, ME
   Tuveson, DA
   Grimm, J
   Lintault, L
   Newman, J
   Reczek, EE
   Weissleder, R
   Jacks, T
AF Ventura, Andrea
   Kirsch, David G.
   McLaughlin, Margaret E.
   Tuveson, David A.
   Grimm, Jan
   Lintault, Laura
   Newman, Jamie
   Reczek, Elizabeth E.
   Weissleder, Ralph
   Jacks, Tyler
TI Restoration of p53 function leads to tumour regression in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lung-cancer; mutant p53; suppression; mice; angiogenesis; recombinases; expression; mutations; gefitinib; efficacy
AB Tumorigenesis is a multi-step process that requires activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumour suppressor genes(1). Mouse models of human cancers have recently demonstrated that continuous expression of a dominantly acting oncogene ( for example, Hras, Kras and Myc) is often required for tumour maintenance(2-5); this phenotype is referred to as oncogene addiction(6). This concept has received clinical validation by the development of active anticancer drugs that specifically inhibit the function of oncoproteins such as BCR-ABL, c-KIT and EGFR(7-10). Identifying additional gene mutations that are required for tumour maintenance may therefore yield clinically useful targets for new cancer therapies. Although loss of p53 function is a common feature of human cancers(11), it is not known whether sustained inactivation of this or other tumour suppressor pathways is required for tumour maintenance. To explore this issue, we developed a Cre-loxP-based strategy to temporally control tumour suppressor gene expression in vivo. Here we show that restoring endogenous p53 expression leads to regression of autochthonous lymphomas and sarcomas in mice without affecting normal tissues. The mechanism responsible for tumour regression is dependent on the tumour type, with the main consequence of p53 restoration being apoptosis in lymphomas and suppression of cell growth with features of cellular senescence in sarcomas. These results support efforts to treat human cancers by way of pharmacological reactivation of p53.
C1 MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Radiat Oncol, Boston, MA 02129 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Mol Imaging Res, Boston, MA 02129 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Jacks, T (corresponding author), MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM tjacks@mit.edu
NR 31
TC 1537
Z9 1895
U1 1
U2 206
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7128
BP 661
EP 665
DI 10.1038/nature05541
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133UM
UT WOS:000244039400047
PM 17251932
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marone, F
   Romanowicz, B
AF Marone, Federica
   Romanowicz, Barbara
TI The depth distribution of azimuthal anisotropy in the continental upper mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wave splitting parameters; seismic anisotropy; surface-waves; lateral heterogeneity; canadian shield; shear velocity; beneath; lithosphere; inversion; patterns
AB The most likely cause of seismic anisotropy in the Earth's upper mantle is the lattice preferred orientation of anisotropic minerals such as olivine(1,2). Its presence reflects dynamic processes related to formation of the lithosphere as well as to present-day tectonic motions. A powerful tool for detecting and characterizing upper-mantle anisotropy is the analysis of shear-wave splitting measurements. Because of the poor vertical resolution afforded by this type of data, however, it has remained controversial whether the splitting has a lithospheric origin that is 'frozen-in' at the time of formation of the craton(3), or whether the anisotropy originates primarily in the asthenosphere, and is induced by shear owing to present-day absolute plate motions(4). In addition, predictions from surface-wave-derived models are largely incompatible with shear-wave splitting observations(5,6). Here we show that this disagreement can be resolved by simultaneously inverting surface waveforms and shear-wave splitting data. We present evidence for the presence of two layers of anisotropy with different fast-axis orientations in the cratonic part of the North American upper mantle. At asthenospheric depths ( 200 - 400 km) the fast axis is sub-parallel to the absolute plate motion, confirming the presence of shear related to current tectonic processes, whereas in the lithosphere ( 80 - 200 km), the orientation is significantly more northerly. In the western, tectonically active, part of North America, the fast-axis direction is consistent with the absolute plate motion throughout the depth range considered, in agreement with a much thinner lithosphere.
C1 Berkeley Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
RP Romanowicz, B (corresponding author), Berkeley Seismol Lab, 209 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM barbara@seismo.berkeley.edu
NR 39
TC 133
Z9 165
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7141
BP 198
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature05742
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 165WT
UT WOS:000246338700041
PM 17495924
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hughes, ID
   Däne, M
   Ernst, A
   Hergert, W
   Lüders, M
   Poulter, J
   Staunton, JB
   Svane, A
   Szotek, Z
   Temmerman, WM
AF Hughes, I. D.
   Daene, M.
   Ernst, A.
   Hergert, W.
   Lueders, M.
   Poulter, J.
   Staunton, J. B.
   Svane, A.
   Szotek, Z.
   Temmerman, W. M.
TI Lanthanide contraction and magnetism in the heavy rare earth elements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electronic topological transition; 1st-principles theory; fermi-surface; gd; metals; bulk; gadolinium; systems; alloys
AB The heavy rare earth elements crystallize into hexagonally close packed ( h. c. p.) structures and share a common outer electronic configuration, differing only in the number of 4f electrons they have(1). These chemically inert 4f electrons set up localized magnetic moments, which are coupled via an indirect exchange interaction involving the conduction electrons. This leads to the formation of a wide variety of magnetic structures, the periodicities of which are often incommensurate with the underlying crystal lattice(2). Such incommensurate ordering is associated with a 'webbed' topology(3,4) of the momentum space surface separating the occupied and unoccupied electron states ( the Fermi surface). The shape of this surface - and hence the magnetic structure - for the heavy rare earth elements is known to depend on the ratio of the interplanar spacing c and the interatomic, intraplanar spacing a of the h. c. p. lattice(5). A theoretical understanding of this problem is, however, far from complete. Here, using gadolinium as a prototype for all the heavy rare earth elements, we generate a unified magnetic phase diagram, which unequivocally links the magnetic structures of the heavy rare earths to their lattice parameters. In addition to verifying the importance of the c/a ratio, we find that the atomic unit cell volume plays a separate, distinct role in determining the magnetic properties: we show that the trend from ferromagnetism to incommensurate ordering as atomic number increases is connected to the concomitant decrease in unit cell volume. This volume decrease occurs because of the so-called lanthanide contraction(6), where the addition of electrons to the poorly shielding 4f orbitals leads to an increase in effective nuclear charge and, correspondingly, a decrease in ionic radii.
C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
   Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Phys, D-06099 Halle, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Mikrostrukturphys, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
   SERC, Daresbury Lab, Warrington WA4 4AD, Cheshire, England.
   Mahidol Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Math, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
   Aarhus Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
C3 University of Warwick; Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg; Max Planck Society; STFC Daresbury Laboratory; Mahidol University; Aarhus University
RP Hughes, ID (corresponding author), Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
EM i.d.hughes@warwick.ac.uk; j.b.staunton@warwick.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/S85856/01, GR/S85863/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 28
TC 222
Z9 237
U1 4
U2 175
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7136
BP 650
EP 653
DI 10.1038/nature05668
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 153LZ
UT WOS:000245438300035
PM 17410171
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lieberman, E
   Michel, JB
   Jackson, J
   Tang, T
   Nowak, MA
AF Lieberman, Erez
   Michel, Jean-Baptiste
   Jackson, Joe
   Tang, Tina
   Nowak, Martin A.
TI Quantifying the evolutionary dynamics of language
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Human language is based on grammatical rules(1-4). Cultural evolution allows these rules to change over time(5). Rules compete with each other: as new rules rise to prominence, old ones die away. To quantify the dynamics of language evolution, we studied the regularization of English verbs over the past 1,200 years. Although an elaborate system of productive conjugations existed in English's proto-Germanic ancestor, Modern English uses the dental suffix, '-ed', to signify past tense(6). Here we describe the emergence of this linguistic rule amidst the evolutionary decay of its exceptions, known to us as irregular verbs. We have generated a data set of verbs whose conjugations have been evolving for more than a millennium, tracking inflectional changes to 177 Old-English irregular verbs. Of these irregular verbs, 145 remained irregular in Middle English and 98 are still irregular today. We study how the rate of regularization depends on the frequency of word usage. The half-life of an irregular verb scales as the square root of its usage frequency: a verb that is 100 times less frequent regularizes 10 times as fast. Our study provides a quantitative analysis of the regularization process by which ancestral forms gradually yield to an emerging linguistic rule.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Program Evolutionary Dynam, Dept Math, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Appl Math, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   MIT, Harvard Mit Div Hlth Sci & Technol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Lieberman, E (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Program Evolutionary Dynam, Dept Math, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM erez@erez.com
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM078986] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 273
Z9 321
U1 1
U2 80
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7163
BP 713
EP 716
DI 10.1038/nature06137
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 218VV
UT WOS:000250045000042
PM 17928859
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marson, A
   Kretschmer, K
   Frampton, GM
   Jacobsen, ES
   Polansky, JK
   Maclsaac, KD
   Levine, SS
   Fraenkel, E
   von Boehmer, H
   Young, RA
AF Marson, Alexander
   Kretschmer, Karsten
   Frampton, Garrett M.
   Jacobsen, Elizabeth S.
   Polansky, Julia K.
   Maclsaac, Kenzie D.
   Levine, Stuart S.
   Fraenkel, Ernest
   von Boehmer, Harald
   Young, Richard A.
TI Foxp3 occupancy and regulation of key target genes during T-cell stimulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase; transcription; scurfin; enteropathy; expression; protein
AB Foxp3(+) CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T (T-reg) cells are essential for the prevention of autoimmunity(1,2). T-reg cells have an attenuated cytokine response to T-cell receptor stimulation, and can suppress the proliferation and effector function of neighbouring T cells(3,4). The forkhead transcription factor Foxp3 ( forkhead box P3) is selectively expressed in T-reg cells, is required for T-reg development and function, and is sufficient to induce a Treg phenotype in conventional CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells(5-8). Mutations in Foxp3 cause severe, multi-organ autoimmunity in both human and mouse(9-11). FOXP3 can cooperate in a DNA-binding complex with NFAT ( nuclear factor of activated T cells) to regulate the transcription of several known target genes(12). However, the global set of genes regulated directly by Foxp3 is not known and consequently, how this transcription factor controls the gene expression programme for T-reg function is not understood. Here we identify Foxp3 target genes and report that many of these are key modulators of T-cell activation and function. Remarkably, the predominant, although not exclusive, effect of Foxp3 occupancy is to suppress the activation of target genes on T-cell stimulation. Foxp3 suppression of its targets appears to be crucial for the normal function of T-reg cells, because overactive variants of some target genes are known to be associated with autoimmune disease.
C1 Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Biol Engn Div, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Comp Sci & Artificial Intelligence Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Canc Immunol & AIDS, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Young, RA (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM Harald_von_Boehmer@dfci.harvard.edu; young@wi.mit.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [P01 CA109901] Funding Source: Medline; NHGRI NIH HHS [R01 HG002668] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 598
Z9 753
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7130
BP 931
EP 935
DI 10.1038/nature05478
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 138CR
UT WOS:000244341200053
PM 17237765
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Del'Haye, P
   Schliesser, A
   Arcizet, O
   Wilken, T
   Holzwarth, R
   Kippenberg, TJ
AF Del'Haye, P.
   Schliesser, A.
   Arcizet, O.
   Wilken, T.
   Holzwarth, R.
   Kippenberg, T. J.
TI Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID laser; microcavity; ultraviolet; light; chip
AB Optical frequency combs(1-3) provide equidistant frequency markers in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet(4,5), and can be used to link an unknown optical frequency to a radio or microwave frequency reference(6,7). Since their inception, frequency combs have triggered substantial advances in optical frequency metrology and precision measurements(6,7) and in applications such as broadband laser- based gas sensing(8) and molecular fingerprinting(9). Early work generated frequency combs by intra- cavity phase modulation(10,11); subsequently, frequency combs have been generated using the comb- like mode structure of mode- locked lasers, whose repetition rate and carrier envelope phase can be stabilized(12). Here we report a substantially different approach to comb generation, in which equally spaced frequency markers are produced by the interaction between a continuous- wave pump laser of a known frequency with the modes of a monolithic ultra- high- Q microresonator(13) via the Kerr nonlinearity(14,15). The intrinsically broadband nature of parametric gain makes it possible to generate discrete comb modes over a 500- nm- wide span (similar to 70 THz) around 1,550 nm without relying on any external spectral broadening. Optical- heterodyne- based measurements reveal that cascaded parametric interactions give rise to an optical frequency comb, overcoming passive cavity dispersion. The uniformity of the mode spacing has been verified to within a relative experimental precision of 7.3 x 10(-18). In contrast to femtosecond mode- locked lasers(16), this work represents a step towards a monolithic optical frequency comb generator, allowing considerable reduction in size, complexity and power consumption. Moreover, the approach can operate at previously unattainable repetition rates(17), exceeding 100 GHz, which are useful in applications where access to individual comb modes is required, such as optical waveform synthesis(18), high capacity telecommunications or astrophysical spectrometer calibration(19).
C1 Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Kippenberg, TJ (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, Hans Kopfermann Str 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM tobias.kippenberg@mpq.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 1794
Z9 2027
U1 38
U2 925
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1214
EP 1217
DI 10.1038/nature06401
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200046
PM 18097405
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Engel, GS
   Calhoun, TR
   Read, EL
   Ahn, TK
   Mancal, T
   Cheng, YC
   Blankenship, RE
   Fleming, GR
AF Engel, Gregory S.
   Calhoun, Tessa R.
   Read, Elizabeth L.
   Ahn, Tae-Kyu
   Mancal, Tomas
   Cheng, Yuan-Chung
   Blankenship, Robert E.
   Fleming, Graham R.
TI Evidence for wavelike energy transfer through quantum coherence in photosynthetic systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2-dimensional femtosecond spectroscopy; bacteriochlorophyll protein; electronic spectroscopy; chlorobium-tepidum; antenna complexes; dynamics; echoes; model
AB Photosynthetic complexes are exquisitely tuned to capture solar light efficiently, and then transmit the excitation energy to reaction centres, where long term energy storage is initiated. The energy transfer mechanism is often described by semiclassical models that invoke 'hopping' of excited-state populations along discrete energy levels(1,2). Two-dimensional Fourier transform electronic spectroscopy(3-5) has mapped(6) these energy levels and their coupling in the Fenna - Matthews - Olson (FMO) bacteriochlorophyll complex, which is found in green sulphur bacteria and acts as an energy 'wire' connecting a large peripheral light-harvesting antenna, the chlorosome, to the reaction centre(7-9). The spectroscopic data clearly document the dependence of the dominant energy transport pathways on the spatial properties of the excited-state wavefunctions of the whole bacteriochlorophyll complex(6,10). But the intricate dynamics of quantum coherence, which has no classical analogue, was largely neglected in the analyses - even though electronic energy transfer involving oscillatory populations of donors and acceptors was first discussed more than 70 years ago(11), and electronic quantum beats arising from quantum coherence in photosynthetic complexes have been predicted(12,13) and indirectly observed(14). Here we extend previous two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy investigations of the FMO bacteriochlorophyll complex, and obtain direct evidence for remarkably long-lived electronic quantum coherence playing an important part in energy transfer processes within this system. The quantum coherence manifests itself in characteristic, directly observable quantum beating signals among the excitons within the Chlorobium tepidum FMO complex at 77 K. This wavelike characteristic of the energy transfer within the photosynthetic complex can explain its extreme efficiency, in that it allows the complexes to sample vast areas of phase space to find the most efficient path.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Inst QB3, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Chem, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Fleming, GR (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM grfleming@lbl.gov
NR 30
TC 2666
Z9 2985
U1 9
U2 839
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7137
BP 782
EP 786
DI 10.1038/nature05678
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 156CX
UT WOS:000245626800037
PM 17429397
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zimmermann, K
   Leffler, A
   Babes, A
   Cendan, CM
   Carr, RW
   Kobayashi, J
   Nau, C
   Wood, JN
   Reeh, PW
AF Zimmermann, Katharina
   Leffler, Andreas
   Babes, Alexandru
   Cendan, Cruz Miguel
   Carr, Richard W.
   Kobayashi, Jin-ichi
   Nau, Carla
   Wood, John N.
   Reeh, Peter W.
TI Sensory neuron sodium channel Nav1.8 is essential for pain at low temperatures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID membrane-property; na+ channels; cold; transduction; nerve; potentials; dependence; pathways; invitro; cells
AB Sensory acuity and motor dexterity deteriorate when human limbs cool down, but pain perception persists and cold-induced pain can become excruciating(1). Evolutionary pressure to enforce protective behaviour requires that damage-sensing neurons (nociceptors) continue to function at low temperatures. Here we show that this goal is achieved by endowing superficial endings of slowly conducting nociceptive fibres with the tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) Na(v)1.8 ( ref. 2). This channel is essential for sustained excitability of nociceptors when the skin is cooled. We show that cooling excitable membranes progressively enhances the voltage-dependent slow inactivation of tetrodotoxin-sensitive VGSCs. In contrast, the inactivation properties of Na(v)1.8 are entirely cold-resistant. Moreover, low temperatures decrease the activation threshold of the sodium currents and increase the membrane resistance, augmenting the voltage change caused by any membrane current. Thus, in the cold, Na(v)1.8 remains available as the sole electrical impulse generator in nociceptors that transmits nociceptive information to the central nervous system. Consistent with this concept is the observation that Na(v)1.8-null mutant mice(3) show negligible responses to noxious cold and mechanical stimulation at low temperatures. Our data present strong evidence for a specialized role of Na(v)1.8 in nociceptors as the critical molecule for the perception of cold pain and pain in the cold.
C1 Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Fac Med, Dept Physiol & Pathophysiol, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
   Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Fac Med, Dept Anesthesiol, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
   Univ Bucharest, Fac Biol, Dept Anim Physiol & Biophys, Bucharest 050095, Romania.
   UCL, Dept Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Kyushu Univ, Fac Dent Sci, Dept Fixed Prosthodont, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
C3 University of Erlangen Nuremberg; University of Erlangen Nuremberg; University of Bucharest; University of London; University College London; Kyushu University
RP Zimmermann, K (corresponding author), Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Fac Med, Dept Physiol & Pathophysiol, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
EM zimmermann@physiologie1.uni-erlangen.de
FU MRC [G9717869] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G9717869] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [G9717869] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 329
Z9 393
U1 1
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7146
BP 855
EP 858
DI 10.1038/nature05880
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 178FV
UT WOS:000247207500044
PM 17568746
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Houck, AA
   Schuster, DI
   Gambetta, JM
   Schreier, JA
   Johnson, BR
   Chow, JM
   Frunzio, L
   Majer, J
   Devoret, MH
   Girvin, SM
   Schoelkopf, RJ
AF Houck, A. A.
   Schuster, D. I.
   Gambetta, J. M.
   Schreier, J. A.
   Johnson, B. R.
   Chow, J. M.
   Frunzio, L.
   Majer, J.
   Devoret, M. H.
   Girvin, S. M.
   Schoelkopf, R. J.
TI Generating single microwave photons in a circuit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum electrodynamics; room-temperature; number states; cavity; fluorescence; molecule; demand; atom; ion
AB Microwaves have widespread use in classical communication technologies, from long-distance broadcasts to short-distance signals within a computer chip. Like all forms of light, microwaves, even those guided by the wires of an integrated circuit, consist of discrete photons(1). To enable quantum communication between distant parts of a quantum computer, the signals must also be quantum, consisting of single photons, for example. However, conventional sources can generate only classical light, not single photons. One way to realize a single-photon source(2) is to collect the fluorescence of a single atom. Early experiments measured the quantum nature of continuous radiation(3,4), and further advances allowed triggered sources of photons on demand(5-11). To allow efficient photon collection, emitters are typically placed inside optical or microwave cavities(12-19), but these sources are difficult to employ for quantum communication on wires within an integrated circuit. Here we demonstrate an on-chip, on-demand single-photon source, where the microwave photons are injected into a wire with high efficiency and spectral purity. This is accomplished in a circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture(20), with a microwave transmission line cavity that enhances the spontaneous emission of a single superconducting qubit. When the qubit spontaneously emits, the generated photon acts as a flying qubit, transmitting the quantum information across a chip. We perform tomography of both the qubit and the emitted photons, clearly showing that both the quantum phase and amplitude are transferred during the emission. Both the average power and voltage of the photon source are characterized to verify performance of the system. This single-photon source is an important addition to a rapidly growing toolbox for quantum optics on a chip.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University
RP Schoelkopf, RJ (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM robert.schoelkopf@yale.edu
NR 29
TC 385
Z9 449
U1 2
U2 120
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7160
BP 328
EP 331
DI 10.1038/nature06126
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 211XP
UT WOS:000249557300042
PM 17882217
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yancheva, G
   Nowaczyk, NR
   Mingram, J
   Dulski, P
   Schettler, G
   Negendank, JFW
   Liu, JQ
   Sigman, DM
   Peterson, LC
   Haug, GH
AF Yancheva, Gergana
   Nowaczyk, Norbert R.
   Mingram, Jens
   Dulski, Peter
   Schettler, Georg
   Negendank, Jorg F. W.
   Liu, Jiaqi
   Sigman, Daniel M.
   Peterson, Larry C.
   Haug, Gerald H.
TI Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East Asian monsoon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID south china sea; high-resolution; surface temperature; last deglaciation; millennial scale; late pleistocene; indian monsoon; climate-change; el-nino; holocene
AB The Asian - Australian monsoon is an important component of the Earth's climate system that influences the societal and economic activity of roughly half the world's population. The past strength of the rain-bearing East Asian summer monsoon can be reconstructed with archives such as cave deposits(1-3), but the winter monsoon has no such signature in the hydrological cycle and has thus proved difficult to reconstruct. Here we present high-resolution records of the magnetic properties and the titanium content of the sediments of Lake Huguang Maar in coastal southeast China over the past 16,000 years, which we use as proxies for the strength of the winter monsoon winds. We find evidence for stronger winter monsoon winds before the Bolling - Allerod warming, during the Younger Dryas episode and during the middle and late Holocene, when cave stalagmites suggest weaker summer monsoons(1-3). We conclude that this anticorrelation is best explained by migrations in the intertropical convergence zone. Similar migrations of the intertropical convergence zone have been observed in Central America for the period AD 700 to 900 (refs 4 - 6), suggesting global climatic changes at that time. From the coincidence in timing, we suggest that these migrations in the tropical rain belt could have contributed to the declines of both the Tang dynasty in China and the Classic Maya in Central America.
C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Sect 3 3, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol & Geophys, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Geology & Geophysics, CAS; Princeton University; University of Miami
RP Haug, GH (corresponding author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Sect 3 3, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
EM haug@gfz-potsdam.de
NR 30
TC 804
Z9 1033
U1 13
U2 517
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7123
BP 74
EP 77
DI 10.1038/nature05431
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122KG
UT WOS:000243225100038
PM 17203059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davis, MC
   Dahn, RD
   Shubin, NH
AF Davis, Marcus C.
   Dahn, Randall D.
   Shubin, Neil H.
TI An autopodial-like pattern of Hox expression in the fins of a basal actinopterygian fish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sonic-hedgehog expression; pectoral fin; polarizing activity; polyodon-spathula; limb; evolution; genes; origin; dhand; bud
AB Comparative analyses of Hox gene expression and regulation in teleost fish and tetrapods support the long-entrenched notion that the distal region of tetrapod limbs, containing the wrist, ankle and digits, is an evolutionary novelty(1-4). Data from fossils support the notion that the unique features of tetrapod limbs were assembled over evolutionary time in the paired fins of fish(5). The challenge in linking developmental and palaeontological approaches has been that developmental data for fins and limbs compare only highly derived teleosts and tetrapods; what is lacking are data from extant taxa that retain greater portions of the fin skeletal morphology considered primitive to all bony fish(6,7). Here, we report on the expression and function of genes implicated in the origin of the autopod in a basal actinopterygian, Polyodon spathula. Polyodon exhibits a late-phase, inverted collinear expression of 5' HoxD genes, a pattern of expression long considered a developmental hallmark of the autopod and shown in tetrapods to be controlled by a 'digit enhancer' region. These data show that aspects of the development of the autopod are primitive to tetrapods and that the origin of digits entailed the redeployment of ancient patterns of gene activity.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Field Museum Nat Hist, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago)
RP Shubin, NH (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, 1025 E 57Th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM nshubin@uchicago.edu
NR 22
TC 116
Z9 135
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7143
BP 473
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature05838
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 170VA
UT WOS:000246693100047
PM 17522683
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frescas, D
   Guardavaccaro, D
   Bassermann, F
   Koyama-Nasu, R
   Pagano, M
AF Frescas, David
   Guardavaccaro, Daniele
   Bassermann, Florian
   Koyama-Nasu, Ryo
   Pagano, Michele
TI JHDM1B/FBXL10 is a nucleolar protein that represses transcription of ribosomal RNA genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymerase-i transcription; domain-containing proteins; insertional mutagenesis; histone demethylation; mediated degradation; ubiquitin ligase; cell-growth; dna; identification; methylation
AB JHDM1B is an evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitously expressed member of the JHDM (JmjC-domain-containing histone demethylase) family(1-3). Because it contains an F-box motif, this protein is also known as FBXL10 (ref. 4). With the use of a genome-wide RNAi screen, the JHDM1B worm orthologue (T26A5.5) was identified as a gene that regulates growth(5). In the mouse, four independent screens have identified JHDM1B as a putative tumour suppressor by retroviral insertion analysis(6-9). Here we identify human JHDM1B as a nucleolar protein and show that JHDM1B preferentially binds the transcribed region of ribosomal DNA to repress the transcription of ribosomal RNA genes. We also show that repression of ribosomal RNA genes by JHDM1B is dependent on its JmjC domain, which is necessary for the specific demethylation of trimethylated lysine 4 on histone H3 in the nucleolus. In agreement with the notion that ribosomal RNA synthesis and cell growth are coupled processes, we show a JmjC-domain-dependent negative effect of JHDM1B on cell size and cell proliferation. Because aberrant ribosome biogenesis and the disruption of epigenetic control mechanisms contribute to cellular transformation, these results, together with the low levels of JHDM1B expression found in aggressive brain tumours, suggest a role for JHDM1B in cancer development.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Inst Canc, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 New York University
RP Pagano, M (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Inst Canc, 550 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM michele.pagano@nyumc.org
NR 31
TC 232
Z9 285
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7167
BP 309
EP U17
DI 10.1038/nature06255
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228RC
UT WOS:000250746200063
PM 17994099
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Acquisti, C
   Kleffe, J
   Collins, S
AF Acquisti, Claudia
   Kleffe, Juergen
   Collins, Sinead
TI Oxygen content of transmembrane proteins over macroevolutionary time scales
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acid-composition; membrane-proteins; evolution; genm; organisms; eukaryotes; protem; topology; model; life
AB We observe that the time of appearance of cellular compartmentalization correlates with atmospheric oxygen concentration. To explore this correlation, we predict and characterize the topology of all transmembrane proteins in 19 taxa and correlate differences in topology with historical atmospheric oxygen concentrations. Here we show that transmembrane proteins, individually and as a group, were probably selectively excluding oxygen in ancient ancestral taxa, and that this constraint decreased over time when atmospheric oxygen levels rose. As this constraint decreased, the size and number of communication-related transmembrane proteins increased. We suggest the hypothesis that atmospheric oxygen concentrations affected the timing of the evolution of cellular compartmentalization by constraining the size of domains necessary for communication across membranes.
C1 Max Planck Inst Plant Breeding Res, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
   Inst Mol Biol & Biochem, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Acquisti, C (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Ctr Evolutionary Funct Genom, Biodesign Inst, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM Claudia.Acquisti.1@asu.edu
NR 34
TC 56
Z9 65
U1 1
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7123
BP 47
EP 52
DI 10.1038/nature05450
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122KG
UT WOS:000243225100032
PM 17183269
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sano, M
   Minamino, T
   Toko, H
   Miyauchi, H
   Orimo, M
   Qin, YJ
   Akazawa, H
   Tateno, K
   Kayama, Y
   Harada, M
   Shimizu, I
   Asahara, T
   Hamada, H
   Tomita, S
   Molkentin, JD
   Zou, YZ
   Komuro, I
AF Sano, Masanori
   Minamino, Tohru
   Toko, Haruhiro
   Miyauchi, Hideyuki
   Orimo, Masayuki
   Qin, Yingjie
   Akazawa, Hiroshi
   Tateno, Kaoru
   Kayama, Yosuke
   Harada, Mutsuo
   Shimizu, Ippei
   Asahara, Takayuki
   Hamada, Hirofumi
   Tomita, Shuhei
   Molkentin, Jeffrey D.
   Zou, Yunzeng
   Komuro, Issei
TI p53-induced inhibition of Hif-1 causes cardiac dysfunction during pressure overload
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelial growth-factor; tumor-growth; hypoxia; angiogenesis; hypertrophy; p53; expression; heart; gene; mice
AB Cardiac hypertrophy occurs as an adaptive response to increased workload to maintain cardiac function(1). However, prolonged cardiac hypertrophy causes heart failure(2), and its mechanisms are largely unknown. Here we show that cardiac angiogenesis is crucially involved in the adaptive mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy and that p53 accumulation is essential for the transition from cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure. Pressure overload initially promoted vascular growth in the heart by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (Hif-1)-dependent induction of angiogenic factors, and inhibition of angiogenesis prevented the development of cardiac hypertrophy and induced systolic dysfunction. Sustained pressure overload induced an accumulation of p53 that inhibited Hif-1 activity and thereby impaired cardiac angiogenesis and systolic function. Conversely, promoting cardiac angiogenesis by introducing angiogenic factors or by inhibiting p53 accumulation developed hypertrophy further and restored cardiac dysfunction under chronic pressure overload. These results indicate that the anti-angiogenic property of p53 may have a crucial function in the transition from cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure.
C1 Chiba Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Cardiovasc Sci & Med, Chuo Ku, Chiba 2608670, Japan.
   RIKEN, Ctr Dev Biol, Kobe Inst Biomed Res & Innovat, Stem Cell Translat Res,Chuo Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500047, Japan.
   Sapporo Med Univ, Dept Mol Med, Chuo Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608556, Japan.
   Univ Tokushima, Inst Genome Res, Div Expt Immunol, Tokushima 7708503, Japan.
   Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Div Mol Cardiovasc Biol, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA.
   Zhongshan Hosp, Shanghai Inst Cardiovasc Dis, Shanghai 200032, Peoples R China.
   Fudan Univ, Inst Biomed Sci, Shanghai 200032, Peoples R China.
C3 Chiba University; Institute for Biomedical Research & Innovation (IBRI); RIKEN; Sapporo Medical University; Tokushima University; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Fudan University; Fudan University
RP Komuro, I (corresponding author), Chiba Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Cardiovasc Sci & Med, Chuo Ku, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 2608670, Japan.
EM komuro-tky@umin.ac.jp
NR 24
TC 779
Z9 858
U1 0
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7134
BP 444
EP 448
DI 10.1038/nature05602
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 148MO
UT WOS:000245079500041
PM 17334357
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leopold, P
   Perrimon, N
AF Leopold, Pierre
   Perrimon, Norbert
TI Drosophila and the genetics of the internal milieu
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insulin-like peptides; metabolic syndrome; amino-acids; food-intake; life-span; growth; cells; melanogaster; fly; homeostasis
AB 'Homeostasis', from the Greek words for 'same' and 'steady', refers to ways in which the body acts to maintain a stable internal environment despite perturbations. Recent studies in Drosophila exemplify the conservation of regulatory mechanisms involved in metabolic homeostasis. These new findings underscore the use of Drosophila as a model for the study of various human disorders.
C1 Univ Nice, CNRS, UMR6543, F-06108 Nice 2, France.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Universite Cote d'Azur; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Leopold, P (corresponding author), Univ Nice, CNRS, UMR6543, Parc Valrose, F-06108 Nice 2, France.
EM leopold@unice.fr; perrimon@receptor.med.harvard.edu
NR 33
TC 140
Z9 178
U1 2
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7167
BP 186
EP 188
DI 10.1038/nature06286
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228RC
UT WOS:000250746200038
PM 17994083
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Labrosse, S
   Hernlund, JW
   Coltice, N
AF Labrosse, S.
   Hernlund, J. W.
   Coltice, N.
TI A crystallizing dense magma ocean at the base of the Earth's mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID continental-crust; seismic evidence; core; boundary; differentiation; systematics; convection; evolution; melt
AB The distribution of geochemical species in the Earth's interior is largely controlled by fractional melting and crystallization processes that are intimately linked to the thermal state and evolution of the mantle. The existence of patches of dense partial melt at the base of the Earth's mantle(1), together with estimates of melting temperatures for deep mantle phases(2) and the amount of cooling of the underlying core required to maintain a geodynamo throughout much of the Earth's history(3), suggest that more extensive deep melting occurred in the past. Here we show that a stable layer of dense melt formed at the base of the mantle early in the Earth's history would have undergone slow fractional crystallization, and would be an ideal candidate for an unsampled geochemical reservoir hosting a variety of incompatible species ( most notably the missing budget of heat-producing elements) for an initial basal magma ocean thickness of about 1,000 km. Differences in Nd-142/Nd-144 ratios between chondrites and terrestrial rocks(4) can be explained by fractional crystallization with a decay timescale of the order of 1 Gyr. These combined constraints yield thermal evolution models in which radiogenic heat production and latent heat exchange prevent early cooling of the core and possibly delay the onset of the geodynamo to 3.4-4 Gyr ago(5).
C1 Univ Lyon, CNRS, Lab Sci Terre, Ecole Normale Super Lyon,UMR 5570, F-69364 Lyon 07, France.
   Inst Phys Globe, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Univ Lyon 1, Lab Sci Terres, CNRS, UMR 5570, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); Universite Paris Cite; Universite Lyon 1; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON)
RP Labrosse, S (corresponding author), Univ Lyon, CNRS, Lab Sci Terre, Ecole Normale Super Lyon,UMR 5570, Allee Italie, F-69364 Lyon 07, France.
EM stephane.labrosse@ens-lyon.fr
NR 28
TC 683
Z9 770
U1 4
U2 154
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 866
EP 869
DI 10.1038/nature06355
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900053
PM 18064010
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pan, F
   Sun, L
   Kardian, DB
   Whartenby, KA
   Pardoll, DM
   Liu, JO
AF Pan, Fan
   Sun, Luo
   Kardian, David B.
   Whartenby, Katharine A.
   Pardoll, Drew M.
   Liu, Jun O.
TI Feedback inhibition of calcineurin and Ras by a dual inhibitory protein Carabin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell-activation; identification; stimulation; lymphocytes; selection; gtpases; p21ras; kinase; family; cabin1
AB Feedback regulation of adaptive immunity is a fundamental mechanism for controlling the overall output of different signal transduction pathways, including that mediated by the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)(1). Calcineurin(2-4) and Ras(5-7) are known to have essential functions during T-cell activation. However, how the calcineurin signalling pathway is terminated in the process is still largely unknown. Although several endogenous inhibitors of calcineurin have been reported(8-13), none fulfils the criteria of a feedback inhibitor, as their expression is not responsive to TCR signalling. Here we identify an endogenous inhibitor of calcineurin, named Carabin, which also inhibits the Ras signalling pathway through its intrinsic Ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity. Expression of Carabin is upregulated on TCR signalling in a manner that is sensitive to inhibitors of calcineurin, indicating that Carabin constitutes part of a negative regulatory loop for the intracellular TCR signalling pathway. Knockdown of Carabin by short interfering RNA led to a significant enhancement of interleukin-2 production by antigen-specific T cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, Carabin is a negative feedback inhibitor of the calcineurin signalling pathway that also mediates crosstalk between calcineurin and Ras.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Solomon H Snyder Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Oncol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Immunol & Hematopoiesis Div, Sidney Kimmel Comprehens Canc Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine
RP Liu, JO (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM joliu@jhu.edu
NR 27
TC 58
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7126
BP 433
EP 436
DI 10.1038/nature05476
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 128WD
UT WOS:000243689500041
PM 17230191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lehmann, E
   Brueckner, F
   Cramer, P
AF Lehmann, Elisabeth
   Brueckner, Florian
   Cramer, Patrick
TI Molecular basis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase II activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hepatitis-delta antigen; elongation complex; escherichia-coli; structural basis; lid element; dna hybrid; in-vitro; transcription; tfiis; architecture
AB RNA polymerase (Pol) II catalyses DNA-dependent RNA synthesis during gene transcription. There is, however, evidence that Pol II also possesses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity. Pol II can use a homopolymeric RNA template(1), can extend RNA by several nucleotides in the absence of DNA(2), and has been implicated in the replication of the RNA genomes of hepatitis delta virus (HDV)(3,4) and plant viroids(5). Here we show the intrinsic RdRP activity of Pol II with only pure polymerase, an RNA template-product scaffold and nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs). Crystallography reveals the template-product duplex in the site occupied by the DNA-RNA hybrid during transcription. RdRP activity resides at the active site used during transcription, but it is slower and less processive than DNA-dependent activity. RdRP activity is also obtained with part of the HDV antigenome. The complex of transcription factor IIS (TFIIS) with Pol II can cleave one HDV strand, create a reactive stem-loop in the hybrid site, and extend the new RNA 3' end. Short RNA stem-loops with a 5' extension suffice for activity, but their growth to a critical length apparently impairs processivity. The RdRP activity of Pol II provides a missing link in molecular evolution, because it suggests that Pol II evolved from an ancient replicase that duplicated RNA genomes.
C1 Univ Munich, Gene Ctr Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Ctr Integrated Prot Sci, Dept Chem & Biochem, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; University of Munich
RP Cramer, P (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Gene Ctr Munich, Feodor Lynen Str 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
EM cramer@LMB.uni-muenchen.de
NR 24
TC 103
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 445
EP 449
DI 10.1038/nature06290
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600060
PM 18004386
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, XG
   Siveter, DJ
   Waloszek, D
   Maas, A
AF Zhang, Xi-guang
   Siveter, David J.
   Waloszek, Dieter
   Maas, Andreas
TI An epipodite-bearing crown-group crustacean from the Lower Cambrian
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID origin; evolution; position
AB Crown-group crustaceans (Eucrustacea) are common in the fossil record of the past 500 million years back to the early Ordovician period, and very rare representatives are also known from the late Middle and Late Cambrian periods(1). Finds in Lower Cambrian rocks of the Phosphatocopina, the fossil sister group to eucrustaceans(2), imply that members of the eucrustacean stem lineage co-occurred, but it remained unclear whether crown-group members were also present at that time. 'Orsten'-type fossils are typically tiny embryos and cuticle-bearing animals, of which the cuticle is phosphatized and the material is three-dimensional and complete with soft parts. Such fossils are found predominantly in the Cambrian and Ordovician and provide detailed morphological and phylogenetic information on the early evolution of metazoans. Here we report an Orsten-type Konservat-Lagerstatte from the Lower Cambrian of China that contains at least three new arthropod species, of which we describe the most abundant form on the basis of exceptionally well preserved material of several growth stages. The limb morphology and other details of this new species are markedly similar to those of living cephalocarids, branchiopods and copepods and it is assigned to the Eucrustacea, thus representing the first undoubted crown-group crustacean from the early Cambrian. Its stratigraphical position provides substantial support to the proposition that the main cladogenic event that gave rise to the Arthropoda was before the Cambrian(3). Small leaf-shaped structures on the outer limb base of the new species provide evidence on the long-debated issue of the origin of epipodites(4,5): they occur in a set of three, derive from setae and are a ground-pattern feature of Eucrustacea.
C1 Yunnan Univ, Key Lab Palaeobiol, Kunming 650091, Peoples R China.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Geol, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   Univ Ulm, Sect Biosystemat Documentat, D-98081 Ulm, Germany.
C3 Yunnan University; University of Leicester; Ulm University
RP Zhang, XG (corresponding author), Yunnan Univ, Key Lab Palaeobiol, Kunming 650091, Peoples R China.
EM xgzhang@ynu.edu.cn
NR 30
TC 113
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7162
BP 595
EP 598
DI 10.1038/nature06138
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 216QG
UT WOS:000249893500044
PM 17914395
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Organ, CL
   Shedlock, AM
   Meade, A
   Pagel, M
   Edwards, SV
AF Organ, Chris L.
   Shedlock, Andrew M.
   Meade, Andrew
   Pagel, Mark
   Edwards, Scott V.
TI Origin of avian genome size and structure in non-avian dinosaurs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-size; dna-content; c-value; evolution; strategy; patterns; growth
AB Avian genomes are small and streamlined compared with those of other amniotes by virtue of having fewer repetitive elements and less non-coding DNA(1,2). This condition has been suggested to represent a key adaptation for flight in birds, by reducing the metabolic costs associated with having large genome and cell sizes(3,4). However, the evolution of genome architecture in birds, or any other lineage, is difficult to study because genomic information is often absent for long-extinct relatives. Here we use a novel bayesian comparative method to show that bone-cell size correlates well with genome size in extant vertebrates, and hence use this relationship to estimate the genome sizes of 31 species of extinct dinosaur, including several species of extinct birds. Our results indicate that the small genomes typically associated with avian flight evolved in the saurischian dinosaur lineage between 230 and 250 million years ago, long before this lineage gave rise to the first birds. By comparison, ornithischian dinosaurs are inferred to have had much larger genomes, which were probably typical for ancestral Dinosauria. Using comparative genomic data, we estimate that genome-wide interspersed mobile elements, a class of repetitive DNA, comprised 5 - 12% of the total genome size in the saurischian dinosaur lineage, but was 7 - 19% of total genome size in ornithischian dinosaurs, suggesting that repetitive elements became less active in the saurischian lineage. These genomic characteristics should be added to the list of attributes previously considered avian but now thought to have arisen in non-avian dinosaurs, such as feathers(5), pulmonary innovations 6, and parental care and nesting
C1 Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Reading, Sch Biol Sci, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
C3 Harvard University; University of Reading
RP Organ, CL (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM corgan@oeb.harvard.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [F32 GM075490] Funding Source: Medline; Natural Environment Research Council [NE/C51992X/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 227
Z9 250
U1 2
U2 79
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7132
BP 180
EP 184
DI 10.1038/nature05621
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 143JS
UT WOS:000244718100039
PM 17344851
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, WY
   Fujiwara, S
   Suh, SS
   Kim, J
   Kim, Y
   Han, LQ
   David, K
   Putterill, J
   Nam, HG
   Somers, DE
AF Kim, Woe-Yeon
   Fujiwara, Sumire
   Suh, Sung-Suk
   Kim, Jeongsik
   Kim, Yumi
   Han, Linqu
   David, Karine
   Putterill, Joanna
   Nam, Hong Gil
   Somers, David E.
TI ZEITLUPE is a circadian photoreceptor stabilized by GIGANTEA in blue light
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID clock-controlled gene; arabidopsis-thaliana; flowering time; white collar-1; protein; binding; degradation; encodes; phototropin; expression
AB The circadian clock is essential for coordinating the proper phasing of many important cellular processes. Robust cycling of key clock elements is required to maintain strong circadian oscillations of these clock-controlled outputs. Rhythmic expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana F-box protein ZEITLUPE (ZTL) is necessary to sustain a normal circadian period by controlling the proteasome-dependent degradation of a central clock protein, TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1)(1,2). ZTL messenger RNA is constitutively expressed, but ZTL protein levels oscillate with a threefold change in amplitude through an unknown mechanism(3). Here we show that GIGANTEA (GI) is essential to establish and sustain oscillations of ZTL by a direct protein-protein interaction. GI, a large plant-specific protein with a previously undefined molecular role, stabilizes ZTL in vivo. Furthermore, the ZTL-GI interaction is strongly and specifically enhanced by blue light, through the amino-terminal flavin-binding LIGHT, OXYGEN OR VOLTAGE (LOV) domain of ZTL. Mutations within this domain greatly diminish ZTL-GI interactions, leading to strongly reduced ZTL levels. Notably, a C82A mutation in the LOV domain, implicated in the flavin-dependent photochemistry, eliminates blue-light-enhanced binding of GI to ZTL. These data establish ZTL as a blue-light photoreceptor, which facilitates its own stability through a blue-light-enhanced GI interaction. Because the regulation of GI transcription is clock-controlled, consequent GI protein cycling confers a post-translational rhythm on ZTL protein. This mechanism of establishing and sustaining robust oscillations of ZTL results in the high-amplitude TOC1 rhythms necessary for proper clock function.
C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Cellular & Mol Biol, Ctr Plant Biotechnol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Gyeongsang Natl Univ, BK21 Program, Environm Biotechnol Natl Core Res Ctr, Jinju 660701, South Korea.
   Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Life Sci, Pohang 790784, Kyungbuk, South Korea.
   Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; Gyeongsang National University; Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH); University of Auckland
RP Somers, DE (corresponding author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Cellular & Mol Biol, Ctr Plant Biotechnol, 054 Rightmire Hall,1060 Carmack Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
EM somers.24@osu.edu
NR 33
TC 483
Z9 572
U1 4
U2 131
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7160
BP 356
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06132
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 211XP
UT WOS:000249557300048
PM 17704763
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pillitteri, LJ
   Sloan, DB
   Bogenschutz, NL
   Torii, KU
AF Pillitteri, Lynn Jo
   Sloan, Daniel B.
   Bogenschutz, Naomi L.
   Torii, Keiko U.
TI Termination of asymmetric cell division and differentiation of stomata
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID myod family; selaginella; polarity
AB Stomata consist of a pair of guard cells that mediate gas and water-vapour exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Stomatal precursor cells - meristemoids - possess a transient stem-cell-like property and undergo several rounds of asymmetric divisions before further differentiation. Here we report that the Arabidopsis thaliana basic helix - loop - helix ( bHLH) protein MUTE is a key switch for meristemoid fate transition. In the absence of MUTE, meristemoids abort after excessive asymmetric divisions and fail to differentiate stomata. Constitutive overexpression of MUTE directs the entire epidermis to adopt guard cell identity. MUTE has two paralogues: FAMA, a regulator of guard cell morphogenesis, and SPEECHLESS (SPCH). We show that SPCH directs the first asymmetric division that initiates stomatal lineage. Together, SPCH, MUTE and FAMA bHLH proteins control stomatal development at three consecutive steps: initiation, meristemoid differentiation and guard cell morphogenesis. Our findings highlight the roles of closely related bHLHs in cell type differentiation in plants and animals.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Inst Stem Cell & Regenerat Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Torii, KU (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM ktorii@u.washington.edu
NR 24
TC 457
Z9 556
U1 6
U2 146
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7127
BP 501
EP 505
DI 10.1038/nature05467
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 131KI
UT WOS:000243867300035
PM 17183267
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fenton, LK
   Geissler, PE
   Haberle, RM
AF Fenton, Lori K.
   Geissler, Paul E.
   Haberle, Robert M.
TI Global warming and climate forcing by recent albedo changes on Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal mapper observations; interannual variability; polar-regions; tes; features; model
AB For hundreds of years, scientists have tracked the changing appearance of Mars, first by hand drawings and later by photographs(1,2). Because of this historical record, many classical albedo patterns have long been known to shift in appearance over time. Decadal variations of the martian surface albedo are generally attributed to removal and deposition of small amounts of relatively bright dust on the surface. Large swaths of the surface ( up to 56 million km(2)) have been observed to darken or brighten by 10 per cent or more(3-5). It is unknown, however, how these albedo changes affect wind circulation, dust transport and the feedback between these processes and the martian climate. Here we present predictions from a Mars general circulation model, indicating that the observed interannual albedo alterations strongly influence the martian environment. Results indicate enhanced wind stress in recently darkened areas and decreased wind stress in brightened areas, producing a positive feedback system in which the albedo changes strengthen the winds that generate the changes. The simulations also predict a net annual global warming of surface air temperatures by similar to 0.65 K, enhancing dust lifting by increasing the likelihood of dust devil generation. The increase in global dust lifting by both wind stress and dust devils may affect the mechanisms that trigger large dust storm initiation, a poorly understood phenomenon, unique to Mars. In addition, predicted increases in summertime air temperatures at high southern latitudes would contribute to the rapid and steady scarp retreat that has been observed in the south polar residual ice for the past four Mars years(6-8). Our results suggest that documented albedo changes affect recent climate change and large-scale weather patterns on Mars, and thus albedo variations are a necessary component of future atmospheric and climate studies.
C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Carl Sagan Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center
RP Fenton, LK (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
EM fenton@mintz.arc.nasa.gov; pgeissler@usgs.gov
NR 25
TC 82
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7136
BP 646
EP 649
DI 10.1038/nature05718
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 153LZ
UT WOS:000245438300034
PM 17410170
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zürner, A
   Kirstein, J
   Döblinger, M
   Bräuchle, C
   Bein, T
AF Zuerner, Andreas
   Kirstein, Johanna
   Doeblinger, Markus
   Braeuchle, Christoph
   Bein, Thomas
TI Visualizing single-molecule diffusion in mesoporous materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silica; dynamics; tracking; pores; films
AB Periodic mesoporous materials formed through the cooperative self-assembly of surfactants and framework building blocks can assume a variety of structures(1-3), and their widely tuneable properties make them attractive hosts for numerous applications(4-7). Because the molecular movement in the pore system is the most important and defining characteristic of porous materials(8), it is of interest to learn about this behaviour as a function of local structure. Generally, individual fluorescent dye molecules can be used as molecular beacons with which to explore the structure of-and the dynamics within-these porous hosts(9-13), and single-molecule fluorescence techniques provide detailed insights into the dynamics of various processes, ranging from biology(14,15) to heterogeneous catalysis(16). However, optical microscopy methods cannot directly image the mesoporous structure of the host system accommodating the diffusing molecules, whereas transmission electron microscopy provides detailed images of the porous structure(17), but no dynamic information. It has therefore not been possible to 'see' how molecules diffuse in a real nanoscale pore structure. Here we present a combination of electron microscopic mapping and optical single-molecule tracking experiments to reveal how a single luminescent dye molecule travels through linear or strongly curved sections of a mesoporous channel system. In our approach we directly correlate porous structures detected by transmission electron microscopy with the diffusion dynamics of single molecules detected by optical microscopy. This opens up new ways of understanding the interactions of host and guest.
C1 Univ Munich, Dept Chem & Biochem, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Ctr NanoSci, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; University of Munich
RP Zürner, A (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Dept Chem & Biochem, Butenandtstr 5-13 E, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
EM bein@lmu.de
NR 21
TC 202
Z9 224
U1 0
U2 184
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 705
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06398
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700050
PM 18046407
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Colombe, Y
   Steinmetz, T
   Dubois, G
   Linke, F
   Hunger, D
   Reichel, J
AF Colombe, Yves
   Steinmetz, Tilo
   Dubois, Guilhem
   Linke, Felix
   Hunger, David
   Reichel, Jakob
TI Strong atom-field coupling for Bose-Einstein condensates in an optical cavity on a chip
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single atoms; lattices
AB An optical cavity enhances the interaction between atoms and light, and the rate of coherent atom-photon coupling can be made larger than all decoherence rates of the system. For single atoms, this 'strong coupling regime' of cavity quantum electrodynamics(1,2) has been the subject of many experimental advances. Efforts have been made to control the coupling rate by trapping(3,4) the atom and cooling(5,6) it towards the motional ground state; the latter has been achieved in one dimension so far(5). For systems of many atoms, the three-dimensional ground state of motion is routinely achieved(7) in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). Although experiments combining BECs and optical cavities have been reported recently(8,9), coupling BECs to cavities that are in the strong-coupling regime for single atoms has remained an elusive goal. Here we report such an experiment, made possible by combining a fibre-based cavity(10) with atom-chip technology(11). This enables single-atom cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments with a simplified set-up and realizes the situation of many atoms in a cavity, each of which is identically and strongly coupled to the cavity mode(12). Moreover, the BEC can be positioned deterministically anywhere within the cavity and localized entirely within a single antinode of the standing-wave cavity field; we demonstrate that this gives rise to a controlled, tunable coupling rate. We study the heating rate caused by a cavity transmission measurement as a function of the coupling rate and find no measurable heating for strongly coupled BECs. The spectrum of the coupled atoms-cavity system, which we map out over a wide range of atom numbers and cavity-atom detunings, shows vacuum Rabi splittings exceeding 20 gigahertz, as well as an unpredicted additional splitting, which we attribute to the atomic hyperfine structure. We anticipate that the system will be suitable as a light-matter quantum interface for quantum information(13).
C1 Univ Paris 06, CNRS, ENS, Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75005 Paris, France.
   LMU, Max Planck Inst Quantenopt, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
C3 Universite PSL; College de France; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Max Planck Society; University of Munich
RP Reichel, J (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, CNRS, ENS, Lab Kastler Brossel, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France.
EM jakob.reichel@ens.fr
NR 34
TC 613
Z9 672
U1 1
U2 104
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7167
BP 272
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature06331
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228RC
UT WOS:000250746200055
PM 17994094
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blard, PH
   Lavé, J
   Pik, R
   Wagnon, P
   Bourlès, D
AF Blard, P.-H.
   Lave, J.
   Pik, R.
   Wagnon, P.
   Bourles, D.
TI Persistence of full glacial conditions in the central Pacific until 15,000 years ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subtropical north pacific; cosmogenic nuclides; production-rates; mass-balance; secular variation; maximum; climate; surface; record; hawaii
AB The magnitude of atmospheric cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum and the timing of the transition into the current interglacial period remain poorly constrained in tropical regions, partly because of a lack of suitable climate records(1). Glacial moraines provide a method of reconstructing past temperatures, but they are relatively rare in the tropics. Here we present a reconstruction of atmospheric temperatures in the central Pacific during the last deglaciation on the basis of cosmogenic He-3 ages of moraines and numerical modelling of the ice cap on Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii-the only highland in the central Pacific on which moraines that formed during the last glacial period are preserved(2). Our reconstruction indicates that the Last Glacial Maximum occurred between 19,000 and 16,000 years ago in this region and that temperatures at high elevations were about 7 degrees C lower than today during this interval. Glacial retreat began about 16,000 years ago, but temperatures were still about 6.5 degrees C lower than today until 15,000 years ago. When combined with estimates of sea surface temperatures in the central Pacific Ocean(3), our reconstruction indicates that the lapse rate during the Last Glacial Maximum was higher than at present, which is consistent with the proposal that the atmosphere was drier at that time(1,4). Furthermore, the persistence of full glacial conditions until 15,000 years ago is consistent with the relatively late and abrupt transition to warmer temperatures in Greenland(5), indicating that there may have been an atmospheric teleconnection between the central Pacific and North Atlantic regions during the last deglaciation.
C1 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Ctr Europeen Rech & Enseignement Geosci Environm, F-13545 Aix En Provence, France.
   CNRS, Ctr Rech Petrog & Geochim, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France.
   Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, Lab Geodynam Chaines Alpines, F-38400 Grenoble, France.
   Inst Rech Dev Great Ice, Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
C3 Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Lorraine; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD)
RP Blard, PH (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, MC 100-23,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM blard@gps.caltech.edu
NR 41
TC 65
Z9 73
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7162
BP 591
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature06142
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 216QG
UT WOS:000249893500043
PM 17914394
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eichler, EE
   Nickerson, DA
   Altshuler, D
   Bowcock, AM
   Brooks, LD
   Carter, NP
   Church, DM
   Felsenfeld, A
   Guyer, M
   Lee, C
   Lupski, JR
   Mullikin, JC
   Pritchard, JK
   Sebat, J
   Sherry, ST
   Smith, D
   Valle, D
   Waterston, RH
AF Eichler, Evan E.
   Nickerson, Deborah A.
   Altshuler, David
   Bowcock, Anne M.
   Brooks, Lisa D.
   Carter, Nigel P.
   Church, Deanna M.
   Felsenfeld, Adam
   Guyer, Mark
   Lee, Charles
   Lupski, James R.
   Mullikin, James C.
   Pritchard, Jonathan K.
   Sebat, Jonathan
   Sherry, Stephen T.
   Smith, Douglas
   Valle, David
   Waterston, Robert H.
TI Completing the map of human genetic variation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID copy-number polymorphisms; human genome; structural variation; linkage disequilibrium; segmental duplications; deletion polymorphisms; y-chromosm; identification; disease; rearrangements
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   NHGRI, Genome Technol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Hinxton CB4 5RW, England.
   Natl Lib Med, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Texas Childrens Hosp, Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Human Genet, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Agencourt Biosci Corp, Beverly, MA 01915 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21025 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Washington University (WUSTL); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College Medical Hospital; University of Chicago; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University
RP Eichler, EE (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM eee@gs.washington.edu
FU Wellcome Trust [077008] Funding Source: Medline
NR 46
TC 160
Z9 198
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7141
BP 161
EP 165
DI 10.1038/447161a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 165WT
UT WOS:000246338700034
PM 17495918
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Purohit, P
   Mitra, A
   Auerbach, A
AF Purohit, Prasad
   Mitra, Ananya
   Auerbach, Anthony
TI A stepwise mechanism for acetylcholine receptor channel gating
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cys-loop receptor; gated ion-channel; transition-state; alpha-subunit; m2 segment; transmembrane segment; nicotinic receptors; pore; dynamics; residues
AB Muscle contraction is triggered by the opening of acetylcholine receptors at the vertebrate nerve - muscle synapse(1-4). The M2 helix of this allosteric membrane protein lines the channel, and contains a 'gate' that regulates the flow of ions through the pore. We used single-molecule kinetic analysis to probe the transition state of the gating conformational change and estimate the relative timing of M2 motions in the alpha-subunit of the murine acetylcholine receptor(5). This analysis produces a 'Phi-value' for a given residue that reflects its open-like versus closed-like character at the transition state. Here we show that most of the residues throughout the length of M2 have a Phi-value of similar to 0.64 but that some near the middle have lower Phi-values of 0.52 or 0.31, suggesting that alpha M2 moves in three discrete steps. The core of the channel serves both as a gate that regulates ion flow and as a hub that directs the propagation of the gating isomerization through the membrane domain of the acetylcholine receptor.
C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY
RP Auerbach, A (corresponding author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA.
EM auerbach@buffalo.edu
NR 29
TC 125
Z9 145
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7138
BP 930
EP 933
DI 10.1038/nature05721
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 158IR
UT WOS:000245785700046
PM 17443187
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turner, S
   Tonarini, S
   Bindeman, I
   Leeman, WP
   Schaefer, BF
AF Turner, Simon
   Tonarini, Sonia
   Bindeman, Ilya
   Leeman, William P.
   Schaefer, Bruce F.
TI Boron and oxygen isotope evidence for recycling of subducted components over the past 2.5 Gyr
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID enriched mantle beneath; sao-miguel; lithium; geochemistry; generation; beryllium; basalts; samples; origin; azores
AB Evidence for the deep recycling of surficial materials through the Earth's mantle and their antiquity has long been sought to understand the role of subducting plates and plumes in mantle convection. Radiogenic isotope evidence for such recycling remains equivocal because the age and location of parent-daughter fractionation are not known. Conversely, while stable isotopes can provide irrefutable evidence for low-temperature fractionation, their range in most unaltered oceanic basalts is limited and the age of any variation is unconstrained. Here we show that delta O-18 ratios in basalts from the Azores are often lower than in pristine mantle. This, combined with increased Nb/B ratios and a large range in delta B-11 ratios, provides compelling evidence for the recycling of materials that had undergone fractionation near the Earth's surface. Moreover, delta B-11 is negatively correlated with Os-187/Os-188 ratios, which extend to subchondritic values(1), constraining the age of the high Nb/B, B-11-enriched endmember to be more than 2.5 billion years ( Gyr) old. We infer this component to be melt- and fluid-depleted lithospheric mantle from a subducted oceanic plate, whereas other Azores basalts contain a contribution from similar to 3-Gyr-old melt-enriched basalt(2). We conclude that both components are most probably derived from an Archaean oceanic plate that was subducted, arguably into the deep mantle, where it was stored until thermal buoyancy caused it to rise beneath the Azores islands 3 Gyr later.
C1 Macquarie Univ, GEMOC, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
   Ist Geosci & Georisorse, I-56147 Pisa, Italy.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA 22230 USA.
   Monash Univ, Sch Geosci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
C3 Macquarie University; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse (IGG-CNR); University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; National Science Foundation (NSF); Monash University
RP Turner, S (corresponding author), Macquarie Univ, GEMOC, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
EM sturner@els.mq.edu.au
NR 30
TC 63
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 7
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7145
BP 702
EP 705
DI 10.1038/nature05898
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 175RI
UT WOS:000247030700041
PM 17554305
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, PC
   Armstrong, JW
   Asmar, SW
   Burns, JA
   Denk, T
   Giese, B
   Helfenstein, P
   Iess, L
   Johnson, TV
   McEwen, A
   Nicolaisen, L
   Porco, C
   Rappaport, N
   Richardson, J
   Somenzi, L
   Tortora, P
   Turtle, EP
   Veverka, J
AF Thomas, P. C.
   Armstrong, J. W.
   Asmar, S. W.
   Burns, J. A.
   Denk, T.
   Giese, B.
   Helfenstein, P.
   Iess, L.
   Johnson, T. V.
   McEwen, A.
   Nicolaisen, L.
   Porco, C.
   Rappaport, N.
   Richardson, J.
   Somenzi, L.
   Tortora, P.
   Turtle, E. P.
   Veverka, J.
TI Hyperion's sponge-like appearance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chaotic rotation; small satellites; impact; geology; asteroids; dynamics; iapetus; images; phoebe; saturn
AB Hyperion is Saturn's largest known irregularly shaped satellite and the only moon observed to undergo chaotic rotation(1-3). Previous work has identified Hyperion's surface as distinct from other small icy objects(4,5) but left the causes unsettled. Here we report high-resolution images that reveal a unique sponge-like appearance at scales of a few kilometres. Mapping shows a high surface density of relatively well-preserved craters two to ten kilometres across. We have also determined Hyperion's size and mass, and calculated the mean density as 544 +/- 50 kg m(-3), which indicates a porosity of > 40 per cent. The high porosity may enhance preservation of craters by minimizing the amount of ejecta produced or retained(6,7), and accordingly may be the crucial factor in crafting this unusual surface.
C1 Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Free Univ Berlin, Inst Geol Wissenschaft, D-12249 Berlin, Germany.
   German Aerosp Ctr, Inst Planetary Res, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Ingn Aerosp & Astronaut, I-00184 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA.
   Univ Bologna, DIEM II Fac Ingn, Forli, Italy.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
C3 Cornell University; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Free University of Berlin; Helmholtz Association; German Aerospace Centre (DLR); Sapienza University Rome; University of Arizona; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Bologna; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
RP Thomas, PC (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM pct2@cornell.edu
NR 29
TC 59
Z9 67
U1 1
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7149
BP 50
EP 53
DI 10.1038/nature05779
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185OS
UT WOS:000247720900034
PM 17611535
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koebel, CM
   Vermi, W
   Swann, JB
   Zerafa, N
   Rodig, SJ
   Old, LJ
   Smyth, MJ
   Schreiber, RD
AF Koebel, Catherine M.
   Vermi, William
   Swann, Jeremy B.
   Zerafa, Nadeen
   Rodig, Scott J.
   Old, Lloyd J.
   Smyth, Mark J.
   Schreiber, Robert D.
TI Adaptive immunity maintains occult cancer in an equilibrium state
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interferon-gamma; monoclonal-antibody; tumor immunogenicity; cells; immunosurveillance; nk; lymphocytes; activation; expression; lymphoma
AB The capacity of immunity to control and shape cancer, that is, cancer immunoediting, is the result of three processes(1-8) that function either independently or in sequence(9): elimination ( cancer immunosurveillance, in which immunity functions as an extrinsic tumour suppressor in naive hosts); equilibrium ( expansion of transformed cells is held in check by immunity); and escape ( tumour cell variants with dampened immunogenicity or the capacity to attenuate immune responses grow into clinically apparent cancers). Extensive experimental support now exists for the elimination and escape processes because immunodeficient mice develop more carcinogen-induced and spontaneous cancers than wild-type mice, and tumour cells from immunodeficient mice are more immunogenic than those from immunocompetent mice. In contrast, the equilibrium process was inferred largely from clinical observations, including reports of transplantation of undetected ( occult) cancer from organ donor into immuno-suppressed recipients(10). Herein we use a mouse model of primary chemical carcinogenesis and demonstrate that equilibrium occurs, is mechanistically distinguishable from elimination and escape, and that neoplastic cells in equilibrium are transformed but proliferate poorly in vivo. We also show that tumour cells in equilibrium are unedited but become edited when they spontaneously escape immune control and grow into clinically apparent tumours. These results reveal that, in addition to destroying tumour cells and sculpting tumour immunogenicity, the immune system of a naive mouse can also restrain cancer growth for extended time periods.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Univ Brescia, Spedali Civili, Dept Pathol, I-25123 Brescia, Italy.
   Peter MacCallum Canc Ctr, Canc Immunol Program, Sir Donald & Lady Trescowthick Labs, Melbourne, Vic 3002, Australia.
   Univ Melbourne, Dept Pathol, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Ludwig Inst Canc Res, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); University of Brescia; Hospital Spedali Civili Brescia; Peter Maccallum Cancer Center; University of Melbourne; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Schreiber, RD (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
EM mark.smyth@petermac.org; schreiber@immunology.wustl.edu
NR 32
TC 1111
Z9 1343
U1 1
U2 106
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 903
EP U24
DI 10.1038/nature06309
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900061
PM 18026089
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yazawa, M
   Ferrante, C
   Feng, J
   Mio, K
   Ogura, T
   Zhang, M
   Lin, PH
   Pan, Z
   Komazaki, S
   Kato, K
   Nishi, M
   Zhao, XL
   Weisleder, N
   Sato, C
   Ma, JJ
   Takeshima, H
AF Yazawa, Masayuki
   Ferrante, Christopher
   Feng, Jue
   Mio, Kazuhiro
   Ogura, Toshihiko
   Zhang, Miao
   Lin, Pei-Hui
   Pan, Zui
   Komazaki, Shinji
   Kato, Kazuhiro
   Nishi, Miyuki
   Zhao, Xiaoli
   Weisleder, Noah
   Sato, Chikara
   Ma, Jianjie
   Takeshima, Hiroshi
TI TRIC channels are essential for Ca2+ handling in intracellular stores
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sarcoplasmic-reticulum vesicles; automatic particle pickup; calcium-release; receptor; ion; expression; topology; network; family; block
AB Cell signalling requires efficient Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores through Ca2+ release channels, as well as predicted counter-movement of ions across the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum membrane to balance the transient negative potential generated by Ca2+ release(1-7). Ca2+ release channels were cloned more than 15 years ago(8,9), whereas the molecular identity of putative counter- ion channels remains unknown. Here we report two TRIC ( trimeric intracellular cation) channel subtypes that are differentially expressed on intracellular stores in animal cell types. TRIC subtypes contain three proposed transmembrane segments, and form homo-trimers with a bullet-like structure. Electrophysiological measurements with purified TRIC preparations identify a monovalent cation-selective channel. In TRIC-knockout mice suffering embryonic cardiac failure, mutant cardiac myocytes show severe dysfunction in intracellular Ca2+ handling. The TRIC-deficient skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum shows reduced K+ permeability, as well as altered Ca2+ 'spark' signalling and voltage-induced Ca2+ release. Therefore, TRIC channels are likely to act as counter- ion channels that function in synchronization with Ca2+ release from intracellular stores.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Dept Biol Chem, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Dept Med Chem, Grad Sch Med, Miyagi 9808575, Japan.
   Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   [Ogura, Toshihiko; Sato, Chikara] Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Neurosci Res Inst, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, PRESTO, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Saitama Med Univ, Dept Anat, Saitama 3500495, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; Tohoku University; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Saitama Medical University
RP Takeshima, H (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Dept Biol Chem, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
EM takeshim@pharm.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 40
TC 151
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7149
BP 78
EP 82
DI 10.1038/nature05928
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185OS
UT WOS:000247720900041
PM 17611541
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hermann, JC
   Marti-Arbona, R
   Fedorov, AA
   Fedorov, E
   Almo, SC
   Shoichet, BK
   Raushel, FM
AF Hermann, Johannes C.
   Marti-Arbona, Ricardo
   Fedorov, Alexander A.
   Fedorov, Elena
   Almo, Steven C.
   Shoichet, Brian K.
   Raushel, Frank M.
TI Structure-based activity prediction for an enzyme of unknown function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID docking; inhibitors; catalysis; errors
AB With many genomes sequenced, a pressing challenge in biology is predicting the function of the proteins that the genes encode. When proteins are unrelated to others of known activity, bioinformatics inference for function becomes problematic. It would thus be useful to interrogate protein structures for function directly. Here, we predict the function of an enzyme of unknown activity, Tm0936 from Thermotoga maritima, by docking high- energy intermediate forms of thousands of candidate metabolites. The docking hit list was dominated by adenine analogues, which appeared to undergo C6- deamination. Four of these, including 5- methylthioadenosine and S- adenosylhomocysteine ( SAH), were tested as substrates, and three had substantial catalytic rate constants ( 10(5) M-1 s(-1)). The X- ray crystal structure of the complex between Tm0936 and the product resulting from the deamination of SAH, S- inosylhomocysteine, was determined, and it corresponded closely to the predicted structure. The deaminated products can be further metabolized by T. maritima in a previously uncharacterized SAH degradation pathway. Structure- based docking with high- energy forms of potential substrates may be a useful tool to annotate enzymes for function.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77842 USA.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Biochem, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University
RP Shoichet, BK (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, MC 2550 1700 4th St, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
EM shoichet@cgl.ucsf.edu
FU National Institute of General Medical Sciences [R01GM071896] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM059957, R01 GM071896] Funding Source: Medline
NR 43
TC 222
Z9 277
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7155
BP 775
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature05981
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200HJ
UT WOS:000248754200032
PM 17603473
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haag-Liautard, C
   Dorris, M
   Maside, X
   Macaskill, S
   Halligan, DL
   Charlesworth, B
   Keightley, PD
AF Haag-Liautard, Cathy
   Dorris, Mark
   Maside, Xulio
   Macaskill, Steven
   Halligan, Daniel L.
   Charlesworth, Brian
   Keightley, Peter D.
TI Direct estimation of per nucleotide and genomic deleterious mutation rates in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID performance liquid-chromatography; evolution; recombination; accumulation; fitness; dna; insertions; sex
AB Spontaneous mutations are the source of genetic variation required for evolutionary change, and are therefore important for many aspects of evolutionary biology. For example, the divergence between taxa at neutrally evolving sites in the genome is proportional to the per nucleotide mutation rate, u (ref. 1), and this can be used to date speciation events by assuming a molecular clock. The overall rate of occurrence of deleterious mutations in the genome each generation (U) appears in theories of nucleotide divergence and polymorphism(2), the evolution of sex and recombination(3), and the evolutionary consequences of inbreeding(2). However, estimates of U based on changes in allozymes(4) or DNA sequences(5) and fitness traits are discordant(6-8). Here we directly estimate u in Drosophila melanogaster by scanning 20 million bases of DNA from three sets of mutation accumulation lines by using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography(9). From 37 mutation events that we detected, we obtained a mean estimate for u of 8.4 x 10(-9) per generation. Moreover, we detected significant heterogeneity in u among the three mutation-accumulation-line genotypes. By multiplying u by an estimate of the fraction of mutations that are deleterious in natural populations of Drosophila(10), we estimate that U is 1.2 per diploid genome. This high rate suggests that selection against deleterious mutations may have a key role in explaining patterns of genetic variation in the genome, and help to maintain recombination and sexual reproduction.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Sch Biol Sci, Inst Evolutionary Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP Keightley, PD (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Sch Biol Sci, Inst Evolutionary Biol, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM keightley.drosmutrate@spambob.net
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 314
Z9 366
U1 1
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7123
BP 82
EP 85
DI 10.1038/nature05388
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122KG
UT WOS:000243225100040
PM 17203060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weitzer, S
   Martinez, J
AF Weitzer, Stefan
   Martinez, Javier
TI The human RNA kinase hClp1 is active on 3′ transfer RNA exons and short interfering RNAs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID promotes transcription termination; polymerase-ii; cleavage; yeast; complex; cells; requirements; purification; ribonuclease; protein
AB RNA interference allows the analysis of gene function by introducing synthetic, short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) into cells(1). In contrast to siRNA and microRNA duplexes generated endogenously by the RNaseIII endonuclease Dicer(2), synthetic siRNAs display a 5' OH group. However, to become incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and mediate target RNA cleavage, the guide strand of an siRNA needs to display a phosphate group at the 5' end(3-5). The identity of the responsible kinase has so far remained elusive. Monitoring siRNA phosphorylation, we applied a chromatographic approach that resulted in the identification of the protein hClp1 ( human Clp1), a known component of both transfer RNA splicing(6) and messenger RNA 3'-end formation(7) machineries. Here we report that the kinase hClp1 phosphorylates and licenses synthetic siRNAs to become assembled into RISC for subsequent target RNA cleavage. More importantly, we reveal the physiological role of hClp1 as the RNA kinase that phosphorylates the 5' end of the 3' exon during human tRNA splicing(8), allowing the subsequent ligation of both exon halves by an unknown tRNA ligase. The investigation of this novel enzymatic activity of hClp1 in the context of mRNA 3'-end formation, where no RNA phosphorylation event has hitherto been predicted, remains a challenge for the future.
C1 Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Mol Biotechnol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA); Austrian Academy of Sciences
RP Martinez, J (corresponding author), Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Mol Biotechnol, Dr Bohr Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
EM javier.martinez@imba.oeaw.ac.at
NR 27
TC 177
Z9 226
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7141
BP 222
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature05777
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 165WT
UT WOS:000246338700047
PM 17495927
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pallen, MJ
   Wren, BW
AF Pallen, Mark J.
   Wren, Brendan W.
TI Bacterial pathogenomics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli o157-h7; single-nucleotide polymorphisms; complete genome sequence; iii secretion system; microbial pan-genome; mycobacterium-tuberculosis; protein secretion; yersinia-pestis; campylobacter-jejuni; gene-cluster
AB Genomes from all of the crucial bacterial pathogens of humans, plants and animals have now been sequenced, as have genomes from many of the important commensal, symbiotic and environmental microorganisms. Analysis of these sequences has revealed the forces that shape pathogen evolution and has brought to light unexpected aspects of pathogen biology. The finding that horizontal gene transfer and genome decay have key roles in the evolution of bacterial pathogens was particularly surprising. It has also become evident that even the definitions for 'pathogen' and 'virulence factor' need to be re-evaluated.
C1 Univ Birmingham, Ctr Syst Biol, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
   Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Infect & Trop Dis, London WC1E 7HT, England.
C3 University of Birmingham; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
RP Pallen, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Birmingham, Ctr Syst Biol, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
EM m.pallen@bham.ac.uk; brendan.wren@lshtm.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [EGA16167] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [EGA16167] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 99
TC 303
Z9 373
U1 1
U2 97
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 835
EP 842
DI 10.1038/nature06248
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600033
PM 17943120
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stone, MD
   Mihalusova, M
   O'Connor, CM
   Prathapam, R
   Collins, K
   Zhuang, XW
AF Stone, Michael D.
   Mihalusova, Mariana
   O'Connor, Catherine M.
   Prathapam, Ramadevi
   Collins, Kathleen
   Zhuang, Xiaowei
TI Stepwise protein-mediated RNA folding directs assembly of telomerase ribonucleoprotein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem-loop iv; reverse-transcriptase; energy-transfer; holoenzyme; subunit; processivity; component; disease
AB Telomerase is an essential cellular ribonucleoprotein (RNP) that solves the end replication problem and maintains chromosome stability by adding telomeric DNA to the termini of linear chromosomes(1-3). Genetic mutations that abrogate the normal assembly of telomerase RNP cause human disease(4). It is therefore of fundamental and medical importance to decipher cellular strategies for telomerase biogenesis, which will require new insights into how specific interactions occur in a precise order along the RNP assembly pathway. Here we use a single-molecule approach to dissect the individual assembly steps of telomerase. Direct observation of complex formation in real time revealed two sequential steps of protein-induced RNA folding, establishing a hierarchical RNP assembly mechanism: interaction with the telomerase holoenzyme protein p65 induces structural rearrangement of telomerase RNA, which in turn directs the binding of the telomerase reverse transcriptase to form the functional ternary complex. This hierarchical assembly process is facilitated by an evolutionarily conserved structural motif within the RNA. These results identify the RNA folding pathway during telomerase biogenesis and define the mechanism of action for an essential telomerase holoenzyme protein.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Zhuang, XW (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM zhuang@chemistry.harvard.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM068518, R01 GM054198] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 152
Z9 187
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7134
BP 458
EP 461
DI 10.1038/nature05600
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 148MO
UT WOS:000245079500044
PM 17322903
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blaser, MJ
   Kirschner, D
AF Blaser, Martin J.
   Kirschner, Denise
TI The equilibria that allow bacterial persistence in human hosts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mycobacterium-tuberculosis infection; helicobacter-pylori caga; gastric epithelial-cells; complete genome sequence; human immune-response; regulatory t-cells; typhoid-fever; dynamics; colonization; pathogen
AB We propose that microbes that have developed persistent relationships with human hosts have evolved cross-signalling mechanisms that permit homeostasis that conforms to Nash equilibria and, more specifically, to evolutionarily stable strategies. This implies that a group of highly diverse organisms has evolved within the changing contexts of variation in effective human population size and lifespan, shaping the equilibria achieved, and creating relationships resembling climax communities. We propose that such ecosystems contain nested communities in which equilibrium at one level contributes to homeostasis at another. The model can aid prediction of equilibrium states in the context of further change: widespread immunodeficiency, changing population densities, or extinctions.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Dept Med, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 New York University; New York University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Blaser, MJ (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Dept Med, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM martin.blaser@med.nyu.edu
NR 97
TC 187
Z9 222
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 843
EP 849
DI 10.1038/nature06198
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600035
PM 17943121
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, XH
   Monks, B
   Ge, QY
   Birnbaum, MJ
AF Li, Xinghai
   Monks, Bobby
   Ge, Qingyuan
   Birnbaum, Morris J.
TI Akt/PKB regulates hepatic metabolism by directly inhibiting PGC-1α transcription coactivator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fatty liver-disease; protein-kinase-b; cardiovascular-disease; receptor-alpha; insulin; gluconeogenesis; activation; glucose; pgc-1; expression
AB Type 2 diabetes mellitus, a disease with significant effects on the health and economy of Western societies, involves disturbances in both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism(1-3). In the insulin-resistant or diabetic state, the liver is unresponsive to the actions of insulin with regard to the suppression of glucose output but continues to produce large amounts of lipid, the latter mimicking the fed, insulin-replete condition(4,5). The disordered distribution of lipids contributes to the cardiovascular disease that is the greatest cause of mortality of type 2 diabetes mellitus(6,7). Yet the precise signal transduction pathways by which insulin regulates hepatic lipid synthesis and degradation remain largely unknown. Here we describe a mechanism by which insulin, through the intermediary protein kinase Akt2/protein kinase B (PKB)-beta, elicits the phosphorylation and inhibition of the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha), a global regulator of hepatic metabolism during fasting. Phosphorylation prevents the recruitment of PGC-1 alpha to the cognate promoters, impairing its ability to promote gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. These results define a mechanism by which insulin controls lipid catabolism in the liver and suggest a novel site for therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Inst Diabet Obes & Metab, Cox Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Cell Signaling Technol Inc, Danvers, MA 01923 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Cell Signaling Technology
RP Birnbaum, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Inst Diabet Obes & Metab, Cox Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM birnbaum@mail.med.upenn.edu
NR 29
TC 402
Z9 519
U1 1
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7147
BP 1012
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature05861
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180NU
UT WOS:000247373100049
PM 17554339
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blumenfeld, I
   Clayton, CE
   Decker, FJ
   Hogan, MJ
   Huang, CK
   Ischebeck, R
   Iverson, R
   Joshi, C
   Katsouleas, T
   Kirby, N
   Lu, W
   Marsh, KA
   Mori, WB
   Muggli, P
   Oz, E
   Siemann, RH
   Walz, D
   Zhou, MM
AF Blumenfeld, Ian
   Clayton, Christopher E.
   Decker, Franz-Josef
   Hogan, Mark J.
   Huang, Chengkun
   Ischebeck, Rasmus
   Iverson, Richard
   Joshi, Chandrashekhar
   Katsouleas, Thomas
   Kirby, Neil
   Lu, Wei
   Marsh, Kenneth A.
   Mori, Warren B.
   Muggli, Patric
   Oz, Erdem
   Siemann, Robert H.
   Walz, Dieter
   Zhou, Miaomiao
TI Energy doubling of 42 GeV electrons in a metre-scale plasma wakefield accelerator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beams; channel; waves
AB The energy frontier of particle physics is several trillion electron volts, but colliders capable of reaching this regime ( such as the Large Hadron Collider and the International Linear Collider) are costly and time-consuming to build; it is therefore important to explore new methods of accelerating particles to high energies. Plasma-based accelerators are particularly attractive because they are capable of producing accelerating fields that are orders of magnitude larger than those used in conventional colliders(1-3). In these accelerators, a drive beam ( either laser or particle) produces a plasma wave (wakefield) that accelerates charged particles(4-11). The ultimate utility of plasma accelerators will depend on sustaining ultrahigh accelerating fields over a substantial length to achieve a significant energy gain. Here we show that an energy gain of more than 42 GeV is achieved in a plasma wakefield accelerator of 85 cm length, driven by a 42 GeV electron beam at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). The results are in excellent agreement with the predictions of three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. Most of the beam electrons lose energy to the plasma wave, but some electrons in the back of the same beam pulse are accelerated with a field of similar to 52 GV m(-1). This effectively doubles their energy, producing the energy gain of the 3-km-long SLAC accelerator in less than a metre for a small fraction of the electrons in the injected bunch. This is an important step towards demonstrating the viability of plasma accelerators for high-energy physics applications.
C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
C3 Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Southern California
RP Joshi, C (corresponding author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
EM joshi@ee.ucla.edu
NR 22
TC 659
Z9 745
U1 8
U2 109
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7129
BP 741
EP 744
DI 10.1038/nature05538
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136EK
UT WOS:000244205200039
PM 17301787
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maga, G
   Villani, G
   Crespan, E
   Wimmer, U
   Ferrari, E
   Bertocci, B
   Hübscher, U
AF Maga, Giovanni
   Villani, Giuseppe
   Crespan, Emmanuele
   Wimmer, Ursula
   Ferrari, Elena
   Bertocci, Barbara
   Huebscher, Ulrich
TI 8-oxo-guanine bypass by human DNA polymerases in the presence of auxiliary proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell nuclear antigen; in-vitro; replication; lambda; beta; eta; alpha; iota; pcna; mu
AB Specialized DNA polymerases (DNA pols) are required for lesion bypass in human cells(1). Auxiliary factors have an important, but so far poorly understood, role. Here we analyse the effects of human proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and replication protein A (RP-A) on six different human DNA pols - belonging to the B, Y and X classes - during in vitro bypass of different lesions. The mutagenic lesion 8-oxo-guanine (8-oxo-G) has high miscoding potential(2-4). A major and specific effect was found for 8-oxo-G bypass with DNA pols lambda and eta. PCNA and RP-A allowed correct incorporation of dCTP opposite a 8-oxo-G template 1,200-fold more efficiently than the incorrect dATP by DNA pol lambda, and 68-fold by DNA pol eta, respectively. Experiments with DNA-pol-lambda-null cell extracts suggested an important role for DNA pol lambda. On the other hand, DNA pol iota, together with DNA pols a, delta and beta, showed a much lower correct bypass efficiency. Our findings show the existence of an accurate mechanism to reduce the deleterious consequences of oxidative damage and, in addition, point to an important role for PCNA and RP-A in determining a functional hierarchy among different DNA pols in lesion bypass.
C1 CNR, Inst Mol Genet IGM, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
   CNRS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
   Univ Paris 05, Fac Med Rene Descartes, Inst Natl Francais Rech Med, F-75730 Paris, France.
   Univ Zurich Irchel, Inst Vet Biochem & Mol Biol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Genetica Molecolare (IGM-CNR); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Universite Paris Cite; University of Zurich
RP Maga, G (corresponding author), CNR, Inst Mol Genet IGM, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
EM maga@igm.cnr.it
NR 19
TC 197
Z9 232
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7144
BP 606
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature05843
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 172YZ
UT WOS:000246842000052
PM 17507928
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palla, G
   Barabási, AL
   Vicsek, T
AF Palla, Gergely
   Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo
   Vicsek, Tamas
TI Quantifying social group evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID community structure; network structure; collaboration
AB The rich set of interactions between individuals in society(1-7) results in complex community structure, capturing highly connected circles of friends, families or professional cliques in a social network(3,7-10). Thanks to frequent changes in the activity and communication patterns of individuals, the associated social and communication network is subject to constant evolution(7,11-16). Our knowledge of the mechanisms governing the underlying community dynamics is limited, but is essential for a deeper understanding of the development and self-optimization of society as a whole(17-22). We have developed an algorithm based on clique percolation(23,24) that allows us to investigate the time dependence of overlapping communities on a large scale, and thus uncover basic relationships characterizing community evolution. Our focus is on networks capturing the collaboration between scientists and the calls between mobile phone users. We find that large groups persist for longer if they are capable of dynamically altering their membership, suggesting that an ability to change the group composition results in better adaptability. The behaviour of small groups displays the opposite tendency - the condition for stability is that their composition remains unchanged. We also show that knowledge of the time commitment of members to a given community can be used for estimating the community's lifetime. These findings offer insight into the fundamental differences between the dynamics of small groups and large institutions.
C1 HAS, Stat & Biol Phys Res Grp, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
   Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA.
   Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA.
   Univ Notre Dame, Dept Comp Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA.
   Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
C3 Hungarian Academy of Sciences; University of Notre Dame; University of Notre Dame; University of Notre Dame; Eotvos Lorand University
RP Vicsek, T (corresponding author), HAS, Stat & Biol Phys Res Grp, Pazmany P Stny 1A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
EM vicsek@angel.elte.hu
FU Division Of Materials Research; Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [0837678] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
NR 29
TC 1131
Z9 1402
U1 9
U2 377
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7136
BP 664
EP 667
DI 10.1038/nature05670
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 153LZ
UT WOS:000245438300039
PM 17410175
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hattori, D
   Demir, E
   Kim, HW
   Viragh, E
   Zipursky, SL
   Dickson, BJ
AF Hattori, Daisuke
   Demir, Ebru
   Kim, Ho Won
   Viragh, Erika
   Zipursky, S. Lawrence
   Dickson, Barry J.
TI Dscam diversity is essential for neuronal wiring and self-recognition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID axon guidance; drosophila dscam; molecular diversity; morphogenesis; melanogaster; organization; specificity; avoidance; cadherins; patterns
AB Neurons are thought to use diverse families of cell-surface molecules for cell recognition during circuit assembly. In Drosophila, alternative splicing of the Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) gene potentially generates 38,016 closely related transmembrane proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily, each comprising one of 19,008 alternative ectodomains linked to one of two alternative transmembrane segments(1). These ectodomains show isoform-specific homophilic binding, leading to speculation that Dscam proteins mediate cell recognition(2). Genetic studies have established that Dscam is required for neural circuit assembly(1,3-10), but the extent to which isoform diversity contributes to this process is not known. Here we provide conclusive evidence that Dscam diversity is essential for circuit assembly. Using homologous recombination, we reduced the entire repertoire of Dscam ectodomains to just a single isoform. Neural circuits in these mutants are severely disorganized. Furthermore, we show that it is crucial for neighbouring neurons to express distinct isoforms, but that the specific identity of the isoforms expressed in an individual neuron is unimportant. We conclude that Dscam diversity provides each neuron with a unique identity by which it can distinguish its own processes from those of other neurons, and that this self-recognition is essential for wiring the Drosophila brain.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biol Chem, David Geffen Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90049 USA.
   Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
RP Zipursky, SL (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biol Chem, David Geffen Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90049 USA.
EM lzipursky@mednet.ucla.edu; dickson@imp.ac.at
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 179
Z9 245
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7159
BP 223
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature06099
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 209NF
UT WOS:000249394500051
PM 17851526
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Furuhashi, M
   Tuncman, G
   Görgün, CZ
   Makowski, L
   Atsumi, G
   Vaillancourt, E
   Kono, K
   Babaev, VR
   Fazio, S
   Linton, MF
   Sulsky, R
   Robl, JA
   Parker, RA
   Hotamisligil, GS
AF Furuhashi, Masato
   Tuncman, Guerol
   Goerguen, Cem Z.
   Makowski, Liza
   Atsumi, Genichi
   Vaillancourt, Eric
   Kono, Keita
   Babaev, Vladimir R.
   Fazio, Sergio
   Linton, MacRae F.
   Sulsky, Richard
   Robl, Jeffrey A.
   Parker, Rex A.
   Hotamisligil, Goekhan S.
TI Treatment of diabetes and atherosclerosis by inhibiting fatty-acid-binding protein aP2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human thp-1 macrophages; foam cell-formation; insulin-resistance; metabolic-responses; murine macrophages; deficient mice; expression; obesity; gene; activation
AB Adipocyte fatty-acid-binding protein, aP2 (FABP4) is expressed in adipocytes and macrophages, and integrates inflammatory and metabolic responses. Studies in aP2-deficient mice have shown that this lipid chaperone has a significant role in several aspects of metabolic syndrome, including type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Here we demonstrate that an orally active small-molecule inhibitor of aP2 is an effective therapeutic agent against severe atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes in mouse models. In macrophage and adipocyte cell lines with or without aP2, we also show the target specificity of this chemical intervention and its mechanisms of action on metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Our findings demonstrate that targeting aP2 with small-molecule inhibitors is possible and can lead to a new class of powerful therapeutic agents to prevent and treat metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Genet & Complex Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Pharmaceut Res Inst, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Vanderbilt University; Bristol-Myers Squibb
RP Hotamisligil, GS (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Genet & Complex Dis, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM ghotamis@hsph.harvard.edu
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [F32 HL075970] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 616
Z9 722
U1 0
U2 93
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7147
BP 959
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature05844
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180NU
UT WOS:000247373100038
PM 17554340
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sato, M
   Toda, T
AF Sato, Masamitsu
   Toda, Takashi
TI Alp7/TACC is a crucial target in Ran-GTPase-dependent spindle formation in fission yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus egg extracts; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; importin-beta; cell-division; microtubules; protein; kinetochore; checkpoint; alpha; cycle
AB Microtubules are essential intracellular structures involved in several cellular phenomena, including polarity establishment and chromosome segregation(1). Because the nuclear envelope persists during mitosis ( closed mitosis) in fission yeast ( Schizosaccharomyces pombe), cytoplasmic microtubules must be reorganized into the spindle in the compartmentalized nucleus on mitotic entry(2). An ideal mechanism might be to take advantage of an evolutionarily conserved microtubule formation system that uses the Ran-GTPase nuclear transport machinery(3-5), but no targets of Ran for spindle formation have been identified in yeast. Here we show that a microtubule-associated protein, Alp7, which forms a complex with Alp14, is a target of Ran in yeast for spindle formation. The Ran-deficient pim1 mutant (pim1-F201S) failed to show mitosis-specific nuclear accumulation of Alp7. Moreover, this mutant exhibited compromised spindle formation and early mitotic delay. Importantly, these defects were suppressed by Alp7 that was artificially targeted to the nucleus by a Ran-independent and importin-alpha-mediated system. Thus, Ran targets Alp7 - Alp14 to achieve nuclear spindle formation, and might differentiate its targets depending on whether the organism undergoes closed or open mitosis.
C1 Canc Res UK, London Res Inst, Lincolns Inn Fields Labs, Lab Cell Regulat, London WC2A 3PX, England.
C3 Cancer Research UK
RP Sato, M (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys & Biochem, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM masasato@biochem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp; Takashi.Toda@cancer.org.uk
NR 33
TC 57
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7142
BP 334
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature05773
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 168JK
UT WOS:000246520300049
PM 17476213
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Solli, DR
   Ropers, C
   Koonath, P
   Jalali, B
AF Solli, D. R.
   Ropers, C.
   Koonath, P.
   Jalali, B.
TI Optical rogue waves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supercontinuum generation; continuum generation; freak waves; sea; dispersion; frequency
AB Recent observations show that the probability of encountering an extremely large rogue wave in the open ocean is much larger than expected from ordinary wave- amplitude statistics(1-3). Although considerable effort has been directed towards understanding the physics behind these mysterious and potentially destructive events, the complete picture remains uncertain. Furthermore, rogue waves have not yet been observed in other physical systems. Here, we introduce the concept of optical rogue waves, a counterpart of the infamous rare water waves. Using a new real- time detection technique, we study a system that exposes extremely steep, large waves as rare outcomes from an almost identically prepared initial population of waves. Specifically, we report the observation of rogue waves in an optical system, based on a microstructured optical fibre, near the threshold of soliton- fission supercontinuum generation(4,5) - a noise- sensitive(5-7) nonlinear process in which extremely broadband radiation is generated from a narrowband input(8). We model the generation of these rogue waves using the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation(9) and demonstrate that they arise infrequently from initially smooth pulses owing to power transfer seeded by a small noise perturbation.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Max Born Inst Nonlinear Opt & Short Pulse Spect, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Leibniz Association; Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics & Short Term Spectroscopy
RP Solli, DR (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM solli@ucla.edu
NR 29
TC 2331
Z9 2477
U1 12
U2 346
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1054
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature06402
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900080
PM 18075587
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zheng, Y
   Danilenko, DM
   Valdez, P
   Kasman, I
   Eastham-Anderson, J
   Wu, JF
   Ouyang, WJ
AF Zheng, Yan
   Danilenko, Dimitry M.
   Valdez, Patricia
   Kasman, Ian
   Eastham-Anderson, Jeffrey
   Wu, Jianfeng
   Ouyang, Wenjun
TI Interleukin-22, a TH17 cytokine, mediates IL-23-induced dermal inflammation and acanthosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytotoxic t-lymphocyte; psoriasis-vulgaris; dendritic cells; epidermal differentiation; human keratinocytes; interferon-gamma; transgenic mice; growth-factor; factor-alpha; expression
AB Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by hyperplasia of the epidermis ( acanthosis), infiltration of leukocytes into both the dermis and epidermis, and dilation and growth of blood vessels(1). The underlying cause of the epidermal acanthosis in psoriasis is still largely unknown. Recently, interleukin (IL)-23, a cytokine involved in the development of IL-17-producing T helper cells (T(H)17 cells)(2,3), was found to have a potential function in the pathogenesis of psoriasis(4,5). Here we show that IL-22 is preferentially produced by T(H)17 cells and mediates the acanthosis induced by IL-23. We found that IL-23 or IL-6 can directly induce the production of IL-22 from both murine and human naive T cells. However, the production of IL-22 and IL-17 from T(H)17 cells is differentially regulated. Transforming growth factor-beta, although crucial for IL-17 production, actually inhibits IL-22 production. Furthermore, IL-22 mediates IL-23-induced acanthosis and dermal inflammation through the activation of Stat3 ( signal transduction and activators of transcription 3) in vivo. Our results suggest that T(H)17 cells, through the production of both IL-22 and IL-17, might have essential functions in host defence and in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis. IL-22, as an effector cytokine produced by T cells, mediates the crosstalk between the immune system and epithelial cells.
C1 Genentech Inc, Dept Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Pathol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech
RP Ouyang, WJ (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, Dept Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
EM ouyang.wenjun@gene.com
NR 30
TC 1575
Z9 1860
U1 2
U2 121
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7128
BP 648
EP 651
DI 10.1038/nature05505
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133UM
UT WOS:000244039400044
PM 17187052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fortin, PD
   Walsh, CT
   Magarvey, NA
AF Fortin, Pascal D.
   Walsh, Christopher T.
   Magarvey, Nathan A.
TI A transglutaminase homologue as a condensation catalyst in antibiotic assembly lines
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heterologous expression; biosynthesis; gene; identification; inactivation; aminomutase; polyketide; bacterium
AB The unrelenting emergence of antibiotic- resistant bacterial pathogens demands the investigation of antibiotics with new modes of action. The pseudopeptide antibiotic andrimid is a nanomolar inhibitor of the bacterial acetyl- CoA carboxylase that catalyses the first committed step in prokaryotic fatty acid biosynthesis(1). Recently, the andrimid ( adm) biosynthetic gene cluster was isolated and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli(2). This establishes a heterologous biological host in which to rapidly probe features of andrimid formation and to use biosynthetic engineering to make unnatural variants of this important and promising new class of antibiotics. Bioinformatic analysis of the adm cluster revealed a dissociated biosynthetic assembly system lacking canonical amide synthases between the first three carrier protein domains. Here we report that AdmF, a transglutaminase ( TGase) homologue, catalyses the formation of the first amide bond, an N-acyl-beta-peptide link, in andrimid biosynthesis. Hence, AdmF is a newly discovered biosynthetic enzyme that acts as a stand- alone amide synthase between protein- bound, thiotemplated substrates in an antibiotic enzymatic assembly line. TGases ( enzyme class ( EC) 2.3.2.13) normally catalyse the cross- linking of ( poly) peptides by creating isopeptidic bonds between the gamma-carboxamide group of a glutamine side chain of one protein and various amine donors, including lysine side chains(3). To the best of our knowledge, the present study constitutes the first report of a TGase- like enzyme recruited for the assembly of an antibiotic. Moreover, genome mining using the AdmF sequence yielded additional TGases in unassigned natural product biosynthetic pathways. With many more microbial genomes being sequenced, such a strategy could potentially unearth biosynthetic pathways producing new classes of antibiotics.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Walsh, CT (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM christopher_walsh@hms.harvard.edu
NR 19
TC 53
Z9 65
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7155
BP 824
EP U11
DI 10.1038/nature06068
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200HJ
UT WOS:000248754200044
PM 17653193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnson, MD
   Oldach, D
   Delwiche, CF
   Stoecker, DK
AF Johnson, Matthew D.
   Oldach, David
   Delwiche, Charles F.
   Stoecker, Diane K.
TI Retention of transcriptionally active cryptophyte nuclei by the ciliate Myrionecta rubra
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mesodinium-rubrum; gene-transfer; ultrastructure; chloroplasts; cryptomonad; dinoflagellate; endosymbiont; nucleomorph; ciliophora; algae
AB It is well documented that organelles can be retained and used by predatory organisms, but in most cases such sequestrations are limited to plastids of algal prey(1). Furthermore, sequestrations of prey organelles are typically highly ephemeral(2) as a result of the inability of the organelle to remain functional in the absence of numerous nuclear-encoded genes involved in its regulation, division and function(3). The marine photosynthetic ciliate Myrionecta rubra (Lohmann 1908) Jankowski 1976 ( the same as Mesodinium rubrum)(4) is known to possess organelles of cryptophyte origin(5-9), which has led to debate concerning their status as permanent symbiotic or temporary sequestered fixtures(5-13). Recently, M. rubra has been shown to steal plastids ( that is, chloroplasts) from the cryptomonad, Geminigera cryophila, and prey nuclei were observed to accumulate after feeding(10). Here we show that cryptophyte nuclei in M. rubra are retained for up to 30 days, are transcriptionally active and service plastids derived from multiple cryptophyte cells. Expression of a cryptophyte nuclear-encoded gene involved in plastid function declined in M. rubra as the sequestered nuclei disappeared from the population. Cytokinesis, plastid performance and their replication are dependent on recurrent stealing of cryptophyte nuclei. Karyoklepty ( from Greek karydi, kernel; kleftis, thief) represents a previously unknown evolutionary strategy for acquiring biochemical potential.
C1 Univ Maryland, Horn Point Environm Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Inst Human Virol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
   Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Johnson, MD (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
EM johnson@marine.rutgers.edu
NR 24
TC 169
Z9 184
U1 2
U2 40
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7126
BP 426
EP 428
DI 10.1038/nature05496
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 128WD
UT WOS:000243689500039
PM 17251979
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Siekmann, AF
   Lawson, ND
AF Siekmann, Arndt F.
   Lawson, Nathan D.
TI Notch signalling limits angiogenic cell behaviour in developing zebrafish arteries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic vascular development; endothelial-growth-factor; expression; activation; pathway; differentiation; suppressor; receptors; hairless
AB Recent evidence indicates that growing blood-vessel sprouts consist of endothelial cells with distinct cell fates and behaviours(1,2); however, it is not clear what signals determine these sprout cell characteristics. Here we show that Notch signalling is necessary to restrict angiogenic cell behaviour to tip cells in developing segmental arteries in the zebrafish embryo. In the absence of the Notch signalling component Rbpsuh ( recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless) we observed excessive sprouting of segmental arteries, whereas Notch activation suppresses angiogenesis. Through mosaic analysis we find that cells lacking Rbpsuh preferentially localize to the terminal position in developing sprouts. In contrast, cells in which Notch signalling has been activated are excluded from the tip-cell position. In vivo time-lapse analysis reveals that endothelial tip cells undergo a stereotypical pattern of proliferation and migration during sprouting. In the absence of Notch, nearly all sprouting endothelial cells exhibit tip-cell behaviour, leading to excessive numbers of cells within segmental arteries. Furthermore, we find that flt4 (fms-related tyrosine kinase 4, also called vegfr3) is expressed in segmental artery tip cells and becomes ectopically expressed throughout the sprout in the absence of Notch. Loss of flt4 can partially restore normal endothelial cell number in Rbpsuh-deficient segmental arteries. Finally, loss of the Notch ligand dll4 (delta-like 4) also leads to an increased number of endothelial cells within segmental arteries. Together, these studies indicate that proper specification of cell identity, position and behaviour in a developing blood-vessel sprout is required for normal angiogenesis, and implicate the Notch signalling pathway in this process.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Gene Funct & Express, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Lawson, ND (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Gene Funct & Express, Lazare Res Bldg,364 Plantat St, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
EM nathan.lawson@umassmed.edu
NR 24
TC 544
Z9 696
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7129
BP 781
EP 784
DI 10.1038/nature05577
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136EK
UT WOS:000244205200048
PM 17259972
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shim, JH
   Haule, K
   Kotliar, G
AF Shim, J. H.
   Haule, K.
   Kotliar, G.
TI Fluctuating valence in a correlated solid and the anomalous properties of δ-plutonium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mean-field theory; electronic-structure; magnetic-susceptibility; moment; metal; pu
AB Although the nuclear properties of the late actinides ( plutonium, americium and curium) are fully understood and widely applied to energy generation, their solid-state properties do not fit within standard models and are the subject of active research 1. Plutonium displays phases with enormous volume differences, and both its Pauli-like magnetic susceptibility and resistivity are an order of magnitude larger than those of simple metals 2. Curium is also highly resistive, but its susceptibility is Curie-like at high temperatures and orders antiferromagnetically 3 at low temperatures. The anomalous properties of the late actinides stem from the competition between itinerancy and localization of their f-shell electrons, which makes these elements strongly correlated materials. A central problem in this field is to understand the mechanism by which these conflicting tendencies are resolved in such materials. Here we identify the electronic mechanisms responsible for the anomalous behaviour of late actinides, revisiting the concept of valence using a theoretical approach that treats magnetism, Kondo screening, atomic multiplet effects and crystal field splitting on the same footing. We find that the ground state in plutonium is a quantum superposition of two distinct atomic valences, whereas curium settles into a magnetically ordered single valence state at low temperatures. The f(7) configuration of curium is contrasted with the multiple valences of the plutonium ground state, which we characterize by a valence histogram. The balance between the Kondo screening and magnetism is controlled by the competition between spin-orbit coupling, the strength of atomic multiplets and the degree of itinerancy. Our approach highlights the electronic origin of the bonding anomalies in plutonium, and can be applied to predict generalized valences and the presence or absence of magnetism in other compounds starting from first principles.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Condensed Matter, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Condensed Matter Theory, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Haule, K (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM haule@physics.rutgers.edu
NR 30
TC 264
Z9 282
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7135
BP 513
EP 516
DI 10.1038/nature05647
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150TQ
UT WOS:000245242900043
PM 17392780
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Teh, OK
   Moore, I
AF Teh, Ooi-kock
   Moore, Ian
TI An ARF-GEF acting at the Golgi and in selective endocytosis in polarized plant cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulates vesicle trafficking; nucleotide-exchange factors; endoplasmic-reticulum; brefeldin-a; plasma-membrane; auxin transport; h+-atpase; arabidopsis; protein; gtpase
AB Circumstantial evidence suggests that intracellular membrane trafficking pathways diversified independently in the plant kingdom(1-10), but documented examples are rare(6,11,12). ARF-GEFs (guanine-nucleotide exchange factors for ADP-ribosylation factor GTPases) are essential for vesicular trafficking in all eukaryotic kingdoms, but of the eight ARF-GEF families, only the ancestral BIG and GBF types are found in plants(1,2). Whereas fungal and animal GBF proteins perform conserved functions at the Golgi, the Arabidopsis thaliana GBF protein GNOM is thought to act in only the process of recycling from endosomes(3-5). We now show that the related Arabidopsis GBF protein GNOM-LIKE1 (GNL1) has an ancestral function at the Golgi but is also required for selective internalization from the plasma membrane in the presence of brefeldin A (BFA). We identified gnl1 mutants that accumulated biosynthetic and recycling endoplasmic reticulum markers in enlarged internal compartments. Notably, in the absence of functional GNL1, Golgi stacks were rendered sensitive to the selective ARF-GEF inhibitor BFA, which caused them to fuse with the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, in BFA-treated gnl1 roots, the internalization of a polar plasma-membrane marker, the auxin efflux carrier PIN2, was selectively inhibited. Thus, GNL1 is a BFA-resistant GBF protein that functions with a BFA-sensitive ARF-GEF both at the Golgi and in selective endocytosis, but not in recycling from endosomes. We propose that the evolution of endocytic trafficking in plants was accompanied by neo-functionalization within the GBF family, whereas in other kingdoms it occurred independently by elaboration of additional ARF-GEF families.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Moore, I (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
EM ian.moore@plants.ox.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/B/09562, REI20537] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [REI20537, BBS/B/09562] Funding Source: Medline
NR 35
TC 212
Z9 234
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7152
BP 493
EP 496
DI 10.1038/nature06023
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 193VG
UT WOS:000248302700051
PM 17653191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eichler, R
   Aksenov, NV
   Belozerov, AV
   Bozhikov, GA
   Chepigin, VI
   Dmitriev, SN
   Dressler, R
   Gäggeler, HW
   Gorshkov, VA
   Haenssler, F
   Itkis, MG
   Laube, A
   Lebedev, VY
   Malyshev, ON
   Oganessian, YT
   Petrushkin, OV
   Piguet, D
   Rasmussen, P
   Shishkin, SV
   Shutov, AV
   Svirikhin, AI
   Tereshatov, EE
   Vostokin, GK
   Wegrzecki, M
   Yeremin, AV
AF Eichler, R.
   Aksenov, N. V.
   Belozerov, A. V.
   Bozhikov, G. A.
   Chepigin, V. I.
   Dmitriev, S. N.
   Dressler, R.
   Gaeggeler, H. W.
   Gorshkov, V. A.
   Haenssler, F.
   Itkis, M. G.
   Laube, A.
   Lebedev, V. Ya.
   Malyshev, O. N.
   Oganessian, Yu. Ts.
   Petrushkin, O. V.
   Piguet, D.
   Rasmussen, P.
   Shishkin, S. V.
   Shutov, A. V.
   Svirikhin, A. I.
   Tereshatov, E. E.
   Vostokin, G. K.
   Wegrzecki, M.
   Yeremin, A. V.
TI Chemical characterization of element 112
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metal-surfaces; superheavy elements; heaviest elements; adsorption; radon; chemistry; hassium; mercury; nuclear
AB The heaviest elements to have been chemically characterized are seaborgium(1) (element 106), bohrium(2) (element 107) and hassium(3) ( element 108). All three behave according to their respective positions in groups 6, 7 and 8 of the periodic table, which arranges elements according to their outermost electrons and hence their chemical properties. However, the chemical characterization results are not trivial: relativistic effects on the electronic structure of the heaviest elements can strongly influence chemical properties(4-6). The next heavy element targeted for chemical characterization is element 112; its closed-shell electronic structure with a filled outer s orbital suggests that it may be particularly susceptible to strong deviations from the chemical property trends expected within group 12. Indeed, first experiments concluded that element 112 does not behave like its lighter homologue mercury(7-9). However, the production and identification methods(10,11) used cast doubt on the validity of this result. Here we report a more reliable chemical characterization of element 112, involving the production of two atoms of (283)112 through the alpha decay of the short-lived (287)114 ( which itself forms in the nuclear fusion reaction 12 of Ca-48 with Pu-242) and the adsorption of the two atoms on a gold surface. By directly comparing the adsorption characteristics of (283)112 to that of mercury and the noble gas radon, we find that element 112 is very volatile and, unlike radon, reveals a metallic interaction with the gold surface. These adsorption characteristics establish element 112 as a typical element of group 12, and its successful production unambiguously establishes the approach to the island of stability of superheavy elements through Ca-48-induced nuclear fusion reactions with actinides.
C1 Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
   Univ Bern, Dept Chem & Biochem, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Joint Inst Nucl Res, Flerov Lab Nucl React, Dubna 141980, Russia.
   Inst Electr Mat Technol, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute; University of Bern; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research - Russia; Institute of Electronic Materials Technology
RP Eichler, R (corresponding author), Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
EM robert.eichler@psi.ch
NR 31
TC 263
Z9 276
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7140
BP 72
EP 75
DI 10.1038/nature05761
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 163GY
UT WOS:000246149300045
PM 17476264
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, HY
   Ouyang, YS
   Somers, WG
   Chia, W
   Lu, BW
AF Wang, Hongyan
   Ouyang, Yingshi
   Somers, W. Gregory
   Chia, William
   Lu, Bingwei
TI Polo inhibits progenitor self-renewal and regulates Numb asymmetry by phosphorylating Pon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila aurora-a; neural stem-cells; tumor-suppressor; spindle orientation; division; protein; localization; neuroblast; differentiation; mitosis
AB Self-renewal and differentiation are cardinal features of stem cells. Asymmetric cell division provides one fundamental mechanism by which stem cell self-renewal and differentiation are balanced(1,2). A failure of this balance could lead to diseases such as cancer(3-6). During asymmetric division of stem cells, factors controlling their self-renewal and differentiation are unequally segregated between daughter cells. Numb is one such factor that is segregated to the differentiating daughter cell during the stem-cell-like neuroblast divisions in Drosophila melanogaster 7, where it inhibits self-renewal(8,9). The localization and function of Numb is cell-cycle-dependent(7,10-12). Here we show that Polo (ref. 13), a key cell cycle regulator, the mammalian counterparts of which have been implicated as oncogenes as well as tumour suppressors(14,15), acts as a tumour suppressor in the larval brain. Supernumerary neuroblasts are produced at the expense of neurons in polo mutants. Polo directly phosphorylates Partner of Numb (Pon, ref. 16), an adaptor protein for Numb, and this phosphorylation event is important for Pon to localize Numb. In polo mutants, the asymmetric localization of Pon, Numb and atypical protein kinase C are disrupted, whereas other polarity markers are largely unaffected. Overexpression of Numb suppresses neuroblast over-proliferation caused by polo mutations, suggesting that Numb has a major role in mediating this effect of Polo. Our results reveal a biochemical link between the cell cycle and the asymmetric protein localization machinery, and indicate that Polo can inhibit progenitor self-renewal by regulating the localization and function of Numb.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Geriatr Res Educ & Clin, VA Palo Alto Hlth Care Syst,Dept Pathol, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Temasek Life Sci Lab, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Biol Sci, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
C3 US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); VA Palo Alto Health Care System; Stanford University; Geriatric Research Education & Clinical Center; National University of Singapore; National University of Singapore
RP Lu, BW (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Geriatr Res Educ & Clin, VA Palo Alto Hlth Care Syst,Dept Pathol, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
EM wchia@tll.org.sg; bingwei@stanford.edu
FU NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH080378] Funding Source: Medline; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS043167] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 144
Z9 186
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7158
BP 96
EP U70
DI 10.1038/nature06056
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207ED
UT WOS:000249233500043
PM 17805297
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schellart, WP
   Freeman, J
   Stegman, DR
   Moresi, L
   May, D
AF Schellart, W. P.
   Freeman, J.
   Stegman, D. R.
   Moresi, L.
   May, D.
TI Evolution and diversity of subduction zones controlled by slab width
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mantle flow; seismic anisotropy; trench migration; plate; rollback; region; convection; tectonics; rheology; beneath
AB Subducting slabs provide the main driving force for plate motion and flow in the Earth's mantle(1-4), and geodynamic, seismic and geochemical studies offer insight into slab dynamics and subduction-induced flow(3-15). Most previous geodynamic studies treat subduction zones as either infinite in trench-parallel extent(3,5,6) (that is, two-dimensional) or finite in width but fixed in space(7,16). Subduction zones and their associated slabs are, however, limited in lateral extent (250-7,400 km) and their three-dimensional geometry evolves over time. Here we show that slab width controls two first-order features of plate tectonics - the curvature of subduction zones and their tendency to retreat backwards with time. Using three-dimensional numerical simulations of free subduction, we show that trench migration rate is inversely related to slab width and depends on proximity to a lateral slab edge. These results are consistent with retreat velocities observed globally, with maximum velocities (6-16 cm yr(-1)) only observed close to slab edges (<1,200 km), whereas far from edges (>2,000 km) retreat velocities are always slow (<2.0 cm yr(-1)). Models with narrow slabs (<= 1,500 km) retreat fast and develop a curved geometry, concave towards the mantle wedge side. Models with slabs intermediate in width (similar to 2,000-3,000 km) are sublinear and retreat more slowly. Models with wide slabs (>= 4,000 km) are nearly stationary in the centre and develop a convex geometry, whereas trench retreat increases towards concave-shaped edges. Additionally, we identify periods (5-10 Myr) of slow trench advance at the centre of wide slabs. Such wide-slab behaviour may explain mountain building in the central Andes, as being a consequence of its tectonic setting, far from slab edges.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Monash Univ, Sch Math Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3800, Australia.
C3 Australian National University; Monash University
RP Schellart, WP (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
EM wouter.schellart@anu.edu.au
NR 30
TC 520
Z9 577
U1 1
U2 131
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7133
BP 308
EP 311
DI 10.1038/nature05615
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145VC
UT WOS:000244892900043
PM 17361181
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keller, A
   Zhuang, HY
   Chi, QY
   Vosshall, LB
   Matsunami, H
AF Keller, Andreas
   Zhuang, Hanyi
   Chi, Qiuyi
   Vosshall, Leslie B.
   Matsunami, Hiroaki
TI Genetic variation in a human odorant receptor alters odour perception
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID functional expression; enhanced sensitivity; androstenone; plasticity; ability; people
AB Human olfactory perception differs enormously between individuals, with large reported perceptual variations in the intensity and pleasantness of a given odour. For instance, androstenone (5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one), an odorous steroid derived from testosterone, is variously perceived by different individuals as offensive ("sweaty, urinous''), pleasant ("sweet, floral'') or odourless(1-3). Similar variation in odour perception has been observed for several other odours(4-6). The mechanistic basis of variation in odour perception between individuals is unknown. We investigated whether genetic variation in human odorant receptor genes accounts in part for variation in odour perception between individuals(7,8). Here we show that a human odorant receptor, OR7D4, is selectively activated in vitro by androstenone and the related odorous steroid androstadienone (androsta-4,16-dien-3-one) and does not respond to a panel of 64 other odours and two solvents. A common variant of this receptor (OR7D4 WM) contains two non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), resulting in two amino acid substitutions (R88W, T133M; hence 'RT') that severely impair function in vitro. Human subjects with RT/WM or WM/WM genotypes as a group were less sensitive to androstenone and androstadienone and found both odours less unpleasant than the RT/RT group. Genotypic variation in OR7D4 accounts for a significant proportion of the valence (pleasantness or unpleasantness) and intensity variance in perception of these steroidal odours. Our results demonstrate the first link between the function of a human odorant receptor in vitro and odour perception.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Neurogenet & Behav, New York, NY 10065 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Duke University; Rockefeller University; Duke University
RP Vosshall, LB (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM leslie@mail.rockefeller.edu; hiroaki.matsunami@duke.edu
NR 28
TC 498
Z9 583
U1 1
U2 148
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7161
BP 468
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature06162
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214GQ
UT WOS:000249724800042
PM 17873857
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saeij, JPJ
   Coller, S
   Boyle, JP
   Jerome, ME
   White, MW
   Boothroyd, JC
AF Saeij, J. P. J.
   Coller, S.
   Boyle, J. P.
   Jerome, M. E.
   White, M. W.
   Boothroyd, J. C.
TI Toxoplasma co-opts host gene expression by injection of a polymorphic kinase homologue
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gondii strains; parasitophorous vacuole; parasite genotype; macrophages; microarrays; membrane; lineages; invasion; reveals; il-12
AB Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, can cause severe disease in humans with an immature or suppressed immune system. The outcome of Toxoplasma infection is highly dependent on the strain type, as are many of its in vitro growth properties(1). Here we use genetic crosses between type II and III lines to show that strain-specific differences in the modulation of host cell transcription are mediated by a putative protein kinase, ROP16. Upon invasion by the parasite, this polymorphic protein is released from the apical organelles known as rhoptries and injected into the host cell, where it ultimately affects the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription ( STAT) signalling pathways and consequent downstream effects on a key host cytokine, interleukin (IL)-12. Our findings provide a new mechanism for how an intracellular eukaryotic pathogen can interact with its host and reveal important differences in how different Toxoplasma lineages have evolved to exploit this interaction.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Montana State Univ, Coll Agr, Dept Vet Mol Biol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman
RP Boothroyd, JC (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Fairchild Bldg D305,300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM john.boothroyd@stanford.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI021423] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 457
Z9 598
U1 1
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7125
BP 324
EP 327
DI 10.1038/nature05395
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 126HT
UT WOS:000243504700047
PM 17183270
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fimia, GM
   Stoykova, A
   Romagnoli, A
   Giunta, L
   Di Bartolomeo, S
   Nardacci, R
   Corazzari, M
   Fuoco, C
   Ucar, A
   Schwartz, P
   Gruss, P
   Piacentini, M
   Chowdhury, K
   Cecconi, F
AF Fimia, Gian Maria
   Stoykova, Anastassia
   Romagnoli, Alessandra
   Giunta, Luigi
   Di Bartolomeo, Sabrina
   Nardacci, Roberta
   Corazzari, Marco
   Fuoco, Claudia
   Ucar, Ahmet
   Schwartz, Peter
   Gruss, Peter
   Piacentini, Mauro
   Chowdhury, Kamal
   Cecconi, Francesco
TI Ambra1 regulates autophagy and development of the nervous system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-death; embryonic-development; molecular machinery; tumor-suppressor; gene; apoptosis; mice; proteins; beclin-1; tumorigenesis
AB Autophagy is a self-degradative process involved both in basal turnover of cellular components and in response to nutrient starvation or organelle damage in a wide range of eukaryotes(1-3). During autophagy, portions of the cytoplasm are sequestered by double-membraned vesicles called autophagosomes, and are degraded after fusion with lysosomes for subsequent recycling(4). In vertebrates, this process acts as a pro-survival or pro-death mechanism in different physiological and pathological conditions, such as neurodegeneration and cancer(2,5-7); however, the roles of autophagy during embryonic development are still largely uncharacterized(3). Beclin1 (Becn1; coiled-coil, myosin-like BCL2-interacting protein) is a principal regulator in autophagosome formation, and its deficiency results in early embryonic lethality(8,9). Here we show that Ambra1 (activating molecule in Beclin1-regulated autophagy), a large, previously unknown protein bearing a WD40 domain at its amino terminus, regulates autophagy and has a crucial role in embryogenesis. We found that Ambra1 is a positive regulator of the Becn1-dependent programme of autophagy, as revealed by its overexpression and by RNA interference experiments in vitro. Notably, Ambra1 functional deficiency in mouse embryos leads to severe neural tube defects associated with autophagy impairment, accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, unbalanced cell proliferation and excessive apoptotic cell death. In addition to identifying a new and essential element regulating the autophagy programme, our results provide in vivo evidence supporting the existence of a complex interplay between autophagy, cell growth and cell death required for neural development in mammals.
C1 Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dept Biol, Dulbecco Telethon Inst, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Mol Cell Biol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   IRCCS L Spallanzani, Natl Inst Infect Dis, I-00149 Rome, Italy.
   IRCCS, Fdn St Lucia, Lab Mol Neuroembryol, I-00143 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Gottingen, Dept Anat & Embryol, D-37085 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 University of Rome Tor Vergata; Fondazione Telethon; Dulbecco Telethon Institute (DTI); Max Planck Society; IRCCS Lazzaro Spallanzani; IRCCS Santa Lucia; University of Gottingen
RP Cecconi, F (corresponding author), Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dept Biol, Dulbecco Telethon Inst, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
EM kchowdh@gwdg.de; francesco.cecconi@uniroma2.it
FU Telethon [TCR04004] Funding Source: Medline
NR 34
TC 864
Z9 1040
U1 0
U2 93
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7148
BP 1121
EP U14
DI 10.1038/nature05925
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 183HT
UT WOS:000247564600039
PM 17589504
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Terada, K
   Anand, M
   Sokol, AK
   Bischoff, A
   Sano, Y
AF Terada, Kentaro
   Anand, Mahesh
   Sokol, Anna K.
   Bischoff, Addi
   Sano, Yuji
TI Cryptomare magmatism 4.35 Gyr ago recorded in lunar meteorite Kalahari 009
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mare-basalt meteorite; volcanism; evolution; petrogenesis; geochemistry; stratigraphy
AB The origin and evolution of the Moon remain controversial(1,2), with one of the most important questions for lunar evolution being the timing and duration of basaltic ( mare) magmatism(1,3-8). Here we report the result of ion microprobe U - Pb dating of phosphates in a lunar meteorite, Kalahari 009, which is classified as a very- low- Ti mare- basalt breccia. In situ analyses of five phosphate grains, associated with basaltic clasts, give an age of 4.35+/-0.15 billion years. These ancient phosphate ages are thought to represent the crystallization ages of parental basalt magma, making Kalahari 009 one of the oldest known mare basalts. We suggest that mare basalt volcanism on the Moon started as early as 4.35 Gyr ago, relatively soon after its formation and differentiation, and preceding the bulk of lunar volcanism which ensued after the late heavy bombardment around 3.8- 3.9 Gyr ( refs 7 and 8). Considering the extremely low abundances of incompatible elements such as thorium and the rare earth elements in Kalahari 009 ( ref. 9) and recent remote- sensing observations illustrating that the cryptomaria tend to be of very- low- Ti basalt type(10-12), we conclude that Kalahari 009 is our first sample of a very- low- Ti cryptomare from the Moon.
C1 Hiroshima Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Syst Sci, Higashihiroshima 7398526, Japan.
   Open Univ, CEPSAR, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   Nat Hist Museum, Dept Mineral, London SW7 5BD, England.
   Inst Planetol, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
   Univ Tokyo, Ocean Res Inst, Ctr Adv Marine Res, Nakano Ku, Tokyo 1648639, Japan.
C3 Hiroshima University; Open University - UK; Natural History Museum London; University of Tokyo
RP Terada, K (corresponding author), Hiroshima Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Syst Sci, Higashihiroshima 7398526, Japan.
EM terada@sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp; M.Anand@open.ac.uk
NR 31
TC 104
Z9 121
U1 1
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 849
EP U14
DI 10.1038/nature06356
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900049
PM 18064006
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Edgar, KM
   Wilson, PA
   Sexton, PF
   Suganuma, Y
AF Edgar, Kirsty M.
   Wilson, Paul A.
   Sexton, Philip F.
   Suganuma, Yusuke
TI No extreme bipolar glaciation during the main Eocene calcite compensation shift
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric carbon-dioxide; ice; antarctica; paleocene; greenland
AB Major ice sheets were permanently established on Antarctica approximately 34 million years ago(1-3), close to the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, at the same time as a permanent deepening of the calcite compensation depth in the world's oceans(4). Until recently, it was thought that Northern Hemisphere glaciation began much later, between 11 and 5 million years ago(1-3,5). This view has been challenged, however, by records of ice rafting at high northern latitudes during the Eocene epoch(6,7) and by estimates of global ice volume that exceed the storage capacity of Antarctica(8) at the same time as a temporary deepening of the calcite compensation depth 41.6 million years ago(9). Here we test the hypothesis that large ice sheets were present in both hemispheres 41.6 million years ago using marine sediment records of oxygen and carbon isotope values and of calcium carbonate content from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. These records allow, at most, an ice budget that can easily be accommodated on Antarctica, indicating that large ice sheets were not present in the Northern Hemisphere. The records also reveal a brief interval shortly before the temporary deepening of the calcite compensation depth during which the calcite compensation depth shoaled, ocean temperatures increased and carbon isotope values decreased in the equatorial Atlantic. The nature of these changes around 41.6 million years ago implies common links, in terms of carbon cycling, with events at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary(4) and with the 'hyperthermals' of the Early Eocene climate optimum(3,10,11). Our findings help to resolve the apparent discrepancy between the geological records of Northern Hemisphere glaciation(6-8) and model results(12,13) that indicate that the threshold for continental glaciation was crossed earlier in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere.
C1 Natl Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Tokyo
RP Wilson, PA (corresponding author), Natl Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
EM paw1@noc.soton.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 95
Z9 111
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7156
BP 908
EP 911
DI 10.1038/nature06053
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202OM
UT WOS:000248912900042
PM 17713530
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsumoto, M
   Hikosaka, O
AF Matsumoto, Masayuki
   Hikosaka, Okihide
TI Lateral habenula as a source of negative reward signals in dopamine neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ventral tegmental area; substantia-nigra; caudate-nucleus; complex; rats; prediction; motivation; serotonin; responses; saccades
AB Midbrain dopamine neurons are key components of the brain's reward system(1), which is thought to guide reward-seeking behaviours(2-4). Although recent studies have shown how dopamine neurons respond to rewards and sensory stimuli predicting reward(1,5,6), it is unclear which parts of the brain provide dopamine neurons with signals necessary for these actions. Here we show that the primate lateral habenula, part of the structure called the epithalamus, is a major candidate for a source of negative reward-related signals in dopamine neurons. We recorded the activity of habenula neurons and dopamine neurons while rhesus monkeys were performing a visually guided saccade task with positionally biased reward outcomes(7). Many habenula neurons were excited by a no-reward-predicting target and inhibited by a reward-predicting target. In contrast, dopamine neurons were excited and inhibited by reward-predicting and no-reward-predicting targets, respectively. Each time the rewarded and unrewarded positions were reversed, both habenula and dopamine neurons reversed their responses as the bias in saccade latency reversed. In unrewarded trials, the excitation of habenula neurons started earlier than the inhibition of dopamine neurons. Furthermore, weak electrical stimulation of the lateral habenula elicited strong inhibitions in dopamine neurons. These results suggest that the inhibitory input from the lateral habenula plays an important role in determining the reward-related activity of dopamine neurons.
C1 NEI, Sensorimotor Res Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Eye Institute (NEI)
RP Hikosaka, O (corresponding author), NEI, Sensorimotor Res Lab, NIH, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM oh@lsr.nei.nih.gov
FU National Eye Institute [ZIAEY000415] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 31
TC 1012
Z9 1193
U1 3
U2 81
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7148
BP 1111
EP U11
DI 10.1038/nature05860
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 183HT
UT WOS:000247564600037
PM 17522629
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsujimoto, Y
   Tassel, C
   Hayashi, N
   Watanabe, T
   Kageyama, H
   Yoshimura, K
   Takano, M
   Ceretti, M
   Ritter, C
   Paulus, W
AF Tsujimoto, Y.
   Tassel, C.
   Hayashi, N.
   Watanabe, T.
   Kageyama, H.
   Yoshimura, K.
   Takano, M.
   Ceretti, M.
   Ritter, C.
   Paulus, W.
TI Infinite-layer iron oxide with a square-planar coordination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-property; high-pressure; perovskite; superconductivity; transition; separation; hydride; srfeo3; phases; lanio2
AB Conventional high- temperature reactions limit the control of coordination polyhedra in transition- metal oxides to those obtainable within the bounds of known coordination geometries for a given transition metal(1). For example, iron atoms are almost exclusively coordinated by three- dimensional polyhedra such as tetrahedra and octahedra. However, recent works have shown that binary metal hydrides act as reducing agents at low temperatures, allowing access to unprecedented structures(2-4). Here we show the reaction of a perovskite SrFeO3 with CaH2 to yield SrFeO2, a new compound bearing a square- planar oxygen coordination around Fe2(+). SrFeO2 is isostructural with 'infinite layer' cupric oxides(5-8), and exhibits a magnetic order far above room temperature in spite of the two-dimensional structure, indicating strong in-layer magnetic interactions due to strong Fe d to O p hybridization. Surprisingly, SrFeO2 remains free from the structural instability that might well be expected at low temperatures owing to twofold orbital degeneracy in the Fe2+ ground state with D-4h point symmetry. The reduction and the oxidation between SrFeO2 and SrFeO3 proceed via the brownmillerite- type intermediate SrFeO2.5, and start at the relatively low temperature of similar to 400 K, making the material appealing for a variety of applications, including oxygen ion conduction, oxygen gas absorption and catalysis.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Chem, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Univ Rennes 1, Sci Chim Rennes UMR CNRS 6226, F-35042 Rennes, France.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Human & Environm Studies, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Inst Chem Res, Kyoto 6110011, Japan.
   Res Inst Prod Dev, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6060805, Japan.
   Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
C3 Kyoto University; Universite de Rennes; Kyoto University; Kyoto University; Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL)
RP Kageyama, H (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Chem, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
EM kage@kuchem.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 34
TC 424
Z9 469
U1 7
U2 511
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1062
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature06382
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900082
PM 18075589
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gack, MU
   Shin, YC
   Joo, CH
   Urano, T
   Liang, C
   Sun, LJ
   Takeuchi, O
   Akira, S
   Chen, ZJ
   Inoue, SS
   Jung, JU
AF Gack, Michaela U.
   Shin, Young C.
   Joo, Chul-Hyun
   Urano, Tomohiko
   Liang, Chengyu
   Sun, Lijun
   Takeuchi, Osamu
   Akira, Shizuo
   Chen, Zhijian
   Inoue, Satoshi
   Jung, Jae U.
TI TRIM25 RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase is essential for RIG-I-mediated antiviral activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adapter protein; rna; responses; virus; efp; receptors; defense; target; alpha; host
AB Retinoic-acid- inducible gene-I (RIG-I; also called DDX58) is a cytosolic viral RNA receptor that interacts with MAVS ( also called VISA, IPS-1 or Cardif) to induce type I interferon-mediated host protective innate immunity against viral infection(1-6). Furthermore, members of the tripartite motif ( TRIM) protein family, which contain a cluster of a RING-finger domain, a B box/coiled-coil domain and a SPRY domain, are involved in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation and antiviral activity(7). Here we report that the amino-terminal caspase recruitment domains (CARDs) of RIG-I undergo robust ubiquitination induced by TRIM25 in mammalian cells. The carboxy-terminal SPRY domain of TRIM25 interacts with the N-terminal CARDs of RIG-I; this interaction effectively delivers the Lys 63-linked ubiquitin moiety to the N-terminal CARDs of RIG-I, resulting in a marked increase in RIG-I downstream signalling activity. The Lys 172 residue of RIG-I is critical for efficient TRIM25-mediated ubiquitination and for MAVS binding, as well as the ability of RIG-I to induce antiviral signal transduction. Furthermore, gene targeting demonstrates that TRIM25 is essential not only for RIG-I ubiquitination but also for RIG-I-mediated interferon-beta production and antiviral activity in response to RNA virus infection. Thus, we demonstrate that TRIM25 E3 ubiquitin ligase induces the Lys 63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I, which is crucial for the cytosolic RIG-I signalling pathway to elicit host antiviral innate immunity.
C1 Harvard Univ, New England Primate Res Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Southborough, MA 01772 USA.
   Harvard Univ, New England Primate Res Ctr, Sch Med, Div Tumor Virol, Southborough, MA 01772 USA.
   Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Inst Clin & Mol Virol, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
   Univ Ulsan, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Seoul 138736, South Korea.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Geriatr Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138655, Japan.
   Saitama Med Sch, Res Ctr Genom Med, Saitama 3501242, Japan.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, Dept Host Def, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; University of Erlangen Nuremberg; University of Ulsan; University of Tokyo; Saitama Medical University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Jung, JU (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, New England Primate Res Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, 1 Pine Hill Dr, Southborough, MA 01772 USA.
EM jae_jung@hms.harvard.edu
NR 21
TC 1432
Z9 1719
U1 7
U2 177
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7138
BP 916
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature05732
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 158IR
UT WOS:000245785700043
PM 17392790
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Byrne, JA
   Pedersen, DA
   Clepper, LL
   Nelson, M
   Sanger, WG
   Gokhale, S
   Wolf, DP
   Mitalipov, SM
AF Byrne, J. A.
   Pedersen, D. A.
   Clepper, L. L.
   Nelson, M.
   Sanger, W. G.
   Gokhale, S.
   Wolf, D. P.
   Mitalipov, S. M.
TI Producing primate embryonic stem cells by somatic cell nuclear transfer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rhesus-monkey embryos; in-vitro; therapeutic cloning; microsatellite loci; nonhuman primate; macaca-mulatta; mouse; lines; differentiation; transplantation
AB Derivation of embryonic stem (ES) cells genetically identical to a patient by somatic cell nuclear transfer ( SCNT) holds the potential to cure or alleviate the symptoms of many degenerative diseases while circumventing concerns regarding rejection by the host immune system. However, the concept has only been achieved in the mouse, whereas inefficient reprogramming and poor embryonic development characterizes the results obtained in primates. Here, we used a modified SCNT approach to produce rhesus macaque blastocysts from adult skin fibroblasts, and successfully isolated two ES cell lines from these embryos. DNA analysis confirmed that nuclear DNA was identical to donor somatic cells and that mitochondrial DNA originated from oocytes. Both cell lines exhibited normal ES cell morphology, expressed key stem-cell markers, were transcriptionally similar to control ES cells and differentiated into multiple cell types in vitro and in vivo. Our results represent successful nuclear reprogramming of adult somatic cells into pluripotent ES cells and demonstrate proof-of-concept for therapeutic cloning in primates.
C1 Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Oregon Natl Primate Res Ctr, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA.
   Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Oregon Stem Cell Ctr, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA.
   Munroe Meyer Inst, Omaha, NE 68198 USA.
   Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon National Primate Research Center; Oregon Health & Science University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
RP Mitalipov, SM (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Oregon Natl Primate Res Ctr, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA.
EM mitalipo@ohsu.edu
NR 43
TC 410
Z9 512
U1 0
U2 82
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 497
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature06357
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500036
PM 18004281
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hart, RA
   Xu, XY
   Legere, R
   Gibble, K
AF Hart, Russell A.
   Xu, Xinye
   Legere, Ronald
   Gibble, Kurt
TI A quantum scattering interferometer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID degenerate fermi gas; ground-state; atomic fountain; optical lattice; frequency-shift; spectroscopy; occupation; collisions; soliton
AB The collision of two ultracold atoms results in a quantum mechanical superposition of the two possible outcomes: each atom continues without scattering, and each atom scatters as an outgoing spherical wave with an s-wave phase shift. The magnitude of the s-wave phase shift depends very sensitively on the interaction between the atoms. Quantum scattering and the underlying phase shifts are vitally important in many areas of contemporary atomic physics, including Bose - Einstein condensates(1-5), degenerate Fermi gases(6-9), frequency shifts in atomic clocks(10-12) and magnetically tuned Feshbach resonances(13). Precise experimental measurements of quantum scattering phase shifts have not been possible because the number of scattered atoms depends on the s-wave phase shifts as well as the atomic density, which cannot be measured precisely. Here we demonstrate a scattering experiment in which the quantum scattering phase shifts of individual atoms are detected using a novel atom interferometer. By performing an atomic clock measurement using only the scattered part of each atom's wavefunction, we precisely measure the difference of the s-wave phase shifts for the two clock states in a density-independent manner. Our method will enable direct and precise measurements of ultracold atom - atom interactions, and may be used to place stringent limits on the time variations of fundamental constants(14).
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Gibble, K (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, 104 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM kgibble@psu.edu
NR 30
TC 23
Z9 25
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7138
BP 892
EP 895
DI 10.1038/nature05680
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 158IR
UT WOS:000245785700037
PM 17443182
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pedersen, IM
   Cheng, G
   Wieland, S
   Volinia, S
   Croce, CM
   Chisari, FV
   David, M
AF Pedersen, Irene M.
   Cheng, Guofeng
   Wieland, Stefan
   Volinia, Stefano
   Croce, Carlo M.
   Chisari, Francis V.
   David, Michael
TI Interferon modulation of cellular microRNAs as an antiviral mechanism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hepatitis-c virus; genotype 2a; replication; infection; genes; cells
AB RNA interference through non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) represents a vital component of the innate antiviral immune response in plants and invertebrate animals; however, a role for cellular miRNAs in the defence against viral infection in mammalian organisms has thus far remained elusive(1). Here we show that interferon beta (IFN beta) rapidly modulates the expression of numerous cellular miRNAs, and that eight of these IFN beta-induced miRNAs have sequence-predicted targets within the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genomic RNA. The introduction of synthetic miRNA-mimics corresponding to these IFN beta-induced miRNAs reproduces the antiviral effects of IFN beta on HCV replication and infection, whereas neutralization of these antiviral miRNAs with anti-miRNAs reduces the antiviral effects of IFN beta against HCV. In addition, we demonstrate that IFN beta treatment leads to a significant reduction in the expression of the liver-specific miR-122, an miRNA that has been previously shown to be essential for HCV replication(2). Therefore, our findings strongly support the notion that mammalian organisms too, through the interferon system, use cellular miRNAs to combat viral infections.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Mol Biol, Div Biol Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Moores Canc Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Div Expt Pathol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Mol Virol Immunol & Med Genet, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Research Institute; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
RP David, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Mol Biol, Div Biol Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM midavid@ucsd.edu
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK078857] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 743
Z9 915
U1 0
U2 78
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 919
EP U13
DI 10.1038/nature06205
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600050
PM 17943132
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wible, JR
   Rougier, GW
   Novacek, MJ
   Asher, RJ
AF Wible, J. R.
   Rougier, G. W.
   Novacek, M. J.
   Asher, R. J.
TI Cretaceous eutherians and Laurasian origin for placental mammals near the K/T boundary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antiquity; rodents
AB Estimates of the time of origin for placental mammals from DNA studies span nearly the duration of the Cretaceous period ( 145 to 65 million years ago), with a maximum of 129 million years ago(1) and a minimum of 78 million years ago(2). Palaeontologists too are divided on the timing. Some(3-5) support a deep Cretaceous origin by allying certain middle Cretaceous fossils ( 97 90 million years old) from Uzbekistan with modern placental lineages, whereas others(6,7) support the origin of crown group Placentalia near the close of the Cretaceous. This controversy has yet to be addressed by a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis that includes all well-known Cretaceous fossils and a wide sample of morphology among Tertiary and recent placentals(6). Here we report the discovery of a new well-preserved mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and a broad-scale phylogenetic analysis. Our results exclude Cretaceous fossils from Placentalia, place the origin of Placentalia near the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary in Laurasia rather than much earlier within the Cretaceous in the Southern Hemisphere(8,9), and place afrotherians and xenarthrans in a nested rather than a basal position(8,9) within Placentalia.
C1 Museum Hist Nat, Carnegie Museum, Sect Mammals, Pittsburgh, PA 15206 USA.
   Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Anat Sci & Neurobiol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Museum Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 University of Louisville; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); University of Cambridge
RP Wible, JR (corresponding author), Museum Hist Nat, Carnegie Museum, Sect Mammals, Pittsburgh, PA 15206 USA.
EM wiblej@carnegiemnh.org
NR 30
TC 241
Z9 276
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7147
BP 1003
EP 1006
DI 10.1038/nature05854
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180NU
UT WOS:000247373100047
PM 17581585
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Striemer, CC
   Gaborski, TR
   McGrath, JL
   Fauchet, PM
AF Striemer, Christopher C.
   Gaborski, Thomas R.
   McGrath, James L.
   Fauchet, Philippe M.
TI Charge- and size-based separation of macromolecules using ultrathin silicon membranes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-transport; ultrafiltration; crystallization; nanocomposite; diffusion
AB Commercial ultrafiltration and dialysis membranes have broad pore size distributions and are over 1,000 times thicker than the molecules they are designed to separate, leading to poor size cutoff properties, filtrate loss within the membranes, and low transport rates(1,2). Nanofabricated membranes have great potential in molecular separation applications by offering more precise structural control(3,4), yet transport is also limited by micrometre-scale thicknesses(5). This limitation can be addressed by a new class of ultrathin nanostructured membranes where the membrane is roughly as thick (similar to 10 nm) as the molecules being separated, but membrane fragility and complex fabrication have prevented the use of ultrathin membranes for molecular separations(1). Here we report the development of an ultrathin porous nanocrystalline silicon (pnc-Si) membrane using straightforward silicon fabrication techniques that provide control over average pore sizes from approximately 5 nm to 25 nm. Our pnc-Si membranes can retain proteins while permitting the transport of small molecules at rates an order of magnitude faster than existing materials, separate differently sized proteins under physiological conditions, and separate similarly sized molecules carrying different charges. Despite being only 15 nm thick, pnc-Si membranes that are free-standing over 40,000 mu m(2) can support a full atmosphere of differential pressure without plastic deformation or fracture. By providing efficient, low-loss macromolecule separations, pnc-Si membranes are expected to enable a variety of new devices, including membrane-based chromatography systems and both analytical and preparative microfluidic systems that require highly efficient separations.
C1 Univ Rochester, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Dept Biomed Engn, Rochester, NY 14620 USA.
C3 University of Rochester; University of Rochester
RP Striemer, CC (corresponding author), Univ Rochester, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
EM striemer@ece.rochester.edu
NR 20
TC 646
Z9 771
U1 4
U2 469
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7129
BP 749
EP 753
DI 10.1038/nature05532
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136EK
UT WOS:000244205200041
PM 17301789
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Voiculescu, O
   Bertocchini, F
   Wolpert, L
   Keller, RE
   Stern, CD
AF Voiculescu, Octavian
   Bertocchini, Federica
   Wolpert, Lewis
   Keller, Ray E.
   Stern, Claudio D.
TI The amniote primitive streak is defined by epithelial cell intercalation before gastrulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID convergent extension; chick-embryo; signaling pathways; movements; wnt; neurulation; hypoblast; patterns; tissue
AB During gastrulation, a single epithelial cell layer, the ectoderm, generates two others: the mesodermand the endoderm. In amniotes (birds and mammals), mesendoderm formation occurs through an axial midline structure, the primitive streak(1), the formation of which is preceded by massive 'polonaise' movements(2,3) of ectoderm cells. The mechanisms controlling these processes are unknown. Here, using multi-photon time-lapse microscopy of chick (Gallus gallus) embryos, we reveal a medio-lateral cell intercalation confined to the ectodermal subdomain where the streak will later form. This intercalation event differs from the convergent extension movements of the mesoderm described in fish and amphibians (anamniotes)(4-8): it occurs before gastrulation and within a tight columnar epithelium. Fibroblast growth factor from the extra-embryonic endoderm (hypoblast, a cell layer unique to amniotes) directs the expression of Wnt planar-cell-polarity pathway components to the intercalation domain. Disruption of this Wnt pathway causes the mesendoderm to form peripherally, as in anamniotes(1,9). We propose that the amniote primitive streak evolved from the ancestral blastopore by acquisition of an additional medio-lateral intercalation event, preceding gastrulation and acting independently of mesendoderm formation to position the primitive streak at the midline.
C1 UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Biol, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of Virginia
RP Voiculescu, O (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, Mortimer St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM o.voiculescu@ucl.ac.uk; c.stern@ucl.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/C512753/1] Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/C512753/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 206
Z9 240
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1049
EP 1052
DI 10.1038/nature06211
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000052
PM 17928866
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hirayama, J
   Sahar, S
   Grimaldi, B
   Tamaru, T
   Takamatsu, K
   Nakahata, Y
   Sassone-Corsi, P
AF Hirayama, Jun
   Sahar, Saurabh
   Grimaldi, Benedetto
   Tamaru, Teruya
   Takamatsu, Ken
   Nakahata, Yasukazu
   Sassone-Corsi, Paolo
TI CLOCK-mediated acetylation of BMAL1 controls circadian function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammalian cry1; feedback loop; c-terminus; in-vivo; mechanism; histones; protein; genetics; rhythms; time
AB Regulation of circadian physiology relies on the interplay of interconnected transcriptional - translational feedback loops(1,2). The CLOCK - BMAL1 complex activates clock- controlled genes, including cryptochromes ( Crys), the products of which act as repressors by interacting directly with CLOCK - BMAL1(3,4). We have demonstrated that CLOCK possesses intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity and that this enzymatic function contributes to chromatin- remodelling events implicated in circadian control of gene expression(5). Here we show that CLOCK also acetylates a non- histone substrate: its own partner, BMAL1, is specifically acetylated on a unique, highly conserved Lys 537 residue. BMAL1 undergoes rhythmic acetylation in mouse liver, with a timing that parallels the downregulation of circadian transcription of clock- controlled genes. BMAL1 acetylation facilitates recruitment of CRY1 to CLOCK - BMAL1, thereby promoting transcriptional repression. Importantly, ectopic expression of a K537R- mutated BMAL1 is not able to rescue circadian rhythmicity in a cellular model of peripheral clock. These findings reveal that the enzymatic interplay between two clock core components(6,7) is crucial for the circadian machinery.
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Toho Univ, Fac Med, Dept Physiol, Tokyo 1438540, Japan.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; Toho University
RP Sassone-Corsi, P (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
EM psc@uci.edu
NR 30
TC 427
Z9 518
U1 3
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1086
EP U13
DI 10.1038/nature06394
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900088
PM 18075593
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sansom, OJ
   Meniel, VS
   Muncan, V
   Phesse, TJ
   Wilkins, JA
   Reed, KR
   Vass, JK
   Athineos, D
   Clevers, H
   Clarke, AR
AF Sansom, Owen J.
   Meniel, Valerie S.
   Muncan, Vanesa
   Phesse, Toby J.
   Wilkins, Julie A.
   Reed, Karen R.
   Vass, J. Keith
   Athineos, Dimitris
   Clevers, Hans
   Clarke, Alan R.
TI Myc deletion rescues Apc deficiency in the small intestine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-catenin; c-myc; colorectal-cancer; apoptosis; expression; target; cells; gene; identification; epithelium
AB The APC gene encodes the adenomatous polyposis coli tumour suppressor protein, germline mutation of which characterizes familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), an autosomal intestinal cancer syndrome(1). Inactivation of APC is also recognized as the key early event in the development of sporadic colorectal cancers(2,3), and its loss results in constitutive activity of the beta-catenin-Tcf4 transcription complex(3). The proto-oncogene c-MYC has been identified as a target of the Wnt pathway in colorectal cancer cells in vitro(4), in normal crypts in vivo(5) and in intestinal epithelial cells acutely transformed on in vivo deletion of the APC gene(6); however, the significance of this is unclear. Therefore, to elucidate the role Myc has in the intestine after Apc loss, we have simultaneously deleted both Apc and Myc in the adult murine small intestine. Here we show that loss of Myc rescued the phenotypes of perturbed differentiation, migration, proliferation and apoptosis, which occur on deletion of Apc. Remarkably, this rescue occurred in the presence of high levels of nuclear beta-catenin. Array analysis revealed that Myc is required for the majority of Wnt target gene activation following Apc loss. These data establish Myc as the critical mediator of the early stages of neoplasia following Apc loss.
C1 Beatson Inst Canc Res, Glasgow G61 1BD, Lanark, Scotland.
   Univ Cardiff Wales, Cardiff Sch Biosci, Cardiff CF10 3US, Wales.
   Netherlands Inst Dev Biol, Hubrecht Lab, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Beatson Institute; Cardiff University; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Hubrecht Institute (KNAW)
RP Sansom, OJ (corresponding author), Beatson Inst Canc Res, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, Lanark, Scotland.
EM o.sansom@beatson.gla.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G0301154] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [G0301154] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0301154] Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 522
Z9 578
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7136
BP 676
EP 679
DI 10.1038/nature05674
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 153LZ
UT WOS:000245438300042
PM 17377531
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Long, SB
   Tao, X
   Campbell, EB
   MacKinnon, R
AF Long, Stephen B.
   Tao, Xiao
   Campbell, Ernest B.
   MacKinnon, Roderick
TI Atomic structure of a voltage-dependent K+ channel in a lipid membrane-like environment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potassium channel; gating-charge; s4 segment; shaker; activation; movement; protein; family; sensor; pore
AB Voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels repolarize the action potential in neurons and muscle. This type of channel is gated directly by membrane voltage through protein domains known as voltage sensors, which are molecular voltmeters that read the membrane voltage and regulate the pore. Here we describe the structure of a chimaeric voltage-dependent K+ channel, which we call the 'paddle-chimaera channel', in which the voltage-sensor paddle has been transferred from Kv2.1 to Kv1.2. Crystallized in complex with lipids, the complete structure at 2.4 angstrom resolution reveals the pore and voltage sensors embedded in a membrane-like arrangement of lipid molecules. The detailed structure, which can be compared directly to a large body of functional data, explains charge stabilization within the membrane and suggests a mechanism for voltage-sensor movements and pore gating.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10065 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP MacKinnon, R (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065 USA.
EM mackinn@mail.rockefeller.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM043949] Funding Source: Medline
NR 44
TC 1228
Z9 1413
U1 0
U2 162
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 376
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature06265
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600045
PM 18004376
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kneller, EA
   van Keken, PE
AF Kneller, Erik A.
   van Keken, Peter E.
TI Trench-parallel flow and seismic anisotropy in the Mariana and Andean subduction systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mantle flow; b-type; plate; temperature; beneath; creep
AB Shear- wave splitting measurements above the mantle wedge of the Mariana(1) and southern Andean(2,3) subduction zones show trench-parallel seismically fast directions close to the trench and abrupt rotations to trench- perpendicular anisotropy in the back arc. These patterns of seismic anisotropy may be caused by three-dimensional flow associated with along- strike variations in slab geometry(1-5). The Mariana and Andean subduction systems are associated with the largest along- strike variations of slab geometry observed on Earth(6,7) and are ideal for testing the link between slab geometry and solid- state creep processes in the mantle. Here we show, with fully three- dimensional non- newtonian subduction zone models, that the strong curvature of the Mariana slab and the transition to shallow slab dip in the Southern Andes give rise to strong trench- parallel stretching in the warm- arc and warm- back-arc mantle and to abrupt rotations in stretching directions that are accompanied by strong trench- parallel stretching. These models show that the patterns of shear- wave splitting observed in the Mariana and southern Andean systems may be caused by significant three- dimensional flow induced by along- strike variations in slab geometry.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Kneller, EA (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 1006 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM ekneller@umich.edu
NR 27
TC 118
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1222
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature06429
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200048
PM 18097407
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kurakawa, T
   Ueda, N
   Maekawa, M
   Kobayashi, K
   Kojima, M
   Nagato, Y
   Sakakibara, H
   Kyozuka, J
AF Kurakawa, Takashi
   Ueda, Nanae
   Maekawa, Masahiko
   Kobayashi, Kaoru
   Kojima, Mikiko
   Nagato, Yasuo
   Sakakibara, Hitoshi
   Kyozuka, Junko
TI Direct control of shoot meristem activity by a cytokinin-activating enzyme
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID response regulators; arabidopsis; biosynthesis; expression; genes; rice; metabolism; plants; isopentenyltransferase; encodes
AB The growth of plants depends on continuous function of the meristems. Shoot meristems are responsible for all the post-embryonic aerial organs, such as leaves, stems and flowers(1). It has been assumed that the phytohormone cytokinin has a positive role in shoot meristem function(2-4). A severe reduction in the size of meristems in a mutant that is defective in all of its cytokinin receptors has provided compelling evidence that cytokinin is required for meristem activity(5,6). Here, we report a novel regulation of meristem activity, which is executed by the meristem-specific activation of cytokinins. The LONELY GUY ( LOG) gene of rice is required to maintain meristem activity and its loss of function causes premature termination of the shoot meristem. LOG encodes a novel cytokinin-activating enzyme that works in the final step of bioactive cytokinin synthesis. Revising the long-held idea of multistep reactions, LOG directly converts inactive cytokinin nucleotides to the free-base forms, which are biologically active, by its cytokinin-specific phosphoribohydrolase activity. LOG messenger RNA is specifically localized in shoot meristem tips, indicating the activation of cytokinins in a specific developmental domain. We propose the fine-tuning of concentrations and the spatial distribution of bioactive cytokinins by a cytokinin-activating enzyme as a mechanism that regulates meristem activity.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138652, Japan.
   RIKEN, Plant Sci Ctr, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Okayama Univ, Res inst Bioresources, Okayama 7100046, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; RIKEN; Okayama University
RP Kyozuka, J (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138652, Japan.
EM sakaki@riken.jp; akyozuka@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 787
Z9 955
U1 9
U2 307
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7128
BP 652
EP 655
DI 10.1038/nature05504
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133UM
UT WOS:000244039400045
PM 17287810
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Christeson, GL
   McIntosh, KD
   Karson, JA
AF Christeson, Gail L.
   McIntosh, Kirk D.
   Karson, Jeffrey A.
TI Inconsistent correlation of seismic layer 2a and lava layer thickness in oceanic crust
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; hydrothermal alteration; emplacement processes; hess deep; evolution; section; 9-degrees-n; constraints; ridge; zone
AB At mid-ocean ridges with fast to intermediate spreading rates, the upper section of oceanic crust is composed of lavas overlying a sheeted dyke complex. These units are formed by dykes intruding into rocks overlying a magma chamber, with lavas erupting at the ocean floor. Seismic reflection data acquired over young oceanic crust commonly image a reflector known as 'layer 2A', which is typically interpreted as defining the geologic boundary between lavas and dykes(1-3). An alternative hypothesis is that the reflector is associated with an alteration boundary within the lava unit(4-6). Many studies have used mapped variability in layer 2A thickness to make inferences regarding the geology of the oceanic crust, including volcanic construction, dyke intrusion and faulting(7-10). However, there has been no link between the geologic and seismological structure of oceanic crust except at a few deep drill holes. Here we show that, although the layer 2A reflector is imaged near the top of the sheeted dyke complex at fast-spreading crust located adjacent to the Hess Deep rift, it is imaged significantly above the sheeted dykes section at intermediate-spreading crust located near the Blanco transform fault. Although the lavas and underlying transition zone thicknesses differ by about a factor of two, the shallow seismic structure is remarkably similar at the two locations. This implies that seismic layer 2A cannot be used reliably to map the boundary between lavas and dykes in young oceanic crust. Instead we argue that the seismic layer 2A reflector corresponds to an alteration boundary that can be located either within the lava section or near the top of the sheeted dyke complex of oceanic crust.
C1 Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78758 USA.
   Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Syracuse University
RP Christeson, GL (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Jackson Sch Geosci, JJ Pickle Res Campus,Mail Code R2200,10100 Burnet, Austin, TX 78758 USA.
EM gail@ig.utexas.edu
NR 30
TC 67
Z9 76
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7126
BP 418
EP 421
DI 10.1038/nature05517
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 128WD
UT WOS:000243689500037
PM 17251977
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gomes, KK
   Pasupathy, AN
   Pushp, A
   Ono, S
   Ando, Y
   Yazdani, A
AF Gomes, Kenjiro K.
   Pasupathy, Abhay N.
   Pushp, Aakash
   Ono, Shimpei
   Ando, Yoichi
   Yazdani, Ali
TI Visualizing pair formation on the atomic scale in the high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductors; cuprate superconductors; pseudogap; state; excitations; coherence
AB Pairing of electrons in conventional superconductors occurs at the superconducting transition temperature T-c, creating an energy gap D in the electronic density of states (DOS)(1). In the high-T-c superconductors, a partial gap in the DOS exists for a range of temperatures above T-c (ref. 2). A key question is whether the gap in the DOS above T-c is associated with pairing, and what determines the temperature at which incoherent pairs form. Here we report the first spatially resolved measurements of gap formation in a high-T-c superconductor, measured on Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta samples with different T-c values ( hole concentration of 0.12 to 0.22) using scanning tunnelling microscopy. Over a wide range of doping from 0.16 to 0.22 we find that pairing gaps nucleate in nanoscale regions above T-c. These regions proliferate as the temperature is lowered, resulting in a spatial distribution of gap sizes in the superconducting state(3-5). Despite the inhomogeneity, we find that every pairing gap develops locally at a temperature T-p, following the relation 2 Delta/k(B)T(p) = 7.9 +/- 0.5. At very low doping (<= 0.14), systematic changes in the DOS indicate the presence of another phenomenon(6-9), which is unrelated and perhaps competes with electron pairing. Our observation of nanometre-sized pairing regions provides the missing microscopic basis for understanding recent reports(10-13) of fluctuating superconducting response above T-c in hole-doped high-T-c copper oxide superconductors.
C1 Cent Res Inst Elect Power Ind, Tokyo 2018511, Japan.
   Princeton Univ, Joseph Henry Labs, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry - Japan; Princeton University
RP Yazdani, A (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Joseph Henry Labs, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM yazdani@princeton.edu
NR 28
TC 419
Z9 464
U1 3
U2 108
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7144
BP 569
EP 572
DI 10.1038/nature05881
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 172YZ
UT WOS:000246842000043
PM 17538615
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krimigis, SM
   Sergis, N
   Mitchell, DG
   Hamilton, DC
   Krupp, N
AF Krimigis, S. M.
   Sergis, N.
   Mitchell, D. G.
   Hamilton, D. C.
   Krupp, N.
TI A dynamic, rotating ring current around Saturn
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hot plasma; magnetosphere
AB The concept of an electrical current encircling the Earth at high altitudes was first proposed in 1917 to explain the depression of the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field during geomagnetic storms(1-4). In situ measurements of the extent and composition of this current were made some 50 years later(5) and an image was obtained in 2001 ( ref. 6). Ring currents of a different nature were observed at Jupiter(7,8) and their presence inferred at Saturn(9,10). Here we report images of the ring current at Saturn, together with a day - night pressure asymmetry and tilt of the planet's plasma sheet, based on measurements using the magnetospheric imaging instrument ( MIMI) on board Cassini. The ring current can be highly variable with strong longitudinal asymmetries that corotate nearly rigidly with the planet. This contrasts with the Earth's ring current, where there is no rotational modulation and initial asymmetries are organized by local time effects.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
   Acad Athens, Off Space Res & Technol, Athens 11527, Greece.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Academy of Athens; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Max Planck Society
RP Krimigis, SM (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
EM tom.krimigis@jhuapl.edu
NR 17
TC 85
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1050
EP 1053
DI 10.1038/nature06425
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900079
PM 18075586
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Korn, T
   Bettelli, E
   Gao, W
   Awasthi, A
   Jäger, A
   Strom, TB
   Oukka, M
   Kuchroo, VK
AF Korn, Thomas
   Bettelli, Estelle
   Gao, Wenda
   Awasthi, Amit
   Jaeger, Anneli
   Strom, Terry B.
   Oukka, Mohamed
   Kuchroo, Vijay K.
TI IL-21 initiates an alternative pathway to induce proinflammatory TH17 cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; regulatory t-cells; il-6-deficient mice; chronic inflammation; helper-cells; differentiation; activation; cytokine; beta
AB On activation, naive T cells differentiate into effector T-cell subsets with specific cytokine phenotypes and specialized effector functions(1). Recently a subset of T cells, distinct from T helper (T-H) 1 and T(H)2 cells, producing interleukin (IL)-17 (T(H)17) was defined and seems to have a crucial role in mediating autoimmunity and inducing tissue inflammation(2-5). We and others have shown that transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and IL-6 together induce the differentiation of T(H)17 cells, in which IL-6 has a pivotal function in dictating whether T cells differentiate into Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (T-reg cells) or T(H)17 cells(6-9). Whereas TGF-beta induces Foxp3 and generates T-reg cells, IL-6 inhibits the generation of T-reg cells and induces the production of IL-17, suggesting a reciprocal developmental pathway for T(H)17 and T-reg cells. Here we show that IL-6-deficient (Il6(-/-)) mice do not develop a T(H)17 response and their peripheral repertoire is dominated by Foxp3(+) T-reg cells. However, deletion of T-reg cells leads to the reappearance of T(H)17 cells in Il6(-/-) mice, suggesting an additional pathway by which T(H)17 cells might be generated in vivo. We show that an IL-2 cytokine family member, IL-21, cooperates with TGF-beta to induce T(H)17 cells in naive Il6(-/-) T cells and that IL-21-receptor-deficient T cells are defective in generating a T(H)17 response.
C1 Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Ctr Neurol Dis, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Ctr Neurol Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Sch Med, Transplant Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School
RP Oukka, M (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Ctr Neurol Dis, 65 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM moukka@rics.bwh.harvard.edu; vkuchroo@rics.bwh.harvard.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI073542] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1532
Z9 1926
U1 1
U2 71
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7152
BP 484
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature05970
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 193VG
UT WOS:000248302700049
PM 17581588
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vassylyev, DG
   Vassylyeva, MN
   Zhang, JW
   Palangat, M
   Artsimovitch, I
   Landick, R
AF Vassylyev, Dmitry G.
   Vassylyeva, Marina N.
   Zhang, Jinwei
   Palangat, Murali
   Artsimovitch, Irina
   Landick, Robert
TI Structural basis for substrate loading in bacterial RNA polymerase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3.3 angstrom resolution; electron-density maps; ii elongation complex; active-center; crystal-structure; transcription elongation; catalytic residues; mechanism; ntp; discrimination
AB The mechanism of substrate loading in multisubunit RNA polymerase is crucial for understanding the general principles of transcription yet remains hotly debated. Here we report the 3.0-angstrom resolution structures of the Thermus thermophilus elongation complex (EC) with a non-hydrolysable substrate analogue, adenosine-5'-[(alpha,beta)-methyleno]-triphosphate (AMPcPP), and with AMPcPP plus the inhibitor streptolydigin. In the EC/AMPcPP structure, the substrate binds to the active ('insertion') site closed through refolding of the trigger loop (TL) into two alpha-helices. In contrast, the EC/AMPcPP/streptolydigin structure reveals an inactive ('preinsertion') substrate configuration stabilized by streptolydigin-induced displacement of the TL. Our structural and biochemical data suggest that refolding of the TL is vital for catalysis and have three main implications. First, despite differences in the details, the two-step preinsertion/insertion mechanism of substrate loading may be universal for all RNA polymerases. Second, freezing of the preinsertion state is an attractive target for the design of novel antibiotics. Last, the TL emerges as a prominent target whose refolding can be modulated by regulatory factors.
C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Sch Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Sch Dent, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biomol Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Madison, WI 53705 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
RP Vassylyev, DG (corresponding author), Univ Alabama, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Sch Med, 402B Kaul Genet Bldg,720 20th St S, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
EM dmitry@uab.edu
NR 41
TC 301
Z9 384
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7150
BP 163
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature05931
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 188QN
UT WOS:000247934500035
PM 17581591
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fryxell, JM
   Mosser, A
   Sinclair, ARE
   Packer, C
AF Fryxell, John M.
   Mosser, Anna
   Sinclair, Anthony R. E.
   Packer, Craig
TI Group formation stabilizes predator-prey dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID functional-responses; population-dynamics; spatial scale; lions; food
AB Theoretical ecology is largely founded on the principle of mass action, in which uncoordinated populations of predators and prey move in a random and well-mixed fashion across a featureless landscape. The conceptual core of this body of theory is the functional response, predicting the rate of prey consumption by individual predators as a function of predator and/or prey densities(1-5). This assumption is seriously violated in many ecosystems in which predators and/or prey form social groups. Here we develop a new set of group-dependent functional responses to consider the ecological implications of sociality and apply the model to the Serengeti ecosystem. All of the prey species typically captured by Serengeti lions (Panthera leo) are gregarious, exhibiting nonlinear relationships between prey-group density and population density. The observed patterns of group formation profoundly reduce food intake rates below the levels expected under random mixing, having as strong an impact on intake rates as the seasonal migratory behaviour of the herbivores. A dynamical system model parameterized for the Serengeti ecosystem (using wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) as a well-studied example) shows that grouping strongly stabilizes interactions between lions and wildebeest. Our results suggest that social groups rather than individuals are the basic building blocks around which predator-prey interactions should be modelled and that group formation may provide the underlying stability of many ecosystems.
C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Integrat Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 University of Guelph; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of British Columbia
RP Fryxell, JM (corresponding author), Univ Guelph, Dept Integrat Biol, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
EM jfryxell@uoguelph.ca
NR 29
TC 184
Z9 216
U1 8
U2 161
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1041
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature06177
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000050
PM 17960242
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nielsen, SB
   Stephenson, R
   Thomsen, E
AF Nielsen, Soren B.
   Stephenson, Randell
   Thomsen, Erik
TI Dynamics of Mid-Palaeocene North Atlantic rifting linked with European intra-plate deformations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rifted margin; sea; greenland; alpine; foreland; basin
AB The process of continental break- up provides a large- scale experiment that can be used to test causal relations between plate tectonics and the dynamics of the Earth's deep mantle(1,2). Detailed diagnostic information on the timing and dynamics of such events, which are not resolved by plate kinematic reconstructions, can be obtained from the response of the interior of adjacent continental plates to stress changes generated by plate boundary processes. Here we demonstrate a causal relationship between North Atlantic continental rifting at similar to 62 Myr ago and an abrupt change of the intra- plate deformation style in the adjacent European continent. The rifting involved a left- lateral displacement between the North American- Greenland plate and Eurasia, which initiated the observed pause in the relative convergence of Europe and Africa(3). The associated stress change in the European continent was significant and explains the sudden termination of a similar to 20- Myr- long contractional intra- plate deformation within Europe(4), during the late Cretaceous period to the earliest Palaeocene epoch, which was replaced by low- amplitude intra- plate stress- relaxation features(5). The pre- rupture tectonic stress was large enough to have been responsible for precipitating continental break- up, so there is no need to invoke a thermal mantle plume as a driving mechanism. The model explains the simultaneous timing of several diverse geological events, and shows how the intra- continental stratigraphic record can reveal the timing and dynamics of stress changes, which cannot be resolved by reconstructions based only on plate kinematics.
C1 Aarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Aarhus University; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Nielsen, SB (corresponding author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Hoegh Guldbergsgade 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
EM sbn@geo.au.dk
NR 30
TC 98
Z9 98
U1 2
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1071
EP 1074
DI 10.1038/nature06379
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900084
PM 18075591
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ingmundson, A
   Delprato, A
   Lambright, DG
   Roy, CR
AF Ingmundson, Alyssa
   Delprato, Anna
   Lambright, David G.
   Roy, Craig R.
TI Legionella pneumophila proteins that regulate Rab1 membrane cycling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide-exchange factor; gdp dissociation inhibitor; gtp-binding protein; endoplasmic-reticulum; displacement factor; identification; system; mechanism; effectors; gtpases
AB Rab1 is a GTPase that regulates the transport of endoplasmic-reticulum-derived vesicles in eukaryotic cells. The intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila subverts Rab1 function to create a vacuole that supports bacterial replication by a mechanism that is not well understood. Here we describe L. pneumophila proteins that control Rab1 activity directly. We show that a region in the DrrA (defect in Rab1 recruitment A) protein required for recruitment of Rab1 to membranes functions as a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor displacement factor. A second region of the DrrA protein stimulated Rab1 activation by functioning as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. The LepB protein was found to inactivate Rab1 by stimulating GTP hydrolysis, indicating that LepB has GTPase-activating protein activity that regulates removal of Rab proteins from membranes. Thus, L. pneumophila encodes proteins that regulate three distinct biochemical reactions critical for Rab GTPase membrane cycling to redirect Rab1 to the pathogen-occupied vacuole and to control Rab1 function.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Sect Microbial Pathogenesis, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
   UMASS Med Sch, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   UMASS Med Sch, Dept Mol Pharmacol & Biochem, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
C3 Yale University; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Roy, CR (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Sect Microbial Pathogenesis, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
EM craig.roy@yale.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI041699] Funding Source: Medline
NR 34
TC 272
Z9 349
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 365
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature06336
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600043
PM 17952054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ono, M
   Yaguchi, H
   Ohkura, N
   Kitabayashi, I
   Nagamura, Y
   Nomura, T
   Miyachi, Y
   Tsukada, T
   Sakaguchi, S
AF Ono, Masahiro
   Yaguchi, Hiroko
   Ohkura, Naganari
   Kitabayashi, Issay
   Nagamura, Yuko
   Nomura, Takashi
   Miyachi, Yoshiki
   Tsukada, Toshihiko
   Sakaguchi, Shimon
TI Foxp3 controls regulatory T-cell function by interacting with AML1/Runx1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunological self-tolerance; transcription factor foxp3; runx1 binding-site; interleukin-2 gene; leukemia; differentiation; susceptibility; hematopoiesis; cooperation; activation
AB Naturally arising CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (T-R cells) are engaged in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and immune homeostasis by suppressing aberrant or excessive immune responses, such as autoimmune disease and allergy(1-3). T-R cells specifically express the transcription factor Foxp3, a key regulator of T-R-cell development and function. Ectopic expression of Foxp3 in conventional T cells is indeed sufficient to confer suppressive activity, repress the production of cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and upregulate T-R-cell-associated molecules such as CD25, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, and glucocorticoid-induced TNF-receptor-family-related protein(4-7). However, the method by which Foxp3 controls these molecular events has yet to be explained. Here we show that the transcription factor AML1 ( acute myeloid leukaemia 1)/Runx1 (Runt-related transcription factor 1), which is crucially required for normal haematopoiesis including thymic T-cell development(8-11), activates IL-2 and IFN-gamma gene expression in conventional CD4(+) T cells through binding to their respective promoters. In natural T-R cells, Foxp3 interacts physically with AML1. Several lines of evidence support a model in which the interaction suppresses IL-2 and IFN-gamma production, upregulates T-R-cell-associated molecules, and exerts suppressive activity. This transcriptional control of T-R-cell function by an interaction between Foxp3 and AML1 can be exploited to control physiological and pathological T-cell-mediated immune responses.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Inst Frontier Med Sci, Dept Expt Pathol, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
   Natl Canc Ctr, Res Inst, Div Mol Oncol, Chuo Ku, Tokyo 1040045, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
   Natl Canc Ctr, Res Inst, Tumor Endocrinol Project, Chuo Ku, Tokyo 1040045, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; Kyoto University; National Cancer Center - Japan; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); National Cancer Center - Japan
RP Sakaguchi, S (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Inst Frontier Med Sci, Dept Expt Pathol, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
EM shimon@frontier.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 28
TC 558
Z9 687
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7136
BP 685
EP 689
DI 10.1038/nature05673
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 153LZ
UT WOS:000245438300044
PM 17377532
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chevrier, V
   Poulet, F
   Bibring, JP
AF Chevrier, Vincent
   Poulet, Francois
   Bibring, Jean-Pierre
TI Early geochemical environment of Mars as determined from thermodynamics of phyllosilicates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID meridiani; climate
AB Images of geomorphological features that seem to have been produced by the action of liquid water have been considered evidence for wet surface conditions on early Mars(1). Moreover, the recent identification of large deposits of phyllosilicates, associated with the ancient Noachian terrains(2,3) suggests long-timescale weathering(4) of the primary basaltic crust by liquid water(2,5). It has been proposed that a greenhouse effect resulting from a carbon-dioxide-rich atmosphere sustained the temperate climate required to maintain liquid water on the martian surface during the Noachian(6,7). The apparent absence of carbonates and the low escape rates of carbon dioxide(8), however, are indicative of an early martian atmosphere with low levels of carbon dioxide. Here we investigate the geochemical conditions prevailing on the surface of Mars during the Noachian period using calculations of the aqueous equilibria of phyllosilicates. Our results show that Fe3+-rich phyllosilicates probably precipitated under weakly acidic to alkaline pH, an environment different from that of the following period, which was dominated by strongly acid weathering(9) that led to the sulphate deposits identified on Mars(10-12). Thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that the oxidation state of the martian surface was already high, supporting early escape of hydrogen. Finally, equilibrium with carbonates implies that phyllosilicate precipitation occurs preferentially at a very low partial pressure of carbon dioxide. We suggest that the possible absence of Noachian carbonates more probably resulted from low levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, rather than primary acidic conditions(13). Other greenhouse gases may therefore have played a part in sustaining a warm and wet climate on the early Mars.
C1 Univ Arkansas, WM Keck Lab Space Simulat, Arkansas Ctr Space & Planetary Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.
   Univ Paris Sud, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   CNRS, UMR 8617, F-91405 Orsay, France.
C3 University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Fayetteville; Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Saclay; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU)
RP Chevrier, V (corresponding author), Univ Arkansas, WM Keck Lab Space Simulat, Arkansas Ctr Space & Planetary Sci, MUSE 202, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.
EM vchevrie@uark.edu
NR 29
TC 169
Z9 195
U1 2
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7149
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/nature05961
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185OS
UT WOS:000247720900037
PM 17611538
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuijl, C
   Savage, NDL
   Marsman, M
   Tuin, AW
   Janssen, L
   Egan, DA
   Ketema, M
   van den Nieuwendijk, R
   van den Eeden, SJF
   Geluk, A
   Poot, A
   van der Marel, G
   Beijersbergen, RL
   Overkleeft, H
   Ottenhoff, THM
   Neefjes, J
AF Kuijl, Coenraad
   Savage, Nigel D. L.
   Marsman, Marije
   Tuin, Adriaan W.
   Janssen, Lennert
   Egan, David A.
   Ketema, Mirjam
   van den Nieuwendijk, Rian
   van den Eeden, Susan J. F.
   Geluk, Annemieke
   Poot, Alex
   van der Marel, Gijs
   Beijersbergen, Roderick L.
   Overkleeft, Hermen
   Ottenhoff, Tom H. M.
   Neefjes, Jacques
TI Intracellular bacterial growth is controlled by a kinase network around PKB/AKT1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mycobacterium-tuberculosis phagosome; enterica serovar typhimurium; protein-kinase; rnai screen; phosphoinositide metabolism; glut4 translocation; maturation arrest; epithelial-cells; gtpase; infection
AB With the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria, it is imperative to develop new intervention strategies. Current antibiotics typically target pathogen rather than host-specific biochemical pathways(1). Here we have developed kinase inhibitors that prevent intracellular growth of unrelated pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An RNA interference screen of the human kinome using automated microscopy revealed several host kinases capable of inhibiting intracellular growth of S. typhimurium. The kinases identified clustered in one network around AKT1 (also known as PKB). Inhibitors of AKT1 prevent intracellular growth of various bacteria including MDR-M. tuberculosis. AKT1 is activated by the S. typhimurium effector SopB, which promotes intracellular survival by controlling actin dynamics through PAK4, and phagosome-lysosome fusion through the AS160 (also known as TBC1D4)-RAB14 pathway. AKT1 inhibitors counteract the bacterial manipulation of host signalling processes, thus controlling intracellular growth of bacteria. By using a reciprocal chemical genetics approach, we identified kinase inhibitors with antibiotic properties and their host targets, and we determined host signalling networks that are activated by intracellular bacteria for survival.
C1 Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Tumor Biol, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Carcinogenesis, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Leiden Med Univ Ctr, Dept Immunohematol & Blood Transfus, NL-2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Leiden Med Univ Ctr, Dept Infect Dis, NL-2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Leiden Univ, Leiden Inst Chem, Bioorgan Chem Lab, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC); Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC); Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC
RP Neefjes, J (corresponding author), Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Tumor Biol, Plesmanlaan 121, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM j.neefjes@nki.nl
NR 48
TC 268
Z9 310
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 725
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature06345
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700055
PM 18046412
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiel, MJ
   He, SH
   Ashkenazi, R
   Gentry, SN
   Teta, M
   Kushner, JA
   Jackson, TL
   Morrison, SJ
AF Kiel, Mark J.
   He, Shenghui
   Ashkenazi, Rina
   Gentry, Sara N.
   Teta, Monica
   Kushner, Jake A.
   Jackson, Trachette L.
   Morrison, Sean J.
TI Haematopoietic stem cells do not asymmetrically segregate chromosomes or retain BrdU
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID template dna strands; selective segregation; niche; differentiation; kinetics; division; cycle; skin
AB Stem cells are proposed to segregate chromosomes asymmetrically during self-renewing divisions so that older ('immortal') DNA strands are retained in daughter stem cells whereas newly synthesized strands segregate to differentiating cells(1-6). Stem cells are also proposed to retain DNA labels, such as 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), either because they segregate chromosomes asymmetrically or because they divide slowly(5,7-9). However, the purity of stem cells among BrdU-label-retaining cells has not been documented in any tissue, and the 'immortal strand hypothesis' has not been tested in a system with definitive stem cell markers. Here we tested these hypotheses in haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which can be highly purified using well characterized markers. We administered BrdU to newborn mice, mice treated with cyclophosphamide and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and normal adult mice for 4 to 10 days, followed by 70 days without BrdU. In each case, less than 6% of HSCs retained BrdU and less than 0.5% of all BrdU-retaining haematopoietic cells were HSCs, revealing that BrdU has poor specificity and poor sensitivity as an HSC marker. Sequential administration of 5-chloro-2-deoxyuridine and 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine indicated that all HSCs segregate their chromosomes randomly. Division of individual HSCs in culture revealed no asymmetric segregation of the label. Thus, HSCs cannot be identified on the basis of BrdU-label retention and do not retain older DNA strands during division, indicating that these are not general properties of stem cells.
C1 Univ Michigan, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Inst Life Sci, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Ctr Stem Cell Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Math, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Penn, Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Sch Med, Div Endocrinol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia
RP Morrison, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Inst Life Sci, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM seanjm@umich.edu
FU NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG024945] Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 321
Z9 400
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7159
BP 238
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature06115
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 209NF
UT WOS:000249394500054
PM 17728714
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spoor, F
   Leakey, MG
   Gathogo, PN
   Brown, FH
   Antón, SC
   McDougall, I
   Kiarie, C
   Manthi, FK
   Leakey, LN
AF Spoor, F.
   Leakey, M. G.
   Gathogo, P. N.
   Brown, F. H.
   Anton, S. C.
   McDougall, I.
   Kiarie, C.
   Manthi, F. K.
   Leakey, L. N.
TI Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID koobi-fora-formation; olduvai-gorge; pliocene; basin; paleoanthropology; pleistocene; remains; erectus; dmanisi; skulls
AB Sites in eastern Africa have shed light on the emergence and early evolution of the genus Homo(1-6). The best known early hominin species, H. habilis and H. erectus, have often been interpreted as time-successive segments of a single anagenetic evolutionary lineage(3,7-10). The case for this was strengthened by the discovery of small early Pleistocene hominin crania from Dmanisi in Georgia that apparently provide evidence of morphological continuity between the two taxa(11,12). Here we describe two new cranial fossils from the Koobi Fora Formation, east of Lake Turkana in Kenya, that have bearing on the relationship between species of early Homo. A partial maxilla assigned to H. habilis reliably demonstrates that this species survived until later than previously recognized, making an anagenetic relationship with H. erectus unlikely. The discovery of a particularly small calvaria of H. erectus indicates that this taxon overlapped in size with H. habilis, and may have shown marked sexual dimorphism. The new fossils confirm the distinctiveness of H. habilis and H. erectus, independently of overall cranial size, and suggest that these two early taxa were living broadly sympatrically in the same lake basin for almost half a million years.
C1 UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Koobi Fora Res Project, Nairobi 00502, Kenya.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Anat Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Anthropol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   NYU, Dept Anthropol, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Natl Museums Kenya, Div Palaeontol, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
C3 University of London; University College London; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; New York University; Australian National University
RP Spoor, F (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM f.spoor@ucl.ac.uk; meaveleakey@uuplus.com
NR 28
TC 239
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 75
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7154
BP 688
EP 691
DI 10.1038/nature05986
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 197ZY
UT WOS:000248598000043
PM 17687323
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moffatt, MF
   Kabesch, M
   Liang, LM
   Dixon, AL
   Strachan, D
   Heath, S
   Depner, M
   von Berg, A
   Bufe, A
   Rietschel, E
   Heinzmann, A
   Simma, B
   Frischer, T
   Willis-Owen, SAG
   Wong, KCC
   Illig, T
   Vogelberg, C
   Weiland, SK
   von Mutius, E
   Abecasis, GR
   Farrall, M
   Gut, IG
   Lathrop, GM
   Cookson, WOC
AF Moffatt, Miriam F.
   Kabesch, Michael
   Liang, Liming
   Dixon, Anna L.
   Strachan, David
   Heath, Simon
   Depner, Martin
   von Berg, Andrea
   Bufe, Albrecht
   Rietschel, Ernst
   Heinzmann, Andrea
   Simma, Burkard
   Frischer, Thomas
   Willis-Owen, Saffron A. G.
   Wong, Kenny C. C.
   Illig, Thomas
   Vogelberg, Christian
   Weiland, Stephan K.
   von Mutius, Erika
   Abecasis, Goncalo R.
   Farrall, Martin
   Gut, Ivo G.
   Lathrop, G. Mark
   Cookson, William O. C.
TI Genetic variants regulating ORMDL3 expression contribute to the risk of childhood asthma
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID normalization
AB Asthma is caused by a combination of poorly understood genetic and environmental factors(1,2). We have systematically mapped the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) on the presence of childhood onset asthma by genome-wide association. We characterized more than 317,000 SNPs in DNA from 994 patients with childhood onset asthma and 1,243 non-asthmatics, using family and case-referent panels. Here we show multiple markers on chromosome 17q21 to be strongly and reproducibly associated with childhood onset asthma in family and case-referent panels with a combined P value of P < 10(-12). In independent replication studies the 17q21 locus showed strong association with diagnosis of childhood asthma in 2,320 subjects from a cohort of German children (P=0.0003) and in 3,301 subjects from the British 1958 Birth Cohort (P=0.0005). We systematically evaluated the relationships between markers of the 17q21 locus and transcript levels of genes in Epstein - Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines from children in the asthma family panel used in our association study. The SNPs associated with childhood asthma were consistently and strongly associated (P < 10(-22)) in cis with transcript levels of ORMDL3, a member of a gene family that encodes transmembrane proteins anchored in the endoplasmic reticulum(3). The results indicate that genetic variants regulating ORMDL3 expression are determinants of susceptibility to childhood asthma.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Natl Heart & Lung Inst, London SW3 6LY, England.
   Univ Munich, Childrens Hosp, D-80337 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Biostat, Ctr Stat Genet, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust, Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Univ London, Div Community Hlth Sci, London SW17 0RE, England.
   CEA, Ctr Natl Genotypage, Inst Genom, F-91057 Evry, France.
   Marien Hosp, Res Inst Prevent Allerg Dis, Childrens Dept, D-46483 Wesel, Germany.
   Ruhr Univ Bochum, Dept Expt Pneumol, D-44789 Bochum, Germany.
   Univ Cologne, Childrens Hosp, D-50924 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Freiburg, Childrens Hosp, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
   Feldkirch Hosp, Childrens Dept, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria.
   Univ Vienna, Childrens Hosp, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   GSF, Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Inst Epidemiol, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
   Tech Univ Dresden, Childrens Hosp, S-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   Univ Ulm, Inst Epidemiol, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
C3 Imperial College London; University of Munich; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; Wellcome Trust; University of London; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; St. Marien Hospital; Ruhr University Bochum; University of Cologne; University of Freiburg; University of Vienna; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health; Technische Universitat Dresden; Ulm University
RP Cookson, WOC (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Natl Heart & Lung Inst, London SW3 6LY, England.
EM w.cookson@imperial.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G0000934] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline; MRC [G0000934] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0000934] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 22
TC 1275
Z9 1478
U1 2
U2 105
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7152
BP 470
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature06014
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 193VG
UT WOS:000248302700046
PM 17611496
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishiyama, T
   Yoshizaki, N
   Kishimoto, T
   Ohsumi, K
AF Nishiyama, Tomoko
   Yoshizaki, Norio
   Kishimoto, Takeo
   Ohsumi, Keita
TI Transient activation of calcineurin is essential to initiate embryonic development in Xenopus laevis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; m-m transition; cytostatic factor; extracellular-matrix; oocyte extracts; egg activation; fertilization; calcium; degradation; arrest
AB At fertilization, an increase of cytosolic calciumions (Ca2+) triggers various activation responses in animal eggs(1,2). In vertebrates, these responses include exit from metaphase arrest in meiosis II (MII exit) and cortical remodelling initiated by cortical granule exocytosis. Although the essential requirement of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II for inducing MII exit has been documented(3), a role of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin in egg activation has not been investigated. Here we show, using cell-free extracts from unfertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis, that calcineurin is transiently activated immediately after Ca2+ addition to a concentration that induces MII exit. When calcineurin activation is inhibited, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) inactivation by means of cyclin B degradation is prevented and sperm chromatin incubated in the extracts remains condensed. Similarly, if calcineurin is inhibited in intact eggs, MII exit on egg activation is prevented. In addition, the activation contraction(4) in the cortex is suppressed whereas cortical granule exocytosis occurs. We further demonstrate that, when a high level of calcineurin activity is maintained after activation, growth of sperm asters is prevented in egg extracts and, consistently, migration of male and female pronuclei towards each other is hindered in fertilized eggs. Thus, both activation and the subsequent inactivation of calcineurin in fertilized eggs are crucial for the commencement of vertebrate embryonic development.
C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Grad Sch Biosci & Biotechnol, Lab Cell & Dev Biol, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268501, Japan.
   Gifu Univ, Dept Anim Resource Product, United Grad Sch Agr Sci, Gifu 5011193, Japan.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Gifu University
RP Ohsumi, K (corresponding author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Grad Sch Biosci & Biotechnol, Lab Cell & Dev Biol, Midori Ku, 4259 Nagatsuta, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268501, Japan.
EM kohsumi@bio.titech.ac.jp
NR 35
TC 72
Z9 79
U1 1
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7160
BP 341
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06136
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 211XP
UT WOS:000249557300045
PM 17882220
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maser, RS
   Choudhury, B
   Campbell, PJ
   Feng, B
   Wong, KK
   Protopopov, A
   O'Neil, J
   Gutierrez, A
   Ivanova, E
   Perna, I
   Lin, E
   Mani, V
   Jiang, S
   McNamara, K
   Zaghlul, S
   Edkins, S
   Stevens, C
   Brennan, C
   Martin, ES
   Wiedemeyer, R
   Kabbarah, O
   Nogueira, C
   Histen, G
   Aster, J
   Mansour, M
   Duke, V
   Foroni, L
   Fielding, AK
   Goldstone, AH
   Rowe, JM
   Wang, YQA
   Look, AT
   Stratton, MR
   Chin, L
   Futreal, PA
   DePinho, RA
AF Maser, Richard S.
   Choudhury, Bhudipa
   Campbell, Peter J.
   Feng, Bin
   Wong, Kwok-Kin
   Protopopov, Alexei
   O'Neil, Jennifer
   Gutierrez, Alejandro
   Ivanova, Elena
   Perna, Ilana
   Lin, Eric
   Mani, Vidya
   Jiang, Shan
   McNamara, Kate
   Zaghlul, Sara
   Edkins, Sarah
   Stevens, Claire
   Brennan, Cameron
   Martin, Eric S.
   Wiedemeyer, Ruprecht
   Kabbarah, Omar
   Nogueira, Cristina
   Histen, Gavin
   Aster, Jon
   Mansour, Marc
   Duke, Veronique
   Foroni, Letizia
   Fielding, Adele K.
   Goldstone, Anthony H.
   Rowe, Jacob M.
   Wang, Yaoqi A.
   Look, A. Thomas
   Stratton, Michael R.
   Chin, Lynda
   Futreal, P. Andrew
   DePinho, Ronald A.
TI Chromosomally unstable mouse tumours have genomic alterations similar to diverse human cancers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna copy number; telomere dysfunction; pancreatic adenocarcinoma; gene amplification; mutations; p53; translocations; cells; atm; identification
AB Highly rearranged and mutated cancer genomes present major challenges in the identification of pathogenetic events driving the neoplastic transformation process. Here we engineered lymphoma-prone mice with chromosomal instability to assess the usefulness of mouse models in cancer gene discovery and the extent of cross-species overlap in cancer-associated copy number aberrations. Along with targeted re-sequencing, our comparative oncogenomic studies identified FBXW7 and PTEN to be commonly deleted both in murine lymphomas and in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma (T-ALL). The murine cancers acquire widespread recurrent amplifications and deletions targeting loci syntenic to those not only in human T-ALL but also in diverse human haematopoietic, mesenchymal and epithelial tumours. These results indicate that murine and human tumours experience common biological processes driven by orthologous genetic events in their malignant evolution. The highly concordant nature of genomic events encourages the use of genomically unstable murine cancer models in the discovery of biological driver events in the human oncogenome.
C1 Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Belfer Inst Innovat Canc Sci, Ctr Appl Canc Sci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Canc Genome Project, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Childrens Hosp, Div Hematol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Neurosurg, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet & Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, London NW3 2PF, England.
   UCL Hosp, London NW1 2BU, England.
   Technion Israel Inst Technol, IL-31096 Haifa, Israel.
   Rambam Med Ctr, IL-31096 Haifa, Israel.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; University of Cambridge; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of London; University College London; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; University College London; Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Rambam Health Care Campus
RP DePinho, RA (corresponding author), Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM ron_depinho@dfci.harvard.edu
FU Medical Research Council [G0500389] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [G0500389] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0500389] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust [088340, 077012] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 309
Z9 374
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7147
BP 966
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature05886
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180NU
UT WOS:000247373100039
PM 17515920
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weir, BA
   Woo, MS
   Getz, G
   Perner, S
   Ding, L
   Beroukhim, R
   Lin, WM
   Province, MA
   Kraja, A
   Johnson, LA
   Shah, K
   Sato, M
   Thomas, RK
   Barletta, JA
   Borecki, IB
   Broderick, S
   Chang, AC
   Chiang, DY
   Chirieac, LR
   Cho, J
   Fujii, Y
   Gazdar, AF
   Giordano, T
   Greulich, H
   Hanna, M
   Johnson, BE
   Kris, MG
   Lash, A
   Lin, L
   Lindeman, N
   Mardis, ER
   McPherson, JD
   Minna, JD
   Morgan, MB
   Nadel, M
   Orringer, MB
   Osborne, JR
   Ozenberger, B
   Ramos, AH
   Robinson, J
   Roth, JA
   Rusch, V
   Sasaki, H
   Shepherd, F
   Sougnez, C
   Spitz, MR
   Tsao, MS
   Twomey, D
   Verhaak, RGW
   Weinstock, GM
   Wheeler, DA
   Winckler, W
   Yoshizawa, A
   Yu, SY
   Zakowski, MF
   Zhang, QY
   Beer, DG
   Wistuba, II
   Watson, MA
   Garraway, LA
   Ladanyi, M
   Travis, WD
   Pao, W
   Rubin, MA
   Gabriel, SB
   Gibbs, RA
   Varmus, HE
   Wilson, RK
   Lander, ES
   Meyerson, M
AF Weir, Barbara A.
   Woo, Michele S.
   Getz, Gad
   Perner, Sven
   Ding, Li
   Beroukhim, Rameen
   Lin, William M.
   Province, Michael A.
   Kraja, Aldi
   Johnson, Laura A.
   Shah, Kinjal
   Sato, Mitsuo
   Thomas, Roman K.
   Barletta, Justine A.
   Borecki, Ingrid B.
   Broderick, Stephen
   Chang, Andrew C.
   Chiang, Derek Y.
   Chirieac, Lucian R.
   Cho, Jeonghee
   Fujii, Yoshitaka
   Gazdar, Adi F.
   Giordano, Thomas
   Greulich, Heidi
   Hanna, Megan
   Johnson, Bruce E.
   Kris, Mark G.
   Lash, Alex
   Lin, Ling
   Lindeman, Neal
   Mardis, Elaine R.
   McPherson, John D.
   Minna, John D.
   Morgan, Margaret B.
   Nadel, Mark
   Orringer, Mark B.
   Osborne, John R.
   Ozenberger, Brad
   Ramos, Alex H.
   Robinson, James
   Roth, Jack A.
   Rusch, Valerie
   Sasaki, Hidefumi
   Shepherd, Frances
   Sougnez, Carrie
   Spitz, Margaret R.
   Tsao, Ming-Sound
   Twomey, David
   Verhaak, Roel G. W.
   Weinstock, George M.
   Wheeler, David A.
   Winckler, Wendy
   Yoshizawa, Akihiko
   Yu, Soyoung
   Zakowski, Maureen F.
   Zhang, Qunyuan
   Beer, David G.
   Wistuba, Ignacio I.
   Watson, Mark A.
   Garraway, Levi A.
   Ladanyi, Marc
   Travis, William D.
   Pao, William
   Rubin, Mark A.
   Gabriel, Stacey B.
   Gibbs, Richard A.
   Varmus, Harold E.
   Wilson, Richard K.
   Lander, Eric S.
   Meyerson, Matthew
TI Characterizing the cancer genome in lung adenocarcinoma
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-resolution analysis; copy-number; homozygous deletions; somatic mutations; frequent target; gene delivery; wide analysis; amplification; bevacizumab; carboplatin
AB Somatic alterations in cellular DNA underlie almost all human cancers(1). The prospect of targeted therapies(2) and the development of high-resolution, genome-wide approaches(3-8) are now spurring systematic efforts to characterize cancer genomes. Here we report a large-scale project to characterize copy-number alterations in primary lung adenocarcinomas. By analysis of a large collection of tumours ( n = 371) using dense single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, we identify a total of 57 significantly recurrent events. We find that 26 of 39 autosomal chromosome arms show consistent large-scale copy-number gain or loss, of which only a handful have been linked to a specific gene. We also identify 31 recurrent focal events, including 24 amplifications and 7 homozygous deletions. Only six of these focal events are currently associated with known mutations in lung carcinomas. The most common event, amplification of chromosome 14q13.3, is found in similar to 12% of samples. On the basis of genomic and functional analyses, we identify NKX2-1 ( NK2 homeobox 1, also called TITF1), which lies in the minimal 14q13.3 amplification interval and encodes a lineage-specific transcription factor, as a novel candidate proto-oncogene involved in a significant fraction of lung adenocarcinomas. More generally, our results indicate that many of the genes that are involved in lung adenocarcinoma remain to be discovered.
C1 Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Ctr Canc Genome Discovery, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Canc Program, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Genome Biol Program, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Ulm, Inst Pathol, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
   Washington Univ, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Washington Univ, Div Stat Genom, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Univ Texas SW Med Ctr Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Cologne, Max Planck Inst Neurol Res, Klaus Joachim Zulch Labs, Max Planck Soc, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Cologne, Fac Med, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Cologne, Ctr Integrated Oncol, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Cologne, Dept Internal Med 1, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY 10065 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Surg, New York, NY 10065 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10065 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Computat Biol, New York, NY 10065 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Human Oncol & Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY 10065 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Canc Biol & Genet Program, New York, NY 10065 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Thorac Surg Sect, Dept Surg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Pathol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Nagoya City Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Nagoya, Aichi 4678602, Japan.
   Baylor Coll Med, Human Genome Sequencing Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Texas Houston, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Texas Houston, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Thorac Head & Neck Med Oncol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Hlth Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
   Princess Margaret Hosp, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Ulm University; Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Cologne; Max Planck Society; University of Cologne; University of Cologne; University of Cologne; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Nagoya City University; Baylor College of Medicine; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); University of Texas System; University of Texas Health Science Center Houston; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Health Science Center Houston; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Meyerson, M (corresponding author), Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM matthew_meyerson@dfci.harvard.edu
FU National Cancer Institute [P50CA070907] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NCI NIH HHS [K08 CA122833, F32 CA113126, P50 CA070907] Funding Source: Medline
NR 40
TC 895
Z9 1011
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 893
EP U22
DI 10.1038/nature06358
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900059
PM 17982442
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koster, DA
   Palle, K
   Bot, ESM
   Bjornsti, MA
   Dekker, NH
AF Koster, Daniel A.
   Palle, Komaraiah
   Bot, Elisa S. M.
   Bjornsti, Mary-Ann
   Dekker, Nynke H.
TI Antitumour drugs impede DNA uncoiling by topoisomerase I
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-death; camptothecin; mechanism; relaxation; inhibitors; yeast; replication; mutations; complexes; toxicity
AB Increasing the ability of chemotherapeutic drugs to kill cancer cells is often hampered by a limited understanding of their mechanism of action. Camptothecins, such as topotecan, induce cell death by poisoning DNA topoisomerase I, an enzyme capable of removing DNA supercoils(1-4). Topotecan is thought to stabilize a covalent topoisomerase-DNA complex(5-7), rendering it an obstacle to DNA replication forks(2,3,8,9). Here we use single-molecule nanomanipulation to monitor the dynamics of human topoisomerase I in the presence of topotecan. This allowed us to detect the binding and unbinding of an individual topotecan molecule in real time and to quantify the drug-induced trapping of topoisomerase on DNA. Unexpectedly, our findings also show that topotecan significantly hinders topoisomerase-mediated DNA uncoiling, with a more pronounced effect on the removal of positive (overwound) versus negative supercoils. In vivo experiments in the budding yeast verified the resulting prediction that positive supercoils would accumulate during transcription and replication as a consequence of camptothecin poisoning of topoisomerase I. Positive supercoils, however, were not induced by drug treatment of cells expressing a catalytically active, camptothecin-resistant topoisomerase I mutant. This combination of single-molecule and in vivo data suggests a cytotoxic mechanism for camptothecins, in which the accumulation of positive supercoils ahead of the replication machinery induces potentially lethal DNA lesions.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Fac Sci Appl, Kavli Inst Nanosci, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Mol Pharmacol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
C3 Delft University of Technology; St Jude Children's Research Hospital
RP Dekker, NH (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Fac Sci Appl, Kavli Inst Nanosci, Lorentzweg 1, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
EM n.h.dekker@tudelft.nl
NR 30
TC 242
Z9 285
U1 1
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7150
BP 213
EP 217
DI 10.1038/nature05938
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 188QN
UT WOS:000247934500047
PM 17589503
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Collins, SR
   Miller, KM
   Maas, NL
   Roguev, A
   Fillingham, J
   Chu, CS
   Schuldiner, M
   Gebbia, M
   Recht, J
   Shales, M
   Ding, HM
   Xu, H
   Han, JH
   Ingvarsdottir, K
   Cheng, B
   Andrews, B
   Boone, C
   Berger, SL
   Hieter, P
   Zhang, ZG
   Brown, GW
   Ingles, CJ
   Emili, A
   Allis, CD
   Toczyski, DP
   Weissman, JS
   Greenblatt, JF
   Krogan, NJ
AF Collins, Sean R.
   Miller, Kyle M.
   Maas, Nancy L.
   Roguev, Assen
   Fillingham, Jeffrey
   Chu, Clement S.
   Schuldiner, Maya
   Gebbia, Marinella
   Recht, Judith
   Shales, Michael
   Ding, Huiming
   Xu, Hong
   Han, Junhong
   Ingvarsdottir, Kristin
   Cheng, Benjamin
   Andrews, Brenda
   Boone, Charles
   Berger, Shelley L.
   Hieter, Phil
   Zhang, Zhiguo
   Brown, Grant W.
   Ingles, C. James
   Emili, Andrew
   Allis, C. David
   Toczyski, David P.
   Weissman, Jonathan S.
   Greenblatt, Jack F.
   Krogan, Nevan J.
TI Functional dissection of protein complexes involved in yeast chromosome biology using a genetic interaction map
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h3 lysine-56 acetylation; histone h3; h3k56 acetylation; cell-cycle; mediator; dna; integrity; pathway; hst3; asf1
AB Defining the functional relationships between proteins is critical for understanding virtually all aspects of cell biology. Large-scale identification of protein complexes has provided one important step towards this goal; however, even knowledge of the stoichiometry, affinity and lifetime of every protein - protein interaction would not reveal the functional relationships between and within such complexes. Genetic interactions can provide functional information that is largely invisible to protein - protein interaction data sets. Here we present an epistatic miniarray profile (E-MAP)(1) consisting of quantitative pairwise measurements of the genetic interactions between 743 Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes involved in various aspects of chromosome biology ( including DNA replication/ repair, chromatid segregation and transcriptional regulation). This E-MAP reveals that physical interactions fall into two well-represented classes distinguished by whether or not the individual proteins act coherently to carry out a common function. Thus, genetic interaction data make it possible to dissect functionally multi-protein complexes, including Mediator, and to organize distinct protein complexes into pathways. In one pathway defined here, we show that Rtt109 is the founding member of a novel class of histone acetyltransferases responsible for Asf1-dependent acetylation of histone H3 on lysine 56. This modification, in turn, enables a ubiquitin ligase complex containing the cullin Rtt101 to ensure genomic integrity during DNA replication.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Calif Inst Quantitat Biomed Res, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Canc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Banting & Best Dept Med Res, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Cromatin Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mayo Clin, Coll Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
   Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Gene Express & REgulat Program, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Michael Smith Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Biochem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of Toronto; Rockefeller University; Mayo Clinic; The Wistar Institute; University of British Columbia; University of Toronto
RP Weissman, JS (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
EM weissman@cmp.ucsf.edu; jack.greenblatt@utoronto.ca
NR 30
TC 729
Z9 922
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7137
BP 806
EP 810
DI 10.1038/nature05649
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 156CX
UT WOS:000245626800043
PM 17314980
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dikin, DA
   Stankovich, S
   Zimney, EJ
   Piner, RD
   Dommett, GHB
   Evmenenko, G
   Nguyen, ST
   Ruoff, RS
AF Dikin, Dmitriy A.
   Stankovich, Sasha
   Zimney, Eric J.
   Piner, Richard D.
   Dommett, Geoffrey H. B.
   Evmenenko, Guennadi
   Nguyen, SonBinh T.
   Ruoff, Rodney S.
TI Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID graphite oxide; mechanical-property; flexible graphite; nanotube sheets; films; dispersions; tensile
AB Free-standing paper-like or foil-like materials are an integral part of our technological society. Their uses include protective layers, chemical filters, components of electrical batteries or supercapacitors, adhesive layers, electronic or optoelectronic components, and molecular storage(1). Inorganic 'paper-like' materials based on nanoscale components such as exfoliated vermiculite or mica platelets have been intensively studied(2,3) and commercialized as protective coatings, high-temperature binders, dielectric barriers and gas-impermeable membranes(4,5). Carbon-based flexible graphite foils(6-8) composed of stacked platelets of expanded graphite have long been used(9,10) in packing and gasketing applications because of their chemical resistivity against most media, superior sealability over a wide temperature range, and impermeability to fluids. The discovery of carbon nanotubes brought about bucky paper(11), which displays excellent mechanical and electrical properties that make it potentially suitable for fuel cell and structural composite applications(12-15). Here we report the preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper, a free-standing carbon-based membrane material made by flow-directed assembly of individual graphene oxide sheets. This new material outperforms many other paper-like materials in stiffness and strength. Its combination of macroscopic flexibility and stiffness is a result of a unique interlocking-tile arrangement of the nanoscale graphene oxide sheets.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; Northwestern University; Northwestern University
RP Ruoff, RS (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Mech Engn, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM r-ruoff@northwestern.edu
NR 27
TC 5082
Z9 5688
U1 51
U2 7044
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7152
BP 457
EP 460
DI 10.1038/nature06016
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 193VG
UT WOS:000248302700043
PM 17653188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hu, WW
   Feng, ZH
   Teresky, AK
   Levine, AJ
AF Hu, Wenwei
   Feng, Zhaohui
   Teresky, Angelika K.
   Levine, Arnold J.
TI p53 regulates maternal reproduction through LIF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID leukemia inhibitory factor; implantation failure; polymorphism; blastocyst; expression; apoptosis; pathway; humans; uterus; cells
AB Extensive studies have shown that p53 is important in tumour prevention(1). However, little is known about its normal physiological function. Here we show that p53 is important in reproduction, in a gender-specific manner. Significant decreases in embryonic implantation, pregnancy rate and litter size were observed in matings with p53(-/-) female mice but not with p53(-/-) male mice. The gene encoding leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a cytokine critical for implantation(2), was identified as a p53-regulated gene that functions as the downstream mediator of this effect. p53 can regulate both basal and inducible transcription of LIF. Loss of p53 decreased both the level and function of LIF in uteri. Lower LIF levels were observed in the uteri of p53(-/-) mice than in those of p53(+/+) mice, particularly at day 4 of pregnancy, when transiently induced high levels of LIF were crucial for embryonic implantation. This observation probably accounts for the impaired implantation of embryos in p53(-/-) female mice. Administration of LIF to pregnant p53(-/-) mice restored maternal reproduction by improving implantation. These results demonstrate a function for p53 in maternal reproduction through the regulation of LIF. Evidence is accumulating that p53 may have a similar function in humans.
C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Canc Inst New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA.
   Inst Adv Study, Simons Ctr Syst Biol, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey; Institute for Advanced Study - USA
RP Levine, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Canc Inst New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA.
EM alevine@ias.edu
NR 19
TC 365
Z9 433
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 721
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature05993
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700054
PM 18046411
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davidson, EA
   de Carvalho, CJR
   Figueira, AM
   Ishida, FY
   Ometto, JPHB
   Nardoto, GB
   Sabá, RT
   Hayashi, SN
   Leal, EC
   Vieira, ICG
   Martinelli, LA
AF Davidson, Eric A.
   de Carvalho, Claudio J. Reis
   Figueira, Adelaine Michela
   Ishida, Francoise Yoko
   Ometto, Jean Pierre H. B.
   Nardoto, Gabriela B.
   Saba, Renata Tuma
   Hayashi, Sanae N.
   Leal, Eliane C.
   Vieira, Ima Celia G.
   Martinelli, Luiz A.
TI Recuperation of nitrogen cycling in Amazonian forests following agricultural abandonment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID land-use change; eastern amazonia; brazilian amazon; isotopic composition; oxide emissions; global patterns; costa-rica; soil; regrowth; ecosystems
AB Phosphorus ( P) is generally considered the most common limiting nutrient for productivity of mature tropical lowland forests growing on highly weathered soils(1-5). It is often assumed that P limitation also applies to young tropical forests, but nitrogen (N) losses during land-use change may alter the stoichiometric balance of nutrient cycling processes. In the Amazon basin, about 16% of the original forest area has been cleared(6), and about 30 - 50% of cleared land is estimated now to be in some stage of secondary forest succession following agricultural abandonment(7). Here we use forest age chronosequences to demonstrate that young successional forests growing after agricultural abandonment on highly weathered lowland tropical soils exhibit conservative N-cycling properties much like those of N-limited forests on younger soils in temperate latitudes. As secondary succession progresses, N-cycling properties recover and the dominance of a conservative P cycle typical of mature lowland tropical forests re-emerges. These successional shifts in N: P cycling ratios with forest age provide a mechanistic explanation for initially lower and then gradually increasing soil emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). The patterns of N and P cycling during secondary forest succession, demonstrated here over decadal timescales, are similar to N- and P-cycling patterns during primary succession as soils age over thousands and millions of years, thus revealing that N availability in terrestrial ecosystems is ephemeral and can be disrupted by either natural or anthropogenic disturbances at several timescales.
C1 EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental, BR-66095100 Belem, Para, Brazil.
   Woods Hole Res Ctr, Falmouth, MA 02540 USA.
   Univ Sao Paulo, CENA, BR-13416000 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
   Museu Paraensr Emilio Goeldi, Dept Bot, BR-66040179 Belem, Para, Brazil.
C3 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (EMBRAPA); EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental; Woodwell Climate Research Center; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi
RP Davidson, EA (corresponding author), Woods Hole Res Ctr, 149 Woods Hole Rd, Falmouth, MA 02540 USA.
EM edavidson@whrc.org
NR 29
TC 387
Z9 443
U1 9
U2 307
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7147
BP 995
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature05900
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180NU
UT WOS:000247373100045
PM 17581583
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turnbaugh, PJ
   Ley, RE
   Hamady, M
   Fraser-Liggett, CM
   Knight, R
   Gordon, JI
AF Turnbaugh, Peter J.
   Ley, Ruth E.
   Hamady, Micah
   Fraser-Liggett, Claire M.
   Knight, Rob
   Gordon, Jeffrey I.
TI The Human Microbiome Project
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID germ-free mice; symbiotic bacteria; environmental-samples; molecular analysis; gut microbiota; community; obesity; diversity; ecology; genome
AB A strategy to understand the microbial components of the human genetic and metabolic landscape and how they contribute to normal physiology and predisposition to disease.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Genome Sci, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Comp Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Inst Genome Sci, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Gordon, JI (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Genome Sci, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
EM jgordon@wustl.edu
FU National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [P30DK056341] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; National Institute of General Medical Sciences [T32GM065103] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIDDK NIH HHS [P30 DK056341] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM065103] Funding Source: Medline
NR 54
TC 4183
Z9 5363
U1 26
U2 1369
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 804
EP 810
DI 10.1038/nature06244
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600029
PM 17943116
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nozue, K
   Covington, MF
   Duek, PD
   Lorrain, S
   Fankhauser, C
   Harmer, SL
   Maloof, JN
AF Nozue, Kazunari
   Covington, Michael F.
   Duek, Paula D.
   Lorrain, Severine
   Fankhauser, Christian
   Harmer, Stacey L.
   Maloof, Julin N.
TI Rhythmic growth explained by coincidence between internal and external cues
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID disrupts circadian-rhythms; light-signal-transduction; stem elongation; transcription factors; flowering time; tomato plants; arabidopsis; degradation; expression; phosphorylation
AB Most organisms use circadian oscillators to coordinate physiological and developmental processes such as growth with predictable daily environmental changes like sunrise and sunset. The importance of such coordination is highlighted by studies showing that circadian dysfunction causes reduced fitness in bacteria(1) and plants(2), as well as sleep and psychological disorders in humans(3). Plant cell growth requires energy and water-factors that oscillate owing to diurnal environmental changes. Indeed, two important factors controlling stem growth are the internal circadian oscillator(4-6) and external light levels(7). However, most circadian studies have been performed in constant conditions, precluding mechanistic study of interactions between the clock and diurnal variation in the environment. Studies of stem elongation in diurnal conditions have revealed complex growth patterns, but no mechanism has been described(8-10). Here we show that the growth phase of Arabidopsis seedlings in diurnal light conditions is shifted 8-12 h relative to plants in continuous light, and we describe a mechanism underlying this environmental response. We find that the clock regulates transcript levels of two basic helix-loop-helix genes, phytochrome-interacting factor 4 (PIF4) and PIF5, whereas light regulates their protein abundance. These genes function as positive growth regulators; the coincidence of high transcript levels (by the clock) and protein accumulation (in the dark) allows them to promote plant growth at the end of the night. Thus, these two genes integrate clock and light signalling, and their coordinated regulation explains the observed diurnal growth rhythms. This interaction may serve as a paradigm for understanding how endogenous and environmental signals cooperate to control other processes.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Plant Biol Sect, Coll Biol Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Lausanne, Ctr Integrative Genom, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Lausanne
RP Maloof, JN (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Plant Biol Sect, Coll Biol Sci, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM jnmaloof@ucdavis.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM069418] Funding Source: Medline
NR 41
TC 568
Z9 648
U1 2
U2 178
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7151
BP 358
EP U11
DI 10.1038/nature05946
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 191GC
UT WOS:000248118300059
PM 17589502
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carrez, P
   Ferré, D
   Cordier, P
AF Carrez, Philippe
   Ferre, Denise
   Cordier, Patrick
TI Implications for plastic flow in the deep mantle from modelling dislocations in MgSiO3 minerals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID post-perovskite phase; shear anisotropy; stacking-faults; slip systems
AB The dynamics of the Earth's interior is largely controlled by mantle convection, which transports radiogenic and primordial heat towards the surface. Slow stirring of the deep mantle is achieved in the solid state through high-temperature creep of rocks, which are dominated by the mineral MgSiO3 perovskite. Transformation of MgSiO3 to a 'post-perovskite' phase(1-3) may explain the peculiarities of the lowermost mantle, such as the observed seismic anisotropy(4), but the mechanical properties of these mineralogical phases are largely unknown(5-7). Plastic flow of solids involves the motion of a large number of crystal defects, named dislocations(8). A quantitative description of flow in the Earth's mantle requires information about dislocations in high-pressure minerals and their behaviour under stress. This property is currently out of reach of direct atomistic simulations using either empirical interatomic potentials or ab initio calculations. Here we report an alternative to direct atomistic simulations based on the framework of the Peierls - Nabarro model(9,10). Dislocation core models are proposed for MgSiO3 perovskite ( at 100 GPa) and post-perovskite ( at 120 GPa). We show that in perovskite, plastic deformation is strongly influenced by the orthorhombic distortions of the unit cell. In silicate post-perovskite, large dislocations are relaxed through core dissociation, with implications for the mechanical properties and seismic anisotropy of the lowermost mantle.
C1 Univ Lille 1, CNRS, UMR 8008, Lab Struct & Proprietes Etat Solide, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Lille
RP Carrez, P (corresponding author), Univ Lille 1, CNRS, UMR 8008, Lab Struct & Proprietes Etat Solide, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France.
EM Patrick.Cordier@univ-lille1.fr
NR 32
TC 71
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7131
BP 68
EP 70
DI 10.1038/nature05593
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140RY
UT WOS:000244525600038
PM 17330041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okeoma, CM
   Lovsin, N
   Peterlin, BM
   Ross, SR
AF Okeoma, Chioma M.
   Lovsin, Nika
   Peterlin, B. Matija
   Ross, Susan R.
TI APOBEC3 inhibits mouse mammary tumour virus replication in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hiv-1 infection; t-cells; b-cells; protein; mice; dna; retrovirus; receptor; gene
AB Genomes of all mammals encode apobec3 genes, which are thought to have a function in intrinsic cellular immunity to several viruses including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)(1). APOBEC3 (A3) proteins are packaged into virions and inhibit retroviral replication in newly infected cells, at least in part by deaminating cytidines on the negative strand DNA intermediates(2). However, the role of A3 in innate resistance to mouse retroviruses is not understood. Here we show that A3 functions during retroviral infection in vivo and provides partial protection to mice against infection with mouse mammary tumour virus ( MMTV). Both mouse A3 and human A3G proteins interacted with the MMTV nucleocapsid in an RNA-dependent fashion and were packaged into virions. In addition, mouse A3-containing and human A3G-containing virions showed a marked decrease in titre. Last, A3(-/-) mice were more susceptible to MMTV infection, because virus spread was more rapid and extensive than in their wild-type littermates.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Microbiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Abramson Family Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Ljubljana, Fac Chem & Chem Technol, Dept Biochem, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Rosalinf Russell Med Res Ctr, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Rosalinf Russell Med Res Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Ljubljana; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Ross, SR (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Microbiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM rosss@mail.med.upenn.edu
FU National Cancer Institute [T32CA009140] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 29
TC 168
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7130
BP 927
EP 930
DI 10.1038/nature05540
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 138CR
UT WOS:000244341200052
PM 17259974
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harvey, CD
   Svoboda, K
AF Harvey, Christopher D.
   Svoboda, Karel
TI Locally dynamic synaptic learning rules in pyramidal neuron dendrites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; timing-dependent plasticity; protein-synthesis; hippocampal-neurons; cell-type; in-vivo; spines; memory; synapses; ltp
AB Long- term potentiation ( LTP) of synaptic transmission underlies aspects of learning and memory. LTP is input- specific at the level of individual synapses, but neural network models predict interactions between plasticity at nearby synapses. Here we show in mouse hippocampal pyramidal cells that LTP at individual synapses reduces the threshold for potentiation at neighbouring synapses. After input- specific LTP induction by two- photon glutamate uncaging or by synaptic stimulation, subthreshold stimuli, which by themselves were too weak to trigger LTP, caused robust LTP and spine enlargement at neighbouring spines. Furthermore, LTP induction broadened the presynaptic - postsynaptic spike interval for spike- timing- dependent LTP within a dendritic neighbourhood. The reduction in the threshold for LTP induction lasted similar to 10 min and spread over similar to 10 mm of dendrite. These local interactions between neighbouring synapses support clustered plasticity models of memory storage and could allow for the binding of behaviourally linked information on the same dendritic branch.
C1 HHMI, Ashburn, VA 20147 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Watson Sch Biol Sci, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Svoboda, K (corresponding author), HHMI, Janelia Farm Res Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147 USA.
EM svobodak@janelia.hhmi.org
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline
NR 53
TC 461
Z9 572
U1 3
U2 66
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1195
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature06416
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200042
PM 18097401
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yool, A
   Martin, AP
   Fernández, C
   Clark, DR
AF Yool, Andrew
   Martin, Adrian P.
   Fernandez, Camila
   Clark, Darren R.
TI The significance of nitrification for oceanic new production
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine nitrifying bacteria; organic nitrogen; nitrate; nitrite; rates; photoinhibition; ammonium; pacific; carbon; cycle
AB The flux of organic material sinking to depth is a major control on the inventory of carbon in the ocean(1). To first order, the oceanic system is at equilibrium such that what goes down must come up(2). Because the export flux is difficult to measure directly, it is routinely estimated indirectly by quantifying the amount of phytoplankton growth, or primary production, fuelled by the upward flux of nitrate(3). To do so it is necessary to take into account other sources of biologically available nitrogen. However, the generation of nitrate by nitrification in surface waters has only recently received attention. Here we perform the first synthesis of open-ocean measurements of the specific rate of surface nitrification(4-12) and use these to configure a global biogeochemical model(13,14) to quantify the global role of nitrification. We show that for much of the world ocean a substantial fraction of the nitrate taken up is generated through recent nitrification near the surface. At the global scale, nitrification accounts for about half of the nitrate consumed by growing phytoplankton. A consequence is that many previous attempts to quantify marine carbon export, particularly those based on inappropriate use of the f-ratio ( a measure of the efficiency of the 'biological pump'), are significant overestimates.
C1 Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   Ctr Oceanol Marseille, Lab Oceanog & Biogeochim, F-13288 Marseille, France.
   Univ Concepcion, Dept Oceanog, Lab Proc Oceanog & Clima, Concepcion, Chile.
   Univ Concepcion, Ctr Invest Oceanog Pacifico Sur Oriental, Concepcion, Chile.
   Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England.
C3 NERC National Oceanography Centre; Universidad de Concepcion; Universidad de Concepcion; Plymouth Marine Laboratory
RP Yool, A (corresponding author), Natl Oceanog Ctr, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
EM axy@noc.soton.ac.uk
FU NERC [soc010008, pml010001, pml010002] Funding Source: UKRI; Natural Environment Research Council [soc010008, pml010001, NER/O/S/2001/00680, NE/C00387X/1, pml010002] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 332
Z9 379
U1 3
U2 175
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7147
BP 999
EP 1002
DI 10.1038/nature05885
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180NU
UT WOS:000247373100046
PM 17581584
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guerlin, C
   Bernu, J
   Deléglise, S
   Sayrin, C
   Gleyzes, S
   Kuhr, S
   Brune, M
   Raimond, JM
   Haroche, S
AF Guerlin, Christine
   Bernu, Julien
   Deleglise, Samuel
   Sayrin, Clement
   Gleyzes, Sebastien
   Kuhr, Stefan
   Brune, Michel
   Raimond, Jean-Michel
   Haroche, Serge
TI Progressive field-state collapse and quantum non-demolition photon counting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiation-field; number states; single-photon; cavity; atom; decoherence; generation; system; meter; jumps
AB The irreversible evolution of a microscopic system under measurement is a central feature of quantum theory. From an initial state generally exhibiting quantum uncertainty in the measured observable, the system is projected into a state in which this observable becomes precisely known. Its value is random, with a probability determined by the initial system's state. The evolution induced by measurement (known as 'state collapse') can be progressive, accumulating the effects of elementary state changes. Here we report the observation of such a step-by-step collapse by non-destructively measuring the photon number of a field stored in a cavity. Atoms behaving as microscopic clocks cross the cavity successively. By measuring the light-induced alterations of the clock rate, information is progressively extracted, until the initially uncertain photon number converges to an integer. The suppression of the photon number spread is demonstrated by correlations between repeated measurements. The procedure illustrates all the postulates of quantum measurement (state collapse, statistical results and repeatability) and should facilitate studies of non-classical fields trapped in cavities.
C1 Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Ecole Normale Super, Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
   Coll France, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite PSL; College de France; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Universite PSL; College de France
RP Brune, M (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Ecole Normale Super, Lab Kastler Brossel, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
EM brune@lkb.ens.fr; haroche@lkb.ens.fr
NR 46
TC 384
Z9 424
U1 0
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7156
BP 889
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature06057
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202OM
UT WOS:000248912900039
PM 17713527
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, JJ
   Goldstein, JI
   Scott, ERD
AF Yang, Jijin
   Goldstein, Joseph I.
   Scott, Edward R. D.
TI Iron meteorite evidence for early formation and catastrophic disruption of protoplanets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metallographic cooling rates; parent body; stony-iron; iva iron; core crystallization; asteroids; differentiation; fragmentation; history; accretion
AB In our Solar System, the planets formed by collisional growth from smaller bodies. Planetesimals collided to form Moon-to-Mars-sized protoplanets in the inner Solar System in 0.1 - 1 Myr, and these collided more energetically to form planets(1). Insights into the timing and nature of collisions during planetary accretion can be gained from meteorite studies. In particular, iron meteorites offer the best constraints on early stages of planetary accretion because most are remnants of the oldest bodies, which accreted and melted in < 1.5 Myr, forming silicate mantles and iron-nickel metallic cores(2-4). Cooling rates for various groups of iron meteorites suggest that if the irons cooled isothermally in the cores of differentiated bodies, as conventionally assumed, these bodies were 5 -200 km in diameter(5,6). This picture is incompatible, however, with the diverse cooling rates observed within certain groups, most notably the IVA group(7,8), but the large uncertainties associated with the measurements do not preclude it. Here we report cooling rates for group IVA iron meteorites that range from 100 to 6,000 K Myr(-1), increasing with decreasing bulk Ni. Improvements in the cooling rate model, smaller error bars, and new data from an independent cooling rate indicator(9) show that the conventional interpretation is no longer viable. Our results require that the IVA meteorites cooled in a 300-km-diameter metallic body that lacked an insulating mantle. This body probably formed similar to 4,500 Myr ago in a 'hit-and-run' collision between Moon-to-Mars-sized protoplanets(10). This demonstrates that protoplanets of similar to 10(3) km size accreted within the first 1.5 Myr, as proposed by theory, and that fragments of these bodies survived as asteroids.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa
RP Yang, JJ (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
EM jiyang@ecs.umass.edu
NR 30
TC 127
Z9 145
U1 2
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7138
BP 888
EP 891
DI 10.1038/nature05735
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 158IR
UT WOS:000245785700036
PM 17443181
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tezuka, H
   Abe, Y
   Iwata, M
   Takeuchi, H
   Ishikawa, H
   Matsushita, M
   Shiohara, T
   Akira, S
   Ohteki, T
AF Tezuka, Hiroyuki
   Abe, Yukiko
   Iwata, Makoto
   Takeuchi, Hajime
   Ishikawa, Hiromichi
   Matsushita, Masayuki
   Shiohara, Tetsuo
   Akira, Shizuo
   Ohteki, Toshiaki
TI Regulation of IgA production by naturally occurring TNF/iNOS-producing dendritic cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID targeted disruption; bacterial-infection; commensal bacteria; deficient mouse; immune-system; b-lymphocytes; receptor; gut; responses; april
AB Immunoglobulin-A has an irreplaceable role in the mucosal defence against infectious microbes(1-6). In human and mouse, IgA-producing plasma cells comprise similar to 20% of total plasma cells of peripheral lymphoid tissues, whereas more than 80% of plasma cells produce IgA in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)(1-6). One of the most biologically important and long-standing questions in immunology is why this 'biased' IgA synthesis takes place in the MALT but not other lymphoid organs. Here we show that IgA class-switch recombination (CSR) is impaired in inducible-nitric-oxide-synthase-deficient (iNOS(-/-); gene also called Nos2) mice. iNOS regulates the T-cell-dependent IgA CSR through expression of transforming growth factor-beta receptor, and the T-cell-independent IgA CSR through production of a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL, also called Tnfsf13) and a B-cell-activating factor of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family (BAFF, also called Tnfsf13b). Notably, iNOS is preferentially expressed in MALT dendritic cells in response to the recognition of commensal bacteria by toll-like receptor. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of iNOS(+) dendritic cells rescues IgA production in iNOS(-/-) mice. Further analysis revealed that the MALT dendritic cells are a TNF-alpha/iNOS-producing dendritic-cell subset, originally identified in mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes(7,8). The presence of a naturally occurring TNF-alpha/iNOS-producing dendritic-cell subset may explain the predominance of IgA production in the MALT, critical for gut homeostasis.
C1 Akita Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Akita 0108543, Japan.
   Tokushima Bunri Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Kagawa 7692193, Japan.
   Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
   Mitsubishi Kagaku Inst Life Sci, Tokyo 1948511, Japan.
   Kyorin Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, Tokyo 1818611, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Microbial Dis Res Inst, Dept Host Def, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 Akita University; Tokushima Bunri University; Keio University; Mitsubishi International Corporation (MIC); Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS); Kyorin University; University of Osaka
RP Ohteki, T (corresponding author), Akita Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Akita 0108543, Japan.
EM tohteki@med.akita-u.ac.jp
NR 34
TC 347
Z9 412
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7156
BP 929
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature06033
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202OM
UT WOS:000248912900047
PM 17713535
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Betts, RA
   Boucher, O
   Collins, M
   Cox, PM
   Falloon, PD
   Gedney, N
   Hemming, DL
   Huntingford, C
   Jones, CD
   Sexton, DMH
   Webb, MJ
AF Betts, Richard A.
   Boucher, Olivier
   Collins, Matthew
   Cox, Peter M.
   Falloon, Peter D.
   Gedney, Nicola
   Hemming, Deborah L.
   Huntingford, Chris
   Jones, Chris D.
   Sexton, David M. H.
   Webb, Mark J.
TI Projected increase in continental runoff due to plant responses to increasing carbon dioxide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID doubled atmospheric co2; climate-change; vegetation feedbacks; stomatal conductance; photosynthesis; evapotranspiration; transpiration; model
AB In addition to influencing climatic conditions directly through radiative forcing, increasing carbon dioxide concentration influences the climate system through its effects on plant physiology(1). Plant stomata generally open less widely under increased carbon dioxide concentration(2), which reduces transpiration(1,3-6) and thus leaves more water at the land surface(7). This driver of change in the climate system, which we term 'physiological forcing', has been detected in observational records of increasing average continental runoff over the twentieth century(8). Here we use an ensemble of experiments with a global climate model that includes a vegetation component to assess the contribution of physiological forcing to future changes in continental runoff, in the context of uncertainties in future precipitation. We find that the physiological effect of doubled carbon dioxide concentrations on plant transpiration increases simulated global mean runoff by 6 per cent relative to pre-industrial levels; an increase that is comparable to that simulated in response to radiatively forced climate change (11 +/- 6 per cent). Assessments of the effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentrations on the hydrological cycle that only consider radiative forcing(9-11) will therefore tend to underestimate future increases in runoff and overestimate decreases. This suggests that freshwater resources may be less limited than previously assumed under scenarios of future global warming, although there is still an increased risk of drought. Moreover, our results highlight that the practice of assessing the climate-forcing potential of all greenhouse gases in terms of their radiative forcing potential relative to carbon dioxide does not accurately reflect the relative effects of different greenhouse gases on freshwater resources.
C1 Met Off Hadley Ctr, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England.
   Univ Exeter, Sch Engn Comp & Math, Exeter EX4 4QF, Devon, England.
   Met Off, Joint Ctr Hydrometeorol Res, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England.
   Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England.
C3 Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre; University of Exeter; Met Office - UK; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)
RP Betts, RA (corresponding author), Met Off Hadley Ctr, Fitzroy Rd, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England.
EM richard.betts@metoffice.gov.uk
NR 30
TC 563
Z9 616
U1 3
U2 298
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7157
BP 1037
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature06045
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 205EU
UT WOS:000249097600035
PM 17728755
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stein, WE
   Mannolini, F
   Hernick, LV
   Landing, E
   Berry, CM
AF Stein, William E.
   Mannolini, Frank
   Hernick, Linda VanAller
   Landing, Ed
   Berry, Christopher M.
TI Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pseudosporochnus-nodosus leclercq; pietzschia-levis; new-york; middle; architecture; venezuela; belgium; banks; china; root
AB The evolution of trees of modern size growing together in forests fundamentally changed terrestrial ecosystems(1-3). The oldest trees are often thought to be of latest Devonian age ( about 380 - 360 Myr old) as indicated by the widespread occurrence of Archaeopteris (Progymnospermopsida)(4). Late Middle Devonian fossil tree stumps, rooted and still in life position, discovered in the 1870s from Gilboa, New York(5), and later named Eospermatopteris, are widely cited as evidence of the Earth's 'oldest forest'(6,7). However, their affinities and significance have proved to be elusive because the aerial portion of the plant has been unknown until now. Here we report spectacular specimens from Schoharie County, New York, showing an intact crown belonging to the cladoxylopsid Wattieza (Pseudosporochnales)(8) and its attachment to Eospermatopteris trunk and base. This evidence allows the reconstruction of a tall ( at least 8 m), tree-fern-like plant with a trunk bearing large branches in longitudinal ranks. The branches were probably abscised as frond-like modules. Lower portions of the trunk show longitudinal carbonaceous strands typical of Eospermatopteris, and a flat bottom with many small anchoring roots. These specimens provide new insight into Earth's earliest trees and forest ecosystems. The tree-fern-like morphology described here is the oldest example so far of an evolutionarily recurrent arborescent body plan within vascular plants. Given their modular construction, these plants probably produced abundant litter, indicating the potential for significant terrestrial carbon accumulation and a detritus-based arthropod fauna by the Middle Devonian period.
C1 SUNY Binghamton, Dept Biol Sci, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA.
   New York State Museum & Sci Serv, Albany, NY 12230 USA.
   Univ Cardiff Wales, Sch Earth Ocean & Planetary Sci, Cardiff CF10 3YE, Wales.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Binghamton University, SUNY; Cardiff University
RP Stein, WE (corresponding author), SUNY Binghamton, Dept Biol Sci, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA.
EM stein@binghamton.edu; chris.berry@earth.cf.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 178
Z9 207
U1 1
U2 69
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7138
BP 904
EP 907
DI 10.1038/nature05705
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 158IR
UT WOS:000245785700040
PM 17443185
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, W
   Tu, DQ
   Brunger, AT
   Ye, YH
AF Li, Wei
   Tu, Daqi
   Brunger, Axel T.
   Ye, Yihong
TI A ubiquitin ligase transfers preformed polyubiquitin chains from a conjugating enzyme to a substrate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum stress; protein ligase; degradation; domain; herp; complex; cdc34; pathway; lysine; gp78
AB In eukaryotic cells, many short-lived proteins are conjugated with Lys48-linked ubiquitin chains and degraded by the proteasome(1). Ubiquitination requires an activating enzyme (E1), a conjugating enzyme (E2) and a ligase (E3)(2). Most ubiquitin ligases use either a HECT (homologous to E6-associated protein C terminus) or a RING (really interesting new gene) domain to catalyse polyubiquitination(3), but the mechanism of E3 catalysis is poorly defined(4). Here we dissect this process using mouse Ube2g2 (E2; identical at the amino acid level to human Ube2g2) and human gp78 (E3), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated conjugating system essential for the degradation of misfolded ER proteins(5,6). We demonstrate by expressing recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli that Ube2g2/gp78-mediated polyubiquitination involves preassembly of Lys48-linked ubiquitin chains at the catalytic cysteine of Ube2g2. The growth of Ube2g2-anchored ubiquitin chains seems to be mediated by an aminolysis-based transfer reaction between two Ube2g2 molecules that each carries a ubiquitin moiety in its active site. Intriguingly, polyubiquitination of a substrate can be achieved by transferring preassembled ubiquitin chains from Ube2g2 to a lysine residue in a substrate.
C1 NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Physiol Neurol & Neurol Sci S, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, SSRL, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
RP Ye, YH (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM yihongy@mail.nih.gov
FU Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 181
Z9 243
U1 2
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7133
BP 333
EP 337
DI 10.1038/nature05542
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145VC
UT WOS:000244892900049
PM 17310145
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schorghofer, N
AF Schorghofer, Norbert
TI Dynamics of ice ages on Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ground ice; astronomical theory; high obliquity; near-surface; deposits; precipitation; insolation; latitudes; stability; hydrogen
AB Unlike Earth, where astronomical climate forcing is comparatively small, Mars experiences dramatic changes in incident sunlight that are capable of redistributing ice on a global scale(1-6). The geographic extent of the subsurface ice found poleward of approximately +/-60 degrees latitude on both hemispheres of Mars(7-9) coincides with the areas where ice is stable(7,10,11). However, the tilt of Mars' rotation axis (obliquity) changed considerably in the past several million years. Earlier work(3,12) has shown that regions of ice stability, which are defined by temperature and atmospheric humidity, differed in the recent past from today's, and subsurface ice is expected to retreat quickly when unstable(11-13). Here I explain how the subsurface ice sheets could have evolved to the state in which we see them today. Simulations of the retreat and growth of ground ice as a result of sublimation loss and recharge reveal forty major ice ages over the past five million years. Today, this gives rise to pore ice at mid-latitudes and a three-layered depth distribution in the high latitudes of, from top to bottom, a dry layer, pore ice, and a massive ice sheet. Combined, these layers provide enough ice to be compatible with existing neutron and gamma-ray measurements(7-9).
C1 Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); University of Hawaii System
RP Schorghofer, N (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, 2680 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
EM norbert@hawaii.edu
NR 25
TC 93
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7159
BP 192
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature06082
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 209NF
UT WOS:000249394500043
PM 17851518
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Menneken, M
   Nemchin, AA
   Geisler, T
   Pidgeon, RT
   Wilde, SA
AF Menneken, Martina
   Nemchin, Alexander A.
   Geisler, Thorsten
   Pidgeon, Robert T.
   Wilde, Simon A.
TI Hadean diamonds in zircon from Jack Hills, Western Australia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID minimum melting conditions; old detrital zircons; continental-crust; raman-spectroscopy; kimi complex; ga zircons; mt-narryer; earth; graphite; microdiamonds
AB Detrital zircons more than 4 billion years old from the Jack Hills metasedimentary belt, Yilgarn craton, Western Australia, are the oldest identified fragments of the Earth's crust(1,2) and are unique in preserving information on the earliest evolution of the Earth. Inclusions of quartz, K-feldspar and monazite in the zircons(3), in combination with an enrichment of light rare-earth elements(4,5) and an estimated low zircon crystallization temperature(6), have previously been used as evidence for early recycling of continental crust, leading to the production of granitic melts in the Hadean era. Here we present the discovery of microdiamond inclusions in Jack Hills zircons with an age range from 3,0586 +/- 7 to 4,2526 +/- 7 million years. These include the oldest known diamonds found in terrestrial rocks, and introduce a new dimension to the debate on the origin of these zircons and the evolution of the early Earth(6-10). The spread of ages indicates that either conditions required for diamond formation were repeated several times during early Earth history or that there was significant recycling of ancient diamond. Mineralogical features of the Jack Hills diamonds-such as their occurrence in zircon, their association with graphite and their Raman spectroscopic characteristics-resemble those of diamonds formed during ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism and, unless conditions on the early Earth were unique, imply a relatively thick continental lithosphere and crust-mantle interaction at least 4,250 million years ago.
C1 Univ Munster, Inst Mineral, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
   Curtin Univ Technol, Western Australian Sch Mines, Dept Appl Geol, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
C3 University of Munster; Curtin University
RP Menneken, M (corresponding author), Univ Munster, Inst Mineral, Corrensstr 24, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
EM m_menn03@uni-muenster.de; tgeisler@nwz.uni-muenster.de
NR 35
TC 94
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7156
BP 917
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature06083
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202OM
UT WOS:000248912900044
PM 17713532
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Minegishi, Y
   Saito, M
   Tsuchiya, S
   Tsuge, I
   Takada, H
   Hara, T
   Kawamura, N
   Ariga, T
   Pasic, S
   Stojkovic, O
   Metin, A
   Karasuyama, H
AF Minegishi, Yoshiyuki
   Saito, Masako
   Tsuchiya, Shigeru
   Tsuge, Ikuya
   Takada, Hidetoshi
   Hara, Toshiro
   Kawamura, Nobuaki
   Ariga, Tadashi
   Pasic, Srdjan
   Stojkovic, Oliver
   Metin, Ayse
   Karasuyama, Hajime
TI Dominant-negative mutations in the DNA-binding domain of STAT3 cause hyper-IgE syndrome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID b-cell development; allergic disease; pathway; interleukin-6; activation; immunity; innate; roles
AB Hyper-immunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES) is a compound primary immunodeficiency characterized by a highly elevated serum IgE, recurrent staphylococcal skin abscesses and cyst-forming pneumonia, with disproportionately milder inflammatory responses, referred to as cold abscesses, and skeletal abnormalities(1). Although some cases of familial HIES with autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance have been reported, most cases of HIES are sporadic, and their pathogenesis has remained mysterious for a long time. Here we show that dominant-negative mutations in the human signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) gene result in the classical multisystem HIES. We found that eight out of fifteen unrelated non-familial HIES patients had heterozygous STAT3 mutations, but their parents and siblings did not have the mutant STAT3 alleles, suggesting that these were de novo mutations. Five different mutations were found, all of which were located in the STAT3 DNA-binding domain. The patients' peripheral blood cells showed defective responses to cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, and the DNA-binding ability of STAT3 in these cells was greatly diminished. All five mutants were non-functional by themselves and showed dominant-negative effects when co-expressed with wild-type STAT3. These results highlight the multiple roles played by STAT3 in humans, and underline the critical involvement of multiple cytokine pathways in the pathogenesis of HIES.
C1 Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, Dept Immune Regulat, Tokyo 1138519, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan.
   Fujita Hlth Univ, Dept Pediat, Aichi 4701192, Japan.
   Kyushu Univ, Dept Pediat, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
   Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608638, Japan.
   Mother & Child Hlth Inst Serbia, Belgrade 11070, Serbia.
   Univ Belgrade, Inst Forens Med, Lab Forens Genet, Belgrade 11070, Serbia.
   SB Ankara Diskapi Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat Immunol, TR-06110 Ankara, Turkey.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Medical & Dental University (TMDU); Tohoku University; Fujita Health University; Kyushu University; Hokkaido University; University of Belgrade; Ankara Children's Hematology Oncology Training & Research Hospital
RP Minegishi, Y (corresponding author), Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, Dept Immune Regulat, Tokyo 1138519, Japan.
EM yminegishi.mbch@tmd.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 840
Z9 941
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7157
BP 1058
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature06096
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 205EU
UT WOS:000249097600040
PM 17676033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eisner, JA
AF Eisner, J. A.
TI Water vapour and hydrogen in the terrestrial-planet-forming region of a protoplanetary disk
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular clouds; accretion; emission; stellar; spectroscopy; stars
AB Planetary systems (ours included) formed in disks of dust and gas around young stars. Disks are an integral part of the star and planet formation process(1,2), and knowledge of the distribution and temperature of inner-disk material is crucial for understanding terrestrial planet formation(3), giant planet migration(4), and accretion onto the central star(5). Although the inner regions of protoplanetary disks in nearby star-forming regions subtend only a few nano-radians, near-infrared interferometry has recently enabled the spatial resolution of these terrestrial zones. Most observations have probed only dust(6), which typically dominates the near-infrared emission. Here I report spectrally dispersed near-infrared interferometric observations that probe the gas (which dominates the mass and dynamics of the inner disk), in addition to the dust, within one astronomical unit (1 AU, the Sun Earth distance) of the young star MWC480. I resolve gas, including water vapour and atomic hydrogen, interior to the edge of the dust disk; this contrasts with results of previous spectrally dispersed interferometry observations(7,8). Interactions of this accreting gas with migrating planets may lead to short-period exoplanets like those detected around main-sequence stars(4). The observed water vapour is probably produced by the sublimation of migrating icy bodies(9), and provides a potential reservoir of water for terrestrial planets(10).
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Eisner, JA (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, 601 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM jae@astro.berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 46
Z9 49
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7144
BP 562
EP 564
DI 10.1038/nature05867
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 172YZ
UT WOS:000246842000041
PM 17538613
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gonnermann, HM
   Mukhopadhyay, S
AF Gonnermann, Helge M.
   Mukhopadhyay, Sujoy
TI Non-equilibrium degassing and a primordial source for helium in ocean-island volcanism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rare-gas systematics; midocean ridge; upper-mantle; loihi seamount; earths mantle; popping rock; noble-gases; basalts; geochemistry; constraints
AB Radioactive decay of uranium and thorium produces He-4, whereas He-3 in the Earth's mantle is not produced by radioactive decay and was only incorporated during accretion-that is, it is primordial(1). He-3/He-4 ratios in many ocean-island basalts (OIBs) that erupt at hotspot volcanoes, such as Hawaii and Iceland, can be up to sixfold higher than in mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs). This is inferred to be the result of outgassing by melt production at mid-ocean ridges in conjunction with radiogenic ingrowth of He-4, which has led to a volatile-depleted upper mantle (MORB source) with low He-3 concentrations and low He-3/He-4 ratios(2-6). Consequently, high He-3/He-4 ratios in OIBs are conventionally viewed as evidence for an undegassed, primitive mantle source, which is sampled by hot, buoyantly upwelling deep-mantle plumes(3,6,7). However, this conventional model provides no viable explanation of why helium concentrations and elemental ratios of He/Ne and He/Ar in OIBs are an order of magnitude lower than in MORBs. This has been described as the 'helium concentration paradox'(8) and has contributed to a long-standing controversy about the structure and dynamics of the Earth's mantle. Here we show that the helium concentration paradox, as well as the full range of noble-gas concentrations observed in MORB and OIB glasses, can self-consistently be explained by disequilibrium open-system degassing of the erupting magma. We show that a higher CO2 content in OIBs than in MORBs leads to more extensive degassing of helium in OIB magmas and that noble gases in OIB lavas can be derived from a largely undegassed primitive mantle source.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Gonnermann, HM (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, SOEST, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
EM helge@hawaii.edu
NR 33
TC 88
Z9 98
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1037
EP 1040
DI 10.1038/nature06240
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000049
PM 17960241
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prevedel, R
   Walther, P
   Tiefenbacher, F
   Böhl, P
   Kaltenbaek, R
   Jennewein, T
   Zeilinger, A
AF Prevedel, Robert
   Walther, Philip
   Tiefenbacher, Felix
   Böhl, Pascal
   Kaltenbaek, Rainer
   Jennewein, Thomas
   Zeilinger, Anton
TI High-speed linear optics quantum computing using active feed-forward
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID teleportation; states; information; computation
AB As information carriers in quantum computing(1), photonic qubits have the advantage of undergoing negligible decoherence. However, the absence of any significant photon - photon interaction is problematic for the realization of non-trivial two-qubit gates. One solution is to introduce an effective nonlinearity by measurements resulting in probabilistic gate operations(2,3). In one-way quantum computation(4-8), the random quantum measurement error can be overcome by applying a feed-forward technique, such that the future measurement basis depends on earlier measurement results. This technique is crucial for achieving deterministic quantum computation once a cluster state ( the highly entangled multiparticle state on which one-way quantum computation is based) is prepared. Here we realize a concatenated scheme of measurement and active feed-forward in a one-way quantum computing experiment. We demonstrate that, for a perfect cluster state and no photon loss, our quantum computation scheme would operate with good fidelity and that our feed-forward components function with very high speed and low error for detected photons. With present technology, the individual computational step ( in our case the individual feed-forward cycle) can be operated in less than 150 ns using electro-optical modulators. This is an important result for the future development of one-way quantum computers, whose large-scale implementation will depend on advances in the production and detection of the required highly entangled cluster states.
C1 Univ Vienna, Inst Expt Phys, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantum Opt & Quantum Informat, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Vienna; Harvard University; Austrian Academy of Sciences
RP Prevedel, R (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Inst Expt Phys, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
EM robert.prevedel@univie.ac.at; zeilinger-office@quantum.at
NR 30
TC 307
Z9 337
U1 1
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7123
BP 65
EP 69
DI 10.1038/nature05346
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122KG
UT WOS:000243225100036
PM 17203057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dial, OE
   Ashoori, RC
   Pfeiffer, LN
   West, KW
AF Dial, O. E.
   Ashoori, R. C.
   Pfeiffer, L. N.
   West, K. W.
TI High-resolution spectroscopy of two-dimensional electron systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID density-of-states; gas; gaas; liquid
AB Spectroscopic methods involving the sudden injection or ejection of electrons in materials are a powerful probe of electronic structure and interactions(1). These techniques, such as photoemission and tunnelling, yield measurements of the 'single-particle' density of states spectrum of a system(2). This density of states is proportional to the probability of successfully injecting or ejecting an electron in these experiments. It is equal to the number of electronic states in the system able to accept an injected electron as a function of its energy, and is among the most fundamental and directly calculable quantities in theories of highly interacting systems(3). However, the two-dimensional electron system (2DES), host to remarkable correlated electron states such as the fractional quantum Hall effect(4), has proved difficult to probe spectroscopically. Here we present an improved version of time-domain capacitance spectroscopy(5) that allows us to measure the single-particle density of states of a 2DES with unprecedented fidelity and resolution. Using the method, we perform measurements of a cold 2DES, providing direct measurements of interesting correlated electronic effects at energies that are difficult to reach with other techniques; these effects include the single-particle exchange-enhanced spin gap(6), single-particle lifetimes(7) in the quantum Hall system, and exchange splitting of Landau levels not at the Fermi surface.
C1 MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Bell Labs, Alcatel Lucent, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent
RP Ashoori, RC (corresponding author), MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM dial@alum.mit.edu; ashoori@mit.edu
NR 26
TC 69
Z9 85
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7150
BP 176
EP 179
DI 10.1038/nature05982
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 188QN
UT WOS:000247934500038
PM 17625561
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kump, LR
   Barley, ME
AF Kump, Lee R.
   Barley, Mark E.
TI Increased subaerial volcanism and the rise of atmospheric oxygen 2.5 billion years ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mass-independent fractionation; multiple-sulfur; evolution; tectonics; sediments; isotopes; ratios
AB The hypothesis that the establishment of a permanently oxygenated atmosphere at the Archaean-Proterozoic transition (similar to 2.5 billion years ago) occurred when oxygen-producing cyanobacteria evolved(1) is contradicted by biomarker evidence for their presence in rocks 200 million years older(2). To sustain vanishingly low oxygen levels despite near-modern rates of oxygen production from similar to 2.7-2.5 billion years ago thus requires that oxygen sinks must have been much larger than they are now. Here we propose that the rise of atmospheric oxygen occurred because the predominant sink for oxygen in the Archaean era-enhanced submarine volcanism-was abruptly and permanently diminished during the Archaean-Proterozoic transition. Observations(3-5) are consistent with the corollary that subaerial volcanism only became widespread after a major tectonic episode of continental stabilization at the beginning of the Proterozoic. Submarine volcanoes are more reducing than subaerial volcanoes(6), so a shift from predominantly submarine to a mix of subaerial and submarine volcanism more similar to that observed today would have reduced the overall sink for oxygen and led to the rise of atmospheric oxygen.
C1 Penn State Univ, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Western Australia, Sch Earth & Geog Sci, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Western Australia
RP Kump, LR (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, 535 Deike Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM lkump@psu.edu
NR 30
TC 321
Z9 371
U1 0
U2 129
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7157
BP 1033
EP 1036
DI 10.1038/nature06058
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 205EU
UT WOS:000249097600034
PM 17728754
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koskinen, TT
   Aylward, AD
   Miller, S
AF Koskinen, Tommi T.
   Aylward, Alan D.
   Miller, Steve
TI A stability limit for the atmospheres of giant extrasolar planets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h-3(+); evaporation; evolution; hydrogen; escape
AB Recent observations of the planet HD209458b indicate that it is surrounded by an expanded atmosphere of atomic hydrogen that is escaping hydrodynamically(1-3). Theoretically, it has been shown that such escape is possible at least inside an orbit of 0.1 AU ( refs 4 and 5), and also that H-3(+) ions play a crucial role in cooling the upper atmosphere(5,6). Jupiter's atmosphere is stable(7), so somewhere between 5 and 0.1 AU there must be a crossover between stability and instability. Here we show that there is a sharp breakdown in atmospheric stability between 0.14 and 0.16 AU for a Jupiter- like planet orbiting a solar- type star. These results are in contrast to earlier modelling(4,8) that implied much higher thermospheric temperatures and more significant evaporation farther from the star. ( We use a three- dimensional, time- dependent coupled thermosphere - ionosphere model(6) and properly include cooling by H-3(+) ions, allowing us to model globally the redistribution of heat and changes in molecular composition.) Between 0.2 and 0.16 AU cooling by H-3(+) ions balances heating by the star, but inside 0.16 AU molecular hydrogen dissociates thermally, suppressing the formation of H-3(+) and effectively shutting down that mode of cooling.
RP Koskinen, TT (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, Atmospher Phys Lab, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM tommi@apl.ucl.ac.uk
NR 16
TC 85
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 845
EP 848
DI 10.1038/nature06378
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900048
PM 18064005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clayton, E
   Doupé, DP
   Klein, AM
   Winton, DJ
   Simons, BD
   Jones, PH
AF Clayton, Elizabeth
   Doupe, David P.
   Klein, Allon M.
   Winton, Douglas J.
   Simons, Benjamin D.
   Jones, Philip H.
TI A single type of progenitor cell maintains normal epidermis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID label-retaining cells; stem-cells; mouse epidermis; in-vivo; divisions; skin; follicle; proliferation; neurogenesis; epithelium
AB According to the current model of adult epidermal homeostasis, skin tissue is maintained by two discrete populations of progenitor cells: self-renewing stem cells; and their progeny, known as transit amplifying cells, which differentiate after several rounds of cell division(1-3). By making use of inducible genetic labelling, we have tracked the fate of a representative sample of progenitor cells in mouse tail epidermis at single-cell resolution in vivo at time intervals up to one year. Here we show that clone-size distributions are consistent with a new model of homeostasis involving only one type of progenitor cell. These cells are found to undergo both symmetric and asymmetric division at rates that ensure epidermal homeostasis. The results raise important questions about the potential role of stem cells on tissue maintenance in vivo.
C1 Hutchison MRC Res Ctr, MRC Canc Cell Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Canc Res UK Cambridge Res Inst, Li Ka Shing Ctr, Cambridge CB2 0RE, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; CRUK Cambridge Institute; Cancer Research UK
RP Jones, PH (corresponding author), Hutchison MRC Res Ctr, MRC Canc Cell Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, England.
EM phj20@hutchison-mrc.cam.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U105370181, G0300723B] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [MC_U105370181] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U105370181] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 673
Z9 819
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7132
BP 185
EP 189
DI 10.1038/nature05574
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 143JS
UT WOS:000244718100040
PM 17330052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gilmore, CK
   McCarthy, SE
   Spelke, ES
AF Gilmore, Camilla K.
   McCarthy, Shannon E.
   Spelke, Elizabeth S.
TI Symbolic arithmetic knowledge without instruction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID number words; children
AB Symbolic arithmetic is fundamental to science, technology and economics, but its acquisition by children typically requires years of effort, instruction and drill(1,2). When adults perform mental arithmetic, they activate nonsymbolic, approximate number representations(3,4), and their performance suffers if this nonsymbolic system is impaired(5). Nonsymbolic number representations also allow adults, children, and even infants to add or subtract pairs of dot arrays and to compare the resulting sum or difference to a third array, provided that only approximate accuracy is required(6-10). Here we report that young children, who have mastered verbal counting and are on the threshold of arithmetic instruction, can build on their nonsymbolic number system to perform symbolic addition and subtraction(11-15). Children across a broad socio-economic spectrum solved symbolic problems involving approximate addition or subtraction of large numbers, both in a laboratory test and in a school setting. Aspects of symbolic arithmetic therefore lie within the reach of children who have learned no algorithms for manipulating numerical symbols. Our findings help to delimit the sources of children's difficulties learning symbolic arithmetic, and they suggest ways to enhance children's engagement with formal mathematics.
C1 Univ Nottingham, Learning Sci Res Inst, Nottingham NG8 1BB, England.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 University of Nottingham; Harvard University
RP Gilmore, CK (corresponding author), Univ Nottingham, Learning Sci Res Inst, Wollaton Rd, Nottingham NG8 1BB, England.
EM camilla.gilmore@nottingham.ac.uk; spelke@wjh.harvard.edu
NR 19
TC 211
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 61
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7144
BP 589
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature05850
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 172YZ
UT WOS:000246842000048
PM 17538620
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Massé, K
   Bhamra, S
   Eason, R
   Dale, N
   Jones, EA
AF Masse, Karine
   Bhamra, Surinder
   Eason, Robert
   Dale, Nicholas
   Jones, Elizabeth A.
TI Purine-mediated signalling triggers eye development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; vertebrate eye; growth-factor; homeobox gene; pineal-gland; xenopus; atp; expression; tissue; proliferation
AB A conserved network of eye field transcription factors (EFTFs) underlies the development of the eye in vertebrates and invertebrates(1). To direct eye development, Pax6, a key gene in this network(2,3), interacts with genes encoding other EFTFs such as Rx1 and Six3 (refs 4-6). However, the mechanisms that control expression of the EFTFs remain unclear(7). Here we show that purine-mediated signalling triggers both EFTF expression and eye development in Xenopus laevis. Overexpression of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (E-NTPDase2)(8), an ectoenzyme that converts ATP to ADP(9), caused ectopic eye-like structures, with occasional complete duplication of the eye, and increased expression of Pax6, Rx1 and Six3. In contrast, down-regulation of endogenous E-NTPDase2 decreased Rx1 and Pax6 expression. E-NTPDase2 therefore acts upstream of these EFTFs. To test whether ADP (the product of E-NTPDase2) might act to trigger eye development through P2Y1 receptors, selective in Xenopus for ADP(10,11), we simultaneously knocked down expression of the genes encoding E-NTPDase2 and the P2Y1 receptor. This could prevent the expression of Rx1 and Pax6 and eye formation completely. We next measured ATP release(12-14) in the presumptive eye field, demonstrating a transient release of ATP at a time that could plausibly trigger (once converted to ADP) expression of the EFTFs. This surprising role for transient purine-mediated signalling in eye development may be widely conserved, because alterations to the locus of E-NTPDase2 on human chromosome 9 cause severe head and eye defects, including microphthalmia(15-18). Our results suggest a new mechanism for the initiation of eye development.
C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
C3 University of Warwick
RP Dale, N (corresponding author), Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
EM n.e.dale@warwick.ac.uk; elizabeth.jones@warwick.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 33
TC 108
Z9 125
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1058
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature06189
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000054
PM 17960245
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carpten, JD
   Faber, AL
   Horn, C
   Donoho, GP
   Briggs, SL
   Robbins, CM
   Hostetter, G
   Boguslawski, S
   Moses, TY
   Savage, S
   Uhlik, M
   Lin, AM
   Du, J
   Qian, YW
   Zeckner, DJ
   Tucker-Kellogg, G
   Touchman, J
   Patel, K
   Mousses, S
   Bittner, M
   Schevitz, R
   Lai, MHT
   Blanchard, KL
   Thomas, JE
AF Carpten, John D.
   Faber, Andrew L.
   Horn, Candice
   Donoho, Gregory P.
   Briggs, Stephen L.
   Robbins, Christiane M.
   Hostetter, Galen
   Boguslawski, Sophie
   Moses, Tracy Y.
   Savage, Stephanie
   Uhlik, Mark
   Lin, Aimin
   Du, Jian
   Qian, Yue-Wei
   Zeckner, Douglas J.
   Tucker-Kellogg, Greg
   Touchman, Jeffrey
   Patel, Ketan
   Mousses, Spyro
   Bittner, Michael
   Schevitz, Richard
   Lai, Mei-Huei T.
   Blanchard, Kerry L.
   Thomas, James E.
TI A transforming mutation in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1 in cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase-b; pik3ca gene; breast cancers; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; oncogenic transformation; signaling pathway; high-frequency; activation; akt/pkb; protooncogene
AB Although AKT1 (v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue 1) kinase is a central member of possibly the most frequently activated proliferation and survival pathway in cancer, mutation of AKT1 has not been widely reported. Here we report the identification of a somatic mutation in human breast, colorectal and ovarian cancers that results in a glutamic acid to lysine substitution at amino acid 17 (E17K) in the lipid-binding pocket of AKT1. Lys 17 alters the electrostatic interactions of the pocket and forms new hydrogen bonds with a phosphoinositide ligand. This mutation activates AKT1 by means of pathological localization to the plasma membrane, stimulates downstream signalling, transforms cells and induces leukaemia in mice. This mechanism indicates a direct role of AKT1 in human cancer, and adds to the known genetic alterations that promote oncogenesis through the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/AKT pathway. Furthermore, the E17K substitution decreases the sensitivity to an allosteric kinase inhibitor, so this mutation may have important clinical utility for AKT drug development.
C1 Lilly Corp Ctr, Lilly Res Labs, Canc Discovery Res, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA.
   Translat Genom Res Inst, Div Integrated Canc Genom, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA.
   Lilly Corp Ctr, Lilly Res Labs, Global Struct Biol, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA.
   Lilly Corp Ctr, Lilly Res Labs, Integrat Biol, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA.
   Lilly Singapore, Ctr Drug Discovery, Singapore 117528, Singapore.
   Translat Genom Res Inst, Scottsdale, AZ 85259 USA.
C3 Eli Lilly; Lilly Research Laboratories; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Eli Lilly; Lilly Research Laboratories; Eli Lilly; Lilly Research Laboratories; Translational Genomics Research Institute
RP Blanchard, KL (corresponding author), Lilly Corp Ctr, Lilly Res Labs, Canc Discovery Res, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA.
EM kblanc@lilly.com; thomas_james_e@lilly.com
NR 37
TC 1059
Z9 1278
U1 1
U2 86
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7152
BP 439
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature05933
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 193VG
UT WOS:000248302700040
PM 17611497
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parker, JB
   Bianchet, MA
   Krosky, DJ
   Friedman, JI
   Amzel, LM
   Stivers, JT
AF Parker, Jared B.
   Bianchet, Mario A.
   Krosky, Daniel J.
   Friedman, Joshua I.
   Amzel, L. Mario
   Stivers, James T.
TI Enzymatic capture of an extrahelical thymine in the search for uracil in DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flipping mechanism; glycosylase; kinetics; repair; catalysis; excision; nmr
AB The enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) excises unwanted uracil bases in the genome using an extrahelical base recognition mechanism. Efficient removal of uracil is essential for prevention of C-to-T transition mutations arising from cytosine deamination, cytotoxic U center dot A pairs arising from incorporation of dUTP in DNA, and for increasing immunoglobulin gene diversity during the acquired immune response. A central event in all of these UNG-mediated processes is the singling out of rare U center dot A or U center dot G base pairs in a background of approximately 10(9) T center dot A or C center dot G base pairs in the human genome. Here we establish for the human and Escherichia coli enzymes that discrimination of thymine and uracil is initiated by thermally induced opening of T center dot A and U center dot A base pairs and not by active participation of the enzyme. Thus, base-pair dynamics has a critical role in the genome-wide search for uracil, and may be involved in initial damage recognition by other DNA repair glycosylases.
C1 Johns Hopkins Med Sch, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Med Sch, Dept Biophys & Biophys Chem, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine
RP Stivers, JT (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Med Sch, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM jstivers@jhmi.edu
FU National Institute of General Medical Sciences [R01GM056834] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM066895, R01 GM056834] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 179
Z9 214
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7161
BP 433
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature06131
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214GQ
UT WOS:000249724800034
PM 17704764
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sanjuan, MA
   Dillon, CP
   Tait, SWG
   Moshiach, S
   Dorsey, F
   Connell, S
   Komatsu, M
   Tanaka, K
   Cleveland, JL
   Withoff, S
   Green, DR
AF Sanjuan, Miguel A.
   Dillon, Christopher P.
   Tait, Stephen W. G.
   Moshiach, Simon
   Dorsey, Frank
   Connell, Samuel
   Komatsu, Masaaki
   Tanaka, Keiji
   Cleveland, John L.
   Withoff, Sebo
   Green, Douglas R.
TI Toll-like receptor signalling in macrophages links the autophagy pathway to phagocytosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phagosome maturation; legionella-pneumophila; class-i; innate; immunity; defense; system; roles
AB Phagocytosis and autophagy are two ancient, highly conserved processes involved, respectively, in the removal of extracellular organisms and the destruction of organisms in the cytosol(1-3). Autophagy, for either metabolic regulation or defence, involves the formation of a double membrane called the autophagosome, which then fuses with lysosomes to degrade the contents(4), a process that has similarities with phagosome maturation. Toll-like-receptor ( TLR) engagement activates a variety of defence mechanisms within phagocytes(5), including facilitation of phagosome maturation(6), and also engages autophagy(7). Therefore we speculated that TLR signalling might link these processes to enhance the function of conventional phagosomes. Here we show that a particle that engages TLRs on a murine macrophage while it is phagocytosed triggers the autophagosome marker LC3 to be rapidly recruited to the phagosome in a manner that depends on the autophagy pathway proteins ATG5 and ATG7; this process is preceded by recruitment of beclin 1 and phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase activity. Translocation of beclin 1 and LC3 to the phagosome was not associated with observable double- membrane structures characteristic of conventional autophagosomes, but was associated with phagosome fusion with lysosomes, leading to rapid acidification and enhanced killing of the ingested organism.
C1 St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Immunol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Tumor Cell Biol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Biochem, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Lab Frontier Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138613, Japan.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Canc Biol, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology
RP Green, DR (corresponding author), St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Immunol, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
EM douglas.green@stjude.org
NR 30
TC 1129
Z9 1299
U1 2
U2 168
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1253
EP 1257
DI 10.1038/nature06421
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200055
PM 18097414
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chalasani, SH
   Chronis, N
   Tsunozaki, M
   Gray, JM
   Ramot, D
   Goodman, MB
   Bargmann, CI
AF Chalasani, Sreekanth H.
   Chronis, Nikos
   Tsunozaki, Makoto
   Gray, Jesse M.
   Ramot, Daniel
   Goodman, Miriam B.
   Bargmann, Cornelia I.
TI Dissecting a circuit for olfactory behaviour in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glr-1 glutamate-receptor; gated chloride channel; step-response analysis; c-elegans; neural activity; nervous-system; neurons encode; thermotaxis; chemotaxis; expression
AB Although many properties of the nervous system are shared among animals and systems, it is not known whether different neuronal circuits use common strategies to guide behaviour. Here we characterize information processing by Caenorhabditis elegans olfactory neurons (AWC) and interneurons (AIB and AIY) that control food- and odour-evoked behaviours. Using calcium imaging and mutations that affect specific neuronal connections, we show that AWC neurons are activated by odour removal and activate the AIB interneurons through AMPA-type glutamate receptors. The level of calcium in AIB interneurons is elevated for several minutes after odour removal, a neuronal correlate to the prolonged behavioural response to odour withdrawal. The AWC neuron inhibits AIY interneurons through glutamate-gated chloride channels; odour presentation relieves this inhibition and results in activation of AIY interneurons. The opposite regulation of AIY and AIB interneurons generates a coordinated behavioural response. Information processing by this circuit resembles information flow from vertebrate photoreceptors to 'OFF' bipolar and 'ON' bipolar neurons, indicating a conserved or convergent strategy for sensory information processing.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Neural Circuits & Behav, New York, NY 10065 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Program Neurobiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Bargmann, CI (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Neural Circuits & Behav, New York, NY 10065 USA.
EM cori@rockefeller.edu
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS047715] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 481
Z9 658
U1 8
U2 93
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 63
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06292
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800036
PM 17972877
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ramirez, SR
   Gravendeel, B
   Singer, RB
   Marshall, CR
   Pierce, NE
AF Ramirez, Santiago R.
   Gravendeel, Barbara
   Singer, Rodrigo B.
   Marshall, Charles R.
   Pierce, Naomi E.
TI Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flowering plants; angiosperms; sequences; evolution; morphology; amber; age
AB Since the time of Darwin(1), evolutionary biologists have been fascinated by the spectacular adaptations to insect pollination exhibited by orchids. However, despite being the most diverse plant family on Earth(2), the Orchidaceae lack a definitive fossil record and thus many aspects of their evolutionary history remain obscure. Here we report an exquisitely preserved orchid pollinarium (of Meliorchis caribea gen. et sp. nov.) attached to the mesoscutellum of an extinct stingless bee, Proplebeia dominicana, recovered from Miocene amber in the Dominican Republic, that is 15-20 million years (Myr) old(3). This discovery constitutes both the first unambiguous fossil of Orchidaceae(4) and an unprecedented direct fossil observation of a plant-pollinator interaction(5,6). By applying cladistic methods to a morphological character matrix, we resolve the phylogenetic position of M. caribea within the extant subtribe Goodyerinae (subfamily Orchidoideae). We use the ages of other fossil monocots and M. caribea to calibrate a molecular phylogenetic tree of the Orchidaceae. Our results indicate that the most recent common ancestor of extant orchids lived in the Late Cretaceous (76-84 Myr ago), and also suggest that the dramatic radiation of orchids began shortly after the mass extinctions at the K/T boundary. These results further support the hypothesis of an ancient origin for Orchidaceae.
C1 Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Leiden Univ, Natl Herbarium Nederland, Leiden, Netherlands.
   Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Inst Biociencias, Dept Bot, BR-91501970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Harvard University
RP Ramirez, SR (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM sramirez@oeb.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 229
Z9 267
U1 3
U2 150
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7157
BP 1042
EP 1045
DI 10.1038/nature06039
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 205EU
UT WOS:000249097600036
PM 17728756
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lundqvist, T
   Fisher, SL
   Kern, G
   Folmer, RHA
   Xue, YF
   Newton, DT
   Keating, TA
   Alm, RA
   de Jonge, BLM
AF Lundqvist, Tomas
   Fisher, Stewart L.
   Kern, Gunther
   Folmer, Rutger H. A.
   Xue, Yafeng
   Newton, D. Trevor
   Keating, Thomas A.
   Alm, Richard A.
   de Jonge, Boudewijn L. M.
TI Exploitation of structural and regulatory diversity in glutamate racemases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acid transaminase; escherichia-coli; allosteric site; l-alanine; inhibition; mechanism; identification; phosphatase; mutagenesis; discovery
AB Glutamate racemase is an enzyme essential to the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis pathway, and has therefore been considered as a target for antibacterial drug discovery. We characterized the glutamate racemases of several pathogenic bacteria using structural and biochemical approaches. Here we describe three distinct mechanisms of regulation for the family of glutamate racemases: allosteric activation by metabolic precursors, kinetic regulation through substrate inhibition, and D-glutamate recycling using a D-amino acid transaminase. In a search for selective inhibitors, we identified a series of uncompetitive inhibitors specifically targeting Helicobacter pylori glutamate racemase that bind to a cryptic allosteric site, and used these inhibitors to probe the mechanistic and dynamic features of the enzyme. These structural, kinetic and mutational studies provide insight into the physiological regulation of these essential enzymes and provide a basis for designing narrow-spectrum antimicrobial agents.
C1 AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Infect Discovery, Waltham, MA 02451 USA.
   AstraZeneca R&D, AstraZeneca Global Struct Chem, SE-43188 Molndal, Sweden.
C3 AstraZeneca; AstraZeneca
RP Fisher, SL (corresponding author), AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Infect Discovery, Waltham, MA 02451 USA.
EM stewart.fisher@astrazeneca.com
NR 27
TC 124
Z9 172
U1 1
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7146
BP 817
EP 822
DI 10.1038/nature05689
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 178FV
UT WOS:000247207500035
PM 17568739
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sarkar, AK
   Luijten, M
   Miyashima, S
   Lenhard, M
   Hashimoto, T
   Nakajima, K
   Scheres, B
   Heidstra, R
   Laux, T
AF Sarkar, Ananda K.
   Luijten, Marijn
   Miyashima, Shunsuke
   Lenhard, Michael
   Hashimoto, Takashi
   Nakajima, Keiji
   Scheres, Ben
   Heidstra, Renze
   Laux, Thomas
TI Conserved factors regulate signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana shoot and root stem cell organizers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor; meristem; wuschel; gene; fate; maintenance; embryo; plants; niche; clv3
AB Throughout the lifespan of a plant, which in some cases can last more than one thousand years, the stem cell niches in the root and shoot apical meristems provide cells for the formation of complete root and shoot systems, respectively. Both niches are superficially different and it has remained unclear whether common regulatory mechanisms exist. Here we address whether root and shoot meristems use related factors for stem cell maintenance. In the root niche the quiescent centre cells, surrounded by the stem cells, express the homeobox gene WOX5 (WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5)(1), a homologue of the WUSCHEL (WUS) gene that non-cell-autonomously maintains stem cells in the shoot meristem(2). Loss of WOX5 function in the root meristem stem cell niche causes terminal differentiation in distal stem cells and, redundantly with other regulators, also provokes differentiation of the proximal meristem. Conversely, gain of WOX5 function blocks differentiation of distal stem cell descendents that normally differentiate. Importantly, both WOX5 and WUS maintain stem cells in either a root or shoot context. Together, our data indicate that stem cell maintenance signalling in both meristems employs related regulators.
C1 Univ Freiburg, Inst Biol 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
   Univ Utrecht, Dept Mol Cell Biol, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Grad Sch Biol Sci, Nara 6300192, Japan.
C3 University of Freiburg; Utrecht University; Nara Institute of Science & Technology
RP Laux, T (corresponding author), Univ Freiburg, Inst Biol 3, Schanzlestr 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
EM laux@biologie.uni-freiburg.de
NR 24
TC 892
Z9 1043
U1 13
U2 282
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7137
BP 811
EP 814
DI 10.1038/nature05703
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 156CX
UT WOS:000245626800044
PM 17429400
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Piccioni, G
   Drossart, P
   Sanchez-Lavega, A
   Hueso, R
   Taylor, FW
   Wilson, CF
   Grassi, D
   Zasova, L
   Moriconi, M
   Adriani, A
   Lebonnois, S
   Coradini, A
   Bézard, B
   Angrilli, F
   Arnold, G
   Baines, KH
   Bellucci, G
   Benkhoff, J
   Bibring, JP
   Blanco, A
   Blecka, MI
   Carlson, RW
   Di Lellis, A
   Encrenaz, T
   Erard, S
   Fonti, S
   Formisano, V
   Fouchet, T
   Garcia, R
   Haus, R
   Helbert, J
   Ignatiev, NI
   Irwin, PGJ
   Langevin, Y
   Lopez-Valverde, MA
   Luz, D
   Marinangeli, L
   Orofino, V
   Rodin, AV
   Roos-Serote, MC
   Saggin, B
   Stam, DM
   Titov, D
   Visconti, G
   Zambelli, M
AF Piccioni, G.
   Drossart, P.
   Sanchez-Lavega, A.
   Hueso, R.
   Taylor, F. W.
   Wilson, C. F.
   Grassi, D.
   Zasova, L.
   Moriconi, M.
   Adriani, A.
   Lebonnois, S.
   Coradini, A.
   Bezard, B.
   Angrilli, F.
   Arnold, G.
   Baines, K. H.
   Bellucci, G.
   Benkhoff, J.
   Bibring, J. P.
   Blanco, A.
   Blecka, M. I.
   Carlson, R. W.
   Di Lellis, A.
   Encrenaz, T.
   Erard, S.
   Fonti, S.
   Formisano, V.
   Fouchet, T.
   Garcia, R.
   Haus, R.
   Helbert, J.
   Ignatiev, N. I.
   Irwin, P. G. J.
   Langevin, Y.
   Lopez-Valverde, M. A.
   Luz, D.
   Marinangeli, L.
   Orofino, V.
   Rodin, A. V.
   Roos-Serote, M. C.
   Saggin, B.
   Stam, D. M.
   Titov, D.
   Visconti, G.
   Zambelli, M.
TI South-polar features on Venus similar to those near the North Pole
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cloud structure; pioneer orbiter; night-side; atmosphere; spectra
AB Venus has no seasons, slow rotation and a very massive atmosphere, which is mainly carbon dioxide with clouds primarily of sulphuric acid droplets. Infrared observations by previous missions to Venus revealed a bright 'dipole' feature surrounded by a cold 'collar' at its north pole(1-4). The polar dipole is a 'double-eye' feature at the centre of a vast vortex that rotates around the pole, and is possibly associated with rapid downwelling. The polar cold collar is a wide, shallow river of cold air that circulates around the polar vortex. One outstanding question has been whether the global circulation was symmetric, such that a dipole feature existed at the south pole. Here we report observations of Venus' south-polar region, where we have seen clouds with morphology much like those around the north pole, but rotating somewhat faster than the northern dipole. The vortex may extend down to the lower cloud layers that lie at about 50 km height and perhaps deeper. The spectroscopic properties of the clouds around the south pole are compatible with a sulphuric acid composition.
C1 INAF IASF, Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   CNR, ISAC, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   INAF IFSI, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Paris Diderot, UPMC, Observ Paris, LESIA, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Univ Basque Country, Escuela Super Ingn, Dept Fis Aplicada 1, Bilbao 48013, Spain.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Space Res, Moscow 117997, Russia.
   Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Padua, CISAS, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
   German Aerosp Ctr, DLR, Inst Planetary Explorat, Planetary Phys Sect, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91011 USA.
   Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Univ Lecce, Dipartimento Fis, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
   Polish Acad Sci, Space Res Ctr, PL-00716 Warsaw, Poland.
   AMDLSPACE srl, I-00149 Rome, Italy.
   Inst Phys Globe Paris, Dept Etud Spatiales, F-94107 St Maur des Fosses, France.
   CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
   Univ G DAnnunzio, Dipartimento Sci, Int Res Sch Planetary Sci, I-65127 Pescara, Italy.
   Univ Nova Lisboa, Ctr Astron & Astrofis, Observ Astron Lisboa, P-1349018 Lisbon, Portugal.
   Politecn Milan, I-23900 Lecce, Italy.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
   Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Fis, I-67010 Laquila, Italy.
C3 Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC-CNR); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Cite; University of Basque Country; University of Oxford; Russian Academy of Sciences; Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Sorbonne Universite; Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; University of Padua; Helmholtz Association; German Aerospace Centre (DLR); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Universite Paris Saclay; Sorbonne Universite; University of Salento; Polish Academy of Sciences; Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences; Universite Paris Cite; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); G d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Universidade de Lisboa; Polytechnic University of Milan; University of Amsterdam; Max Planck Society; University of L'Aquila
RP Piccioni, G (corresponding author), INAF IASF, Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, Via Fosso Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
EM Giuseppe.piccioni@iasf-roma.inaf.it
NR 19
TC 105
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 637
EP 640
DI 10.1038/nature06209
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700035
PM 18046395
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, NJ
   Mirtsos, C
   Suh, D
   Lu, YC
   Lin, WJ
   McKerlie, C
   Lee, T
   Baribault, H
   Tian, H
   Yeh, WC
AF Chen, Nien-Jung
   Mirtsos, Christine
   Suh, Daniel
   Lu, Yong-Chen
   Lin, Wen-Jye
   McKerlie, Colin
   Lee, Taeweon
   Baribault, Helene
   Tian, Hui
   Yeh, Wen-Chen
TI C5L2 is critical for the biological activities of the anaphylatoxins C5a and C3a
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemoattractant receptor; complement; component; neutrophils; activation; protein; cloning; reveal
AB Complement-derived anaphylatoxins regulate immune and inflammatory responses through G-protein-coupled receptor ( GPCR)mediated signalling(1-4). C5L2 ( also known as GPR77) is a relatively new GPCR thought to be a non-signalling receptor binding to C5a, on the basis of sequence information and experimental evidence(5-7). Here we show, using gene targeting, that C5L2 is required to facilitate C5a signalling in neutrophils, macrophages and fibroblasts in vitro. Deficiency of C5L2 results in reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, suggesting that C5L2 is critical for optimal C5a-mediated cell infiltration in certain in vivo settings. C5L2 is also involved in optimizing C3a-induced signals. Furthermore, like mice incapable of C3a/complement 3a receptor (C3aR) signalling(4,8,9), C5L2-deficient mice are hypersensitive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock, show reduced ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation, and are mildly delayed in haematopoietic cell regeneration after gamma-irradiation. Our data indicate that C5L2 can function as a positive modulator for both C5a- and C3a-anaphylatoxin-induced responses.
C1 Univ Toronto, Univ Hlth Network, Ontario Canc Inst, Campbell Family Inst Breast Canc Res, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Hosp Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Amgen San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); Amgen
RP Yeh, WC (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Univ Hlth Network, Ontario Canc Inst, Campbell Family Inst Breast Canc Res, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
EM weny@amgen.com
NR 24
TC 200
Z9 238
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 8
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7132
BP 203
EP 207
DI 10.1038/nature05559
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 143JS
UT WOS:000244718100044
PM 17322907
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pedersen, BP
   Buch-Pedersen, MJ
   Morth, JP
   Palmgren, MG
   Nissen, P
AF Pedersen, Bjorn P.
   Buch-Pedersen, Morten J.
   Morth, J. Preben
   Palmgren, Michael G.
   Nissen, Poul
TI Crystal structure of the plasma membrane proton pump
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h+-atpase; calcium-pump; rotation; bacteriorhodopsin; binding; sector; nmr
AB A prerequisite for life is the ability to maintain electrochemical imbalances across biomembranes. In all eukaryotes the plasma membrane potential and secondary transport systems are energized by the activity of P- type ATPase membrane proteins: H+-ATPase ( the proton pump) in plants and fungi(1-3), and Na+, K+-ATPase ( the sodium - potassium pump) in animals(4). The name P- type derives from the fact that these proteins exploit a phosphorylated reaction cycle intermediate of ATP hydrolysis(5). The plasma membrane proton pumps belong to the type III P- type ATPase subfamily, whereas Na+, K+-ATPase and Ca(2+-)ATPase are type II6. Electron microscopy has revealed the overall shape of proton pumps(7), however, an atomic structure has been lacking. Here we present the first structure of a P- type proton pump determined by X- ray crystallography. Ten transmembrane helices and three cytoplasmic domains define the functional unit of ATP- coupled proton transport across the plasma membrane, and the structure is locked in a functional state not previously observed in P- type ATPases. The transmembrane domain reveals a large cavity, which is likely to be filled with water, located near the middle of the membrane plane where it is lined by conserved hydrophilic and charged residues. Proton transport against a high membrane potential is readily explained by this structural arrangement.
C1 Danish Natl Res Fdn, Ctr Membrane Pumps Cells & Dis PUMPKIN, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
   Aarhus Univ, Dept Mol Biol, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
   Univ Copenhagen, Dept Plant Biol, Plant Physiol & Anat Lab, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
C3 Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Aarhus University; University of Copenhagen
RP Nissen, P (corresponding author), Danish Natl Res Fdn, Ctr Membrane Pumps Cells & Dis PUMPKIN, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
EM palmgren@life.ku.dk; pn@mb.au.dk
NR 39
TC 330
Z9 365
U1 3
U2 111
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1111
EP U19
DI 10.1038/nature06417
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900093
PM 18075595
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Qian, B
   Raman, S
   Das, R
   Bradley, P
   McCoy, AJ
   Read, RJ
   Baker, D
AF Qian, Bin
   Raman, Srivatsan
   Das, Rhiju
   Bradley, Philip
   McCoy, Airlie J.
   Read, Randy J.
   Baker, David
TI High-resolution structure prediction and the crystallographic phase problem
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-structure prediction; structure refinement; molecular-replacement; mass-spectrometry; structure models; nmr structures; x-ray; alignment; identification; information
AB The energy-based refinement of low-resolution protein structure models to atomic-level accuracy is a major challenge for computational structural biology. Here we describe a new approach to refining protein structure models that focuses sampling in regions most likely to contain errors while allowing the whole structure to relax in a physically realistic all-atom force field. In applications to models produced using nuclear magnetic resonance data and to comparative models based on distant structural homologues, the method can significantly improve the accuracy of the structures in terms of both the backbone conformations and the placement of core side chains. Furthermore, the resulting models satisfy a particularly stringent test: they provide significantly better solutions to the X-ray crystallographic phase problem in molecular replacement trials. Finally, we show that all-atom refinement can produce de novo protein structure predictions that reach the high accuracy required for molecular replacement without any experimental phase information and in the absence of templates suitable for molecular replacement from the Protein Data Bank. These results suggest that the combination of high-resolution structure prediction with state-of-the-art phasing tools may be unexpectedly powerful in phasing crystallographic data for which molecular replacement is hindered by the absence of sufficiently accurate previous models.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Biochem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Cambridge Inst Med Res, Dept Haematol, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Cambridge
RP Baker, D (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Biochem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM dabaker@u.washington.edu
FU Wellcome Trust [050211] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 257
Z9 348
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7167
BP 259
EP 264
DI 10.1038/nature06249
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228RC
UT WOS:000250746200052
PM 17934447
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lein, ES
   Hawrylycz, MJ
   Ao, N
   Ayres, M
   Bensinger, A
   Bernard, A
   Boe, AF
   Boguski, MS
   Brockway, KS
   Byrnes, EJ
   Chen, L
   Chen, L
   Chen, TM
   Chin, MC
   Chong, J
   Crook, BE
   Czaplinska, A
   Dang, CN
   Datta, S
   Dee, NR
   Desaki, AL
   Desta, T
   Diep, E
   Dolbeare, TA
   Donelan, MJ
   Dong, HW
   Dougherty, JG
   Duncan, BJ
   Ebbert, AJ
   Eichele, G
   Estin, LK
   Faber, C
   Facer, BA
   Fields, R
   Fischer, SR
   Fliss, TP
   Frensley, C
   Gates, SN
   Glattfelder, KJ
   Halverson, KR
   Hart, MR
   Hohmann, JG
   Howell, MP
   Jeung, DP
   Johnson, RA
   Karr, PT
   Kawal, R
   Kidney, JM
   Knapik, RH
   Kuan, CL
   Lake, JH
   Laramee, AR
   Larsen, KD
   Lau, C
   Lemon, TA
   Liang, AJ
   Liu, Y
   Luong, LT
   Michaels, J
   Morgan, JJ
   Morgan, RJ
   Mortrud, MT
   Mosqueda, NF
   Ng, LL
   Ng, R
   Orta, GJ
   Overly, CC
   Pak, TH
   Parry, SE
   Pathak, SD
   Pearson, OC
   Puchalski, RB
   Riley, ZL
   Rockett, HR
   Rowland, SA
   Royall, JJ
   Ruiz, MJ
   Sarno, NR
   Schaffnit, K
   Shapovalova, NV
   Sivisay, T
   Slaughterbeck, CR
   Smith, SC
   Smith, KA
   Smith, BI
   Sodt, AJ
   Stewart, NN
   Stumpf, KR
   Sunkin, SM
   Sutram, M
   Tam, A
   Teemer, CD
   Thaller, C
   Thompson, CL
   Varnam, LR
   Visel, A
   Whitlock, RM
   Wohnoutka, PE
   Wolkey, CK
   Wong, VY
   Wood, M
   Yaylaoglu, MB
   Young, RC
   Youngstrom, BL
   Yuan, XF
   Zhang, B
   Zwingman, TA
   Jones, AR
AF Lein, Ed S.
   Hawrylycz, Michael J.
   Ao, Nancy
   Ayres, Mikael
   Bensinger, Amy
   Bernard, Amy
   Boe, Andrew F.
   Boguski, Mark S.
   Brockway, Kevin S.
   Byrnes, Emi J.
   Chen, Lin
   Chen, Li
   Chen, Tsuey-Ming
   Chin, Mei Chi
   Chong, Jimmy
   Crook, Brian E.
   Czaplinska, Aneta
   Dang, Chinh N.
   Datta, Suvro
   Dee, Nick R.
   Desaki, Aimee L.
   Desta, Tsega
   Diep, Ellen
   Dolbeare, Tim A.
   Donelan, Matthew J.
   Dong, Hong-Wei
   Dougherty, Jennifer G.
   Duncan, Ben J.
   Ebbert, Amanda J.
   Eichele, Gregor
   Estin, Lili K.
   Faber, Casey
   Facer, Benjamin A.
   Fields, Rick
   Fischer, Shanna R.
   Fliss, Tim P.
   Frensley, Cliff
   Gates, Sabrina N.
   Glattfelder, Katie J.
   Halverson, Kevin R.
   Hart, Matthew R.
   Hohmann, John G.
   Howell, Maureen P.
   Jeung, Darren P.
   Johnson, Rebecca A.
   Karr, Patrick T.
   Kawal, Reena
   Kidney, Jolene M.
   Knapik, Rachel H.
   Kuan, Chihchau L.
   Lake, James H.
   Laramee, Annabel R.
   Larsen, Kirk D.
   Lau, Christopher
   Lemon, Tracy A.
   Liang, Agnes J.
   Liu, Ying
   Luong, Lon T.
   Michaels, Jesse
   Morgan, Judith J.
   Morgan, Rebecca J.
   Mortrud, Marty T.
   Mosqueda, Nerick F.
   Ng, Lydia L.
   Ng, Randy
   Orta, Geralyn J.
   Overly, Caroline C.
   Pak, Tu H.
   Parry, Sheana E.
   Pathak, Sayan D.
   Pearson, Owen C.
   Puchalski, Ralph B.
   Riley, Zackery L.
   Rockett, Hannah R.
   Rowland, Stephen A.
   Royall, Joshua J.
   Ruiz, Marcos J.
   Sarno, Nadia R.
   Schaffnit, Katherine
   Shapovalova, Nadiya V.
   Sivisay, Taz
   Slaughterbeck, Clifford R.
   Smith, Simon C.
   Smith, Kimberly A.
   Smith, Bryan I.
   Sodt, Andy J.
   Stewart, Nick N.
   Stumpf, Kenda-Ruth
   Sunkin, Susan M.
   Sutram, Madhavi
   Tam, Angelene
   Teemer, Carey D.
   Thaller, Christina
   Thompson, Carol L.
   Varnam, Lee R.
   Visel, Axel
   Whitlock, Ray M.
   Wohnoutka, Paul E.
   Wolkey, Crissa K.
   Wong, Victoria Y.
   Wood, Matthew
   Yaylaoglu, Murat B.
   Young, Rob C.
   Youngstrom, Brian L.
   Yuan, Xu Feng
   Zhang, Bin
   Zwingman, Theresa A.
   Jones, Allan R.
TI Genome-wide atlas of gene expression in the adult mouse brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-situ hybridization; hippocampal-formation; protein-synthesis; rat; organization; neurons; patterns; memory; profiles; database
AB Molecular approaches to understanding the functional circuitry of the nervous system promise new insights into the relationship between genes, brain and behaviour. The cellular diversity of the brain necessitates a cellular resolution approach towards understanding the functional genomics of the nervous system. We describe here an anatomically comprehensive digital atlas containing the expression patterns of,20,000 genes in the adult mouse brain. Data were generated using automated high-throughput procedures for in situ hybridization and data acquisition, and are publicly accessible online. Newly developed image-based informatics tools allow global genome-scale structural analysis and cross-correlation, as well as identification of regionally enriched genes. Unbiased fine-resolution analysis has identified highly specific cellular markers as well as extensive evidence of cellular heterogeneity not evident in classical neuroanatomical atlases. This highly standardized atlas provides an open, primary data resource for a wide variety of further studies concerning brain organization and function.
C1 Allen Inst Brain Sci, Seattle, WA 98103 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Genes & Behav, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 Allen Institute for Brain Science; Baylor College of Medicine; Max Planck Society
RP Lein, ES (corresponding author), Allen Inst Brain Sci, Seattle, WA 98103 USA.
EM edl@alleninstitute.org; allanj@alleninstitute.org
NR 55
TC 4317
Z9 5075
U1 5
U2 304
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7124
BP 168
EP 176
DI 10.1038/nature05453
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124QF
UT WOS:000243384300043
PM 17151600
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rezende, EL
   Lavabre, JE
   Guimaraes, PR
   Jordano, P
   Bascompte, J
AF Rezende, Enrico L.
   Lavabre, Jessica E.
   Guimaraes, Paulo R., Jr.
   Jordano, Pedro
   Bascompte, Jordi
TI Non-random coextinctions in phylogenetically structured mutualistic networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plant-animal interactions; coevolutionary networks; evolutionary history; specialization; extinctions; constraints; adaptation; tolerance
AB The interactions between plants and their animal pollinators and seed dispersers have moulded much of Earth's biodiversity(1-3). Recently, it has been shown that these mutually beneficial interactions form complex networks with a well-defined architecture that may contribute to biodiversity persistence(4-8). Little is known, however, about which ecological and evolutionary processes generate these network patterns(3,9). Here we use phylogenetic methods(10,11) to show that the phylogenetic relationships of species predict the number of interactions they exhibit in more than one-third of the networks, and the identity of the species with which they interact in about half of the networks. As a consequence of the phylogenetic effects on interaction patterns, simulated extinction events tend to trigger coextinction cascades of related species. This results in a non-random pruning of the evolutionary tree(12,13) and a more pronounced loss of taxonomic diversity than expected in the absence of a phylogenetic signal. Our results emphasize how the simultaneous consideration of phylogenetic information and network architecture can contribute to our understanding of the structure and fate of species-rich communities.
C1 CSIC, Estac Biol Donana, Integrat Ecol Grp, E-41080 Seville, Spain.
   Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Estacion Biologica de Donana (EBD); Universidade Estadual de Campinas
RP Bascompte, J (corresponding author), CSIC, Estac Biol Donana, Integrat Ecol Grp, Apdo 1056, E-41080 Seville, Spain.
EM bascompte@ebd.csic.es
NR 27
TC 420
Z9 460
U1 3
U2 217
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7156
BP 925
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature05956
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202OM
UT WOS:000248912900046
PM 17713534
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Toyama, BH
   Kelly, MJS
   Gross, JD
   Weissman, JS
AF Toyama, Brandon H.
   Kelly, Mark J. S.
   Gross, John D.
   Weissman, Jonathan S.
TI The structural basis of yeast prion strain variants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oligopeptide repeats; protein; sup35; transmission; conformations; propagation; nucleation; assignment; induction; elements
AB Among the many surprises to arise from studies of prion biology, perhaps the most unexpected is the strain phenomenon whereby a single protein can misfold into structurally distinct, infectious states that cause distinguishable phenotypes(1-3). Similarly, proteins can adopt a spectrum of conformations in non-infectious diseases of protein folding; some are toxic and others are well tolerated(4). However, our understanding of the structural differences underlying prion strains and how these differences alter their physiological impact remains limited. Here we use a combination of solution NMR, amide hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange and mutagenesis to study the structural differences between two strain conformations, termed Sc4 and Sc37 (ref. 5), of the yeast Sup35 prion. We find that these two strains have an overlapping amyloid core spanning most of the Gln/Asn-rich first 40 amino acids that is highly protected from H/D exchange and very sensitive to mutation. These features indicate that the cores are composed of tightly packed beta-sheets possibly resembling 'steric zipper' structures revealed by X-ray crystallography of Sup35-derived peptides(6,7). The stable structure is greatly expanded in the Sc37 conformation to encompass the first 70 amino acids, revealing why this strain shows increased fibre stability and decreased ability to undergo chaperone-mediated replication(8). Our findings establish that prion strains involve large-scale conformational differences and provide a structural basis for understanding a broad range of functional studies, including how conformational changes alter the physiological impact of prion strains.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Cellular & Mol Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
   Calif Inst Quantitat biomed Res, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Weissman, JS (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Cellular & Mol Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
EM weissman@cmp.ucsf.edu
NR 36
TC 289
Z9 338
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7159
BP 233
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature06108
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 209NF
UT WOS:000249394500053
PM 17767153
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bond-Lamberty, B
   Peckham, SD
   Ahl, DE
   Gower, ST
AF Bond-Lamberty, Ben
   Peckham, Scott D.
   Ahl, Douglas E.
   Gower, Stith T.
TI Fire as the dominant driver of central Canadian boreal forest carbon balance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID net primary productivity; regional applications; ecosystem processes; climate-change; north-america; general-model; co2 exchange; disturbance; increases; emissions
AB Changes in climate, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and fire regimes have been occurring for decades in the global boreal forest(1-3), with future climate change likely to increase fire frequency(4)-the primary disturbance agent in most boreal forests(3,5). Previous attempts to assess quantitatively the effect of changing environmental conditions on the net boreal forest carbon balance have not taken into account the competition between different vegetation types on a large scale(6-9). Here we use a process model with three competing vascular and non-vascular vegetation types to examine the effects of climate, carbon dioxide concentrations and fire disturbance on net biome production, net primary production and vegetation dominance in 100 Mha of Canadian boreal forest. We find that the carbon balance of this region was driven by changes in fire disturbance from 1948 to 2005. Climate changes affected the variability, but not the mean, of the landscape carbon balance, with precipitation exerting a more significant effect than temperature. We show that more frequent and larger fires in the late twentieth century resulted in deciduous trees and mosses increasing production at the expense of coniferous trees. Our model did not however exhibit the increases in total forest net primary production that have been inferred from satellite data(1,10). We find that poor soil drainage decreased the variability of the landscape carbon balance, which suggests that increased climate and hydrological changes have the potential to affect disproportionately the carbon dynamics of these areas. Overall, we conclude that direct ecophysiological changes resulting from global climate change have not yet been felt in this large boreal region. Variations in the landscape carbon balance and vegetation dominance have so far been driven largely by increases in fire frequency.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Bond-Lamberty, B (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM bpbond@wisc.edu
NR 30
TC 422
Z9 495
U1 4
U2 264
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 89
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06272
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800042
PM 17972883
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yu, JK
   Satou, Y
   Holland, ND
   Shin-I, T
   Kohara, Y
   Satoh, N
   Bronner-Fraser, M
   Holland, LZ
AF Yu, Jr-Kai
   Satou, Yutaka
   Holland, Nicholas D.
   Shin-, Tadasu, I
   Kohara, Yuji
   Satoh, Noriyuki
   Bronner-Fraser, Marianne
   Holland, Linda Z.
TI Axial patterning in cephalochordates and the evolution of the organizer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID twisted gastrulation; amphioxus embryos; neural induction; xenopus embryos; head organizer; gene; mesoderm; antagonism; expression; phylogeny
AB The organizer of the vertebrate gastrula is an important signalling centre that induces and patterns dorsal axial structures. Although a topic of long-standing interest, the evolutionary origin of the organizer remains unclear. Here we show that the gastrula of the cephalochordate amphioxus expresses dorsal/ventral (D/V) patterning genes (for example, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), Nodal and their antagonists) in patterns reminiscent of those of their vertebrate orthlogues, and that amphioxus embryos, like those of vertebrates, are ventralized by exogenous BMP protein. In addition, Wnt-antagonists (for example, Dkks and sFRP2-like) are expressed anteriorly, whereas Wnt genes themselves are expressed posteriorly, consistent with a role for Wnt signalling in anterior/posterior (A/P) patterning. These results suggest evolutionary conservation of the mechanisms for both D/V and A/P patterning of the early gastrula. In light of recent phylogenetic analyses placing cephalochordates basally in the chordate lineage, we propose that separate signalling centres for patterning the D/V and A/P axes may be an ancestral chordate character.
C1 Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Zool, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Natl Inst Genet, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   CALTECH, Div Biol 139 74, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Kyoto University; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; California Institute of Technology
RP Holland, LZ (corresponding author), Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM lzholland@ucsd.edu
NR 39
TC 201
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7128
BP 613
EP 617
DI 10.1038/nature05472
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133UM
UT WOS:000244039400036
PM 17237766
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jain, R
   Kabir, K
   Gilroy, JB
   Mitchell, KAR
   Wong, KC
   Hicks, RG
AF Jain, Rajsapan
   Kabir, Khayrul
   Gilroy, Joe B.
   Mitchell, Keith A. R.
   Wong, Kin-Chung
   Hicks, Robin G.
TI High-temperature metal-organic magnets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecule-based magnets; prussian blue; nickel nanoparticles; = tcne; fe; ni; co; chemistry; behavior; salts
AB For over two decades there have been intense efforts aimed at the development of alternatives to conventional magnets, particularly materials comprised in part or wholly of molecular components(1,2). Such alternatives offer the prospect of realizing magnets fabricated through controlled, low-temperature, solution-based chemistry, as opposed to high-temperature metallurgical routes, and also the possibility of tuning magnetic properties through synthesis. However, examples of magnetically ordered molecular materials at or near room temperature are extremely rare 3, and the properties of these materials are often capricious and difficult to reproduce. Here we present a versatile solution-based route to a new class of metal - organic materials exhibiting magnetic order well above room temperature. Reactions of the metal ( M) precursor complex bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene) nickel with three different organics A - TCNE ( tetracyanoethylene), TCNQ (7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) or DDQ (2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone) - proceed via electron transfer from nickel to A and lead to materials containing Ni(II) ions and reduced forms of A in a 2: 1 Ni: A ratio - that is, opposite to that of conventional ( low Curie temperature) MA(2)-type magnets. These materials also contain oxygen-based species within their architectures. Magnetic characterization of the three compounds reveals spontaneous field-dependent magnetization and hysteresis at room temperature, with ordering temperatures well above ambient. The unusual stoichiometry and striking magnetic properties highlight these three compounds as members of a class of stable magnets that are at the interface between conventional inorganic magnets and genuine molecule-based magnets.
C1 Univ Victoria, Dept Chem, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
C3 University of Victoria; University of British Columbia
RP Hicks, RG (corresponding author), Univ Victoria, Dept Chem, POB 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada.
EM rhicks@uvic.ca
NR 30
TC 144
Z9 158
U1 4
U2 129
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7125
BP 291
EP 294
DI 10.1038/nature05439
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 126HT
UT WOS:000243504700039
PM 17230185
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU LeBoeuf, D
   Doiron-Leyraud, N
   Levallois, J
   Daou, R
   Bonnemaison, JB
   Hussey, NE
   Balicas, L
   Ramshaw, BJ
   Liang, RX
   Bonn, DA
   Hardy, WN
   Adachi, S
   Proust, C
   Taillefer, L
AF LeBoeuf, David
   Doiron-Leyraud, Nicolas
   Levallois, Julien
   Daou, R.
   Bonnemaison, J.-B.
   Hussey, N. E.
   Balicas, L.
   Ramshaw, B. J.
   Liang, Ruixing
   Bonn, D. A.
   Hardy, W. N.
   Adachi, S.
   Proust, Cyril
   Taillefer, Louis
TI Electron pockets in the Fermi surface of hole-doped high-Tc superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transport-property; order
AB High-temperature superconductivity in copper oxides occurs when the materials are chemically tuned to have a carrier concentration intermediate between their metallic state at high doping and their insulating state at zero doping. The underlying evolution of the electron system in the absence of superconductivity is still unclear, and a question of central importance is whether it involves any intermediate phase with broken symmetry(1). The Fermi surface of the electronic states in the underdoped 'YBCO' materials YBa2Cu3Oy and YBa2Cu4O8 was recently shown to include small pockets(2-4), in contrast with the large cylinder that characterizes the overdoped regime(5), pointing to a topological change in the Fermi surface. Here we report the observation of a negative Hall resistance in the magnetic-field-induced normal state of YBa2Cu3Oy and YBa2Cu4O8, which reveals that these pockets are electron-like rather than hole-like. We propose that these electron pockets most probably arise from a reconstruction of the Fermi surface caused by the onset of a density-wave phase, as is thought to occur in the electron-doped copper oxides near the onset of antiferromagnetic order(6,7). Comparison with materials of the La2CuO4 family that exhibit spin/charge density-wave order(8-11) suggests that a Fermi surface reconstruction also occurs in those materials, pointing to a generic property of high-transition-temperature (T-c) superconductors.
C1 INSA, UPS, CNRS, UMR 5147,LNCMP, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
   Univ Sherbrooke, Dept Phys, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada.
   Univ Sherbrooke, RQMP, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada.
   Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England.
   Florida State Univ, MHMFL, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Canadian Inst Adv Res, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada.
   Int Superconduct Technol Ctr, Superconduct Res Lab, Koto Ku, Tokyo 1350062, Japan.
C3 Universite Federale Toulouse Midi-Pyrenees (ComUE); Universite de Toulouse; Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Sherbrooke; University of Sherbrooke; University of Bristol; State University System of Florida; Florida State University; University of British Columbia; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR); International Superconductivity Technology Center (ISTEC)
RP Proust, C (corresponding author), INSA, UPS, CNRS, UMR 5147,LNCMP, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
EM proust@lncmp.org; louis.taillefer@physique.usherbrooke.ca
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/C511778/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 437
Z9 473
U1 4
U2 205
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 533
EP 536
DI 10.1038/nature06332
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500043
PM 18033293
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zong, Y
   Chen, Z
   Innes, JB
   Chen, C
   Wang, Z
   Wang, H
AF Zong, Y.
   Chen, Z.
   Innes, J. B.
   Chen, C.
   Wang, Z.
   Wang, H.
TI Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phytolith evidence; wild-rice; domestication; origins; pollen; agriculture; monsoon
AB The adoption of cereal cultivation was one of the most important cultural processes in history, marking the transition from hunting and gathering by Mesolithic foragers to the food-producing economy of Neolithic farmers(1). In the Lower Yangtze region of China, a centre of rice domestication(2), the timing and system of initial rice cultivation remain unclear. Here we report detailed evidence from Kuahuqiao that reveals the precise cultural and environmental context of rice cultivation at this earliest known Neolithic site in eastern China, 7,700 calibrated years before present (cal. yr BP). Pollen, algal, fungal spore and micro-charcoal data from sediments demonstrate that these Neolithic communities selected lowland swamps for their rice cultivation and settlement, using fire to clear alder-dominated wetland scrub and prepare the site for occupation, then to maintain wet grassland vegetation of paddy type. Regular flooding by slightly brackish water was probably controlled by 'bunding' to maintain crop yields. The site's exploitation ceased when it was overwhelmed by marine inundation 7,550 cal. yr BP. Our results establish that rice cultivation began in coastal wetlands of eastern China, an ecosystem vulnerable to coastal change but of high fertility and productivity, attractions maximized for about two centuries by sustained high levels of cultural management of the environment.
C1 Univ Durham, Dept Geog, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   E China Normal Univ, Inst Estuarine & Coastal Res, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China.
   Fudan Univ, Dept Cultural Heritage, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China.
   E China Normal Univ, Dept Geog, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China.
C3 Durham University; East China Normal University; Fudan University; East China Normal University
RP Zong, Y (corresponding author), Univ Durham, Dept Geog, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
EM y.q.zong@durham.ac.uk; j.b.innes@durham.ac.uk
NR 35
TC 379
Z9 447
U1 7
U2 282
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7161
BP 459
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature06135
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214GQ
UT WOS:000249724800040
PM 17898767
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hart, DO
   Raha, T
   Lawson, ND
   Green, MR
AF Hart, Daniel O.
   Raha, Tamal
   Lawson, Nathan D.
   Green, Michael R.
TI Initiation of zebrafish haematopoiesis by the TATA-box-binding protein-related factor Trf3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic-development; vertebrate; tbp; expression; xenopus; genes; cells
AB TATA- box- binding protein ( TBP)- related factor 3, TRF3 ( also called TBP2), is a vertebrate- specific member of the TBP family that has a conserved carboxy- terminal region and DNA- binding domain virtually identical to that of TBP ( ref. 1). TRF3 is highly expressed during embryonic development, and studies in zebrafish and Xenopus have shown that it is required for normal embryogenesis(2,3). Here we show that zebrafish embryos depleted of Trf3 exhibit multiple developmental defects and, in particular, fail to undergo haematopoiesis. Expression profiling for Trf3-dependent genes identified mespa, which encodes a transcription factor whose murine orthologue is required for mesoderm specification(4), and chromatin immunoprecipitation verified that Trf3 binds to the mespa promoter. Depletion of Mespa resulted in developmental and haematopoietic defects markedly similar to those induced by Trf3 depletion. Injection of mespa messenger RNA ( mRNA) restored normal development to a Trf3- depleted embryo, indicating mespa is the single Trf3 target gene required for zebrafish embryogenesis. Zebrafish embryos depleted of Trf3 or Mespa also failed to express cdx4, a caudal- related gene required for haematopoiesis. Mespa binds to the cdx4 promoter, and epistasis analysis revealed an ordered trf3 - mespa - cdx4 pathway. Thus, in zebrafish, commitment of mesoderm to the haematopoietic lineage occurs through a transcription factor pathway initiated by a TBP- related factor.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Gene Funct & Express, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Lawson, ND (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Gene Funct & Express, 364 Plantat St, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
EM nathan.lawson@umassmed.edu; michael.green@umassmed.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline; NCRR NIH HHS [P40 RR012546] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM033977] Funding Source: Medline
NR 17
TC 65
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1082
EP U12
DI 10.1038/nature06349
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900087
PM 18046332
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klimov, VI
   Ivanov, SA
   Nanda, J
   Achermann, M
   Bezel, I
   McGuire, JA
   Piryatinski, A
AF Klimov, Victor I.
   Ivanov, Sergei A.
   Nanda, Jagjit
   Achermann, Marc
   Bezel, Ilya
   McGuire, John A.
   Piryatinski, Andrei
TI Single-exciton optical gain in semiconductor nanocrystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amplified spontaneous emission; quantum dots; stimulated-emission; confinement; energy
AB Nanocrystal quantum dots have favourable light-emitting properties. They show photoluminescence with high quantum yields, and their emission colours depend on the nanocrystal size - owing to the quantum-confinement effect - and are therefore tunable. However, nanocrystals are difficult to use in optical amplification and lasing. Because of an almost exact balance between absorption and stimulated emission in nanoparticles excited with single electron - hole pairs (excitons), optical gain can only occur in nanocrystals that contain at least two excitons. A complication associated with this multiexcitonic nature of light amplification is fast optical-gain decay induced by non-radiative Auger recombination, a process in which one exciton recombines by transferring its energy to another. Here we demonstrate a practical approach for obtaining optical gain in the single-exciton regime that eliminates the problem of Auger decay. Specifically, we develop core/ shell hetero-nanocrystals engineered in such a way as to spatially separate electrons and holes between the core and the shell (type-II heterostructures). The resulting imbalance between negative and positive charges produces a strong local electric field, which induces a giant (similar to 100 meV or greater) transient Stark shift of the absorption spectrum with respect to the luminescence line of singly excited nanocrystals. This effect breaks the exact balance between absorption and stimulated emission, and allows us to demonstrate optical amplification due to single excitons.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Klimov, VI (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM klimov@lanl.gov
NR 22
TC 901
Z9 1025
U1 5
U2 556
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7143
BP 441
EP 446
DI 10.1038/nature05839
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 170VA
UT WOS:000246693100040
PM 17522678
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chamero, P
   Marton, TF
   Logan, DW
   Flanagan, K
   Cruz, JR
   Saghatelian, A
   Cravatt, BF
   Stowers, L
AF Chamero, Pablo
   Marton, Tobias F.
   Logan, Darren W.
   Flanagan, Kelly
   Cruz, Jason R.
   Saghatelian, Alan
   Cravatt, Benjamin F.
   Stowers, Lisa
TI Identification of protein pheromones that promote aggressive behaviour
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major urinary proteins; mutant mice; vomeronasal neurons; house mouse; signals; system; genes; trp2
AB Mice use pheromones, compounds emitted and detected by members of the same species, as cues to regulate social behaviours such as pup suckling, aggression and mating(1). Neurons that detect pheromones are thought to reside in at least two separate organs within the nasal cavity: the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and the main olfactory epithelium (MOE)(2). Each pheromone ligand is thought to activate a dedicated subset of these sensory neurons. However, the nature of the pheromone cues and the identity of the responding neurons that regulate specific social behaviours are largely unknown. Here we show, by direct activation of sensory neurons and analysis of behaviour, that at least two chemically distinct ligands are sufficient to promote male-male aggression and stimulate VNO neurons. We have purified and analysed one of these classes of ligand and found its specific aggression-promoting activity to be dependent on the presence of the protein component of the major urinary protein (MUP) complex, which is known to comprise specialized lipocalin proteins bound to small organic molecules(1,3,4). Using calcium imaging of dissociated vomeronasal neurons (VNs), we have determined that the MUP protein activates a sensory neuron subfamily characterized by the expression of the G-protein G alpha(o) subunit ( also known as Gnao) and Vmn2r putative pheromone receptors (V2Rs). Genomic analysis indicates species-specific co-expansions of MUPs and V2Rs, as would be expected among pheromone-signalling components. Finally, we show that the aggressive behaviour induced by the MUPs occurs exclusively through VNO neuronal circuits. Our results substantiate the idea of MUP proteins as pheromone ligands that mediate male-male aggression through the accessory olfactory neural pathway.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92030 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92030 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Harvard University
RP Stowers, L (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92030 USA.
EM stowers@scripps.edu
NR 24
TC 428
Z9 505
U1 0
U2 66
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 899
EP U23
DI 10.1038/nature05997
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900060
PM 18064011
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Condamin, S
   Bénichou, O
   Tejedor, V
   Voituriez, R
   Klafter, J
AF Condamin, S.
   Benichou, O.
   Tejedor, V.
   Voituriez, R.
   Klafter, J.
TI First-passage times in complex scale-invariant media
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID random-walks; deterministic fractals; anomalous diffusion; disordered media; networks; protein; mechanisms; models; dna
AB How long does it take a random walker to reach a given target point? This quantity, known as a first-passage time (FPT), has led to a growing number of theoretical investigations over the past decade(1). The importance of FPTs originates from the crucial role played by first encounter properties in various real situations, including transport in disordered media(2,3), neuron firing dynamics(4), spreading of diseases(5) or target search processes(6-9). Most methods of determining FPT properties in confining domains have been limited to effectively one-dimensional geometries, or to higher spatial dimensions only in homogeneous media(1). Here we develop a general theory that allows accurate evaluation of the mean FPT in complex media. Our analytical approach provides a universal scaling dependence of the mean FPT on both the volume of the confining domain and the source-target distance. The analysis is applicable to a broad range of stochastic processes characterized by length-scale-invariant properties. Our theoretical predictions are confirmed by numerical simulations for several representative models of disordered media(10), fractals(3), anomalous diffusion(11) and scale-free networks(12).
C1 Univ Paris 06, Lab Phys Theor Mat Condensee, UMR 7600, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Chem, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Tel Aviv University
RP Bénichou, O (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, Lab Phys Theor Mat Condensee, UMR 7600, Case 121,4 Pl Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
EM benichou@lptmc.jussieu.fr
NR 30
TC 528
Z9 562
U1 1
U2 106
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 77
EP 80
DI 10.1038/nature06201
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800039
PM 17972880
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saadat, I
   Higashi, H
   Obuse, C
   Umeda, M
   Murata-Kamiya, N
   Saito, Y
   Lu, HS
   Ohnishi, N
   Azuma, T
   Suzuki, A
   Ohno, S
   Hatakeyama, M
AF Saadat, Iraj
   Higashi, Hideaki
   Obuse, Chikashi
   Umeda, Mayumi
   Murata-Kamiya, Naoko
   Saito, Yasuhiro
   Lu, Huaisheng
   Ohnishi, Naomi
   Azuma, Takeshi
   Suzuki, Atsushi
   Ohno, Shigeo
   Hatakeyama, Masanori
TI Helicobacter pylori CagA targets PAR1/MARK kinase to disrupt epithelial cell polarity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID virulence factor caga; elegans embryos; protein; localization; mark/par-1; mutations; par-1; establishment; leukemia; gene
AB Helicobacter pylori cagA-positive strains are associated with gastritis, ulcerations and gastric adenocarcinoma(1). CagA is delivered into gastric epithelial cells(2) and, on tyrosine phosphorylation, specifically binds and activates the SHP2 oncoprotein(3-7), thereby inducing the formation of an elongated cell shape known as the 'hummingbird' phenotype(2,3). In polarized epithelial cells, CagA also disrupts the tight junction and causes loss of apical basolateral polarity(8,9). We show here that H. pylori CagA specifically interacts with PAR1/MARK kinase, which has an essential role in epithelial cell polarity(10,11). Association of CagA inhibits PAR1 kinase activity and prevents atypical protein kinase C ( aPKC)-mediated PAR1 phosphorylation, which dissociates PAR1 from the membrane(12,13), collectively causing junctional and polarity defects. Because of the multimeric nature of PAR1 (ref. 14), PAR1 also promotes CagA multimerization, which stabilizes the CagA - SHP2 interaction(15). Furthermore, induction of the hummingbird phenotype by CagA-activated SHP2 requires simultaneous inhibition of PAR1 kinase activity by CagA. Thus, the CagA - PAR1 interaction not only elicits the junctional and polarity defects but also promotes the morphogenetic activity of CagA. Our findings revealed that PAR1 is a key target of H. pylori CagA in the disorganization of gastric epithelial architecture underlying mucosal damage, inflammation and carcinogenesis.
C1 Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Inst Med Genet, Div Mol Oncol, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600815, Japan.
   Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Chem, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600815, Japan.
   Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Life Sci, Div Mol Life Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0010021, Japan.
   Kobe Univ, Grad Sch Med, Internal Ctr Med Res & Treatment, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan.
   Yokohama City Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, Dept Mol Biol, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360004, Japan.
C3 Hokkaido University; Hokkaido University; Hokkaido University; Kobe University; Yokohama City University
RP Hatakeyama, M (corresponding author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Inst Med Genet, Div Mol Oncol, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600815, Japan.
EM mhata@igm.hokudai.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 411
Z9 479
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7142
BP 330
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature05765
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 168JK
UT WOS:000246520300048
PM 17507984
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lordkipanidze, D
   Jashashvili, T
   Vekua, A
   de León, MSP
   Zollikofer, CPE
   Rightmire, GP
   Pontzer, H
   Ferring, R
   Oms, O
   Tappen, M
   Bukhsianidze, M
   Agusti, J
   Kahlke, R
   Kiladze, G
   Martinez-Navarro, B
   Mouskhelishvili, A
   Nioradze, M
   Rook, L
AF Lordkipanidze, David
   Jashashvili, Tea
   Vekua, Abesalom
   de Leon, Marcia S. Ponce
   Zollikofer, Christoph P. E.
   Rightmire, G. Philip
   Pontzer, Herman
   Ferring, Reid
   Oms, Oriol
   Tappen, Martha
   Bukhsianidze, Maia
   Agusti, Jordi
   Kahlke, Ralf
   Kiladze, Gocha
   Martinez-Navarro, Bienvenido
   Mouskhelishvili, Alexander
   Nioradze, Medea
   Rook, Lorenzo
TI Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east-rudolf; pliopleistocene hominid; late pleistocene; body-size; proportions; femur; kenya; morphology; skeleton; habilis
AB The Plio-Pleistocene site of Dmanisi, Georgia, has yielded a rich fossil and archaeological record documenting an early presence of the genus Homo outside Africa. Although the craniomandibular morphology of early Homo is well known as a result of finds from Dmanisi and African localities, data about its postcranial morphology are still relatively scarce. Here we describe newly excavated postcranial material from Dmanisi comprising a partial skeleton of an adolescent individual, associated with skull D2700/D2735, and the remains from three adult individuals. This material shows that the postcranial anatomy of the Dmanisi hominins has a surprising mosaic of primitive and derived features. The primitive features include a small body size, a low encephalization quotient and absence of humeral torsion; the derived features include modern-human-like body proportions and lower limb morphology indicative of the capability for long-distance travel. Thus, the earliest known hominins to have lived outside of Africa in the temperate zones of Eurasia did not yet display the full set of derived skeletal features.
C1 Georgian Natl Museum, GE-0105 Tbilisi, Georgia.
   Univ Florence, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-50121 Florence, Italy.
   Othar Lordkipanidze Ctr Archaeol Res, GE-0102 Tbilisi, Georgia.
   Senckenberg Res Inst, D-99423 Weimar, Germany.
   Univ Rovira & Virgili, Inst Human Paleoecol, ICREA, Tarragona, Spain.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Anthropol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Geol, Bellaterra, Spain.
   Univ N Texas, Dept Geog, Denton, TX 76203 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Anthropol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Peabody Museum, Dept Anthropol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Zurich, Inst Anthropol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Florence; Leibniz Association; Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung (SGN); Universitat Rovira i Virgili; ICREA; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Autonomous University of Barcelona; University of North Texas System; University of North Texas Denton; Washington University (WUSTL); Harvard University; University of Zurich
RP Lordkipanidze, D (corresponding author), Georgian Natl Museum, GE-0105 Tbilisi, Georgia.
EM dlordkipanidze@museum.ge
FU ICREA Funding Source: Custom
NR 50
TC 460
Z9 529
U1 0
U2 111
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7160
BP 305
EP 310
DI 10.1038/nature06134
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 211XP
UT WOS:000249557300038
PM 17882214
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yin, H
   Lin, HF
AF Yin, Hang
   Lin, Haifan
TI An epigenetic activation role of Piwi and a Piwi-associated piRNA in Drosophila melanogaster
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heterochromatin; rits; suppressors; protein
AB Heterochromatin, representing the silenced state of transcription, consists largely of transposon-enriched and highly repetitive sequences. Implicated in heterochromatin formation and transcriptional silencing in Drosophila are Piwi (P-element induced wimpy testis)(1,2) and repeat-associated small interfering RNAs (rasiRNAs)(3-5). Despite this, the role of Piwi in rasiRNA expression and heterochromatic silencing remains unknown. Here we report the identification and characterization of 12,903 Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in Drosophila, showing that rasiRNAs represent a subset of piRNAs. We also show that Piwi promotes euchromatic histone modifications and piRNA transcription in subtelomeric heterochromatin (also known as telomere-associated sequence, or TAS), on the right arm of chromosome 3 (3R-TAS). Piwi binds to 3R-TAS and a piRNA uniquely mapped to 3R-TAS (3R-TAS1 piRNA). In piwi mutants, 3R-TAS loses euchromatic histone modifications yet accumulates heterochromatic histone modifications and Heterochromatin Protein 1a (HP1a). Furthermore, the expression of both the 3R-TAS1 piRNA and a white reporter gene in 3R-TAS becomes suppressed. A P element inserted 128 base pairs downstream of the 3R-TAS1 piRNA coding sequence restores the euchromatic histone modifications of 3R-TAS and the expression of 3R-TAS1 piRNA in piwi mutants, as well as partly rescuing their defects in germline stem-cell maintenance. These observations suggest that Piwi promotes the euchromatic character of 3R-TAS heterochromatin and its transcriptional activity, opposite to the known roles of Piwi and the RNA-mediated interference pathway in epigenetic silencing. This activating function is probably achieved through interaction with at least 3R-TAS1 piRNA and is essential for germline stem-cell maintenance.
C1 Duke Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Yale Stem Cell Ctr, New Haven, CT 06509 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New Haven, CT 06509 USA.
C3 Duke University; Yale University; Yale University
RP Lin, HF (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM haifan.lin@yale.edu
NR 27
TC 342
Z9 443
U1 1
U2 63
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7167
BP 304
EP U16
DI 10.1038/nature06263
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228RC
UT WOS:000250746200062
PM 17952056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guccione, E
   Bassi, C
   Casadio, F
   Martinato, F
   Cesaroni, M
   Schuchlautz, H
   Lüscher, B
   Amati, B
AF Guccione, Ernesto
   Bassi, Christian
   Casadio, Fabio
   Martinato, Francesca
   Cesaroni, Matteo
   Schuchlautz, Henning
   Luescher, Bernhard
   Amati, Bruno
TI Methylation of histone H3R2 by PRMT6 and H3K4 by an MLL complex are mutually exclusive
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; arginine methylation; molecular recognition; structural basis; protein wdr5; in-vivo; c-myc; methyltransferase; chromatin; h4
AB Eukaryotic genomes are organized into active (euchromatic) and inactive (heterochromatic) chromatin domains. Post-translational modifications of histones (or 'marks') are key in defining these functional states, particularly in promoter regions(1,2). Mutual regulatory interactions between these marks-and the enzymes that catalyse them-contribute to the shaping of this epigenetic landscape, in a manner that remains to be fully elucidated(1,2). We previously observed that asymmetric di-methylation of histone H3 arginine 2 (H3R2me2a) counter-correlates with di- and tri-methylation of H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me2, H3K4me3) on human promoters(3). Here we show that the arginine methyltransferase PRMT6 catalyses H3R2 di- methylation in vitro and controls global levels of H3R2me2a in vivo. H3R2 methylation by PRMT6 was prevented by the presence of H3K4me3 on the H3 tail. Conversely, the H3R2me2a mark prevented methylation of H3K4 as well as binding to the H3 tail by an ASH2/WDR5/MLL-family methyltransferase complex(4-7). Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that H3R2me2a was distributed within the body and at the 39 end of human genes, regardless of their transcriptional state, whereas it was selectively and locally depleted from active promoters, coincident with the presence of H3K4me3. Hence, the mutual antagonism between H3R2 and H3K4 methylation, together with the association of MLL-family complexes with the basal transcription machinery(8), may contribute to the localized patterns of H3K4 tri-methylation characteristic of transcriptionally poised or active promoters in mammalian genomes(1-3,9,10).
C1 European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, I-20139 Milan, Italy.
   RWTH Aachen Univ Hosp, Inst Biochem, Div Biochem & Mol Biol, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
C3 IRCCS European Institute of Oncology (IEO); RWTH Aachen University; RWTH Aachen University Hospital
RP Amati, B (corresponding author), European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, IFOM IEO Campus, I-20139 Milan, Italy.
EM bruno.amati@ifom-ieo-campus.it
NR 33
TC 395
Z9 495
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 933
EP U18
DI 10.1038/nature06166
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600053
PM 17898714
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whitehurst, AW
   Bodemann, BO
   Cardenas, J
   Ferguson, D
   Girard, L
   Peyton, M
   Minna, JD
   Michnoff, C
   Hao, WH
   Roth, MG
   Xie, XJ
   White, MA
AF Whitehurst, Angelique W.
   Bodemann, Brian O.
   Cardenas, Jessica
   Ferguson, Deborah
   Girard, Luc
   Peyton, Michael
   Minna, John D.
   Michnoff, Carolyn
   Hao, Weihua
   Roth, Michael G.
   Xie, Xian-Jin
   White, Michael A.
TI Synthetic lethal screen identification of chemosensitizer loci in cancer cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID salicylihalamide-a; v-atpase; checkpoint; discovery; complexes; mitosis; drugs
AB Abundant evidence suggests that a unifying principle governing the molecular pathology of cancer is the co-dependent aberrant regulation of core machinery driving proliferation and suppressing apoptosis(1). Anomalous proteins engaged in support of this tumorigenic regulatory environment most probably represent optimal intervention targets in a heterogeneous population of cancer cells. The advent of RNA-mediated interference (RNAi)-based functional genomics provides the opportunity to derive unbiased comprehensive collections of validated gene targets supporting critical biological systems outside the framework of preconceived notions of mechanistic relationships. We have combined a high-throughput cell-based one-well/one-gene screening platform with a genome-wide synthetic library of chemically synthesized small interfering RNAs for systematic interrogation of the molecular underpinnings of cancer cell chemoresponsiveness. NCI-H1155, a human non-small-cell lung cancer line, was employed in a paclitaxel-dependent synthetic lethal screen designed to identify gene targets that specifically reduce cell viability in the presence of otherwise sublethal concentrations of paclitaxel. Using a stringent objective statistical algorithm to reduce false discovery rates below 5%, we isolated a panel of 87 genes that represent major focal points of the autonomous response of cancer cells to the abrogation of microtubule dynamics. Here we show that several of these targets sensitize lung cancer cells to paclitaxel concentrations 1,000-fold lower than otherwise required for a significant response, and we identify mechanistic relationships between cancer-associated aberrant gene expression programmes and the basic cellular machinery required for robust mitotic progression.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Hamon Ctr Therapeut Oncol Res, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Simmons Canc Ctr, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Biostat & Clin Sci, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
RP White, MA (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM michael.white@utsouthwestern.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [P50 CA070907] Funding Source: Medline; National Cancer Institute [P50CA070907] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 21
TC 396
Z9 476
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7137
BP 815
EP 819
DI 10.1038/nature05697
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 156CX
UT WOS:000245626800045
PM 17429401
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thewissen, JGM
   Cooper, LN
   Clementz, MT
   Bajpai, S
   Tiwari, BN
AF Thewissen, J. G. M.
   Cooper, Lisa Noelle
   Clementz, Mark T.
   Bajpai, Sunil
   Tiwari, B. N.
TI Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene epoch of India
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone-density; phylogenetic-relationships; stable carbon; terrestrial; mammalia; cetaceans; pakistan; anthracotheriidae; cetartiodactyla; hippopotamidae
AB Although the first ten million years of whale evolution are documented by a remarkable series of fossil skeletons, the link to the ancestor of cetaceans has been missing. It was known that whales are related to even- toed ungulates ( artiodactyls), but until now no artiodactyls were morphologically close to early whales. Here we show that the Eocene south Asian raoellid artiodactyls are the sister group to whales. The raoellid Indohyus is similar to whales, and unlike other artiodactyls, in the structure of its ears and premolars, in the density of its limb bones and in the stable- oxygen- isotope composition of its teeth. We also show that a major dietary change occurred during the transition from artiodactyls to whales and that raoellids were aquatic waders. This indicates that aquatic life in this lineage occurred before the origin of the order Cetacea.
C1 Northeastern Ohio Univ Coll Med & Pharm, Dept Anat, Rootstown, OH 44272 USA.
   Kent State Univ, Sch Biomed Sci, Kent, OH 44242 USA.
   Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA.
   Indian Inst Technol, Dept Earth Sci, Roorkee 247667, Uttar Pradesh, India.
   Wadia Inst Himalayan Geol, Dehra Dun 248001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
C3 University System of Ohio; Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED); University System of Ohio; Kent State University; Kent State University Kent; Kent State University Salem; University of Wyoming; Indian Institute of Technology System (IIT System); Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) - Roorkee; Department of Science & Technology (India); Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG)
RP Thewissen, JGM (corresponding author), Northeastern Ohio Univ Coll Med & Pharm, Dept Anat, Rootstown, OH 44272 USA.
EM thewisse@neoucom.edu
NR 48
TC 256
Z9 318
U1 2
U2 228
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1190
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature06343
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200041
PM 18097400
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yin, LM
   Zhu, MY
   Knoll, AH
   Yuan, XL
   Zhang, JM
   Hu, J
AF Yin, Leiming
   Zhu, Maoyan
   Knoll, Andrew H.
   Yuan, Xunlai
   Zhang, Junming
   Hu, Jie
TI Doushantuo embryos preserved inside diapause egg cysts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID animal embryos; pb ages; microfossils; constraints; taphonomy; guizhou; fossils; wengan
AB Phosphatized microfossils in the Ediacaran ( 635 - 542 Myr ago) Doushantuo Formation, south China, have been interpreted as the embryos of early animals(1-4). Despite experimental demonstration that embryos can be preserved(5), microstructural evidence that the Doushantuo remains are embryonic(6) and an unambiguous record of fossil embryos in Lower Cambrian rocks(7), questions about the phylogenetic relationships of these fossils remain. Most recently, some researchers have proposed(8) that Doushantuo microfossils may be giant sulphur-oxidizing bacteria comparable to extant Thiomargarita sp. Here we report new observations that provide a test of the bacterial hypothesis. The discovery of embryo-like Doushantuo fossils inside large, highly ornamented organic vesicles (acritarchs) indicates that these organisms were eukaryotic, and most probably early cleavage stage embryos preserved within diapause egg cysts. Large acanthomorphic microfossils of the type observed to contain fossil embryos first appear in rocks just above a 632.5 +/- 0.5-Myr-old ash bed(9), suggesting that at least stem-group animals(6) inhabited shallow seas in the immediate aftermath of global Neoproterozoic glaciation.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Nanjing Inst Geol & Paleontol, State Key Lab Paleobiol & Stratig, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China.
   Harvard Univ, Bot Museum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Nanjing Institute of Geology & Paleontology, CAS; Harvard University
RP Yin, LM (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Nanjing Inst Geol & Paleontol, State Key Lab Paleobiol & Stratig, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China.
EM leimingyin@yahoo.com.cn
NR 27
TC 269
Z9 350
U1 1
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7136
BP 661
EP 663
DI 10.1038/nature05682
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 153LZ
UT WOS:000245438300038
PM 17410174
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Al-Amoudi, A
   Díez, DC
   Betts, MJ
   Frangakis, AS
AF Al-Amoudi, Ashraf
   Diez, Daniel Castano
   Betts, Matthew J.
   Frangakis, Achilleas S.
TI The molecular architecture of cadherins in native epidermal desmosomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cell adhesion; cryoelectron microscopy; vitreous sections; structural basis; homophilic binding; identification; ectodomain; dimerization; specificity; dependence
AB Desmosomes are cadherin- based adhesive intercellular junctions, which are present in tissues such as heart and skin. Despite considerable efforts, the molecular interfaces that mediate adhesion remain obscure. Here we apply cryo- electron tomography of vitreous sections from human epidermis to visualize the three- dimensional molecular architecture of desmosomal cadherins at close- to- native conditions. The three- dimensional reconstructions show a regular array of densities at similar to 70 angstrom intervals along the midline, with a curved shape resembling the X- ray structure of C- cadherin, a representative 'classical' cadherin. Model- independent three- dimensional image processing of extracted sub- tomograms reveals the cadherin organization. After fitting the C- cadherin atomic structure into the averaged sub- tomograms, we see a periodic arrangement of a trans W- like and a cis V- like interaction corresponding to molecules from opposing membranes and the same cell membrane, respectively. The resulting model of cadherin organization explains existing two- dimensional data and yields insights into a possible mechanism of cadherin- based cell adhesion.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Frangakis, AS (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM frangak@embl.de
NR 38
TC 227
Z9 262
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 832
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature05994
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900046
PM 18064004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Magnani, F
   Mencuccini, M
   Borghetti, M
   Berbigier, P
   Berninger, F
   Delzon, S
   Grelle, A
   Hari, P
   Jarvis, PG
   Kolari, P
   Kowalski, AS
   Lankreijer, H
   Law, BE
   Lindroth, A
   Loustau, D
   Manca, G
   Moncrieff, JB
   Rayment, M
   Tedeschi, V
   Valentini, R
   Grace, J
AF Magnani, Federico
   Mencuccini, Maurizio
   Borghetti, Marco
   Berbigier, Paul
   Berninger, Frank
   Delzon, Sylvain
   Grelle, Achim
   Hari, Pertti
   Jarvis, Paul G.
   Kolari, Pasi
   Kowalski, Andrew S.
   Lankreijer, Harry
   Law, Beverly E.
   Lindroth, Anders
   Loustau, Denis
   Manca, Giovanni
   Moncrieff, John B.
   Rayment, Mark
   Tedeschi, Vanessa
   Valentini, Riccardo
   Grace, John
TI The human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate and boreal forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitrogen deposition; european forests; pine forests; ecosystem; storage; balance; stand; chronosequence; sequestration; respiration
AB Temperate and boreal forests in the Northern Hemisphere cover an area of about 2 x 10(7) square kilometres and act as a substantial carbon sink (0.6 - 0.7 petagrams of carbon per year)(1). Although forest expansion following agricultural abandonment is certainly responsible for an important fraction of this carbon sink activity, the additional effects on the carbon balance of established forests of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, increasing temperatures, changes in management practices and nitrogen deposition are difficult to disentangle, despite an extensive network of measurement stations(2,3). The relevance of this measurement effort has also been questioned(4), because spot measurements fail to take into account the role of disturbances, either natural ( fire, pests, windstorms) or anthropogenic ( forest harvesting). Here we show that the temporal dynamics following stand-replacing disturbances do indeed account for a very large fraction of the overall variability in forest carbon sequestration. After the confounding effects of disturbance have been factored out, however, forest net carbon sequestration is found to be overwhelmingly driven by nitrogen deposition, largely the result of anthropogenic activities(5). The effect is always positive over the range of nitrogen deposition covered by currently available data sets, casting doubts on the risk of widespread ecosystem nitrogen saturation(6) under natural conditions. The results demonstrate that mankind is ultimately controlling the carbon balance of temperate and boreal forests, either directly ( through forest management) or indirectly ( through nitrogen deposition).
C1 Univ Bologna, Dept Fruit Tree & Woody Plant Sci, I-40127 Bologna, Italy.
   Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Basilicata, Dept Crop Syst Forestry & Environm Sci, I-85100 Potenza, Italy.
   INRA, UR1263 EPHYSE, F-33883 Villenave Dornon, France.
   Univ Quebec, Dept Sci Biol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada.
   Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Ecol & Environm Res, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Helsinki, Dept Forest Ecol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Lund Univ, Dept Forest Geog & Ecosyst Anal, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
   Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Univ Tuscia, Dept Forest Resources & Environm, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy.
C3 University of Bologna; University of Edinburgh; University of Basilicata; INRAE; University of Quebec; University of Quebec Montreal; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; University of Helsinki; Lund University; Oregon State University; Tuscia University
RP Magnani, F (corresponding author), Univ Bologna, Dept Fruit Tree & Woody Plant Sci, I-40127 Bologna, Italy.
EM federico.magnani@unibo.it
NR 30
TC 804
Z9 955
U1 6
U2 702
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7146
BP 848
EP 850
DI 10.1038/nature05847
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 178FV
UT WOS:000247207500042
PM 17568744
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mitro, N
   Mak, PA
   Vargas, L
   Godio, C
   Hampton, E
   Molteni, V
   Kreusch, A
   Saez, E
AF Mitro, Nico
   Mak, Puiying A.
   Vargas, Leo
   Godio, Cristina
   Hampton, Eric
   Molteni, Valentina
   Kreusch, Andreas
   Saez, Enrique
TI The nuclear receptor LXR is a glucose sensor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID element-binding protein-1c; x-receptor; liver; metabolism; alpha; transcription; mice; homeostasis; lipogenesis; deficiency
AB The liver has a central role in glucose homeostasis, as it has the distinctive ability to produce and consume glucose(1). On feeding, glucose influx triggers gene expression changes in hepatocytes to suppress endogenous glucose production and convert excess glucose into glycogen or fatty acids to be stored in adipose tissue(2). This process is controlled by insulin, although debate exists as to whether insulin acts directly or indirectly on the liver(3). In addition to stimulating pancreatic insulin release, glucose also regulates the activity of ChREBP, a transcription factor that modulates lipogenesis(4). Here we describe another mechanism whereby glucose determines its own fate: we show that glucose binds and stimulates the transcriptional activity of the liver X receptor (LXR), a nuclear receptor that coordinates hepatic lipid metabolism. D-Glucose and D-glucose-6-phosphate are direct agonists of both LXR-alpha and LXR-beta. Glucose activates LXR at physiological concentrations expected in the liver and induces expression of LXR target genes with efficacy similar to that of oxysterols, the known LXR ligands. Cholesterol homeostasis genes that require LXR for expression are upregulated in liver and intestine of fasted mice re-fed with a glucose diet, indicating that glucose is an endogenous LXR ligand. Our results identify LXR as a transcriptional switch that integrates hepatic glucose metabolism and fatty acid synthesis.
C1 Novartis Res Fdn, Genom Inst, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Novartis; Novartis USA; Scripps Research Institute
RP Saez, E (corresponding author), Novartis Res Fdn, Genom Inst, 10675 John Hopkins Dr, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
EM esaez@scripps.edu
NR 24
TC 434
Z9 520
U1 1
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7124
BP 219
EP 223
DI 10.1038/nature05449
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124QF
UT WOS:000243384300054
PM 17187055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bishop, NA
   Guarente, L
AF Bishop, Nicholas A.
   Guarente, Leonard
TI Two neurons mediate diet-restriction-induced longevity in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID life-span; caenorhabditis-elegans; chemosensory neurons; caloric restriction; larval development; oxidative stress; metabolic-rate; genetics; interference; specify
AB Dietary restriction extends lifespan and retards age-related disease in many species and profoundly alters endocrine function in mammals. However, no causal role of any hormonal signal in diet-restricted longevity has been demonstrated. Here we show that increased longevity of diet-restricted Caenorhabditis elegans requires the transcription factor gene skn-1 acting in the ASIs, a pair of neurons in the head. Dietary restriction activates skn-1 in these two neurons, which signals peripheral tissues to increase metabolic activity. These findings demonstrate that increased lifespan in a diet-restricted metazoan depends on cell non-autonomous signalling from central neuronal cells to non-neuronal body tissues, and suggest that the ASI neurons mediate diet-restriction-induced longevity by an endocrine mechanism.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Guarente, L (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM leng@mit.edu
NR 37
TC 535
Z9 682
U1 1
U2 82
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7144
BP 545
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature05904
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 172YZ
UT WOS:000246842000038
PM 17538612
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, CC
   Lee, JC
   Luo, SY
   Kulkarni, SS
   Huang, YW
   Lee, CC
   Chang, KL
   Hung, SC
AF Wang, Cheng-Chung
   Lee, Jinq-Chyi
   Luo, Shun-Yuan
   Kulkarni, Suvarn S.
   Huang, Yu-Wen
   Lee, Chia-Chen
   Chang, Ken-Lien
   Hung, Shang-Cheng
TI Regioselective one-pot protection of carbohydrates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solid-phase synthesis; oligosaccharide synthesis; o-glycosylation; efficient; hemagglutinin; strategy; ethers
AB Carbohydrates are involved in a wide range of biological processes(1-4). These structurally diverse compounds are more complex than other biological polymers, and are often present as heterogeneous mixtures in nature. The chemical synthesis of carbohydrates is one way to obtain pure oligosaccharides, but it is hampered by difficulties associated with the regioselective protection of polyhydroxyls and challenges related to the stereoselective assembly of glycosidic linkages(5-14). Here we describe a combinatorial, and highly-regioselective, method that can be used to protect individual hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide. This approach can be used to install an orthogonal protecting group pattern in a single reaction vessel (a 'one-pot' reaction), which removes the need to carry out the time-consuming isolation and purification of intermediates. Hundreds of building blocks have been efficiently prepared starting from D-glucose, and the iterative coupling of these building blocks enabled us to assemble beta-1,6-glucans and a library of oligosaccharides based on the influenza-virus binding trisaccharide.
C1 Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Chem, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
   Acad Sinica, Taiwan Int Grad Program, Chem Biol & Mol Biophys Program, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
   Acad Sinica, Inst Chem, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
   Acad Sinica, Genom Res Ctr, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
C3 National Tsing Hua University; Academia Sinica - Taiwan; Academia Sinica - Taiwan; Academia Sinica - Taiwan
RP Hung, SC (corresponding author), Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Chem, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
EM hung@mx.nthu.edu.tw
NR 29
TC 329
Z9 367
U1 2
U2 136
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7138
BP 896
EP 899
DI 10.1038/nature05730
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 158IR
UT WOS:000245785700038
PM 17443183
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vassylyev, DG
   Vassylyeva, MN
   Perederina, A
   Tahirov, TH
   Artsimovitch, I
AF Vassylyev, Dmitry G.
   Vassylyeva, Marina N.
   Perederina, Anna
   Tahirov, Tahir H.
   Artsimovitch, Irina
TI Structural basis for transcription elongation by bacterial RNA polymerase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3.3 angstrom resolution; electron-density maps; thermus-thermophilus; crystal-structure; lid element; dna hybrid; complex; mechanism; translocation; initiation
AB The RNA polymerase elongation complex (EC) is both highly stable and processive, rapidly extending RNA chains for thousands of nucleotides. Understanding the mechanisms of elongation and its regulation requires detailed information about the structural organization of the EC. Here we report the 2.5-angstrom resolution structure of the Thermus thermophilus EC; the structure reveals the post-translocated intermediate with the DNA template in the active site available for pairing with the substrate. DNA strand separation occurs one position downstream of the active site, implying that only one substrate at a time can specifically bind to the EC. The upstream edge of the RNA/DNA hybrid stacks on the beta'-subunit 'lid' loop, whereas the first displaced RNA base is trapped within a protein pocket, suggesting a mechanism for RNA displacement. The RNA is threaded through the RNA exit channel, where it adopts a conformation mimicking that of a single strand within a double helix, providing insight into a mechanism for hairpin-dependent pausing and termination.
C1 Univ Alabama Birmingham, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Alabama Birmingham, Sch Dent, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Eppley Inst Res Canc & Allied Dis, Lied Transplant Ctr, Omaha, NE 68198 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Medical Center; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
RP Vassylyev, DG (corresponding author), Univ Alabama Birmingham, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, 402B Kaul Genet Bldg,720 20th St S, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
EM dmitry@uab.edu
NR 50
TC 344
Z9 427
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7150
BP 157
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature05932
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 188QN
UT WOS:000247934500034
PM 17581590
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU John, M
   Constien, R
   Akinc, A
   Goldberg, M
   Moon, YA
   Spranger, M
   Hadwiger, P
   Soutschek, J
   Vornlocher, HP
   Manoharan, M
   Stoffel, M
   Langer, R
   Anderson, DG
   Horton, JD
   Koteliansky, V
   Bumcrot, D
AF John, Matthias
   Constien, Rainer
   Akinc, Akin
   Goldberg, Michael
   Moon, Young-Ah
   Spranger, Martina
   Hadwiger, Philipp
   Soutschek, Juergen
   Vornlocher, Hans-Peter
   Manoharan, Muthiah
   Stoffel, Markus
   Langer, Robert
   Anderson, Daniel G.
   Horton, Jay D.
   Koteliansky, Victor
   Bumcrot, David
TI Effective RNAi-mediated gene silencing without interruption of the endogenous microRNA pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vivo; mice; interference
AB Systemic administration of synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) effectively silences hepatocyte gene expression in rodents and primates(1-3). Whether or not in vivo gene silencing by synthetic siRNA can disrupt the endogenous microRNA (miRNA) pathway remains to be addressed. Here we show that effective target-gene silencing in the mouse and hamster liver can be achieved by systemic administration of synthetic siRNA without any demonstrable effect on miRNA levels or activity. Indeed, siRNA targeting two hepatocyte-specific genes (apolipoprotein B and factor VII) that achieved efficient (80%) silencing of messenger RNA transcripts and a third irrelevant siRNA control were administered to mice without significant changes in the levels of three hepatocyte-expressed miRNAs (miR-122, miR-16 and let-7a) or an effect on miRNA activity. Moreover, multiple administrations of an siRNA targeting the hepatocyte-expressed gene Scap in hamsters achieved long-term mRNA silencing without significant changes in miR-122 levels. This study advances the use of siRNAs as safe and effective tools to silence gene transcripts in animal studies, and supports the continued advancement of RNA interference therapeutics using synthetic siRNA.
C1 Alnylam Pharmaceut Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Alnylam Europe AG, D-95326 Kulmbach, Germany.
   MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   ETH, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Mol Syst Biol, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Bumcrot, D (corresponding author), Alnylam Pharmaceut Inc, 300 3rd St, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM dbumcrot@alnylam.com
FU NIBIB NIH HHS [R37 EB000244, R01 EB000244] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering [R01EB000244] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 12
TC 117
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7163
BP 745
EP U12
DI 10.1038/nature06179
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 218VV
UT WOS:000250045000049
PM 17898712
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martello, G
   Zacchigna, L
   Inui, M
   Montagner, M
   Adorno, M
   Mamidi, A
   Morsut, L
   Soligo, S
   Tran, U
   Dupont, S
   Cordenonsi, M
   Wessely, O
   Stefano, P
AF Martello, Graziano
   Zacchigna, Luca
   Inui, Masafumi
   Montagner, Marco
   Adorno, Maddalena
   Mamidi, Anant
   Morsut, Leonardo
   Soligo, Sandra
   Tran, Uyen
   Dupont, Sirio
   Cordenonsi, Michelangelo
   Wessely, Oliver
   Piccolo, Stefano
TI MicroRNA control of nodal signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early xenopus development; mesoderm induction; beta-catenin; zebrafish; expression; gastrulation; organizer; receptors; patterns; embryos
AB MicroRNAs are crucial modulators of gene expression, yet their involvement as effectors of growth factor signalling is largely unknown. Ligands of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily are essential for development and adult tissue homeostasis. In early Xenopus embryos, signalling by the transforming growth factor-beta ligand Nodal is crucial for the dorsal induction of the Spemann's organizer. Here we report that Xenopus laevis microRNAs miR-15 and miR-16 restrict the size of the organizer by targeting the Nodal type II receptor Acvr2a. Endogenous miR-15 and miR-16 are ventrally enriched as they are negatively regulated by the dorsal Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. These findings exemplify the relevance of microRNAs as regulators of early embryonic patterning acting at the crossroads of fundamental signalling cascades.
C1 Univ Padua, Dept Histol Microbiol & Med Biotechnol, Sect Histol & Embryol, I-35126 Padua, Italy.
   Louisiana State Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA.
   Louisiana State Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Genet, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA.
C3 University of Padua; Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans; Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans
RP Stefano, P (corresponding author), Univ Padua, Dept Histol Microbiol & Med Biotechnol, Sect Histol & Embryol, Viale Colombo 3, I-35126 Padua, Italy.
EM piccolo@bio.unipd.it
FU Telethon [GGP04030] Funding Source: Medline
NR 32
TC 160
Z9 212
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7159
BP 183
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature06100
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 209NF
UT WOS:000249394500041
PM 17728715
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Woosley, SE
   Blinnikov, S
   Heger, A
AF Woosley, S. E.
   Blinnikov, S.
   Heger, Alexander
TI Pulsational pair instability as an explanation for the most luminous supernovae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-ray bursts; mass-loss; evolution; stars; metallicity; explosion; sn-2006gy; rates
AB The extremely luminous supernova SN 2006gy (ref. 1) challenges the traditional view that the collapse of a stellar core is the only mechanism by which a massive star makes a supernova, because it seems too luminous by more than a factor of ten. Here we report that the brightest supernovae in the modern Universe arise from collisions between shells of matter ejected by massive stars that undergo an interior instability arising from the production of electron - positron pairs(2). This `pair instability' leads to explosive burning that is insufficient to unbind the star, but ejects many solar masses of the envelope. After the first explosion, the remaining core contracts and searches for a stable burning state. When the next explosion occurs, several solar masses of material are again ejected, which collide with the earlier ejecta. This collision can radiate 10(50) erg of light, about a factor of ten more than an ordinary supernova. Our model is in good agreement with the observed light curve for SN 2006gy and also shows that some massive stars can produce more than one supernova-like outburst.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   ITEP, Moscow 117218, Russia.
   Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85741 Garching, Germany.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Theoret Astrophys Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; National Research Centre - Kurchatov Institute; Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical & Experimental Physics; Max Planck Society; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Woosley, SE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM woosley@ucolick.org
NR 31
TC 549
Z9 600
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 390
EP 392
DI 10.1038/nature06333
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600048
PM 18004378
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Toffelmier, DA
   Tyburczy, JA
AF Toffelmier, Daniel A.
   Tyburczy, James A.
TI Electromagnetic detection of a 410-km-deep melt layer in the southwestern United States
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrical-conductivity; transition-zone; mantle beneath; silicate melt; water; density; pressure; peridotite; stability; base
AB A deep-seated melt or fluid layer on top of the 410-km-deep seismic discontinuity in Earth's upper mantle, as proposed in the transition-zone 'water filter' hypothesis(1), may have significant bearing on mantle dynamics and chemical differentiation. The geophysical detection of such a layer has, however, proved difficult. Magnetotelluric and geomagnetic depth sounding are geophysical methods sensitive to mantle melt. Here we use these methods to search for a distinct structure near 410-km depth. We calculate one-dimensional forward models of the response of electrical conductivity depth profiles, based on mineral physics studies of the effect of incorporating hydrogen in upper-mantle and transition-zone minerals. These models indicate that a melt layer at 410-km depth is consistent with regional magnetotelluric and geomagnetic depth sounding data from the southwestern United States (Tucson)(2). The 410-km-deep melt layer in this model has a conductance of 3.0 x 10(4) S and an estimated thickness of 5 - 30 km. This is the only regional data set that we have examined for which such a melt layer structure was found, consistent with regional seismic studies(3). We infer that the hypothesized transition-zone water filter(1) occurs regionally, but that such a layer is unlikely to be a global feature.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Tyburczy, JA (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM jim.tyburczy@asu.edu
NR 27
TC 81
Z9 95
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7147
BP 991
EP 994
DI 10.1038/nature05922
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180NU
UT WOS:000247373100044
PM 17581582
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leduc, G
   Vidal, L
   Tachikawa, K
   Rostek, F
   Sonzogni, C
   Beaufort, L
   Bard, E
AF Leduc, Guillaume
   Vidal, Laurence
   Tachikawa, Kazuyo
   Rostek, Frauke
   Sonzogni, Corinne
   Beaufort, Luc
   Bard, Edouard
TI Moisture transport across Central America as a positive feedback on abrupt climatic changes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scale changes; rapid changes; atlantic; ocean; salinity; temperature; simulations; circulation; sediments
AB Moisture transport from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean across Central America leads to relatively high salinities in the North Atlantic Ocean(1) and contributes to the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water(2). This deep water formation varied strongly between Dansgaard/ Oeschger interstadials and Heinrich events millennial- scale abrupt warm and cold events, respectively, during the last glacial period(3). Increases in the moisture transport across Central America have been proposed to coincide with northerly shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and with Dansgaard/ Oeschger interstadials, with opposite changes for Heinrich events(4). Here we reconstruct sea surface salinities in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean over the past 90,000 years by comparing palaeotemperature estimates from alkenones and Mg/Ca ratios with foraminiferal oxygen isotope ratios that vary with both temperature and salinity. We detect millennial- scale fluctuations of sea surface salinities in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean of up to two to four practical salinity units. High salinities are associated with the southward migration of the tropical Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone, coinciding with Heinrich events and with Greenland stadials(5). The amplitudes of these salinity variations are significantly larger on the Pacific side of the Panama isthmus, as inferred from a comparison of our data with a palaeoclimate record from the Caribbean basin(6). We conclude that millennial-scale fluctuations of moisture transport constitute an important feedback mechanism for abrupt climate changes, modulating the North Atlantic freshwater budget and hence North Atlantic Deep Water formation.
C1 Univ Aix Marseille 3, Coll France, CNRS,UMR 6635, CEREGE, F-13545 Aix En Provence 04, France.
C3 Aix-Marseille Universite; Universite PSL; College de France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD)
RP Leduc, G (corresponding author), Univ Aix Marseille 3, Coll France, CNRS,UMR 6635, CEREGE, Europole Arbois,BP 80, F-13545 Aix En Provence 04, France.
EM leduc@cerege.fr; bard@cerege.fr
NR 28
TC 194
Z9 231
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7130
BP 908
EP 911
DI 10.1038/nature05578
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 138CR
UT WOS:000244341200047
PM 17314978
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stern, E
   Klemic, JF
   Routenberg, DA
   Wyrembak, PN
   Turner-Evans, DB
   Hamilton, AD
   LaVan, DA
   Fahmy, TM
   Reed, MA
AF Stern, Eric
   Klemic, James F.
   Routenberg, David A.
   Wyrembak, Pauline N.
   Turner-Evans, Daniel B.
   Hamilton, Andrew D.
   LaVan, David A.
   Fahmy, Tarek M.
   Reed, Mark A.
TI Label-free immunodetection with CMOS-compatible semiconducting nanowires
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrical detection; silicon nanowires; nanosensors; sensors; surfaces; devices; arrays; dna
AB Semiconducting nanowires have the potential to function as highly sensitive and selective sensors for the label-free detection of low concentrations of pathogenic microorganisms(1-10). Successful solution-phase nanowire sensing has been demonstrated for ions(3), small molecules(4), proteins(5,6), DNA(7) and viruses(8); however, 'bottom-up' nanowires ( or similarly configured carbon nanotubes(11)) used for these demonstrations require hybrid fabrication schemes(12,13), which result in severe integration issues that have hindered widespread application. Alternative 'top-down' fabrication methods of nanowire-like devices(9,10,14-17) produce disappointing performance because of process-induced material and device degradation. Here we report an approach that uses complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field effect transistor compatible technology and hence demonstrate the specific label-free detection of below 100 femtomolar concentrations of antibodies as well as real-time monitoring of the cellular immune response. This approach eliminates the need for hybrid methods and enables system-scale integration of these sensors with signal processing and information systems. Additionally, the ability to monitor antibody binding and sense the cellular immune response in real time with readily available technology should facilitate widespread diagnostic applications.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Elect Engn, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mech Engn, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Chem, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University
RP Reed, MA (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Elect Engn, POB 208284, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
EM tarek.fahmy@yale.edu; mark.reed@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 1185
Z9 1401
U1 5
U2 441
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7127
BP 519
EP 522
DI 10.1038/nature05498
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 131KI
UT WOS:000243867300039
PM 17268465
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ng, SS
   Kavanagh, KL
   McDonough, MA
   Butler, D
   Pilka, ES
   Lienard, BMR
   Bray, JE
   Savitsky, P
   Gileadi, O
   von Delft, F
   Rose, NR
   Offer, J
   Scheinost, JC
   Borowski, T
   Sundstrom, M
   Schofield, CJ
   Oppermann, U
AF Ng, Stanley S.
   Kavanagh, Kathryn L.
   McDonough, Michael A.
   Butler, Danica
   Pilka, Ewa S.
   Lienard, Benoit M. R.
   Bray, James E.
   Savitsky, Pavel
   Gileadi, Opher
   von Delft, Frank
   Rose, Nathan R.
   Offer, John
   Scheinost, Johanna C.
   Borowski, Tomasz
   Sundstrom, Michael
   Schofield, Christopher J.
   Oppermann, Udo
TI Crystal structures of histone demethylase JMJD2A reveal basis for substrate specificity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID domain-containing proteins; ketoglutarate dioxygenase; lysine methylation; family; transcription; intermediate
AB Post-translational histone modification has a fundamental role in chromatin biology and is proposed to constitute a 'histone code' in epigenetic regulation(1,2). Differential methylation of histone H3 and H4 lysyl residues regulates processes including heterochromatin formation, X-chromosome inactivation, genome imprinting, DNA repair and transcriptional regulation(3). The discovery of lysyl demethylases using flavin (amine oxidases)(4) or Fe( II) and 2-oxoglutarate as cofactors (2OG oxygenases)(5-7) has changed the view of methylation as a stable epigenetic marker. However, little is known about how the demethylases are selective for particular lysyl-containing sequences in specific methylation states, a key to understanding their functions. Here we reveal how human JMJD2A ( jumonji domain containing 2A), which is selective towards tri- and dimethylated histone H3 lysyl residues 9 and 36 (H3K9me3/me2 and H3K36me3/me2), discriminates between methylation states and achieves sequence selectivity for H3K9. We report structures of JMJD2A - Ni( II) - Zn( II) inhibitor complexes bound to tri-, di- and monomethyl forms of H3K9 and the trimethyl form of H3K36. The structures reveal a lysyl-binding pocket in which substrates are bound in distinct bent conformations involving the Zn-binding site. We propose a mechanism for achieving methylation state selectivity involving the orientation of the substrate methyl groups towards a ferryl intermediate. The results suggest distinct recognition mechanisms in different demethylase subfamilies and provide a starting point to develop chemical tools for drug discovery and to study and dissect the complexity of reversible histone methylation and its role in chromatin biology.
C1 Univ Oxford, Struct Genom Consortium, Botnar Res Ctr, Oxford OX3 7LD, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Chem, Oxford OX1 3TA, England.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford Ctr Integrated Syst Biol, Oxford OX1 3TA, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, Oxford OX1 3QU, England.
   PAS Univ, Inst Catalysis & Surface Chem, PL-830239 Krakow, Poland.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Oxford; Polish Academy of Sciences; Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis & Surface Chemistry
RP Schofield, CJ (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Struct Genom Consortium, Botnar Res Ctr, Oxford OX3 7LD, England.
EM christopher.schofield@chemistry.oxford.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 17
TC 285
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 5
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7149
BP 87
EP 91
DI 10.1038/nature05971
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185OS
UT WOS:000247720900043
PM 17589501
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reynwar, BJ
   Illya, G
   Harmandaris, VA
   Müller, MM
   Kremer, K
   Deserno, M
AF Reynwar, Benedict J.
   Illya, Gregoria
   Harmandaris, Vagelis A.
   Mueller, Martin M.
   Kremer, Kurt
   Deserno, Markus
TI Aggregation and vesiculation of membrane proteins by curvature-mediated interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum; dynamics; bar; attraction; inclusions; geometry; bilayers; surface; coats
AB Membrane remodelling(1-5) plays an important role in cellular tasks such as endocytosis, vesiculation and protein sorting, and in the biogenesis of organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus. It is well established that the remodelling process is aided by specialized proteins that can sense(4) as well as create(6) membrane curvature, and trigger tubulation(7-9) when added to synthetic liposomes. Because the energy needed for such large-scale changes in membrane geometry significantly exceeds the binding energy between individual proteins and between protein and membrane, cooperative action is essential. It has recently been suggested(10,11) that curvature-mediated attractive interactions could aid cooperation and complement the effects of specific binding events on membrane remodelling. But it is difficult to experimentally isolate curvature-mediated interactions from direct attractions between proteins. Moreover, approximate theories predict repulsion between isotropically curving proteins(12-15). Here we use coarse-grained membrane simulations to show that curvature-inducing model proteins adsorbed on lipid bilayer membranes can experience attractive interactions that arise purely as a result of membrane curvature. We find that once a minimal local bending is realized, the effect robustly drives protein cluster formation and subsequent transformation into vesicles with radii that correlate with the local curvature imprint. Owing to its universal nature, curvature-mediated attraction can operate even between proteins lacking any specific interactions, such as newly synthesized and still immature membrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.
C1 Max Planck Inst Polymer Res, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Deserno, M (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Polymer Res, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
EM kremer@mpip-mainz.mpg.de; deserno@mpip-mainz.mpg.de
NR 29
TC 670
Z9 752
U1 4
U2 261
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 24
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7143
BP 461
EP 464
DI 10.1038/nature05840
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 170VA
UT WOS:000246693100044
PM 17522680
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dufour, P
   Liebert, J
   Fontaine, G
   Behara, N
AF Dufour, P.
   Liebert, J.
   Fontaine, G.
   Behara, N.
TI White dwarf stars with carbon atmospheres
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; hydrogen
AB White dwarfs represent the endpoint of stellar evolution for stars with initial masses between approximately 0.07 and 8-10M(circle dot), where M-circle dot is the mass of the Sun (more massive stars end their life as either black holes or neutron stars). The theory of stellar evolution predicts that the majority of white dwarfs have a core made of carbon and oxygen, which itself is surrounded by a helium layer and, for similar to 80 per cent of known white dwarfs, by an additional hydrogen layer(1-3). All white dwarfs therefore have been traditionally found to belong to one of two categories: those with a hydrogen-rich atmosphere ( the DA spectral type) and those with a helium-rich atmosphere (the non-DAs). Here we report the discovery of several white dwarfs with atmospheres primarily composed of carbon, with little or no trace of hydrogen or helium. Our analysis shows that the atmospheric parameters found for these stars do not fit satisfactorily in any of the currently known theories of post-asymptotic giant branch evolution, although these objects might be the cooler counterpart of the unique and extensively studied PG 1159 star H15041+65 (refs 4-7). These stars, together with H1504+65, might accordingly form a new evolutionary sequence that follows the asymptotic giant branch.
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Montreal, Dept Phys, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   Observ Paris, GEPI, CIFIST, F-92195 Meudon, France.
C3 University of Arizona; University of Arizona; Universite de Montreal; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris
RP Dufour, P (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM dufourpa@as.arizona.edu
NR 23
TC 137
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 522
EP 524
DI 10.1038/nature06318
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500040
PM 18033290
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smart, N
   Risebro, CA
   Melville, AAD
   Moses, K
   Schwartz, RJ
   Chien, KR
   Riley, PR
AF Smart, Nicola
   Risebro, Catherine A.
   Melville, Athalie A. D.
   Moses, Kelvin
   Schwartz, Robert J.
   Chien, Kenneth R.
   Riley, Paul R.
TI Thymosin β4 induces adult epicardial progenitor mobilization and neovascularization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID angiotensin-converting enzyme; aspartyl-lysyl-proline; heart; morphogenesis; growth; cells; angiogenesis; involvement; repair
AB Cardiac failure has a principal underlying aetiology of ischaemic damage arising from vascular insufficiency. Molecules that regulate collateral growth in the ischaemic heart also regulate coronary vasculature formation during embryogenesis. Here we identify thymosin beta 4 (T beta 4) as essential for all aspects of coronary vessel development in mice, and demonstrate that T beta 4 stimulates significant outgrowth from quiescent adult epicardial explants, restoring pluripotency and triggering differentiation of fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. T beta 4 knockdown in the heart is accompanied by significant reduction in the pro-angiogenic cleavage product N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline ( AcSDKP). Although injection of AcSDKP was unable to rescue T beta 4 mutant hearts, it significantly enhanced endothelial cell differentiation from adult epicardially derived precursor cells. This study identifies T beta 4 and AcSDKP as potent stimulators of coronary vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, and reveals T beta 4-induced adult epicardial cells as a viable source of vascular progenitors for continued renewal of regressed vessels at low basal level or sustained neovascularization following cardiac injury.
C1 UCL Inst Child Hlth, Mol Med Unit, London WC1N 1EH, England.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Stem Cell Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 University of London; University College London; Baylor College of Medicine; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Riley, PR (corresponding author), UCL Inst Child Hlth, Mol Med Unit, 30 Guilford St, London WC1N 1EH, England.
EM P.Riley@ich.ucl.ac.uk
FU MRC [G0200073] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0200073] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [G0200073] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 548
Z9 627
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7124
BP 177
EP 182
DI 10.1038/nature05383
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124QF
UT WOS:000243384300044
PM 17108969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ito, M
   Yang, ZX
   Andl, T
   Cui, C
   Kim, N
   Millar, SE
   Cotsarelis, G
AF Ito, Mayumi
   Yang, Zaixin
   Andl, Thomas
   Cui, Chunhua
   Kim, Noori
   Millar, Sarah E.
   Cotsarelis, George
TI Wnt-dependent de novo hair follicle regeneration in adult mouse skin after wounding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epithelial stem-cells; beta-catenin; transient activation; differentiation; morphogenesis; growth; niche; cycle
AB The mammalian hair follicle is a complex 'mini-organ' thought to form only during development 1; loss of an adult follicle is considered permanent. However, the possibility that hair follicles develop de novo following wounding was raised in studies on rabbits (2,3), mice(4) and even humans fifty years ago(5). Subsequently, these observations were generally discounted because definitive evidence for follicular neogenesis was not presented(6). Here we show that, after wounding, hair follicles form de novo in genetically normal adult mice. The regenerated hair follicles establish a stem cell population, express known molecular markers of follicle differentiation, produce a hair shaft and progress through all stages of the hair follicle cycle. Lineage analysis demonstrated that the nascent follicles arise from epithelial cells outside of the hair follicle stem cell niche, suggesting that epidermal cells in the wound assume a hair follicle stem cell phenotype. Inhibition of Wnt signalling after re-epithelialization completely abrogates this wounding-induced folliculogenesis, whereas overexpression of Wnt ligand in the epidermis increases the number of regenerated hair follicles. These remarkable regenerative capabilities of the adult support the notion that wounding induces an embryonic phenotype in skin, and that this provides a window for manipulation of hair follicle neogenesis by Wnt proteins. These findings suggest treatments for wounds, hair loss and other degenerative skin disorders.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, Kligman Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP Cotsarelis, G (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, Kligman Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM cotsarel@mail.med.upenn.edu
NR 31
TC 879
Z9 1055
U1 4
U2 360
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7142
BP 316
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature05766
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 168JK
UT WOS:000246520300045
PM 17507982
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dawes, CT
   Fowler, JH
   Johnson, T
   McElreath, R
   Smirnov, O
AF Dawes, Christopher T.
   Fowler, James H.
   Johnson, Tim
   McElreath, Richard
   Smirnov, Oleg
TI Egalitarian motives in humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reciprocity; punishment
AB Participants in laboratory games are often willing to alter others' incomes at a cost to themselves, and this behaviour has the effect of promoting cooperation(1-3). What motivates this action is unclear: punishment and reward aimed at promoting cooperation cannot be distinguished from attempts to produce equality(4). To understand costly taking and costly giving, we create an experimental game that isolates egalitarian motives. The results show that subjects reduce and augment others' incomes, at a personal cost, even when there is no cooperative behaviour to be reinforced. Furthermore, the size and frequency of income alterations are strongly influenced by inequality. Emotions towards top earners become increasingly negative as inequality increases, and those who express these emotions spend more to reduce above-average earners' incomes and to increase below-average earners' incomes. The results suggest that egalitarian motives affect income-altering behaviours, and may therefore be an important factor underlying the evolution of strong reciprocity(5) and, hence, cooperation in humans.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Polit Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Human Dev, Ctr Adapt Behav & Cognit, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anthropol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Miami, Dept Polit Sci, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Max Planck Society; Stanford University; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Miami
RP Fowler, JH (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Polit Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM jhfowler@ucsd.edu
NR 14
TC 421
Z9 482
U1 4
U2 94
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 12
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7137
BP 794
EP 796
DI 10.1038/nature05651
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 156CX
UT WOS:000245626800040
PM 17429399
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chan, CS
   Guzman, JN
   Ilijic, E
   Mercer, JN
   Rick, C
   Tkatch, T
   Meredith, GE
   Surmeier, DJ
AF Chan, C. Savio
   Guzman, Jaime N.
   Ilijic, Ema
   Mercer, Jeff N.
   Rick, Caroline
   Tkatch, Tatiana
   Meredith, Gloria E.
   Surmeier, D. James
TI 'Rejuvenation' protects neurons in mouse models of Parkinson's disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID midbrain dopaminergic-neurons; mitochondrial-dna deletions; substantia-nigra neurons; medium spiny neurons; ca2+ channels; cholinergic interneurons; calcium-antagonists; striatal level; pathogenesis; mechanisms
AB Why dopamine-containing neurons of the brain's substantia nigra pars compacta die in Parkinson's disease has been an enduring mystery. Our studies suggest that the unusual reliance of these neurons on L-type Ca(v)1.3 Ca2+ channels to drive their maintained, rhythmic pacemaking renders them vulnerable to stressors thought to contribute to disease progression. The reliance on these channels increases with age, as juvenile dopamine-containing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta use pacemaking mechanisms common to neurons not affected in Parkinson's disease. These mechanisms remain latent in adulthood, and blocking Ca(v)1.3 Ca2+ channels in adult neurons induces a reversion to the juvenile form of pacemaking. Such blocking ('rejuvenation') protects these neurons in both in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease, pointing to a new strategy that could slow or stop the progression of the disease.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Physiol, Feinberg Sch Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
   Rosalind Franklin Univ Med & Sci, Chicago Med Sch, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, Chicago, IL 60064 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago Medical School; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Science
RP Surmeier, DJ (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Physiol, Feinberg Sch Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
EM j-surmeier@northwestern.edu
FU National Institute of General Medical Sciences [T32GM008152] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 66
TC 706
Z9 826
U1 0
U2 71
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7148
BP 1081
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature05865
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 183HT
UT WOS:000247564600031
PM 17558391
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ramadan, K
   Bruderer, R
   Spiga, FM
   Popp, O
   Baur, T
   Gotta, M
   Meyer, HH
AF Ramadan, Kristijan
   Bruderer, Roland
   Spiga, Fabio M.
   Popp, Oliver
   Baur, Tina
   Gotta, Monica
   Meyer, Hemmo H.
TI Cdc48/p97 promotes reformation of the nucleus by extracting the kinase Aurora B from chromatin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; aaa-atpase; membrane-fusion; condensin-i; histone h3; envelope; p97; phosphorylation; activation; ubiquitin
AB During division of metazoan cells, the nucleus disassembles to allow chromosome segregation, and then reforms in each daughter cell. Reformation of the nucleus involves chromatin decondensation and assembly of the double- membrane nuclear envelope around the chromatin; however, regulation of the process is still poorly understood(1,2). In vitro, nucleus formation requires p97 ( ref. 3), a hexameric ATPase implicated in membrane fusion and ubiquitin- dependent processes(4,5). However, the role and relevance of p97 in nucleus formation have remained controversial. Here we show that p97 stimulates nucleus reformation by inactivating the chromatin- associated kinase Aurora B. During mitosis, Aurora B inhibits nucleus reformation by preventing chromosome decondensation and formation of the nuclear envelope membrane. During exit from mitosis, p97 binds to Aurora B after its ubiquitylation and extracts it from chromatin. This leads to inactivation of Aurora B on chromatin, thus allowing chromatin decondensation and nuclear envelope formation. These data reveal an essential pathway that regulates reformation of the nucleus after mitosis and defines ubiquitin- dependent protein extraction as a common mechanism of Cdc48/p97 activity also during nucleus formation.
C1 ETH, Inst Biochem, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Geneva, Sch Med, Dept Genet Med & Dev, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Geneva
RP Meyer, HH (corresponding author), ETH, Inst Biochem, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM hemmo.meyer@bc.biol.ethz.ch
NR 33
TC 222
Z9 275
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1258
EP U13
DI 10.1038/nature06388
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200056
PM 18097415
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Monteith, DT
   Stoddard, JL
   Evans, CD
   de Wit, HA
   Forsius, M
   Hogåsen, T
   Wilander, A
   Skjelkvåle, BL
   Jeffries, DS
   Vuorenmaa, J
   Keller, B
   Kopácek, J
   Vesely, J
AF Monteith, Donald T.
   Stoddard, John L.
   Evans, Christopher D.
   de Wit, Heleen A.
   Forsius, Martin
   Hogasen, Tore
   Wilander, Anders
   Skjelkvale, Brit Lisa
   Jeffries, Dean S.
   Vuorenmaa, Jussi
   Keller, Bill
   Kopacek, Jiri
   Vesely, Josef
TI Dissolved organic carbon trends resulting from changes in atmospheric deposition chemistry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID forest; export; soils; climate; sulfate; streams; model; lakes
AB Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain recent, widespread increases in concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the surface waters of glaciated landscapes across eastern North America and northern and central Europe(1-3). Some invoke anthropogenic forcing through mechanisms related to climate change(3-5), nitrogen deposition(6) or changes in land use(7), and by implication suggest that current concentrations and fluxes are without precedent. All of these hypotheses imply that DOC levels will continue to rise, with unpredictable consequences for the global carbon cycle. Alternatively, it has been proposed that DOC concentrations are returning toward pre-industrial levels as a result of a gradual decline in the sulphate content of atmospheric deposition(8-10). Here we show, through the assessment of time series data from 522 remote lakes and streams in North America and northern Europe, that rising trends in DOC between 1990 and 2004 can be concisely explained by a simple model based solely on changes in deposition chemistry and catchment acid-sensitivity. We demonstrate that DOC concentrations have increased in proportion to the rates at which atmospherically deposited anthropogenic sulphur and sea salt have declined. We conclude that acid deposition to these ecosystems has been partially buffered by changes in organic acidity and that the rise in DOC is integral to recovery from acidification. Over recent decades, deposition-driven increases in organic matter solubility may have increased the export of DOC to the oceans, a potentially important component of regional carbon balances(11). The increase in DOC concentrations in these regions appears unrelated to other climatic factors.
C1 UCL, Environm Change Res Ctr, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA.
   Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales.
   Norwegian Inst Water Res, N-0349 Oslo, Norway.
   Finnish Environm Inst, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
   Dept Environm Assessment SLU, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Environm Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada.
   Laurentian Univ, Ontario Minist Environm, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada.
   Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Hydrobiol, Ctr Biol, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic.
   Czech Geol Survey, Prague 15200, Czech Republic.
C3 University of London; University College London; United States Environmental Protection Agency; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA); Finnish Environment Institute; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Environment & Climate Change Canada; Laurentian University; Czech Academy of Sciences; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Czech Geological Survey
RP Monteith, DT (corresponding author), UCL, Environm Change Res Ctr, Mortimer St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM dmonteit@geog.ucl.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/D00599X/1, NE/D005973/1, NE/E011837/1] Funding Source: researchfish; NERC [NE/D00599X/1, NE/D005973/1, NE/E011837/1] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 30
TC 1458
Z9 1657
U1 10
U2 1131
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 537
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature06316
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500044
PM 18033294
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU MacPherson, RD
   Srolovitz, DJ
AF MacPherson, Robert D.
   Srolovitz, David J.
TI The von Neumann relation generalized to coarsening of three-dimensional microstructures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID grain-growth; sets; 3-d
AB Cellular structures or tessellations are ubiquitous in nature. Metals and ceramics commonly consist of space-filling arrays of single-crystal grains separated by a network of grain boundaries, and foams ( froths) are networks of gas-filled bubbles separated by liquid walls. Cellular structures also occur in biological tissue, and in magnetic, ferroelectric and complex fluid contexts. In many situations, the cell/grain/bubble walls move under the influence of their surface tension ( capillarity), with a velocity proportional to their mean curvature. As a result, the cells evolve and the structure coarsens. Over 50 years ago, von Neumann derived an exact formula for the growth rate of a cell in a two-dimensional cellular structure ( using the relation between wall velocity and mean curvature, the fact that three domain walls meet at 120 degrees and basic topology). This forms the basis of modern grain growth theory. Here we present an exact and much-sought extension of this result into three ( and higher) dimensions. The present results may lead to the development of predictive models for capillarity-driven microstructure evolution in a wide range of industrial and commercial processing scenarios - such as the heat treatment of metals, or even controlling the 'head' on a pint of beer.
C1 Inst Adv Study, Sch Math, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Yeshiva Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10033 USA.
C3 Institute for Advanced Study - USA; Yeshiva University
RP MacPherson, RD (corresponding author), Inst Adv Study, Sch Math, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
EM rdm@math.ias.edu; srol@yu.edu
NR 22
TC 268
Z9 319
U1 1
U2 158
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 26
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7139
BP 1053
EP 1055
DI 10.1038/nature05745
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 160NU
UT WOS:000245950400043
PM 17460667
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chendrimada, TP
   Finn, KJ
   Ji, XJ
   Baillat, D
   Gregory, RI
   Liebhaber, SA
   Pasquinelli, AE
   Shiekhattar, R
AF Chendrimada, Thimmaiah P.
   Finn, Kenneth J.
   Ji, Xinjun
   Baillat, David
   Gregory, Richard I.
   Liebhaber, Stephen A.
   Pasquinelli, Amy E.
   Shiekhattar, Ramin
TI MicroRNA silencing through RISC recruitment of eIF6
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eukaryotic initiation factor-6; messenger-rna degradation; translation initiation; caenorhabditis-elegans; c-elegans; lin-4 rna; gene; protein; biogenesis; association
AB MicroRNAs ( miRNAs) are a class of small RNAs that act post-transcriptionally to regulate messenger RNA stability and translation. To elucidate how miRNAs mediate their repressive effects, we performed biochemical and functional assays to identify new factors in the miRNA pathway. Here we show that human RISC ( RNA-induced silencing complex) associates with a multiprotein complex containing MOV10 - which is the homologue of Drosophila translational repressor Armitage and proteins of the 60S ribosome subunit. Notably, this complex contains the anti-association factor eIF6 ( also called ITGB4BP or p27BBP), a ribosome inhibitory protein known to prevent productive assembly of the 80S ribosome. Depletion of eIF6 in human cells specifically abrogates miRNA-mediated regulation of target protein and mRNA levels. Similarly, depletion of eIF6 in Caenorhabditis elegans diminishes lin-4 miRNA-mediated repression of the endogenous LIN-14 and LIN-28 target protein and mRNA levels. These results uncover an evolutionarily conserved function of the ribosome anti-association factor eIF6 in miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional silencing.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Genet & Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Wistar Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; The Wistar Institute; University of Pennsylvania; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Pasquinelli, AE (corresponding author), Ctr Regulacio Genom, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
EM apasquin@ucsd.edu; ramin.shiekhattar@crg.es
NR 36
TC 387
Z9 578
U1 0
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7146
BP 823
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature05841
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 178FV
UT WOS:000247207500036
PM 17507929
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pastorello, A
   Smartt, SJ
   Mattila, S
   Eldridge, JJ
   Young, D
   Itagaki, K
   Yamaoka, H
   Navasardyan, H
   Valenti, S
   Patat, F
   Agnoletto, I
   Augusteijn, T
   Benetti, S
   Cappellaro, E
   Boles, T
   Bonnet-Bidaud, JM
   Botticella, MT
   Bufano, F
   Cao, C
   Deng, J
   Dennefeld, M
   Elias-Rosa, N
   Harutyunyan, A
   Keenan, FP
   Iijima, T
   Lorenzi, V
   Mazzali, PA
   Meng, X
   Nakano, S
   Nielsen, TB
   Smoker, JV
   Stanishev, V
   Turatto, M
   Xu, D
   Zampieri, L
AF Pastorello, A.
   Smartt, S. J.
   Mattila, S.
   Eldridge, J. J.
   Young, D.
   Itagaki, K.
   Yamaoka, H.
   Navasardyan, H.
   Valenti, S.
   Patat, F.
   Agnoletto, I.
   Augusteijn, T.
   Benetti, S.
   Cappellaro, E.
   Boles, T.
   Bonnet-Bidaud, J.-M.
   Botticella, M. T.
   Bufano, F.
   Cao, C.
   Deng, J.
   Dennefeld, M.
   Elias-Rosa, N.
   Harutyunyan, A.
   Keenan, F. P.
   Iijima, T.
   Lorenzi, V.
   Mazzali, P. A.
   Meng, X.
   Nakano, S.
   Nielsen, T. B.
   Smoker, J. V.
   Stanishev, V.
   Turatto, M.
   Xu, D.
   Zampieri, L.
TI A giant outburst two years before the core-collapse of a massive star
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supernovae; progenitors; evolution; lines
AB The death of massive stars produces a variety of supernovae, which are linked to the structure of the exploding stars(1,2). The detection of several precursor stars of type II supernovae has been reported ( see, for example, ref. 3), but we do not yet have direct information on the progenitors of the hydrogen-deficient type Ib and Ic supernovae. Here we report that the peculiar type Ib supernova SN 2006jc is spatially coincident with a bright optical transient(4) that occurred in 2004. Spectroscopic and photometric monitoring of the supernova leads us to suggest that the progenitor was a carbon-oxygen Wolf - Rayet star embedded within a helium-rich circumstellar medium. There are different possible explanations for this pre-explosion transient. It appears similar to the giant outbursts of luminous blue variable stars (LBVs) of 60 - 100 solar masses(5), but the progenitor of SN 2006jc was helium- and hydrogen-deficient ( unlike LBVs). An LBV-like outburst of a Wolf - Rayet star could be invoked, but this would be the first observational evidence of such a phenomenon. Alternatively, a massive binary system composed of an LBV that erupted in 2004, and a Wolf - Rayet star exploding as SN 2006jc, could explain the observations.
C1 Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Math & Phys, Astrophys Res Ctr, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland.
   Itagaki Astron Observ, Teppo, Yamagata 9902492, Japan.
   Kyushu Univ, Dept Phys, Fukuoka 8108560, Japan.
   Osserv Astron Padova, INAF, I-35122 Padua, Italy.
   European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Ferrara, Dipartmento Fis, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
   Univ Padua, Dipartimento Astron, I-35122 Padua, Italy.
   Nord Opt Telescope, E-38700 Tenerife, Spain.
   Coddenham Astron Observ, Coddenham IP6 9QY, Suffolk, England.
   Ctr Etud Saclay, Serv Astrophys, DSM, DAPNIA,SAp, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Teramo, Dipartimento Sci Comunicaz, I-64100 Teramo, Italy.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observ, Beijing 100012, Peoples R China.
   CNRS, IN2P3, Ctr Phys Particules Marseille, F-13288 Marseille 9, France.
   Univ Aix Marseille 2, F-13288 Marseille 9, France.
   CNRS, Inst Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Univ Paris 06, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Univ La Laguna, E-38206 Tenerife, Spain.
   Osserv Astron Padova, INAF, I-36012 Vicenza, Italy.
   Telescopio Nazl Galileo, Fdn Galileo Galilei, INAF, E-38700 Tenerife, Spain.
   Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85741 Garching, Germany.
   Osserv Astron Trieste, INAF, I-34131 Trieste, Italy.
   Oriental Astron Assoc, CtrAstrodynam, Comp & Minor Planet Sect, Sumoto, Hyogo 6560011, Japan.
   Stockholm Univ, AlbaNova Univ Ctr, Dept Phys, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Queens University Belfast; Kyushu University; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Padua; European Southern Observatory; University of Ferrara; University of Padua; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; University of Teramo; Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Astronomical Observatory, CAS; Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Aix-Marseille Universite; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Universidad de la Laguna; University of Padua; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Max Planck Society; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Stockholm University
RP Pastorello, A (corresponding author), Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Math & Phys, Astrophys Res Ctr, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland.
EM a.pastorello@qub.ac.uk
FU Science and Technology Facilities Council [PP/E003303/1] Funding Source: researchfish; STFC [PP/E003303/1] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 29
TC 347
Z9 379
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7146
BP 829
EP 832
DI 10.1038/nature05825
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 178FV
UT WOS:000247207500037
PM 17568740
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sprangers, R
   Kay, LE
AF Sprangers, Remco
   Kay, Lewis E.
TI Quantitative dynamics and binding studies of the 20S proteasome by NMR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-weight proteins; 723-residue enzyme; methyl-groups; spectroscopy; relaxation; degradation; resolution; complex; assignments; particle
AB The machinery used by the cell to perform essential biological processes is made up of large molecular assemblies. One such complex, the proteasome, is the central molecular machine for removal of damaged and misfolded proteins from the cell. Here we show that for the 670-kilodalton 20S proteasome core particle it is possible to overcome the molecular weight limitations that have traditionally hampered quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy studies of such large systems. This is achieved by using an isotope labelling scheme where isoleucine, leucine and valine methyls are protonated in an otherwise highly deuterated background in concert with experiments that preserve the lifetimes of the resulting NMR signals. The methodology has been applied to the 20S core particle to reveal functionally important motions and interactions by recording spectra on complexes with molecular weights of up to a megadalton. Our results establish that NMR spectroscopy can provide detailed insight into supra-molecular structures over an order of magnitude larger than those routinely studied using methodology that is generally applicable.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Biochem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Genet, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto
RP Kay, LE (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Biochem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
EM kay@pound.med.utoronto.ca
NR 29
TC 433
Z9 511
U1 1
U2 91
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7128
BP 618
EP 622
DI 10.1038/nature05512
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133UM
UT WOS:000244039400037
PM 17237764
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Uemura, S
   Dorywalska, M
   Lee, TH
   Kim, HD
   Puglisi, JD
   Chu, S
AF Uemura, Sotaro
   Dorywalska, Magdalena
   Lee, Tae-Hee
   Kim, Harold D.
   Puglisi, Joseph D.
   Chu, Steven
TI Peptide bond formation destabilizes Shine-Dalgarno interaction on the ribosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transfer-rna; messenger-rna; a-sites; p-sites; translocation; spectroscopy; translation; elongation
AB The ribosome is a molecular machine that translates the genetic code contained in the messenger RNA into an amino acid sequence through repetitive cycles of transfer RNA selection, peptide bond formation and translocation(1-3). Here we demonstrate an optical tweezer assay to measure the rupture force between a single ribosome complex and mRNA. The rupture force was compared between ribosome complexes assembled on an mRNA with and without a strong Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence - a sequence found just upstream of the coding region of bacterial mRNAs, involved in translation initiation(4,5). The removal of the SD sequence significantly reduced the rupture force in complexes carrying an aminoacyl tRNA, Phe-tRNA(Phe), in the A site, indicating that the SD interactions contribute significantly to the stability of the ribosomal complex on the mRNA before peptide bond formation. In contrast, the presence of a peptidyl tRNA analogue, N-acetyl-Phe-tRNA(Phe), in the A site, which mimicked the post-peptidyl transfer state, weakened the rupture force as compared to the complex with Phe-tRNA(Phe), and the resultant force was the same for both the SD-containing and SD-deficient mRNAs. These results suggest that formation of the first peptide bond destabilizes the SD interaction, resulting in the weakening of the force with which the ribosome grips an mRNA. This might be an important requirement to facilitate movement of the ribosome along mRNA during the first translocation step.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Struct, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Puglisi, JD (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Struct, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM puglisi@stanford.edu; schu@lbl.gov
NR 16
TC 86
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7134
BP 454
EP 457
DI 10.1038/nature05625
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 148MO
UT WOS:000245079500043
PM 17377584
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barabash, S
   Fedorov, A
   Sauvaud, JJ
   Lundin, R
   Russell, CT
   Futaana, Y
   Zhang, TL
   Andersson, H
   Brinkfeldt, K
   Grigoriev, A
   Holmström, M
   Yamauchi, M
   Asamura, K
   Baumjohann, W
   Lammer, H
   Coates, AJ
   Kataria, DO
   Linder, DR
   Curtis, CC
   Hsieh, KC
   Sandel, BR
   Grande, M
   Gunell, H
   Koskinen, HEJ
   Kallio, E
   Riihelä, P
   Säles, T
   Schmidt, W
   Kozyra, J
   Krupp, N
   Fränz, M
   Woch, J
   Luhmann, J
   McKenna-Lawlor, S
   Mazelle, C
   Thocaven, JJ
   Orsini, S
   Cerulli-Irelli, R
   Mura, M
   Milillo, M
   Maggi, M
   Roelof, E
   Brandt, P
   Szego, K
   Winningham, JD
   Frahm, RA
   Scherrer, J
   Sharber, JR
   Wurz, P
   Bochsler, P
AF Barabash, S.
   Fedorov, A.
   Sauvaud, J. J.
   Lundin, R.
   Russell, C. T.
   Futaana, Y.
   Zhang, T. L.
   Andersson, H.
   Brinkfeldt, K.
   Grigoriev, A.
   Holmstrom, M.
   Yamauchi, M.
   Asamura, K.
   Baumjohann, W.
   Lammer, H.
   Coates, A. J.
   Kataria, D. O.
   Linder, D. R.
   Curtis, C. C.
   Hsieh, K. C.
   Sandel, B. R.
   Grande, M.
   Gunell, H.
   Koskinen, H. E. J.
   Kallio, E.
   Riihela, P.
   Sales, T.
   Schmidt, W.
   Kozyra, J.
   Krupp, N.
   Franz, M.
   Woch, J.
   Luhmann, J.
   McKenna-Lawlor, S.
   Mazelle, C.
   Thocaven, J. -J.
   Orsini, S.
   Cerulli-Irelli, R.
   Mura, M.
   Milillo, M.
   Maggi, M.
   Roelof, E.
   Brandt, P.
   Szego, K.
   Winningham, J. D.
   Frahm, R. A.
   Scherrer, J.
   Sharber, J. R.
   Wurz, P.
   Bochsler, P.
TI The loss of ions from Venus through the plasma wake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pioneer venus; upper-atmosphere; express; oxygen; mars; analyzer; pickup; atoms
AB Venus, unlike Earth, is an extremely dry planet although both began with similar masses, distances from the Sun, and presumably water inventories. The high deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio in the venusian atmosphere relative to Earth's also indicates that the atmosphere has undergone significantly different evolution over the age of the Solar System(1). Present-day thermal escape is low for all atmospheric species. However, hydrogen can escape by means of collisions with hot atoms from ionospheric photochemistry(2), and although the bulk of O and O-2 are gravitationally bound, heavy ions have been observed to escape(3) through interaction with the solar wind. Nevertheless, their relative rates of escape, spatial distribution, and composition could not be determined from these previous measurements. Here we report Venus Express measurements showing that the dominant escaping ions are O+, He+ and H+. The escaping ions leave Venus through the plasma sheet (a central portion of the plasma wake) and in a boundary layer of the induced magnetosphere. The escape rate ratios are Q(H+)/Q(O+) = 1.9; Q(He+)/Q(O+) = 0.07. The first of these implies that the escape of H+ and O+, together with the estimated escape of neutral hydrogen and oxygen, currently takes place near the stoichometric ratio corresponding to water.
C1 Swedish Inst Space Phys, S-98128 Kiruna, Sweden.
   Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31028 Toulouse, France.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGPP, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria.
   Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan.
   UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England.
   Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Aberystwyth Univ, Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, Ceredigion, Wales.
   W Virginia Univ, Dept Phys, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA.
   Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Michigan, Space Phys Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Natl Univ Ireland, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland.
   Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
   KFKI Res Inst Particle & Nucl Phys, H-1525 Budapest 114, Hungary.
   SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA.
   Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
C3 Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Austrian Academy of Sciences; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); University of London; University College London; University of Arizona; Aberystwyth University; West Virginia University; University of Helsinki; Finnish Meteorological Institute; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Max Planck Society; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Maynooth University; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; HUN-REN; HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics; Institute for Particle & Nuclear Physics - HAS; Southwest Research Institute; University of Bern
RP Barabash, S (corresponding author), Swedish Inst Space Phys, S-98128 Kiruna, Sweden.
EM stas@irf.se
NR 22
TC 167
Z9 180
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 650
EP 653
DI 10.1038/nature06434
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700038
PM 18046398
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baena-González, E
   Rolland, F
   Thevelein, JM
   Sheen, J
AF Baena-Gonzalez, Elena
   Rolland, Filip
   Thevelein, Johan M.
   Sheen, Jen
TI A central integrator of transcription networks in plant stress and energy signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated protein-kinase; arabidopsis-thaliana; gene-expression; nitrate reductase; sucrose; transduction; identification; pathways; leaves; metabolism
AB Photosynthetic plants are the principal solar energy converter sustaining life on Earth. Despite its fundamental importance, little is known about how plants sense and adapt to darkness in the daily light-dark cycle, or how they adapt to unpredictable environmental stresses that compromise photosynthesis and respiration and deplete energy supplies. Current models emphasize diverse stress perception and signalling mechanisms(1,2). Using a combination of cellular and systems screens, we show here that the evolutionarily conserved Arabidopsis thaliana protein kinases, KIN10 and KIN11 (also known as AKIN10/At3g01090 and AKIN11/At3g29160, respectively), control convergent reprogramming of transcription in response to seemingly unrelated darkness, sugar and stress conditions. Sensing and signalling deprivation of sugar and energy, KIN10 targets a remarkably broad array of genes that orchestrate transcription networks, promote catabolism and suppress anabolism. Specific bZIP transcription factors partially mediate primary KIN10 signalling. Transgenic KIN10 overexpression confers enhanced starvation tolerance and lifespan extension, and alters architecture and developmental transitions. Significantly, double kin10 kin11 deficiency abrogates the transcriptional switch in darkness and stress signalling, and impairs starch mobilization at night and growth. These studies uncover surprisingly pivotal roles of KIN10/11 in linking stress, sugar and developmental signals to globally regulate plant metabolism, energy balance, growth and survival. In contrast to the prevailing view that sucrose activates plant SnRK1s (Snf1-related protein kinases)(3-6), our functional analyses of Arabidopsis KIN10/11 provide compelling evidence that SnRK1s are inactivated by sugars and share central roles with the orthologous yeast Snf1 and mammalian AMPK in energy signalling.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   VIB, Dept Mol Microbiol, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Bot & Microbiol, Mol Cell Biol Lab, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB); KU Leuven
RP Rolland, F (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM baena@molbio.mgh.harvard.edu; filip.rolland@bio.kuleuven.be
NR 45
TC 1246
Z9 1417
U1 23
U2 526
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7156
BP 938
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature06069
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202OM
UT WOS:000248912900049
PM 17671505
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chambers, I
   Silva, J
   Colby, D
   Nichols, J
   Nijmeijer, B
   Robertson, M
   Vrana, J
   Jones, K
   Grotewold, L
   Smith, A
AF Chambers, Ian
   Silva, Jose
   Colby, Douglas
   Nichols, Jennifer
   Nijmeijer, Bianca
   Robertson, Morag
   Vrana, Jan
   Jones, Ken
   Grotewold, Lars
   Smith, Austin
TI Nanog safeguards pluripotency and mediates germline development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; self-renewal; mouse epiblast; es cells; expression; genes; network; protein; cloning
AB Nanog is a divergent homeodomain protein found in mammalian pluripotent cells and developing germ cells(1,2). Deletion of Nanog causes early embryonic lethality(2), whereas constitutive expression enables autonomous self- renewal of embryonic stem cells(1). Nanog is accordingly considered a core element of the pluripotent transcriptional network(3-7). However, here we report that Nanog fluctuates in mouse embryonic stem cells. Transient downregulation of Nanog appears to predispose cells towards differentiation but does not mark commitment. By genetic deletion we show that, although they are prone to differentiate, embryonic stem cells can self- renew indefinitely in the permanent absence of Nanog. Expanded Nanog null cells colonize embryonic germ layers and exhibit multilineage differentiation both in fetal and adult chimaeras. Although they are also recruited to the germ line, primordial germ cells lacking Nanog fail to mature on reaching the genital ridge. This defect is rescued by repair of the mutant allele. Thus Nanog is dispensible for expression of somatic pluripotency but is specifically required for formation of germ cells. Nanog therefore acts primarily in construction of inner cell mass and germ cell states rather than in the housekeeping machinery of pluripotency. We surmise that Nanog stabilizes embryonic stem cells in culture by resisting or reversing alternative gene expression states.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, MRC Ctr Dev Stem Cell Biol, Inst Stem Cell Res, Sch Biol Sci, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Ctr Stem Cell Res, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Physiol Dev & Neurosci, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Chambers, I (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, MRC Ctr Dev Stem Cell Biol, Inst Stem Cell Res, Sch Biol Sci, Kings Bldg,W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM ichambers@ed.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [G15381/2] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G9806702, G0300058] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [G15381/2] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [G0300723B, G0300058, G9806702] Funding Source: researchfish; BBSRC [G15381/2] Funding Source: UKRI; MRC [G9806702, G0300058] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 33
TC 1180
Z9 1411
U1 3
U2 134
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1230
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature06403
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200050
PM 18097409
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Flierl, MA
   Rittirsch, D
   Nadeau, BA
   Chen, AJ
   Sarma, JV
   Zetoune, FS
   McGuire, SR
   List, RP
   Day, DE
   Hoesel, LM
   Gao, H
   Van Rooijen, N
   Huber-Lang, MS
   Neubig, RR
   Ward, PA
AF Flierl, Michael A.
   Rittirsch, Daniel
   Nadeau, Brian A.
   Chen, Anthony J.
   Sarma, J. Vidya
   Zetoune, Firas S.
   McGuire, Stephanie R.
   List, Rachel P.
   Day, Danielle E.
   Hoesel, L. Marco
   Gao, Hongwei
   Van Rooijen, Nico
   Huber-Lang, Markus S.
   Neubig, Richard R.
   Ward, Peter A.
TI Phagocyte-derived catecholamines enhance acute inflammatory injury
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta(2)-adrenergic receptor; lung injury; norepinephrine; pathogenesis; stimulation; lymphocytes; neutrophils; complement; metabolism; activation
AB It is becoming increasingly clear that the autonomic nervous system and the immune system demonstrate cross-talk during inflammation by means of sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways(1,2). We investigated whether phagocytes are capable of de novo production of catecholamines, suggesting an autocrine/paracrine self-regulatory mechanism by catecholamines during inflammation, as has been described for lymphocytes(3). Here we show that exposure of phagocytes to lipopolysaccharide led to a release of catecholamines and an induction of catecholamine-generating and degrading enzymes, indicating the presence of the complete intracellular machinery for the generation, release and inactivation of catecholamines. To assess the importance of these findings in vivo, we chose two models of acute lung injury. Blockade of alpha(2)-adrenoreceptors or catecholamine-generating enzymes greatly suppressed lung inflammation, whereas the opposite was the case either for an alpha(2)-adrenoreceptor agonist or for inhibition of catecholamine-degrading enzymes. We were able to exclude T cells or sympathetic nerve endings as sources of the injury-modulating catecholamines. Our studies identify phagocytes as a new source of catecholamines, which enhance the inflammatory response.
C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Cell Biol & Immunol, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Ulm, Sch Med, Dept Trauma Hand & Reconstruct Surg, D-89075 Ulm, Germany.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Ulm University
RP Ward, PA (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM pward@umich.edu
NR 26
TC 381
Z9 423
U1 5
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7163
BP 721
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature06185
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 218VV
UT WOS:000250045000044
PM 17914358
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Binshtok, AM
   Bean, BP
   Woolf, CJ
AF Binshtok, Alexander M.
   Bean, Bruce P.
   Woolf, Clifford J.
TI Inhibition of nociceptors by TRPV1-mediated entry of impermeant sodium channel blockers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID local-anesthetics; receptor; tetrodotoxin; capsaicin; lidocaine; currents; neurons; access; site; rats
AB Most local anaesthetics used clinically are relatively hydrophobic molecules that gain access to their blocking site on the sodium channel by diffusing into or through the cell membrane(1). These anaesthetics block sodium channels and thereby the excitability of all neurons, not just sensory neurons. We tested the possibility of selectively blocking the excitability of primary sensory nociceptor (pain-sensing) neurons by introducing the charged, membrane-impermeant lidocaine derivative QX-314 through the pore of the noxious-heat-sensitive TRPV1 channel. Here we show that charged sodium-channel blockers can be targeted into nociceptors by the application of TRPV1 agonists to produce a pain-specific local anaesthesia. QX-314 applied externally had no effect on the activity of sodium channels in small sensory neurons when applied alone, but when applied in the presence of the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin, QX-314 blocked sodium channels and inhibited excitability. Inhibition by co-applied QX-314 and capsaicin was restricted to neurons expressing TRPV1. Injection of QX-314 together with capsaicin into rat hindpaws produced a long-lasting (more than 2 h) increase in mechanical and thermal nociceptive thresholds. Long-lasting decreases in pain sensitivity were also seen with regional injection of QX-314 and capsaicin near the sciatic nerve; however, in contrast to the effect of lidocaine, the application of QX-314 and capsaicin together was not accompanied by motor or tactile deficits.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Anesthesia & Crit Care, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University
RP Bean, BP (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM bruce_bean@hms.harvard.edu
NR 16
TC 371
Z9 436
U1 3
U2 79
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7162
BP 607
EP U13
DI 10.1038/nature06191
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 216QG
UT WOS:000249893500047
PM 17914397
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Biskup, C
   Kusch, J
   Schulz, E
   Nache, V
   Schwede, F
   Lehmann, F
   Hagen, V
   Benndorf, K
AF Biskup, Christoph
   Kusch, Jana
   Schulz, Eckhard
   Nache, Vasilica
   Schwede, Frank
   Lehmann, Frank
   Hagen, Volker
   Benndorf, Klaus
TI Relating ligand binding to activation gating in CNGA2 channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide-gated channel; functional expression; structural basis; mechanism; efficacy; stoichiometry
AB Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channels mediate sensory signal transduction in photoreceptors and olfactory cells. Structurally, CNG channels are heterotetramers composed of either two or three homologue subunits(1-4). Although it is well established that activation is a cooperative process of these subunits(5), it remains unknown whether the cooperativity is generated by the ligand binding, the gating, or both, and how the subunits interact. In this study, the action of homotetrameric olfactory-type CNGA2 channels(6) was studied in inside-out membrane patches by simultaneously determining channel activation and ligand binding, using the fluorescent cGMP analogue 8-DY547-cGMP as the ligand. At concentrations of 8-DY547-cGMP <1 mu M, steady-state binding was larger than steady-state activation, whereas at higher concentrations it was smaller, generating a crossover of the steady-state relationships. Global analysis of these relationships together with multiple activation time courses following cGMP jumps(7) showed that four ligands bind to the channels and that there is significant interaction between the binding sites. Among the binding steps, the second is most critical for channel opening: its association constant is three orders of magnitude smaller than the others and it triggers a switch from a mostly closed to a maximally open state. These results contribute to unravelling the role of the subunits in the cooperative mechanism of CNGA2 channel activation and could be of general relevance for the action of other ion channels and receptors.
C1 Univ Jena, Inst Physiol 2, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
   Fachhsch Schmalkalden, Fachbereich Elektrotech, D-98574 Schmalkalden, Germany.
   BIOLOG Life Sci Inst, D-28199 Bremen, Germany.
   Dyomics GmbH, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   Leibniz Inst Mol Pharmacol, D-13125 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Leibniz Association; Leibniz Forschungsinstitut furr Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP)
RP Benndorf, K (corresponding author), Univ Jena, Inst Physiol 2, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
EM klaus.benndorf@mti.uni-jena.de
NR 30
TC 99
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7134
BP 440
EP 443
DI 10.1038/nature05596
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 148MO
UT WOS:000245079500040
PM 17322905
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bininda-Emonds, ORP
   Cardillo, M
   Jones, KE
   MacPhee, RDE
   Beck, RMD
   Grenyer, R
   Price, SA
   Vos, RA
   Gittleman, JL
   Purvis, A
AF Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P.
   Cardillo, Marcel
   Jones, Kate E.
   MacPhee, Ross D. E.
   Beck, Robin M. D.
   Grenyer, Richard
   Price, Samantha A.
   Vos, Rutger A.
   Gittleman, John L.
   Purvis, Andy
TI The delayed rise of present-day mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylogenetic inference; fossil record; diversification; evolutionary; extinction; patterns; trees; age
AB Did the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event, by eliminating non-avian dinosaurs and most of the existing fauna, trigger the evolutionary radiation of present-day mammals? Here we construct, date and analyse a species-level phylogeny of nearly all extant Mammalia to bring a new perspective to this question. Our analyses of how extant lineages accumulated through time show that net per-lineage diversification rates barely changed across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Instead, these rates spiked significantly with the origins of the currently recognized placental superorders and orders approximately 93 million years ago, before falling and remaining low until accelerating again throughout the Eocene and Oligocene epochs. Our results show that the phylogenetic 'fuses' leading to the explosion of extant placental orders are not only very much longer than suspected previously, but also challenge the hypothesis that the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event had a major, direct influence on the diversification of today's mammals.
C1 Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Tierzucht, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Vertebrate Zool, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
   Royal Bot Gardens, Jodrell Lab, Surrey TW9 3AB, England.
   Natl Evolutionary Synth Ctr, Durham, NC 27705 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
C3 Technical University of Munich; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); Imperial College London; Zoological Society of London; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); University of New South Wales Sydney; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; The National Evolutionary Synthesis Center; University of British Columbia; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia
RP Bininda-Emonds, ORP (corresponding author), Univ Jena, Inst Spezielle Zool & Evolut Biol Phyletischem Mu, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
EM olaf.bininda@uni-jena.de
FU Natural Environment Research Council [cpb010001, NE/C517992/1] Funding Source: researchfish; NERC [cpb010001] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 42
TC 1623
Z9 1831
U1 1
U2 542
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7135
BP 507
EP 512
DI 10.1038/nature05634
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150TQ
UT WOS:000245242900042
PM 17392779
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Poelwijk, FJ
   Kiviet, DJ
   Weinreich, DM
   Tans, SJ
AF Poelwijk, Frank J.
   Kiviet, Daniel J.
   Weinreich, Daniel M.
   Tans, Sander J.
TI Empirical fitness landscapes reveal accessible evolutionary paths
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-dna recognition; fluctuating environments; isocitrate dehydrogenase; lac repressor; mutant; adaptation; robustness; dynamics; evolvability; specificity
C1 FOM Inst AMOLF, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 AMOLF; Harvard University
RP Tans, SJ (corresponding author), FOM Inst AMOLF, Kruislaan 407, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM tans@amolf.nl
NR 38
TC 405
Z9 468
U1 0
U2 88
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7126
BP 383
EP 386
DI 10.1038/nature05451
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 128WD
UT WOS:000243689500029
PM 17251971
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chait, R
   Craney, A
   Kishony, R
AF Chait, Remy
   Craney, Allison
   Kishony, Roy
TI Antibiotic interactions that select against resistance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tetracycline-resistance; escherichia-coli; expression; elements; promoter; fitness; gene
AB Multidrug combinations are increasingly important in combating the spread of antibiotic-resistance in bacterial pathogens(1-3). On a broader scale, such combinations are also important in understanding microbial ecology and evolution(4,5). Although the effects of multidrug combinations on bacterial growth have been studied extensively, relatively little is known about their impact on the differential selection between sensitive and resistant bacterial populations(1,6,7). Normally, the presence of a drug confers an advantage on its resistant mutants incompetition with the sensitive wild-type population(1). Here we show, by using a direct competition assay between doxycycline-resistant and doxycycline-sensitive Escherichia coli, that this differential selection can be inverted in a hyper-antagonistic class of drug combinations. Used in such a combination, a drug can render the combined treatment selective against the drug's own resistance allele. Further, this inversion of selection seems largely insensitive to the underlying resistance mechanism and occurs, at sublethal concentrations, while maintaining inhibition of the wild type. These seemingly paradoxical results can be rationalized in terms of a simple geometric argument. Our findings demonstrate a previously unappreciated feature of the fitness landscape for the evolution of resistance and point to a trade-off between the effect of drug interactions on absolute potency and the relative competitive selection that they impose on emerging resistant populations.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University
RP Kishony, R (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM roy_kishony@hms.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 369
Z9 452
U1 2
U2 120
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 5
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7136
BP 668
EP 671
DI 10.1038/nature05685
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 153LZ
UT WOS:000245438300040
PM 17410176
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dello Russo, N
   Vervack, RJ
   Weaver, HA
   Biver, N
   Bockelée-Morvan, D
   Crovisier, J
   Lisse, CM
AF Dello Russo, N.
   Vervack, R. J., Jr.
   Weaver, H. A.
   Biver, N.
   Bockelee-Morvan, D.
   Crovisier, J.
   Lisse, C. M.
TI Compositional homogeneity in the fragmented comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID echelle spectrograph; organic composition; deep impact; comets; 73p/schwassmann-wachmann-3; nirspec; release; search
AB The remarkable compositional diversity of volatile ices within comets(1-3) can plausibly be attributed to several factors, including differences in the chemical, thermal and radiation environments in comet-forming regions, chemical evolution during their long storage in reservoirs far from the Sun(4), and thermal processing by the Sun after removal from these reservoirs. To determine the relevance of these factors, measurements of the chemistry as a function of depth in cometary nuclei are critical. Fragmenting comets expose formerly buried material, but observational constraints have in the past limited the ability to assess the importance of formative conditions and the effects of evolutionary processes on measured composition(5-8). Here we report the chemical composition of two distinct fragments of 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3. The fragments are remarkably similar in composition, in marked contrast to the chemical diversity within the overall comet population and contrary to the expectation that short-period comets should show strong compositional variation with depth in the nucleus owing to evolutionary processing from numerous close passages to the Sun. Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 is also depleted in the most volatile ices compared to other comets, suggesting that the depleted carbon-chain chemistry seen in some comets from the Kuiper belt reservoir is primordial and not evolutionary(1).
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Dept Space, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
   Observ Meudon Paris, LESIA, F-92190 Meudon, France.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris
RP Dello Russo, N (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Dept Space, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
EM neil.dello.russo@jhuapl.edu
NR 30
TC 92
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7150
BP 172
EP 175
DI 10.1038/nature05908
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 188QN
UT WOS:000247934500037
PM 17625560
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roger, M
   Morris, DJP
   Tennant, DA
   Gutmann, MJ
   Goff, JP
   Hoffmann, JU
   Feyerherm, R
   Dudzik, E
   Prabhakaran, D
   Boothroyd, AT
   Shannon, N
   Lake, B
   Deen, PP
AF Roger, M.
   Morris, D. J. P.
   Tennant, D. A.
   Gutmann, M. J.
   Goff, J. P.
   Hoffmann, J. -U.
   Feyerherm, R.
   Dudzik, E.
   Prabhakaran, D.
   Boothroyd, A. T.
   Shannon, N.
   Lake, B.
   Deen, P. P.
TI Patterning of sodium ions and the control of electrons in sodium cobaltate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transitions; naxcoo2; thermopower; na0.5coo2; coo2
AB Sodium cobaltate (NaxCoO2) has emerged as a material of exceptional scientific interest due to the potential for thermoelectric applications(1,2), and because the strong interplay between the magnetic and superconducting properties has led to close comparisons with the physics of the superconducting copper oxides(3). The density x of the sodium in the intercalation layers can be altered electrochemically, directly changing the number of conduction electrons on the triangular Co layers(4). Recent electron diffraction measurements reveal a kaleidoscope of Na+ ion patterns as a function of concentration(5). Here we use single-crystal neutron diffraction supported by numerical simulations to determine the long-range three-dimensional superstructures of these ions. We show that the sodium ordering and its associated distortion field are governed by pure electrostatics, and that the organizational principle is the stabilization of charge droplets that order long range at some simple fractional fillings. Our results provide a good starting point to understand the electronic properties in terms of a Hubbard hamiltonian(6) that takes into account the electrostatic potential from the Na superstructures. The resulting depth of potential wells in the Co layer is greater than the single-particle hopping kinetic energy and as a consequence, holes preferentially occupy the lowest potential regions. Thus we conclude that the Na+ ion patterning has a decisive role in the transport and magnetic properties.
C1 CEA Saclay, CNRS,URA 2464, MIPPU,DSM,DRECAM,SPEC, Serv Phys Etat Condense, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Liverpool, Oliver Lodge Lab, Dept Phys, Liverpool L69 7ZE, Merseyside, England.
   Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.
   Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Festkorperphys, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
   Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
   Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Liverpool; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Zentrum fuer Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB); Technical University of Berlin; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; University of Oxford; University of Bristol; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
RP Roger, M (corresponding author), CEA Saclay, CNRS,URA 2464, MIPPU,DSM,DRECAM,SPEC, Serv Phys Etat Condense, PC 135, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM roger@drecam.saclay.cea.fr
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/E034993/1] Funding Source: researchfish; EPSRC [EP/E034993/1] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 27
TC 210
Z9 222
U1 1
U2 160
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7128
BP 631
EP 634
DI 10.1038/nature05531
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133UM
UT WOS:000244039400040
PM 17287806
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Georg, RB
   Halliday, AN
   Schauble, EA
   Reynolds, BC
AF Georg, R. Bastian
   Halliday, Alex N.
   Schauble, Edwin A.
   Reynolds, Ben C.
TI Silicon in the Earth's core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fe isotope fractionation; lattice-dynamics; oxygen isotopes; meteorites; minerals; moon; accretion; elements; rocks
AB Small isotopic differences between the silicate minerals in planets may have developed as a result of processes associated with core formation, or from evaporative losses during accretion as the planets were built up. Basalts from the Earth and the Moon do indeed appear to have iron isotopic compositions that are slightly heavy relative to those from Mars, Vesta and primitive undifferentiated meteorites(1-4) (chondrites). Explanations for these differences have included evaporation during the 'giant impact' that created the Moon (when a Mars-sized body collided with the young Earth). However, lithium(5) and magnesium(6), lighter elements with comparable volatility(7-9), reveal no such differences, rendering evaporation unlikely as an explanation. Here we show that the silicon isotopic compositions of basaltic rocks from the Earth and the Moon are also distinctly heavy. A likely cause is that silicon is one of the light elements in the Earth's core. We show that both the direction and magnitude of the silicon isotopic effect are in accord with current theory(10) based on the stiffness of bonding in metal and silicate. The similar isotopic composition of the bulk silicate Earth and the Moon is consistent with the recent proposal(11) that there was large-scale isotopic equilibration during the giant impact. We conclude that Si was already incorporated as a light element in the Earth's core before the Moon formed.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   ETH Zentrum NW, Dept Earth Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Oxford; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Halliday, AN (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
EM alexh@earth.ox.ac.uk
FU Science and Technology Facilities Council [PP/D001250/1] Funding Source: researchfish; STFC [PP/D001250/1] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 30
TC 282
Z9 316
U1 0
U2 93
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7148
BP 1102
EP 1106
DI 10.1038/nature05927
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 183HT
UT WOS:000247564600035
PM 17597757
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Molina, DM
   Wetterholm, A
   Kohl, A
   McCarthy, AA
   Niegowski, D
   Ohlson, E
   Hammarberg, T
   Eshaghi, S
   Haeggström, J
   Nordlund, PR
AF Molina, Daniel Martinez
   Wetterholm, Anders
   Kohl, Andreas
   McCarthy, Andrew A.
   Niegowski, Damian
   Ohlson, Eva
   Hammarberg, Tove
   Eshaghi, Said
   Haeggstroem, Jesper Z.
   Nordlund, Paer
TI Structural basis for synthesis of inflammatory mediators by human leukotriene C4 synthase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glutathione; refinement; asthma
AB Cysteinyl leukotrienes are key mediators in inflammation and have an important role in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, in particular bronchial asthma. In the biosynthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes, conversion of arachidonic acid forms the unstable epoxide leukotriene A(4) (LTA(4)). This intermediate is conjugated with glutathione (GSH) to produce leukotriene C-4 (LTC4) in a reaction catalysed by LTC4 synthase(1): this reaction is the key step in cysteinyl leukotriene formation. Here we present the crystal structure of the human LTC4 synthase in its apo and GSH- complexed forms to 2.00 and 2.15 angstrom resolution, respectively. The structure reveals a homotrimer, where each monomer is composed of four transmembrane segments. The structure of the enzyme in complex with substrate reveals that the active site enforces a horseshoe- shaped conformation on GSH, and effectively positions the thiol group for activation by a nearby arginine at the membrane - enzyme interface. In addition, the structure provides a model for how the omega- end of the lipophilic co- substrate is pinned at one end of a hydrophobic cleft, providing a molecular 'ruler' to align the reactive epoxide at the thiol of glutathione. This provides newstructural insights into themechanismof LTC4 formation, and also suggests that the observed binding and activation of GSHmight be common for a family of homologous proteins important for inflammatory and detoxification responses.
C1 Karolinska Inst, Div Biophys, Dept Med Biochem & Biophys, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Div Chem, Dept Med Biochem & Biophys, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Struct Genom Consortium, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Stockholm Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   European Mol Biol Lab, Grenoble Outstn, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
C3 Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm University; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Haeggström, J (corresponding author), Karolinska Inst, Div Biophys, Dept Med Biochem & Biophys, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM said.eshaghi@ki.se; jesper.haeggstrom@ki.se; par.nordlund@ki.se
NR 28
TC 167
Z9 197
U1 1
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7153
BP 613
EP U13
DI 10.1038/nature06009
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 195XV
UT WOS:000248446700048
PM 17632546
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ribeil, JA
   Zermati, Y
   Vandekerckhove, J
   Cathelin, S
   Kersual, J
   Dussiot, M
   Coulon, S
   Moura, IC
   Zeuner, A
   Kirkegaard-Sorensen, T
   Varet, B
   Solary, E
   Garrido, C
   Hermine, O
AF Ribeil, Jean-Antoine
   Zermati, Yael
   Vandekerckhove, Julie
   Cathelin, Severine
   Kersual, Joelle
   Dussiot, Michael
   Coulon, Severine
   Moura, Ivan Cruz
   Zeuner, Ann
   Kirkegaard-Sorensen, Thomas
   Varet, Bruno
   Solary, Eric
   Garrido, Carmen
   Hermine, Olivier
TI Hsp70 regulates erythropoiesis by preventing caspase-3-mediated cleavage of GATA-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor gata-1; erythroid-differentiation; negative regulation; caspase activation; apaf-1 apoptosome; cell-survival; cytochrome-c; maturation; proliferation; progenitors
AB Caspase-3 is activated during both terminal differentiation and erythropoietin-starvation-induced apoptosis of human erythroid precursors. The transcription factor GATA-1, which performs an essential function in erythroid differentiation(1,2) by positively regulating promoters of erythroid and anti-apoptotic genes(3-6), is cleaved by caspases in erythroid precursors undergoing cell death upon erythropoietin starvation or engagement of the death receptor Fas(7,8). In contrast, by an unknown mechanism, GATA-1 remains uncleaved when these cells undergo terminal differentiation upon stimulation with Epo(9-11). Here we show that during differentiation, but not during apoptosis, the chaperone protein Hsp70 protects GATA-1 fromcaspase-mediated proteolysis. At the onset of caspase activation, Hsp70 co-localizes and interacts with GATA-1 in the nucleus of erythroid precursors undergoing terminal differentiation. In contrast, erythropoietin starvation induces the nuclear export of Hsp70 and the cleavage of GATA-1. In an in vitro assay, Hsp70 protects GATA-1 from caspase-3-mediated proteolysis through its peptide-binding domain. The use of RNA-mediated interference to decrease the Hsp70 content of erythroid precursors cultured in the presence of erythropoietin leads to GATA-1 cleavage, a decrease in haemoglobin content, downregulation of the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-X-L, and cell death by apoptosis. These effects are abrogated by the transduction of a caspase-resistant GATA-1 mutant. Thus, in erythroid precursors undergoing terminal differentiation, Hsp70 prevents active caspase-3 from cleaving GATA-1 and inducing apoptosis.
C1 Univ Paris 05, Inst Federat Necker, CNRS,UMR 8147, Fac Med, F-75270 Paris, France.
   INSERM, UMR 517, F-21079 Dijon, France.
   Ist Super Sanita, Dept Hematol & Oncol, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
   Danish Canc Soc, Inst Canc Biol, Dept Apoptosis, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Paris 05, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, F-75270 Paris, France.
   Fac Med, Dept Hematol, F-75270 Paris, France.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Bourgogne Europe; Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS); Danish Cancer Society; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Saint-Louis - APHP
RP Hermine, O (corresponding author), Univ Paris 05, Inst Federat Necker, CNRS,UMR 8147, Fac Med, F-75270 Paris, France.
EM zermati@igr.fr; hermine@necker.fr
NR 24
TC 240
Z9 283
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7123
BP 102
EP 105
DI 10.1038/nature05378
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122KG
UT WOS:000243225100044
PM 17167422
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seelig, B
   Szostak, JW
AF Seelig, Burckhard
   Szostak, Jack W.
TI Selection and evolution of enzymes from a partially randomized non-catalytic scaffold
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vitro selection; messenger-rna; directed evolution; industrial biocatalysis; active-site; design; proteins; identification; strategy; antibody
AB Enzymes are exceptional catalysts that facilitate a wide variety of reactions under mild conditions, achieving high rate-enhancements with excellent chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivities. There is considerable interest in developing new enzymes for the synthesis of chemicals and pharmaceuticals(1-3) and as tools for molecular biology. Methods have been developed for modifying and improving existing enzymes through screening, selection and directed evolution(4,5). However, the design and evolution of truly novel enzymes has relied on extensive knowledge of the mechanism of the reaction(6-10). Here we show that genuinely new enzymatic activities can be created de novo without the need for prior mechanistic information by selection from a naive protein library of very high diversity, with product formation as the sole selection criterion. We used messenger RNA display, in which proteins are covalently linked to their encoding mRNA(11), to select for functional proteins from an in vitro translated protein library of > 10(12) independent sequences without the constraints imposed by any in vivo step. This technique has been used to evolve new peptides and proteins that can bind a specific ligand(12-18), from both random- sequence libraries(12,14-16) and libraries based on a known protein fold(17,18). We now describe the isolation of novel RNA ligases from a library that is based on a zinc finger scaffold(18,19), followed by in vitro directed evolution to further optimize these enzymes. The resulting ligases exhibit multiple turnover with rate enhancements of more than two- million- fold.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Biol, Simches Res Ctr 7215, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, CCIB, Simches Res Ctr 7215, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Szostak, JW (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Biol, Simches Res Ctr 7215, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM szostak@molbio.mgh.harvard.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline
NR 37
TC 179
Z9 230
U1 1
U2 94
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7155
BP 828
EP U13
DI 10.1038/nature06032
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200HJ
UT WOS:000248754200045
PM 17700701
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Daumke, O
   Lundmark, R
   Vallis, Y
   Martens, S
   Butler, PJG
   McMahon, HT
AF Daumke, Oliver
   Lundmark, Richard
   Vallis, Yvonne
   Martens, Sascha
   Butler, P. Jonathan G.
   McMahon, Harvey T.
TI Architectural and mechanistic insights into an EHD ATPase involved in membrane remodelling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proteins; dynamin; program; domain; rme-1; association; compartment; complexes; pincher; produce
AB The ability to actively remodel membranes in response to nucleotide hydrolysis has largely been attributed to GTPases of the dynamin superfamily, and these have been extensively studied(1). Eps15 homology (EH)-domain-containing proteins (EHDs/RME-1/pincher) comprise a less-well-characterized class of highly conserved eukaryotic ATPases implicated in clathrin-independent endocytosis(2), and recycling from endosomes(3,4). Here we show that EHDs share many common features with the dynamin superfamily, such as a low affinity for nucleotides, the ability to tubulate liposomes in vitro, oligomerization around lipid tubules in ring-like structures and stimulated nucleotide hydrolysis in response to lipid binding. We present the structure of EHD2, bound to a non-hydrolysable ATP analogue, and provide evidence consistent with a role for EHDs in nucleotide-dependent membrane remodelling in vivo. The nucleotide-binding domain is involved in dimerization, which creates a highly curved membrane-binding region in the dimer. Oligomerization of dimers occurs on another interface of the nucleotide-binding domain, and this allows us to model the EHD oligomer. We discuss the functional implications of the EHD2 structure for understanding membrane deformation.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP McMahon, HT (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England.
EM oliver.daumke@mdc-berlin.de; hmm@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U105178795] Funding Source: Medline; MRC [MC_U105178795] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U105178795] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 40
TC 259
Z9 307
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 923
EP U15
DI 10.1038/nature06173
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600051
PM 17914359
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Diddams, SA
   Hollberg, L
   Mbele, V
AF Diddams, Scott A.
   Hollberg, Leo
   Mbele, Vela
TI Molecular fingerprinting with the resolved modes of a femtosecond laser frequency comb
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID broad-band continuum; wavelength demultiplexer; spectroscopy; oscillator; pulses
AB The control of the broadband frequency comb(1) emitted from a mode-locked femtosecond laser has permitted a wide range of scientific and technological advances - ranging from the counting of optical cycles for next-generation atomic clocks(1,2) to measurements of phase-sensitive high-field processes(3). Aunique advantage of the stabilized frequency comb is that it provides, in a single laser beam, about a million optical modes with very narrow linewidths(4) and absolute frequency positions known to better than one part in 10(15) (ref. 5). One important application of this vast array of highly coherent optical fields is precision spectroscopy, in which a large number of modes can be used to map internal atomic energy structure and dynamics(6,7). However, an efficient means of simultaneously identifying, addressing and measuring the amplitude or relative phase of individual modes has not existed. Here we use a high-resolution disperser(8,9) to separate the individual modes of a stabilized frequency comb into a two-dimensional array in the image plane of the spectrometer. We illustrate the power of this technique for high-resolution spectral fingerprinting of molecular iodine vapour, acquiring in a few milliseconds absorption images covering over 6 THz of bandwidth with high frequency resolution. Our technique for direct and parallel accessing of stabilized frequency comb modes could find application in high-bandwidth spread-spectrum communications with increased security, high-resolution coherent quantum control, and arbitrary optical waveform synthesis(10) with control at the optical radian level.
C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   CSIR, NML, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa.
   Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Phys, ZA-2050 Wits, South Africa.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; Council for Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - South Africa; University of Witwatersrand
RP Diddams, SA (corresponding author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
EM sdiddams@boulder.nist.gov
NR 22
TC 661
Z9 769
U1 7
U2 264
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7128
BP 627
EP 630
DI 10.1038/nature05524
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133UM
UT WOS:000244039400039
PM 17287805
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gallo, EM
   Winslow, MM
   Canté-Barrett, K
   Radermacher, AN
   Ho, L
   McGinnis, L
   Iritani, B
   Neilson, JR
   Crabtree, GR
AF Gallo, Elena M.
   Winslow, Monte M.
   Cante-Barrett, Kirsten
   Radermacher, Amy N.
   Ho, Lena
   McGinnis, Lisa
   Iritani, Brian
   Neilson, Joel R.
   Crabtree, Gerald R.
TI Calcineurin sets the bandwidth for discrimination of signals during thymocyte development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell development; positive selection; negative selection; cd4+8+ thymocytes; alpha-beta; activation; expression; maturation; requirement; tolerance
AB At critical times in development, cells are able to convert graded signals into discrete developmental outcomes; however, the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. During thymocyte development, cell fate is determined by signals originating from the alpha beta T-cell receptor. Low-affinity/avidity interactions between the T-cell receptor and peptide-MHC complexes direct differentiation to the single-positive stage (positive selection), whereas high-affinity/avidity interactions induce death by apoptosis (negative selection)(1,2). Here we show that mice deficient in both calcineurin and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) c2/c3 lack a population of preselection thymocytes with enhanced ability to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (Raf-MEK-ERK) pathway, and fail to undergo positive selection. This defect can be partially rescued with constitutively active Raf, indicating that calcineurin controls MAPK signalling. Analysis of mice deficient in both Bim (which is required for negative selection) and calcineurin revealed that calcineurin-induced ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) sensitization is required for differentiation in response to 'weak' positive selecting signals but not in response to 'strong' negative selecting signals (which normally induce apoptosis). These results indicate that early calcineurin/NFAT signalling produces a developmental period of ERK hypersensitivity, allowing very weak signals to induce positive selection. This mechanism might be generally useful in the discrimination of graded signals that induce different cell fates.
C1 Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Program Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Comparat Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Stanford University
RP Crabtree, GR (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM crabtree@stanford.edu
FU NCRR NIH HHS [K26 RR024462] Funding Source: Medline; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI053568, T32 AI007290] Funding Source: Medline; NIH HHS [K26 OD011060] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [T32AI007290] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 28
TC 49
Z9 62
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 731
EP U11
DI 10.1038/nature06305
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700056
PM 18046413
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neder, I
   Ofek, N
   Chung, Y
   Heiblum, M
   Mahalu, D
   Umansky, V
AF Neder, I.
   Ofek, N.
   Chung, Y.
   Heiblum, M.
   Mahalu, D.
   Umansky, V.
TI Interference between two indistinguishable electrons from independent sources
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum shot-noise; hanbury-brown
AB Very much like the ubiquitous quantum interference of a single particle with itself(1), quantum interference of two independent, but indistinguishable, particles is also possible. For a single particle, the interference is between the amplitudes of the particle's wave-functions, whereas the interference between two particles is a direct result of quantum exchange statistics. Such interference is observed only in the joint probability of finding the particles in two separated detectors, after they were injected from two spatially separated and independent sources. Experimental realizations of two-particle interferometers have been proposed(2,3); in these proposals it was shown that such correlations are a direct signature of quantum entanglement(4) between the spatial degrees of freedom of the two particles ('orbital entanglement'), even though they do not interact with each other. In optics, experiments using indistinguishable pairs of photons encountered difficulties in generating pairs of independent photons and synchronizing their arrival times; thus they have concentrated on detecting bunching of photons (bosons) by coincidence measurements(5,6). Similar experiments with electrons are rather scarce. Cross-correlation measurements between partitioned currents, emanating from one source(7-10), yielded similar information to that obtained from auto-correlation (shot noise) measurements(11,12). The proposal of ref. 3 is an electronic analogue to the historical Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment with classical light(13,14). It is based on the electronic Mach-Zehnder interferometer(15) that uses edge channels in the quantum Hall effect regime(16). Here we implement such an interferometer. We partitioned two independent and mutually incoherent electron beams into two trajectories, so that the combined four trajectories enclosed an Aharonov-Bohm flux. Although individual currents and their fluctuations (shot noise measured by auto-correlation) were found to be independent of the Aharonov-Bohm flux, the cross-correlation between current fluctuations at two opposite points across the device exhibited strong Aharonov-Bohm oscillations, suggesting orbital entanglement between the two electron beams.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Braun Ctr Submicron Res, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Pusan Natl Univ, Dept Phys, Pusan 609735, South Korea.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Pusan National University
RP Heiblum, M (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Braun Ctr Submicron Res, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM heiblum@wisemail.weizmann.ac.il
NR 23
TC 264
Z9 277
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7151
BP 333
EP 337
DI 10.1038/nature05955
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 191GC
UT WOS:000248118300053
PM 17637665
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, L
   Li, YH
   Wang, RO
   Yin, C
   Dong, Q
   Hing, H
   Kim, C
   Welsh, MJ
AF Liu, Lei
   Li, Yuhong
   Wang, Runping
   Yin, Chong
   Dong, Qian
   Hing, Huey
   Kim, Changsoo
   Welsh, Michael J.
TI Drosophila hygrosensation requires the TRP channels water witch and nanchung
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID periplaneta-americana; thermoreceptive sensilla; cockroach periplaneta; olfactory sensilla; ion channels; neurons; antenna; identification; organization; expression
AB The ability to detect variations in humidity is critical for many animals. Birds, reptiles and insects all show preferences for specific humidities that influence their mating, reproduction and geographic distribution(1,2). Because of their large surface area to volume ratio, insects are particularly sensitive to humidity, and its detection can influence their survival(3-7). Two types of hygroreceptors exist in insects: one responds to an increase (moist receptor) and the other to a reduction (dry receptor) in humidity(4,6,8). Although previous data indicated that mechanosensation might contribute to hygrosensation(6,9), the cellular basis of hygrosensation and the genes involved in detecting humidity remain unknown. To understand better the molecular bases of humidity sensing, we investigated several genes encoding channels associated with mechanosensation, thermosensing or water transport. Here we identify two Drosophila melanogaster transient receptor potential channels needed for sensing humidity: CG31284, named by us water witch (wtrw), which is required to detect moist air, and nanchung (nan), which is involved in detecting dry air. Neurons associated with specialized sensory hairs in the third segment of the antenna express these channels, and neurons expressing wtrw and nan project to central nervous system regions associated with mechanosensation. Construction of the hygrosensing system with opposing receptors may allow an organism to very sensitively detect changes in environmental humidity.
C1 Univ Iowa, Roy J & Lucille A Carver Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Roy J & Lucille A Carver Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Cell & Struct Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Chonnam Natl Univ, Sch Biol Sci & Technol, Hormone Res Ctr, Kwangju 500757, South Korea.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Iowa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Iowa; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Chonnam National University
RP Welsh, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Roy J & Lucille A Carver Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
EM michael-welsh@uiowa.edu
NR 30
TC 165
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7167
BP 294
EP U14
DI 10.1038/nature06223
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228RC
UT WOS:000250746200060
PM 17994098
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butler, MA
   Sawyer, SA
   Losos, JB
AF Butler, Marguerite A.
   Sawyer, Stanley A.
   Losos, Jonathan B.
TI Sexual dimorphism and adaptive radiation in Anolis lizards
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ecological causes; habitat use; size; evolution; diversification; features
AB Sexual dimorphism is widespread and substantial throughout the animal world(1,2). It is surprising, then, that such a pervasive source of biological diversity has not been integrated into studies of adaptive radiation, despite extensive and growing attention to both phenomena(1,3-7). Rather, most studies of adaptive radiation either group individuals without regard to sex or focus solely on one sex. Here we show that sexual differences contribute substantially to the ecomorphological diversity produced by the adaptive radiations of West Indian Anolis lizards: within anole species, males and females occupy mostly non-overlapping parts of morphological space; the overall extent of sexual variation is large relative to interspecific variation; and the degree of variation depends on ecological type. Thus, when sexual dimorphism in ecologically relevant traits is substantial, ignoring its contribution may significantly underestimate the adaptive component of evolutionary radiation. Conversely, if sexual dimorphism and interspecific divergence are alternative means of ecological diversification, then the degree of sexual dimorphism may be negatively related to the extent of adaptive radiation.
C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Math, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Butler, MA (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Zool, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
EM mbutler@hawaii.edu
NR 30
TC 191
Z9 226
U1 1
U2 86
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7141
BP 202
EP 205
DI 10.1038/nature05774
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 165WT
UT WOS:000246338700042
PM 17495925
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tinetti, G
   Vidal-Madjar, A
   Liang, MC
   Beaulieu, JP
   Yung, Y
   Carey, S
   Barber, RJ
   Tennyson, J
   Ribas, I
   Allard, N
   Ballester, GE
   Sing, DK
   Selsis, F
AF Tinetti, Giovanna
   Vidal-Madjar, Alfred
   Liang, Mao-Chang
   Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe
   Yung, Yuk
   Carey, Sean
   Barber, Robert J.
   Tennyson, Jonathan
   Ribas, Ignasi
   Allard, Nicole
   Ballester, Gilda E.
   Sing, David K.
   Selsis, Franck
TI Water vapour in the atmosphere of a transiting extrasolar planet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmission spectra; thermal emission; light curves; line; absorption; hydrogen
AB Water is predicted to be among the most abundant (if not the most abundant) molecular species after hydrogen in the atmospheres of close-in extrasolar giant planets ('hot Jupiters')(1,2). Several attempts have been made to detect water on such planets, but have either failed to find compelling evidence for it(3,4) or led to claims that should be taken with caution(5). Here we report an analysis of recent observations of the hot Jupiter HD 189733b (ref. 6) taken during the transit, when the planet passed in front of its parent star. We find that absorption by water vapour is the most likely cause of the wavelength-dependent variations in the effective radius of the planet at the infrared wavelengths 3.6 mu m, 5.8 mu m (both ref. 7) and 8 mu m (ref. 8). The larger effective radius observed at visible wavelengths(9) may arise from either stellar variability or the presence of clouds/hazes. We explain the report of a non-detection of water on HD 189733b (ref. 4) as being a consequence of the nearly isothermal vertical profile of the planet's atmosphere.
C1 European Space Agcy, I-00044 Frascati, Italy.
   UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Acad Sinica, Res Ctr Environm Changes, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
   CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, IPAC Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CSIC, IEEC, Inst Ciencias Espai, Bellaterra 08193, Spain.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, F-75001 Paris, France.
   CNRS, Ecole Normale Super, F-69364 Lyon, France.
C3 European Space Agency; University of London; University College London; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Academia Sinica - Taiwan; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Ciencias del Espacio (ICE); University of Arizona; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES); Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Tinetti, G (corresponding author), European Space Agcy, I-00044 Frascati, Italy.
EM gio@gps.caltech.edu
FU EPSRC [EP/E043674/1] Funding Source: UKRI; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/E043674/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 437
Z9 487
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7150
BP 169
EP 171
DI 10.1038/nature06002
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 188QN
UT WOS:000247934500036
PM 17625559
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Denchi, EL
   de Lange, T
AF Denchi, Eros Lazzerini
   de lange, Titia
TI Protection of telomeres through independent control of ATM and ATR by TRF2 and POT1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle arrest; dna-damage; dysfunctional telomeres; homologous recombination; ataxia-telangiectasia; checkpoint; complex; end; maintenance; senescence
AB When telomeres are rendered dysfunctional through replicative attrition of the telomeric DNA or by inhibition of shelterin(1), cells show the hallmarks of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase signalling(2-4). In addition, dysfunctional telomeres might induce an ATM-independent pathway, such as ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase signalling, as indicated by the phosphorylation of the ATR target CHK1 in senescent cells(2,5) and the response of ATM-deficient cells to telomere dysfunction(6,7). However, because telomere attrition is accompanied by secondary DNA damage, it has remained unclear whether there is an ATM-independent pathway for the detection of damaged telomeres. Here we show that damaged mammalian telomeres can activate both ATM and ATR and address the mechanism by which the shelterin complex represses these two important DNA damage signalling pathways. We analysed the telomere damage response on depletion of either or both of the shelterin proteins telomeric repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) and protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) from cells lacking ATM and/or ATR kinase signalling. The data indicate that TRF2 and POT1 act independently to repress these two DNA damage response pathways. TRF2 represses ATM, whereas POT1 prevents activation of ATR. Unexpectedly, we found that either ATM or ATR signalling is required for efficient non-homologous end-joining of dysfunctional telomeres. The results reveal how mammalian telomeres use multiple mechanisms to avoid DNA damage surveillance and provide an explanation for the induction of replicative senescence and genome instability by shortened telomeres.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Cell Biol & Genet Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP de Lange, T (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Cell Biol & Genet Lab, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM delange@mail.rockefeller.edu
NR 29
TC 702
Z9 910
U1 6
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7157
BP 1068
EP 1071
DI 10.1038/nature06065
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 205EU
UT WOS:000249097600042
PM 17687332
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bandfield, JL
AF Bandfield, Joshua L.
TI High-resolution subsurface water-ice distributions on Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID martian ground-ice; near-surface; stability; behavior
AB Theoretical models indicate that water ice is stable in the shallow subsurface ( depths of < 1 - 2 m) of Mars at high latitudes(1-7). These models have been mainly supported by the observed presence of large concentrations of hydrogen detected by the Gamma Ray Spectrometer suite of instruments on the Mars Odyssey spacecraft(8-10). The models and measurements are consistent with a water-ice table that steadily increases in depth with decreasing latitude. More detailed modelling has predicted that the depth at which water ice is stable can be highly variable, owing to local surface heterogeneities such as rocks and slopes, and the thermal inertia of the ground cover(11-13). Measurements have, however, been limited to the footprint ( several hundred kilometres) of the Gamma Ray Spectrometer suite, preventing the observations from documenting more detailed water-ice distributions. Here I show that by observing the seasonal temperature response of the martian surface with the Thermal Emission Imaging System on the Mars Odyssey spacecraft(14), it is possible to observe such heterogeneities at subkilometre scale. These observations show significant regional and local water-ice depth variability, and, in some cases, support distributions in the subsurface predicted by atmospheric exchange and vapour diffusion models. The presence of water ice where it follows the depth of stability under current climatic conditions implies an active martian water cycle that responds to orbit-driven climate cycles(15-17). Several regions also have apparent deviations from the theoretical stability level, indicating that additional factors influence the ice-table depth. The high-resolution measurements show that the depth to the water-ice table is highly variable within the potential Phoenix spacecraft landing ellipses, and is likely to be variable at scales that may be sampled by the spacecraft.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Bandfield, JL (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM joshband@asu.edu
NR 29
TC 94
Z9 116
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7140
BP 64
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature05781
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 163GY
UT WOS:000246149300043
PM 17476262
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xin, HW
   Liu, D
   Wan, M
   Safari, A
   Kim, H
   Sun, W
   O'Connor, MS
   Zhou, SY
AF Xin, Huawei
   Liu, Dan
   Wan, Ma
   Safari, Amin
   Kim, Hyeung
   Sun, Wen
   O'Connor, Matthew S.
   Zhou Songyang
TI TPP1 is a homologue of ciliate TEBP-β and interacts with POT1 to recruit telomerase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID end-binding-protein; dna-damage; length regulator; complex; maintenance; subunit; protection; termini; enzyme; yeast
AB Telomere dysfunction may result in chromosomal abnormalities, DNA damage responses, and even cancer(1). Early studies in lower organisms have helped to establish the crucial role of telomerase and telomeric proteins in maintaining telomere length and protecting telomere ends(2-7). In Oxytricha nova, telomere G-overhangs are protected by the TEBP-alpha/beta heterodimer(3,4). Human telomeres contain duplex telomeric repeats with 3' single-stranded G-overhangs, and may fold into a t-loop structure that helps to shield them from being recognized as DNA breaks(8,9). Additionally, the TEBP-alpha homologue, POT1, which binds telomeric single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)(10), associates with multiple telomeric proteins ( for example, TPP1, TIN2, TRF1, TRF2 and RAP1) to form the six-protein telosome/shelterin(11,12) and other subcomplexes. These telomeric protein complexes in turn interact with diverse pathways to form the telomere interactome(13) for telomere maintenance. However, the mechanisms by which the POT1-containing telosome communicates with telomerase to regulate telomeres remain to be elucidated. Here we demonstrate that TPP1 is a putative mammalian homologue of TEBP-beta and contains a predicted amino-terminal oligonucleotide/ oligosaccharide binding (OB) fold. TPP1-POT1 association enhanced POT1 affinity for telomeric ssDNA. In addition, the TPP1 OB fold, as well as POT1 - TPP1 binding, seemed critical for POT1-mediated telomerelength control and telomere-end protection in human cells. Disruption of POT1 - TPP1 interaction by dominant negative TPP1 expression or RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in telomerelength alteration and DNA damage responses. Furthermore, we offer evidence that TPP1 associates with the telomerase in a TPP1-OB-fold-dependent manner, providing a physical link between telomerase and the telosome/shelterin complex. Our findings highlight the critical role of TPP1 in telomere maintenance, and support a yin - yang model in which TPP1 and POT1 function as a unit to protect human telomeres, by both positively and negatively regulating telomerase access to telomere DNA.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs Mclean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine
RP Zhou, SY (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs Mclean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM songyang@bcm.tmc.edu
NR 30
TC 398
Z9 518
U1 3
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7127
BP 559
EP 562
DI 10.1038/nature05469
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 131KI
UT WOS:000243867300048
PM 17237767
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sartori, AA
   Lukas, C
   Coates, J
   Mistrik, M
   Fu, S
   Bartek, J
   Baer, R
   Lukas, J
   Jackson, SP
AF Sartori, Alessandro A.
   Lukas, Claudia
   Coates, Julia
   Mistrik, Martin
   Fu, Shuang
   Bartek, Jiri
   Baer, Richard
   Lukas, Jiri
   Jackson, Stephen P.
TI Human CtIP promotes DNA end resection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-strand breaks; budding yeast sae2; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; homologous recombination; damage response; mre11 complex; cell-cycle; checkpoint control; protein-kinases; binding protein
AB In the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are processed into single-stranded DNA, triggering ATR-dependent checkpoint signalling and DSB repair by homologous recombination. Previous work has implicated the MRE11 complex in such DSB-processing events. Here, we show that the human CtIP (RBBP8) protein confers resistance to DSB-inducing agents and is recruited to DSBs exclusively in the S and G2 cell-cycle phases. Moreover, we reveal that CtIP is required for DSB resection, and thereby for recruitment of replication protein A (RPA) and the protein kinase ATR to DSBs, and for the ensuing ATR activation. Furthermore, we establish that CtIP physically and functionally interacts with the MRE11 complex, and that both CtIP and MRE11 are required for efficient homologous recombination. Finally, we reveal that CtIP has sequence homology with Sae2, which is involved in MRE11-dependent DSB processing in yeast. These findings establish evolutionarily conserved roles for CtIP-like proteins in controlling DSB resection, checkpoint signalling and homologous recombination.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust & Canc Res UK Gurdon Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
   Danish Canc Soc, Inst Canc Biol, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Danish Canc Soc, Ctr Genotox Stress Res, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Pathol, Inst Canc Genet, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; Danish Cancer Society; Danish Cancer Society; Columbia University
RP Sartori, AA (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust & Canc Res UK Gurdon Inst, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
EM s.jackson@gurdon.cam.ac.uk
FU Cancer Research UK [A5290] Funding Source: Medline; NCI NIH HHS [P01 CA097403] Funding Source: Medline
NR 49
TC 1083
Z9 1395
U1 0
U2 73
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 509
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature06337
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500038
PM 17965729
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Park, D
   Tosello-Trampont, AC
   Elliott, MR
   Lu, MJ
   Haney, LB
   Ma, Z
   Klibanov, AL
   Mandell, JW
   Ravichandran, KS
AF Park, Daeho
   Tosello-Trampont, Annie-Carole
   Elliott, Michael R.
   Lu, Mingjian
   Haney, Lisa B.
   Ma, Zhong
   Klibanov, Alexander L.
   Mandell, James W.
   Ravichandran, Kodi S.
TI BAI1 is an engulfment receptor for apoptotic cells upstream of the ELMO/Dock180/Rac module
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rac activation; phosphatidylserine; thrombospondin; macrophages; repeats; dock180; angiogenesis; phagocytosis; recognition; ced-12/elmo
AB Engulfment and subsequent degradation of apoptotic cells is an essential step that occurs throughout life in all multicellular organisms(1-3). ELMO/ Dock(180)/Rac proteins are a conserved signalling module for promoting the internalization of apoptotic cell corpses(4,5); ELMO and Dock180 function together as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the small GTPase Rac, and thereby regulate the phagocyte actin cytoskeleton during engulfment(4 -6). However, the receptor(s) upstream of the ELMO/ Dock180/ Rac module are still unknown. Here we identify brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1) as a receptor upstream of ELMO and as a receptor that can bind phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells. BAI1 is a seven-transmembrane protein belonging to the adhesion-type G-protein-coupled receptor family, with an extended extracellular region(7-9) and no known ligands. We show that BAI1 functions as an engulfment receptor in both the recognition and subsequent internalization of apoptotic cells. Through multiple lines of investigation, we identify phosphatidylserine, a key `eat-me' signal exposed on apoptotic cells(10-13), as a ligand for BAI1. The thrombospondin type 1 repeats within the extracellular region of BAI1 mediate direct binding to phosphatidylserine. As with intracellular signalling, BAI1 forms a trimeric complex with ELMO and Dock180, and functional studies suggest that BAI1 cooperates with ELMO/ Dock180/Rac to promote maximal engulfment of apoptotic cells. Last, decreased BAI1 expression or interference with BAI1 function inhibits the engulfment of apoptotic targets ex vivo and in vivo. Thus, BAI1 is a phosphatidylserine recognition receptor that can directly recruit a Rac-GEF complex to mediate the uptake of apoptotic cells.
C1 Univ Virginia, Carter Immunol Ctr, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Cell Biol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Microbiol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Div Cardiovasc, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Pathol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
C3 University of Virginia; University of Virginia; University of Virginia; University of Virginia; University of Virginia
RP Ravichandran, KS (corresponding author), Univ Virginia, Carter Immunol Ctr, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
EM ravi@virginia.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [T32 AI055432] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [T32AI055432] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 25
TC 678
Z9 799
U1 3
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 15
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7168
BP 430
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature06329
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 231AM
UT WOS:000250918600057
PM 17960134
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miller, SE
   Collins, BM
   Mccoy, AJ
   Robinson, MS
   Owen, DJ
AF Miller, Sharon E.
   Collins, Brett M.
   Mccoy, Airlie J.
   Robinson, Margaret S.
   Owen, David J.
TI A SNARE-adaptor interaction is a new mode of cargo recognition in clathrin-coated vesicles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homology enth domains; trans-golgi network; membrane; proteins; complex; fusion; signal; epsin; localization; refinement
AB Soluble NSF attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are type II transmembrane proteins that have critical roles in providing the specificity and energy for transport-vesicle fusion and must therefore be correctly partitioned between vesicle and organelle membranes(1-3). Like all other cargo, SNAREs need to be sorted into the forming vesicles by direct interaction with components of the vesicles' coats. Here we characterize the molecular details governing the sorting of a SNARE into clathrin-coated vesicles, namely the direct recognition of the three-helical bundle H-abc domain of the mouse SNARE Vti1b by the human clathrin adaptor epsinR (EPNR, also known as CLINT1). Structures of each domain and of their complex show that this interaction ( dissociation constant 22 mu M) is mediated by surface patches composed of approximately 15 residues each, the topographies of which are dependent on each domain's overall fold. Disruption of the interface with point mutations abolishes the interaction in vitro and causes Vti1b to become relocalized to late endosomes and lysosomes. This new class of highly specific, surface-surface interaction between the clathrin coat component and the cargo is distinct from the widely observed binding of short, linear cargo motifs by the assembly polypeptide (AP) complex and GGA adaptors(4) and is therefore not vulnerable to competition from standard motif-containing cargoes for incorporation into clathrin-coated vesicles. We propose that conceptually similar but mechanistically different interactions will direct the post-Golgi trafficking of many SNAREs.
C1 Univ Cambridge, CIMR, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England.
   Univ Queensland, IMB, St Lucia, Qld 4075, Australia.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Queensland
RP Owen, DJ (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, CIMR, Wellcome Trust MRC Bldg,Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England.
EM msr12@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk; djo30@cam.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 38
TC 103
Z9 128
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 22
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7169
BP 570
EP U21
DI 10.1038/nature06353
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234JW
UT WOS:000251158500052
PM 18033301
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shojaei, F
   Wu, XM
   Zhong, CL
   Yu, LL
   Liang, XH
   Yao, J
   Blanchard, D
   Bais, C
   Peale, FV
   van Bruggen, N
   Ho, C
   Ross, J
   Tan, M
   Carano, RAD
   Meng, YG
   Ferrara, N
AF Shojaei, Farbod
   Wu, Xiumin
   Zhong, Cuiling
   Yu, Lanlan
   Liang, Xiao-Huan
   Yao, Jenny
   Blanchard, Dominique
   Bais, Carlos
   Peale, Franklin V.
   van Bruggen, Nicholas
   Ho, Calvin
   Ross, Jed
   Tan, Martha
   Carano, Richard A. D.
   Meng, Y. Gloria
   Ferrara, Napoleone
TI Bv8 regulates myeloid-cell-dependent tumour angiogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colony-stimulating-factor; endothelial growth-factor; protein-coupled receptors; hematopoietic stem-cells; gland-derived vegf; microcomputed tomography; progenitor cells; identification; neovascularization; neutrophils
AB Bone- marrow- derived cells facilitate tumour angiogenesis, but the molecular mechanisms of this facilitation are incompletely understood. We have previously shown that the related EG- VEGF and Bv8 proteins, also known as prokineticin 1 ( Prok1) and prokineticin 2 ( Prok2), promote both tissue- specific angiogenesis and haematopoietic cell mobilization. Unlike EG- VEGF, Bv8 is expressed in the bone marrow. Here we show that implantation of tumour cells in mice resulted in upregulation of Bv8 in CD11b(+) Gr1(+) myeloid cells. We identified granulocyte colony- stimulating factor as a major positive regulator of Bv8 expression. Anti- Bv8 antibodies reduced CD11b(+) Gr1(+) cell mobilization elicited by granulocyte colony- stimulating factor. Adenoviral delivery of Bv8 into tumours was shown to promote angiogenesis. Anti- Bv8 antibodies inhibited growth of several tumours in mice and suppressed angiogenesis. Anti- Bv8 treatment also reduced CD11b(+) Gr1(+) cells, both in peripheral blood and in tumours. The effects of anti- Bv8 antibodies were additive to those of anti- Vegf antibodies or cytotoxic chemotherapy. Thus, Bv8 modulates mobilization of CD11b(+) Gr1(+) cells from the bone marrow during tumour development and also promotes angiogenesis locally.
C1 Genentech Inc, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech
RP Ferrara, N (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
EM nf@gene.com
NR 45
TC 557
Z9 623
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 825
EP U6
DI 10.1038/nature06348
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900045
PM 18064003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Román-Leshkov, Y
   Barrett, CJ
   Liu, ZY
   Dumesic, JA
AF Roman-Leshkov, Yuriy
   Barrett, Christopher J.
   Liu, Zhen Y.
   Dumesic, James A.
TI Production of dimethylfuran for liquid fuels from biomass-derived carbohydrates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supported copper; hydrogenation; catalysts; fructose; 2-methylfuran; equilibria; media
AB Diminishing fossil fuel reserves and growing concerns about global warming indicate that sustainable sources of energy are needed in the near future. For fuels to be useful in the transportation sector, they must have specific physical properties that allow for efficient distribution, storage and combustion; these properties are currently fulfilled by non-renewable petroleum-derived liquid fuels. Ethanol, the only renewable liquid fuel currently produced in large quantities, suffers from several limitations, including low energy density, high volatility, and contamination by the absorption of water from the atmosphere. Here we present a catalytic strategy for the production of 2,5-dimethylfuran from fructose ( a carbohydrate obtained directly from biomass or by the isomerization of glucose) for use as a liquid transportation fuel. Compared to ethanol, 2,5-dimethylfuran has a higher energy density ( by 40 per cent), a higher boiling point ( by 20 K), and is not soluble in water. This catalytic strategy creates a route for transforming abundant renewable biomass resources(1,2) into a liquid fuel suitable for the transportation sector, and may diminish our reliance on petroleum.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Dumesic, JA (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM dumesic@engr.wisc.edu
NR 25
TC 2001
Z9 2336
U1 17
U2 1222
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7147
BP 982
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature05923
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180NU
UT WOS:000247373100042
PM 17581580
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ide, S
   Beroza, GC
   Shelly, DR
   Uchide, T
AF Ide, Satoshi
   Beroza, Gregory C.
   Shelly, David R.
   Uchide, Takahiko
TI A scaling law for slow earthquakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID episodic tremor; bungo channel; sanriku-oki; slip events; japan; region; fault; subduction; friction
AB Recently, a series of unusual earthquake phenomena have been discovered, including deep episodic tremor(1), low-frequency earthquakes (2), very-low-frequency earthquakes(3), slow slip events(4) and silent earthquakes(5-9). Each of these has been demonstrated to arise from shear slip, just as do regular earthquakes, but with longer characteristic durations and radiating much less seismic energy. Here we show that these slow events follow a simple, unified scaling relationship that clearly differentiates their behaviour from that of regular earthquakes. We find that their seismic moment is proportional to the characteristic duration and their moment rate function is constant, with a spectral high-frequency decay of f(-1). This scaling and spectral behaviour demonstrates that they can be thought of as different manifestations of the same phenomena and that they comprise a new earthquake category. The observed scale dependence of rupture velocity for these events can be explained by either a constant low-stress drop model or a diffusional constant-slip model. This new scaling law unifies a diverse class of slow seismic events and may lead to a better understanding of the plate subduction process and large earthquake generation.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of Tokyo; Stanford University
RP Ide, S (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM ide@eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 31
TC 587
Z9 659
U1 1
U2 105
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7140
BP 76
EP 79
DI 10.1038/nature05780
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 163GY
UT WOS:000246149300046
PM 17476265
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meijers, R
   Puettmann-Holgado, R
   Skiniotis, G
   Liu, JH
   Walz, T
   Wang, JH
   Schmucker, D
AF Meijers, Rob
   Puettmann-Holgado, Roland
   Skiniotis, Georgios
   Liu, Jin-Huan
   Walz, Thomas
   Wang, Jia-Huai
   Schmucker, Dietmar
TI Structural basis of Dscam isoform specificity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila dscam; axon guidance; protein recognition; surface-receptors; crystal-structure; self-avoidance; diversity; horseshoe; neurons
AB The Dscam gene gives rise to thousands of diverse cell surface receptors(1) thought to provide homophilic and heterophilic recognition specificity for neuronal wiring(2-4) and immune responses(5). Mutually exclusive splicing allows for the generation of sequence variability in three immunoglobulin ecto-domains, D2, D3 and D7. We report X-ray structures of the amino-terminal four immunoglobulin domains (D1-D4) of two distinct Dscam isoforms. The structures reveal a horseshoe configuration, with variable residues of D2 and D3 constituting two independent surface epitopes on either side of the receptor. Both isoforms engage in homo-dimerization coupling variable domain D2 with D2, and D3 with D3. These interactions involve symmetric, antiparallel pairing of identical peptide segments from epitope I that are unique to each isoform. Structure-guided mutagenesis and swapping of peptide segments confirm that epitope I, but not epitope II, confers homophilic binding specificity of full-length Dscam receptors. Phylogenetic analysis shows strong selection of matching peptide sequences only for epitope I. We propose that peptide complementarity of variable residues in epitope I of Dscam is essential for homophilic binding specificity.
C1 Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Canc Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Freiburg, Inst Biol 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Freiburg
RP Wang, JH (corresponding author), Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM jwang@red.dfci.harvard.edu; dietmar_schmucker@dfci.harvard.edu
NR 33
TC 131
Z9 157
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7161
BP 487
EP U12
DI 10.1038/nature06147
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214GQ
UT WOS:000249724800046
PM 17721508
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, XW
   Pickin, KA
   Bose, R
   Jura, N
   Cole, PA
   Kuriyan, J
AF Zhang, Xuewu
   Pickin, Kerry A.
   Bose, Ron
   Jura, Natalia
   Cole, Philip A.
   Kuriyan, John
TI Inhibition of the EGF receptor by binding of MIG6 to an activating kinase domain interface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor receptor; negative regulator; lung-cancer; signal; complex; ralt; conformation; mutations; gefitinib; mechanism
AB Members of the epidermal growth factor receptor family (EGFR/ERBB1, ERBB2/HER2, ERBB3/HER3 and ERBB4/HER4) are key targets for inhibition in cancer therapy(1). Critical for activation is the formation of an asymmetric dimer by the intracellular kinase domains, in which the carboxy-terminal lobe (C lobe) of one kinase domain induces an active conformation in the other(2). The cytoplasmic protein MIG6 (mitogen-induced gene 6; also known as ERRFI1) interacts with and inhibits the kinase domains of EGFR and ERBB2 (refs 3-5). Crystal structures of complexes between the EGFR kinase domain and a fragment of MIG6 show that a similar to 25-residue epitope (segment 1) from MIG6 binds to the distal surface of the Clobe of the kinase domain. Biochemical and cell-based analyses confirm that this interaction contributes to EGFR inhibition by blocking the formation of the activating dimer interface. A longer MIG6 peptide that is extended C terminal to segment 1 has increased potency as an inhibitor of the activated EGFR kinase domain, while retaining a critical dependence on segment 1. We show that signalling by EGFR molecules that contain constitutively active kinase domains still requires formation of the asymmetric dimer, underscoring the importance of dimer interface blockage in MIG6-mediated inhibition.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Calif Inst Quantitat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Johns Hopkins University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Kuriyan, J (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM kuriyan@berkeley.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA096504] Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 294
Z9 355
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 741
EP U13
DI 10.1038/nature05998
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700058
PM 18046415
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blondin, JM
   Mezzacappa, A
AF Blondin, John M.
   Mezzacappa, Anthony
TI Pulsar spins from an instability in the accretion shock of supernovae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID birth; evolution; stars; state
AB Rotation-powered radio pulsars are born with inferred initial rotation periods(1) of order 300 ms ( some as short as 20 ms) in core-collapse supernovae. In the traditional picture, this fast rotation is the result of conservation of angular momentum during the collapse of a rotating stellar core. This leads to the inevitable conclusion that pulsar spin is directly correlated with the rotation of the progenitor star(2). So far, however, stellar theory has not been able to explain the distribution of pulsar spins, suggesting that the birth rotation is either too slow(3) or too fast(2,4). Here we report a robust instability of the stalled accretion shock in core-collapse supernovae that is able to generate a strong rotational flow in the vicinity of the accreting proto-neutron star. Sufficient angular momentum is deposited on the proto-neutron star to generate a final spin period consistent with observations, even beginning with spherically symmetrical initial conditions. This provides a new mechanism for the generation of neutron star spin and weakens, if not breaks, the assumed correlation between the rotational periods of supernova progenitor cores and pulsar spin.
C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
C3 North Carolina State University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory
RP Blondin, JM (corresponding author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
EM john_blondin@ncsu.edu
NR 13
TC 203
Z9 216
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7123
BP 58
EP 60
DI 10.1038/nature05428
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122KG
UT WOS:000243225100034
PM 17203055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chrysostomou, A
   Lucas, PW
   Hough, JH
AF Chrysostomou, Antonio
   Lucas, Philip W.
   Hough, James H.
TI Circular polarimetry reveals helical magnetic fields in the young stellar object HH 135-136
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID herbig-haro objects; imaging polarimetry; polarization; region; scattering
AB Magnetic fields are believed to have a vital role in regulating and shaping the flow of material onto and away from protostars during their initial mass accretion phase. It is becoming increasingly accepted(1) that bipolar outflows are generated and collimated as material is driven along magnetic field lines and centrifugally accelerated off a rotating accretion disk. However, the precise role of the magnetic field is poorly understood and evidence for its shape and structure has not been forthcoming. Here we report imaging circular polarimetry in the near-infrared and Monte Carlo modelling showing that the magnetic field along the bipolar outflow of the HH 135-136 young stellar object is helical. The field retains this shape for large distances along the outflow, so the field structure can also provide the necessary magnetic pressure for collimation of the outflow. This result lends further weight to the hypothesis-central to any theory of star formation-that the outflow is an important instrument for the removal of high-angular-momentum material from the accretion disk, thereby allowing the central protostar to increase its mass.
C1 Univ Hertfordshire, Sci & Technol Res Inst, Ctr Astrophys Res, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England.
C3 University of Hertfordshire
RP Lucas, PW (corresponding author), Univ Hertfordshire, Sci & Technol Res Inst, Ctr Astrophys Res, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England.
EM p.w.lucas@herts.ac.uk
NR 26
TC 44
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 1
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7166
BP 71
EP 73
DI 10.1038/nature06220
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226JR
UT WOS:000250585800037
PM 17972878
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brown, ME
   Barkume, KM
   Ragozzine, D
   Schaller, EL
AF Brown, Michael E.
   Barkume, Kristina M.
   Ragozzine, Darin
   Schaller, Emily L.
TI A collisional family of icy objects in the Kuiper belt
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID planetary collisions; sized object; 2003 el61; impact; surface
AB The small bodies in the Solar System are thought to have been highly affected by collisions and erosion. In the asteroid belt, direct evidence of the effects of large collisions can be seen in the existence of separate families of asteroids - a family consists of many asteroids with similar orbits and, frequently, similar surface properties, with each family being the remnant of a single catastrophic impact(1). In the region beyond Neptune, in contrast, no collisionally created families have hitherto been found(2). The third largest known Kuiper belt object, 2003 EL61, however, is thought to have experienced a giant impact that created its multiple satellite system, stripped away much of an overlying ice mantle, and left it with a rapid rotation(3-5). Here we report the discovery of a family of Kuiper belt objects with surface properties and orbits that are nearly identical to those of 2003 EL61. This family appears to be fragments of the ejected ice mantle of 2003 EL61.
C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Brown, ME (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Mail Code 150-21,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM mbrown@caltech.edu
NR 20
TC 178
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7133
BP 294
EP 296
DI 10.1038/nature05619
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145VC
UT WOS:000244892900039
PM 17361177
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whitehouse, I
   Rando, OJ
   Delrow, J
   Tsukiyama, T
AF Whitehouse, Iestyn
   Rando, Oliver J.
   Delrow, Jeff
   Tsukiyama, Toshio
TI Chromatin remodelling at promoters suppresses antisense transcription
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-quality-control; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; in-vivo; nucleosome positions; poly(a) polymerase; nuclear exosome; dna-replication; budding yeast; complex; genome
AB Chromatin allows the eukaryotic cell to package its DNA efficiently. To understand how chromatin structure is controlled across the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, we have investigated the role of the ATP- dependent chromatin remodelling complex Isw2 in positioning nucleosomes. We find that Isw2 functions adjacent to promoter regions where it repositions nucleosomes at the interface between genic and intergenic sequences. Nucleosome repositioning by Isw2 is directional and results in increased nucleosome occupancy of the intergenic region. Loss of Isw2 activity leads to inappropriate transcription, resulting in the generation of both coding and noncoding transcripts. Here we show that Isw2 repositions nucleosomes to enforce directionality on transcription by preventing transcription initiation from cryptic sites. Our analyses reveal how chromatin is organized on a global scale and advance our understanding of how transcription is regulated.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Basic Sci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Mol Pharmacol & Biochem, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Tsukiyama, T (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Basic Sci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
EM ttsukiya@fhcrc.org
NR 48
TC 342
Z9 457
U1 1
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1031
EP U3
DI 10.1038/nature06391
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900076
PM 18075583
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sridhar, VV
   Kapoor, A
   Zhang, KL
   Zhu, JJ
   Zhou, T
   Hasegawa, PM
   Bressan, RA
   Zhu, JK
AF Sridhar, Vaniyambadi V.
   Kapoor, Avnish
   Zhang, Kangling
   Zhu, Jianjun
   Zhou, Tao
   Hasegawa, Paul M.
   Bressan, Ray A.
   Zhu, Jian-Kang
TI Control of DNA methylation and heterochromatic silencing by histone H2B deubiquitination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis-thaliana; glycosylase/lyase ros1; h3 methyltransferase; ubiquitination; plants; chromatin; pathways; patterns; cloning
AB Epigenetic regulation involves reversible changes in DNA-methylation and/or histone modification patterns(1-7). Short interfering RNAs ( siRNAs) can direct DNA methylation and heterochromatic histone modifications, causing sequence-specific transcriptional gene silencing(1,4,8,9). In animals and yeast, histone H2B is known to be monoubiquitinated, and this regulates the methylation of histone H3 ( refs 10, 11). However, the relationship between histone ubiquitination and DNA methylation has not been investigated. Here we show that mutations in an Arabidopsis deubiquitination enzyme, SUP32/UBP26, decrease the dimethylation on lysine 9 of H3, suppress siRNA-directed methylation of DNA and release heterochromatic silencing of transgenes as well as transposons. We found that Arabidopsis histone H2B is monoubiquitinated at lysine 143 and that the levels of ubiquitinated H2B and trimethyl H3 at lysine 4 increase in sup32 mutant plants. SUP32/UBP26 can deubiquitinate H2B, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays suggest an association between H2B ubiquitination and release of silencing. These data suggest that H2B deubiquitination by SUP32/UBP26 is required for heterochromatic histone H3 methylation and DNA methylation.
C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Ctr Plant Cell Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Mass Spectrometry Facil, Dept Chem, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Purdue Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Riverside; University of California System; University of California Riverside; University of California System; University of California Riverside; Purdue University System; Purdue University
RP Zhu, JK (corresponding author), Univ Calif Riverside, Ctr Plant Cell Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
EM jian-kang.zhu@ucr.edu
NR 28
TC 208
Z9 268
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 7
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7145
BP 735
EP U18
DI 10.1038/nature05864
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 175RI
UT WOS:000247030700048
PM 17554311
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chabot, JR
   Pedraza, JM
   Luitel, P
   van Oudenaarden, A
AF Chabot, Jeffrey R.
   Pedraza, Juan M.
   Luitel, Prashant
   van Oudenaarden, Alexander
TI Stochastic gene expression out-of-steady-state in the cyanobacterial circadian clock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein expression; noise; rhythms; variability; luciferase; reporter; origins; cells
AB Recent advances in measuring gene expression at the single- cell level have highlighted the stochastic nature of messenger RNA and protein synthesis(1-3). Stochastic gene expression creates a source of variability in the abundance of cellular components, even among isogenic cells exposed to an identical environment. Recent integrated experimental and modelling studies(4-13) have shed light on the molecular sources of this variability. However, many of these studies focus on systems that have reached a steady state and therefore do not address a large class of dynamic phenomena including oscillatory gene expression. Here we develop a general protocol for analysing and predicting stochastic gene expression in systems that never reach steady states. We use this framework to analyse experimentally stochastic expression of genes driven by the Synechococcus elongatus circadian clock. We find that, although the average expression at two points in the circadian cycle separated by 12 hours is identical, the variability at these two time points can be different. We show that this is a general feature of out- of- steady- state systems. We demonstrate how intrinsic noise sources, owing to random births and deaths of mRNAs and proteins, or extrinsic noise sources, which introduce fluctuations in rate constants, affect the cell- to- cell variability. To distinguish experimentally between these sources, we measured how the correlation between expression fluctuations of two identical genes is modulated during the circadian cycle. This quantitative framework is generally applicable to any out- of steady state system and will be necessary for understanding the fidelity of dynamic cellular systems.
C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, George R Harrison Spect Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP van Oudenaarden, A (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Phys, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM avano@mit.edu
NR 30
TC 92
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1249
EP 1252
DI 10.1038/nature06395
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200054
PM 18097413
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU D'Angelo, G
   Polishchuk, E
   Di Tullio, G
   Santoro, M
   Di Campli, A
   Godi, A
   West, G
   Bielawski, J
   Chuang, CC
   van der Spoel, AC
   Platt, FM
   Hannun, YA
   Polishchuk, R
   Mattjus, P
   De Matteis, MA
AF D'Angelo, Giovanni
   Polishchuk, Elena
   Di Tullio, Giuseppe
   Santoro, Michele
   Di Campli, Antonella
   Godi, Anna
   West, Gun
   Bielawski, Jacek
   Chuang, Chia-Chen
   van der Spoel, Aarnoud C.
   Platt, Frances M.
   Hannun, Yusuf A.
   Polishchuk, Roman
   Mattjus, Peter
   De Matteis, Maria Antonietta
TI Glycosphingolipid synthesis requires FAPP2 transfer of glucosylceramide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glycolipid transfer protein; golgi-complex; membrane trafficking; endoplasmic-reticulum; secretory pathway; adp-ribosylation; cell-surface; brefeldin-a; mdck cells; transport
AB The molecular machinery responsible for the generation of transport carriers moving from the Golgi complex to the plasma membrane relies on a tight interplay between proteins and lipids. Among the lipid-binding proteins of this machinery, we previously identified the four-phosphate adaptor protein FAPP2, the pleckstrin homology domain of which binds phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and the small GTPase ARF1. FAPP2 also possesses a glycolipid-transfer-protein homology domain. Here we show that human FAPP2 is a glucosylceramide-transfer protein that has a pivotal role in the synthesis of complex glycosphingolipids, key structural and signalling components of the plasma membrane. The requirement for FAPP2 makes the whole glycosphingolipid synthetic pathway sensitive to regulation by phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and ARF1. Thus, by coupling the synthesis of glycosphingolipids with their export to the cell surface, FAPP2 emerges as crucial in determining the lipid identity and composition of the plasma membrane.
C1 Ist Ric Farmacol Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Dept Cell Biol & Oncol, I-66030 Chieti, Italy.
   Abo Akad Univ, Dept Biochem & Pharm, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
   Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Pharmacol, Oxford OX1 3QT, England.
C3 Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; Consorzio Mario Negri Sud; Abo Akademi University; Medical University of South Carolina; University of Oxford
RP De Matteis, MA (corresponding author), Ist Ric Farmacol Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Dept Cell Biol & Oncol, Via Nazl 8-A, I-66030 Chieti, Italy.
EM dematteis@negrisud.it
FU Telethon [GGP06166] Funding Source: Medline
NR 46
TC 336
Z9 387
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7158
BP 62
EP U43
DI 10.1038/nature06097
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207ED
UT WOS:000249233500035
PM 17687330
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ramanathan, V
   Ramana, MV
   Roberts, G
   Kim, D
   Corrigan, C
   Chung, C
   Winker, D
AF Ramanathan, Veerabhadran
   Ramana, Muvva V.
   Roberts, Gregory
   Kim, Dohyeong
   Corrigan, Craig
   Chung, Chul
   Winker, David
TI Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; model; glacier; impacts
AB Atmospheric brown clouds are mostly the result of biomass burning and fossil fuel consumption(1). They consist of a mixture of light-absorbing and light-scattering aerosols(1) and therefore contribute to atmospheric solar heating and surface cooling. The sum of the two climate forcing terms-the net aerosol forcing effect is thought to be negative and may have masked as much as half of the global warming attributed to the recent rapid rise in greenhouse gases(2). There is, however, at least a fourfold uncertainty(2) in the aerosol forcing effect. Atmospheric solar heating is a significant source of the uncertainty, because current estimates are largely derived from model studies. Here we use three lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles that were vertically stacked between 0.5 and 3 km over the polluted Indian Ocean. These unmanned aerial vehicles deployed miniaturized instruments measuring aerosol concentrations, soot amount and solar fluxes. During 18 flight missions the three unmanned aerial vehicles were flown with a horizontal separation of tens of metres or less and a temporal separation of less than ten seconds, which made it possible to measure the atmospheric solar heating rates directly. We found that atmospheric brown clouds enhanced lower atmospheric solar heating by about 50 per cent. Our general circulation model simulations, which take into account the recently observed widespread occurrence of vertically extended atmospheric brown clouds over the Indian Ocean and Asia(3), suggest that atmospheric brown clouds contribute as much as the recent increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases to regional lower atmospheric warming trends. We propose that the combined warming trend of 0.25 K per decade may be sufficient to account for the observed retreat of the Himalayan glaciers(4-6).
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Clouds Chem & Climate, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Langley Research Center
RP Ramanathan, V (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Clouds Chem & Climate, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM vramanathan@ucsd.edu
NR 25
TC 677
Z9 757
U1 8
U2 317
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7153
BP 575
EP U5
DI 10.1038/nature06019
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 195XV
UT WOS:000248446700039
PM 17671499
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mikkelsen, TS
   Ku, MC
   Jaffe, DB
   Issac, B
   Lieberman, E
   Giannoukos, G
   Alvarez, P
   Brockman, W
   Kim, TK
   Koche, RP
   Lee, W
   Mendenhall, E
   O'Donovan, A
   Presser, A
   Russ, C
   Xie, XH
   Meissner, A
   Wernig, M
   Jaenisch, R
   Nusbaum, C
   Lander, ES
   Bernstein, BE
AF Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.
   Ku, Manching
   Jaffe, David B.
   Issac, Biju
   Lieberman, Erez
   Giannoukos, Georgia
   Alvarez, Pablo
   Brockman, William
   Kim, Tae-Kyung
   Koche, Richard P.
   Lee, William
   Mendenhall, Eric
   O'Donovan, Aisling
   Presser, Aviva
   Russ, Carsten
   Xie, Xiaohui
   Meissner, Alexander
   Wernig, Marius
   Jaenisch, Rudolf
   Nusbaum, Chad
   Lander, Eric S.
   Bernstein, Bradley E.
TI Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; histone lysine methylation; developmental regulators; dna methylation; gene-expression; noncoding rnas; mouse; polycomb; transcription; differentiation
AB We report the application of single-molecule-based sequencing technology for high-throughput profiling of histone modifications in mammalian cells. By obtaining over four billion bases of sequence from chromatin immunoprecipitated DNA, we generated genome-wide chromatin-state maps of mouse embryonic stem cells, neural progenitor cells and embryonic fibroblasts. We find that lysine 4 and lysine 27 trimethylation effectively discriminates genes that are expressed, poised for expression, or stably repressed, and therefore reflect cell state and lineage potential. Lysine 36 trimethylation marks primary coding and non-coding transcripts, facilitating gene annotation. Trimethylation of lysine 9 and lysine 20 is detected at satellite, telomeric and active long-terminal repeats, and can spread into proximal unique sequences. Lysine 4 and lysine 9 trimethylation marks imprinting control regions. Finally, we show that chromatin state can be read in an allele-specific manner by using single nucleotide polymorphisms. This study provides a framework for the application of comprehensive chromatin profiling towards characterization of diverse mammalian cell populations.
C1 Harvard Univ, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Div Hlth Sci & Technol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Mol Pathol Unit, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Canc Res, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Childrens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Lander, ES (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM lander@broad.mit.edu; bbernstein@partners.org
FU National Cancer Institute [T32CA009216] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NCI NIH HHS [T32 CA009216] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM078986] Funding Source: Medline
NR 48
TC 3278
Z9 4118
U1 3
U2 339
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7153
BP 553
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature06008
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 195XV
UT WOS:000248446700035
PM 17603471
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blow, N
AF Blow, Nathan
TI Delivering the future
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vivo; gene
NR 5
TC 49
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1117
EP 1122
DI 10.1038/4501117a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900094
PM 18075597
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pearson, DG
   Parman, SW
   Nowell, GM
AF Pearson, D. G.
   Parman, S. W.
   Nowell, G. M.
TI A link between large mantle melting events and continent growth seen in osmium isotopes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID re-187-os-187 systematics; abyssal peridotites; os isotopes; evolution; constraints; chondrites; time
AB Although Earth's continental crust is thought to have been derived from the mantle, the timing and mode of crust formation have proven to be elusive issues. The area of preserved crust diminishes markedly with age(1,2), and this can be interpreted as being the result of either the progressive accumulation of new crust(3) or the tectonic recycling of old crust(4). However, there is a disproportionate amount of crust of certain ages(1,2), with the main peaks being 1.2, 1.9, 2.7 and 3.3 billion years old; this has led to a third model in which the crust has grown through time in pulses(1,2,5-7), although peaks in continental crust ages could also record preferential preservation. The Re-187-Os-187 decay system is unique in its ability to track melt depletion events within the mantle and could therefore potentially link the crust and mantle differentiation records. Here we employ a laser ablation technique to analyse large numbers of osmium alloy grains to quantify the distribution of depletion ages in the Earth's upper mantle. Statistical analysis of these data, combined with other samples of the upper mantle, show that depletion ages are not evenly distributed but cluster in distinct periods, around 1.2, 1.9 and 2.7 billion years. These mantle depletion events coincide with peaks in the generation of continental crust and so provide evidence of coupled, global and pulsed mantle crust differentiation, lending strong support to pulsed models of continental growth by means of large-scale mantle melting events(6).
C1 Univ Durham, Dept Earth Sci, No Ctr Isotop & Elemental Tracing, Durham DH1 4QE, England.
C3 Durham University
RP Pearson, DG (corresponding author), Univ Durham, Dept Earth Sci, No Ctr Isotop & Elemental Tracing, South Rd, Durham DH1 4QE, England.
EM d.g.pearson@durham.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 219
Z9 242
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7159
BP 202
EP 205
DI 10.1038/nature06122
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 209NF
UT WOS:000249394500046
PM 17851521
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gröblacher, S
   Paterek, T
   Kaltenbaek, R
   Brukner, C
   Zukowski, M
   Aspelmeyer, M
   Zeilinger, A
AF Groeblacher, Simon
   Paterek, Tomasz
   Kaltenbaek, Rainer
   Brukner, Caslav
   Zukowski, Marek
   Aspelmeyer, Markus
   Zeilinger, Anton
TI An experimental test of non-local realism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hidden-variable theory; quantum-mechanics; bell inequality; current situation; local theory; theorem; violation
AB Most working scientists hold fast to the concept of 'realism' - a viewpoint according to which an external reality exists independent of observation. But quantum physics has shattered some of our cornerstone beliefs. According to Bell's theorem, any theory that is based on the joint assumption of realism and locality ( meaning that local events cannot be affected by actions in space-like separated regions) is at variance with certain quantum predictions. Experiments with entangled pairs of particles have amply confirmed these quantum predictions, thus rendering local realistic theories untenable. Maintaining realism as a fundamental concept would therefore necessitate the introduction of 'spooky' actions that defy locality. Here we show by both theory and experiment that a broad and rather reasonable class of such non-local realistic theories is incompatible with experimentally observable quantum correlations. In the experiment, we measure previously untested correlations between two entangled photons, and show that these correlations violate an inequality proposed by Leggett for non-local realistic theories. Our result suggests that giving up the concept of locality is not sufficient to be consistent with quantum experiments, unless certain intuitive features of realism are abandoned.
C1 Univ Vienna, Fac Phys, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Austrian Acad Sci, IQOQI, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Gdansk, Inst Theoret Phys & Astrophys, PL-08952 Gdansk, Poland.
   Erwin Schrodinger Int Inst Math Phys, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Vienna; Austrian Academy of Sciences; Fahrenheit Universities; University of Gdansk
RP Aspelmeyer, M (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Fac Phys, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
EM markus.aspelmeyer@quantum.at; zeilinger-office@quantum.at
FU Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [W1210] Funding Source: Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
NR 31
TC 286
Z9 319
U1 2
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 19
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7138
BP 871
EP 875
DI 10.1038/nature05677
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 158IR
UT WOS:000245785700033
PM 17443179
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marean, CW
   Bar-Matthews, M
   Bernatchez, J
   Fisher, E
   Goldberg, P
   Herries, AIR
   Jacobs, Z
   Jerardino, A
   Karkanas, P
   Minichillo, T
   Nilssen, PJ
   Thompson, E
   Watts, I
   Williams, HM
AF Marean, Curtis W.
   Bar-Matthews, Miryam
   Bernatchez, Jocelyn
   Fisher, Erich
   Goldberg, Paul
   Herries, Andy I. R.
   Jacobs, Zenobia
   Jerardino, Antonieta
   Karkanas, Panagiotis
   Minichillo, Tom
   Nilssen, Peter J.
   Thompson, Erin
   Watts, Ian
   Williams, Hope M.
TI Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stone-age; shell beads; sea; symbolism; origin; ochre
AB Genetic and anatomical evidence suggests that Homo sapiens arose in Africa between 200 and 100 thousand years (kyr) ago(1,2), and recent evidence indicates symbolic behaviour may have appeared similar to 135-75 kyr ago(3,4). From 195-130 kyr ago, the world was in a fluctuating but predominantly glacial stage ( marine isotope stage MIS6)(5); much of Africa was cooler and drier, and dated archaeological sites are rare(6,7). Here we show that by similar to 164 kyr ago (+/-12 kyr) at Pinnacle Point (on the south coast of South Africa) humans expanded their diet to include marine resources, perhaps as a response to these harsh environmental conditions. The earliest previous evidence for human use of marine resources and coastal habitats was dated to 125 kyr ago(8,9). Coincident with this diet and habitat expansion is an early use and modification of pigment, probably for symbolic behaviour, as well as the production of bladelet stone tool technology, previously dated to post-70 kyr ago(10-12). Shellfish may have been crucial to the survival of these early humans as they expanded their home ranges to include coastlines and followed the shifting position of the coast when sea level fluctuated over the length of MIS6.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Inst Human Origins, POB 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Geol Survey Israel, IL-95501 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Univ Florida, Dept Anthropol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Archaeol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ New S Wales, Sch Med Sci, Human Origins Grp, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
   Univ Wollongong, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
   Univ Cape Town, Dept Archaeol, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.
   Minist Culture, Ephoreia Palaeoanthropol Speleol, Athens 11636, Greece.
   Univ Washington, Dept Anthropol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Iziko S African Museum, Archaeol Div, ZA-8000 Cape Town, South Africa.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Geological Survey Israel; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; Boston University; University of New South Wales Sydney; University of Wollongong; University of Cape Town; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Marean, CW (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Inst Human Origins, POB 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM curtis.marean@asu.edu
NR 32
TC 692
Z9 793
U1 3
U2 125
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 18
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7164
BP 905
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06204
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221LY
UT WOS:000250230600047
PM 17943129
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Painter, HJ
   Morrisey, JM
   Mather, MW
   Vaidya, AB
AF Painter, Heather J.
   Morrisey, Joanne M.
   Mather, Michael W.
   Vaidya, Akhil B.
TI Specific role of mitochondrial electron transport in blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cryptosporidium-parvum; malaria parasites; genome sequence; gene-transfer; evolution; dihydroorotate; biosynthesis; atovaquone; inhibitors; yeasts
AB The origin of all mitochondria can be traced to the symbiotic arrangement that resulted in the emergence of eukaryotes in a world that was exclusively populated by prokaryotes(1-3). This arrangement, however, has been in continuous genetic flux: the varying degrees of gene loss and transfer from the mitochondrial genome in different eukaryotic lineages seem to signify an ongoing 'conflict' between the host and the symbiont. Eukaryotic parasites belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa provide an excellent example to support this view. These organisms contain the smallest mitochondrial genomes known(4,5), with an organization that differs among various genera; one genus, Cryptosporidium, seems to have lost the entire mitochondrial genome(6,7). Here we show that erythrocytic stages of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum seem to maintain an active mitochondrial electron transport chain to serve just one metabolic function: regeneration of ubiquinone required as the electron acceptor for dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an essential enzyme for pyrimidine biosynthesis. Transgenic P. falciparum parasites expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, which does not require ubiquinone as an electron acceptor(8), were completely resistant to inhibitors of mitochondrial electron transport. Maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential, however, was essential in these parasites, as indicated by their hypersensitivity to proguanil, a drug that collapsed the membrane potential in the presence of electron transport inhibitors. Thus, acquisition of just one enzyme can render mitochondrial electron transport nonessential in erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum.
C1 Drexel Univ, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ctr Mol Parasitol, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA.
C3 Drexel University
RP Vaidya, AB (corresponding author), Drexel Univ, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ctr Mol Parasitol, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA.
EM avaidya@drexelmed.edu
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [R01AI028398] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI028398] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 414
Z9 486
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 1
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7131
BP 88
EP 91
DI 10.1038/nature05572
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140RY
UT WOS:000244525600043
PM 17330044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fontaine, S
   Barot, S
   Barré, P
   Bdioui, N
   Mary, B
   Rumpel, C
AF Fontaine, Sebastien
   Barot, Sebastien
   Barre, Pierre
   Bdioui, Nadia
   Mary, Bruno
   Rumpel, Cornelia
TI Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vertical-distribution; chemical-composition; elevated co2; climate; matter; decomposition; turnover; drought; input; c-13
AB The world's soils store more carbon than is present in biomass and in the atmosphere(1). Little is known, however, about the factors controlling the stability of soil organic carbon stocks(2-4) and the response of the soil carbon pool to climate change remains uncertain(5,6). We investigated the stability of carbon in deep soil layers in one soil profile by combining physical and chemical characterization of organic carbon, soil incubations and radiocarbon dating. Here we show that the supply of fresh plant-derived carbon to the subsoil (0.6-0.8 m depth) stimulated the microbial mineralization of 2,567 +/- 226-year-old carbon. Our results support the previously suggested idea(7) that in the absence of fresh organic carbon, an essential source of energy for soil microbes, the stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers is maintained. We propose that a lack of supply of fresh carbon may prevent the decomposition of the organic carbon pool in deep soil layers in response to future changes in temperature. Any change in land use and agricultural practice that increases the distribution of fresh carbon along the soil profile(1,8,9) could however stimulate the loss of ancient buried carbon.
C1 INRA, UR Agron 874, F-63100 Clermont Ferrand, France.
   IRD, UMR 137, F-93143 Bondy, France.
   CNRS INRA ENS Paris 6, UMR 7618, BIOEMCO, F-78820 Thiverval Grignon, France.
   INRA, UR Agron 1158, F-02007 Laon, France.
C3 INRAE; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Universite Paris Cite; Universite Paris-Est-Creteil-Val-de-Marne (UPEC); INRAE; AgroParisTech; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Sorbonne Universite; INRAE
RP Fontaine, S (corresponding author), INRA, UR Agron 874, 234 Ave Brezet, F-63100 Clermont Ferrand, France.
EM fontaine@clermont.inra.fr
NR 29
TC 1818
Z9 2192
U1 68
U2 2121
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7167
BP 277
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature06275
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228RC
UT WOS:000250746200056
PM 17994095
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baumann, T
   Amthor, AM
   Bazin, D
   Brown, BA
   Folden, CM
   Gade, A
   Ginter, TN
   Hausmann, M
   Matos, M
   Morrissey, DJ
   Portillo, M
   Schiller, A
   Sherrill, BM
   Stolz, A
   Tarasov, OB
   Thoennessen, M
AF Baumann, T.
   Amthor, A. M.
   Bazin, D.
   Brown, B. A.
   Folden, C. M., III
   Gade, A.
   Ginter, T. N.
   Hausmann, M.
   Matos, M.
   Morrissey, D. J.
   Portillo, M.
   Schiller, A.
   Sherrill, B. M.
   Stolz, A.
   Tarasov, O. B.
   Thoennessen, M.
TI Discovery of 40Mg and 42Al suggests neutron drip-line slant towards heavier isotopes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID particle stability; rich nuclei; fragmentation; limits; na-37; ne-34; ca-48
AB A fundamental question in nuclear physics is what combinations of neutrons and protons can make up a nucleus. Many hundreds of exotic neutron-rich isotopes have never been observed; the limit of how many neutrons a given number of protons can bind is unknown for all but the lightest elements(1), owing to the delicate interplay between single particle and collective quantum effects in the nucleus. This limit, known as the neutron drip line, provides a benchmark for models of the atomic nucleus. Here we report a significant advance in the determination of this limit: the discovery of two new neutron-rich isotopes-Mg-40 and Al-42-that are predicted to be drip-line nuclei(2). In the past, several attempts to observe Mg-40 were unsuccessful(3,4); moreover, the observation of Al-42 provides an experimental indication that the neutron drip line may be located further towards heavier isotopes in this mass region than is currently believed. In stable nuclei, attractive pairing forces enhance the stability of isotopes with even numbers of protons and neutrons. In contrast, the present work shows that nuclei at the drip line gain stability from an unpaired proton, which narrows the shell gaps and provides the opportunity to bind many more neutrons(5,6).
C1 Michigan State Univ, Natl Superconducting Cyclotron Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Joint Inst Nucl Res, Flerov Lab Nucl React, Dubna 141980, Moscow Region, Russia.
C3 Michigan State University; Michigan State University; Michigan State University; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research - Russia
RP Baumann, T (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Natl Superconducting Cyclotron Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
EM baumann@nscl.msu.edu
NR 20
TC 175
Z9 184
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 25
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7165
BP 1022
EP 1024
DI 10.1038/nature06213
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223TK
UT WOS:000250395000045
PM 17960237
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raty, JY
   Schwegler, E
   Bonev, SA
AF Raty, Jean-Yves
   Schwegler, Eric
   Bonev, Stanimir A.
TI Electronic and structural transitions in dense liquid sodium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics; phase-transition; high-pressures; elements; lithium; cesium; order
AB At ambient conditions, the light alkali metals are free-electron-like crystals with a highly symmetric structure. However, they were found recently to exhibit unexpected complexity under pressure(1-6). It was predicted from theory(1,2)-and later confirmed by experiment(3-5)-that lithium and sodium undergo a sequence of symmetry-breaking transitions, driven by a Peierls mechanism, at high pressures. Measurements of the sodium melting curve(6) have subsequently revealed an unprecedented (and still unexplained) pressure-induced drop in melting temperature from 1,000 K at 30 GPa down to room temperature at 120 GPa. Here we report results from ab initio calculations that explain the unusual melting behaviour in dense sodium. We show that molten sodium undergoes a series of pressure-induced structural and electronic transitions, analogous to those observed in solid sodium but commencing at much lower pressure in the presence of liquid disorder. As pressure is increased, liquid sodium initially evolves by assuming a more compact local structure. However, a transition to a lower-coordinated liquid takes place at a pressure of around 65 GPa, accompanied by a threefold drop in electrical conductivity. This transition is driven by the opening of a pseudogap, at the Fermi level, in the electronic density of states-an effect that has not hitherto been observed in a liquid metal. The lower-coordinated liquid emerges at high temperatures and above the stability region of a close-packed free-electron-like metal. We predict that similar exotic behaviour is possible in other materials as well.
C1 Univ Liege, FNRS, B-4000 Sart Tilman Par Liege, Belgium.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada.
C3 University of Liege; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Dalhousie University
RP Raty, JY (corresponding author), Univ Liege, FNRS, B-4000 Sart Tilman Par Liege, Belgium.
EM jyraty@ulg.ac.be; stanimir.bonev@dal.ca
NR 28
TC 143
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7161
BP 448
EP 451
DI 10.1038/nature06123
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214GQ
UT WOS:000249724800037
PM 17898764
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Toomey, DR
   Jousselin, D
   Dunn, RA
   Wilcock, WSD
   Detrick, RS
AF Toomey, Douglas R.
   Jousselin, David
   Dunn, Robert A.
   Wilcock, William S. D.
   Detrick, R. S.
TI Skew of mantle upwelling beneath the East Pacific Rise governs segmentation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID melt supply beneath; spreading center; crustal structure; midocean ridge; oceanic-crust; magma chamber; 9-degrees-10-degrees-n; discontinuity; clipperton; evolution
AB Mantle upwelling is essential to the generation of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges, and it is generally assumed that such upwelling is symmetric beneath active ridges. Here, however, we use seismic imaging to show that the isotropic and anisotropic structure of the mantle is rotated beneath the East Pacific Rise. The isotropic structure defines the pattern of magma delivery from the mantle to the crust. We find that the segmentation of the rise crest between transform faults correlates well with the distribution of mantle melt. The azimuth of seismic anisotropy constrains the direction of mantle flow, which is rotated nearly 10 degrees anticlockwise from the plate-spreading direction. The mismatch between the locus of mantle melt delivery and the morphologic ridge axis results in systematic differences between areas of on-axis and off-axis melt supply. We conclude that the skew of asthenospheric upwelling and transport governs segmentation of the East Pacific Rise and variations in the intensity of ridge crest processes.
C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
   Nancy Univ, CRPG, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France.
   Univ Hawaii, SOEST, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 University of Oregon; Universite de Lorraine; University of Hawaii System; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Toomey, DR (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
EM drt@uoregon.edu
NR 45
TC 99
Z9 119
U1 1
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7134
BP 409
EP 414
DI 10.1038/nature05679
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 148MO
UT WOS:000245079500033
PM 17377578
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pal, C
   Maciá, MD
   Oliver, A
   Schachar, I
   Buckling, A
AF Pal, Csaba
   Macia, Maria D.
   Oliver, Antonio
   Schachar, Ira
   Buckling, Angus
TI Coevolution with viruses drives the evolution of bacterial mutation rates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; pseudomonas-aeruginosa; asexual populations; adaptive evolution; local adaptation; high-frequency; genes; infection; parasites; mutants
AB Bacteria with greatly elevated mutation rates ( mutators) are frequently found in natural(1-3) and laboratory(4,5) populations, and are often associated with clinical infections(6,7). Although mutators may increase adaptability to novel environmental conditions, they are also prone to the accumulation of deleterious mutations. The long-term maintenance of high bacterial mutation rates is therefore likely to be driven by rapidly changing selection pressures(8-14), in addition to the possible slow transition rate by point mutation from mutators to non- mutators(15). One of the most likely causes of rapidly changing selection pressures is antagonistic coevolution with parasites(16,17). Here we show whether coevolution with viral parasites could drive the evolution of bacterial mutation rates in laboratory populations of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens(18). After fewer than 200 bacterial generations, 25% of the populations coevolving with phages had evolved 10- to 100- fold increases in mutation rates owing to mutations in mismatch-repair genes; no populations evolving in the absence of phages showed any significant change in mutation rate. Furthermore, mutator populations had a higher probability of driving their phage populations extinct, strongly suggesting that mutators have an advantage against phages in the coevolutionary arms race. Given their ubiquity, bacteriophages may play an important role in the evolution of bacterial mutation rates.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Biol Res Ctr, Inst Biochem, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
   IUNICS, Hosp Son Dureta, Microbiol Serv, Palma de Mallorca 07014, Spain.
   IUNICS, Hosp Son Dureta, Unidad Invest, Palma de Mallorca 07014, Spain.
C3 University of Oxford; HUN-REN; HUN-REN Biological Research Center; Institute of Biochemistry - HAS; Universitat de les Illes Balears; IUNICS; Hospital Universitari Son Espases; Hospital Universitari Son Dureta; Hospital Universitari Son Espases; Hospital Universitari Son Dureta; Universitat de les Illes Balears; IUNICS
RP Buckling, A (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
EM cpal@ramet.elte.hu; angus.buckling@zoo.ox.ac.uk
FU NERC [NE/D014115/1] Funding Source: UKRI; Natural Environment Research Council [NE/D014115/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 255
Z9 300
U1 2
U2 128
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1079
EP 1081
DI 10.1038/nature06350
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900086
PM 18059461
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sun, YG
   Chen, ZF
AF Sun, Yan-Gang
   Chen, Zhou-Feng
TI A gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mediates the itch sensation in the spinal cord
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proteinase-activated receptor; bombesin-like peptides; scratching behavior; human skin; mice; pruritus; agonists; pathway; brain
AB Itching, or pruritus, is defined as an unpleasant cutaneous sensation that serves as a physiological self-protective mechanism to prevent the body from being hurt by harmful external agents. Chronic itch represents a significant clinical problem resulting from renal diseases and liver diseases, as well as several serious skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis(1-3). The identity of the itch-specific mediator in the central nervous system, however, remains elusive. Here we describe that the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) plays an important part in mediating itch sensation in the dorsal spinal cord. We found that gastrin-releasing peptide is specifically expressed in a small subset of peptidergic dorsal root ganglion neurons, whereas expression of its receptor GRPR is restricted to lamina I of the dorsal spinal cord. GRPR mutant mice showed comparable thermal, mechanical, inflammatory and neuropathic pain responses relative to wild-type mice. In contrast, induction of scratching behaviour was significantly reduced in GRPR mutant mice in response to pruritogenic stimuli, whereas normal responses were evoked by painful stimuli. Moreover, direct spinal cerebrospinal fluid injection of a GRPR antagonist significantly inhibited scratching behaviour in three independent itch models. These data demonstrate that GRPR is required for mediating the itch sensation rather than pain, at the spinal level. Our results thus indicate that GRPR may represent the first molecule that is dedicated to mediating the itch sensation in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and thus may provide a central therapeutic target for antipruritic drug development.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Pain Ctr, Dept Anesthesiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Pain Ctr, Dept Mol Biol & Pharmacol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Pain Ctr, Dept Psychiat, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Chen, ZF (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Pain Ctr, Dept Anesthesiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
EM chenz@wustl.edu
NR 30
TC 625
Z9 737
U1 2
U2 109
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 9
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7154
BP 700
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature06029
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 197ZY
UT WOS:000248598000046
PM 17653196
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zheng, Y
   Josefowicz, SZ
   Kas, A
   Chu, TT
   Gavin, MA
   Rudensky, AY
AF Zheng, Ye
   Josefowicz, Steven Z.
   Kas, Arnold
   Chu, Tin-Tin
   Gavin, Marc A.
   Rudensky, Alexander Y.
TI Genome-wide analysis of Foxp3 target genes in developing and mature regulatory T cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor foxp3; phosphorylation; occupancy; lymphomas; binding; mice; rna
AB Transcription factor Foxp3 ( forkhead box P3), restricted in its expression to a specialized regulatory CD4(+) T-cell subset (T-R) with a dedicated suppressor function, controls T-R lineage development. In humans and mice, Foxp3 deficiency results in a paucity of T-R cells and a fatal breach in immunological tolerance, causing highly aggressive multi-organ autoimmune pathology(1-3). Here, through genome-wide analysis combining chromatin immunoprecipitation with mouse genome tiling array profiling, we identify Foxp3 binding regions for 700 genes and for an intergenically encoded microRNA. We find that a large number of Foxp3-bound genes are up-or downregulated in Foxp3(+) T cells, suggesting that Foxp3 acts as both a transcriptional activator and repressor. Foxp3-mediated regulation unique to the thymus affects, among others, genes encoding nuclear factors that control gene expression and chromatin remodelling. In contrast, Foxp3 target genes shared by the thymic and peripheral T-R cells encode primarily plasma membrane proteins, as well as cell signalling proteins. Together, our studies suggest that distinct transcriptional sub-programmes implemented by Foxp3 establish T-R lineage during differentiation and its proliferative and functional competence in the periphery.
C1 Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Immunol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Rudensky, AY (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM aruden@u.washington.edu
NR 18
TC 697
Z9 872
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7130
BP 936
EP 940
DI 10.1038/nature05563
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 138CR
UT WOS:000244341200054
PM 17237761
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lindell, D
   Jaffe, JD
   Coleman, ML
   Futschik, ME
   Axmann, IM
   Rector, T
   Kettler, G
   Sullivan, MB
   Steen, R
   Hess, WR
   Church, GM
   Chisholm, SW
AF Lindell, Debbie
   Jaffe, Jacob D.
   Coleman, Maureen L.
   Futschik, Matthias E.
   Axmann, Ilka M.
   Rector, Trent
   Kettler, Gregory
   Sullivan, Matthew B.
   Steen, Robert
   Hess, Wolfgang R.
   Church, George M.
   Chisholm, Sallie W.
TI Genome-wide expression dynamics of a marine virus and host reveal features of co-evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photosynthesis genes; prochlorococcus; evolution; synechococcus; phage; bacteriophage; protein
AB Interactions between bacterial hosts and their viruses ( phages) lead to reciprocal genome evolution through a dynamic co-evolutionary process(1-5). Phage-mediated transfer of host genes often located in genome islands-has had a major impact on microbial evolution(1,4,6). Furthermore, phage genomes have clearly been shaped by the acquisition of genes from their hosts(2,3,5). Here we investigate whole-genome expression of a host and phage, the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus MED4 and the T7-like cyanophage P-SSP7, during lytic infection, to gain insight into these co-evolutionary processes. Although most of the phage genome was linearly transcribed over the course of infection, four phage-encoded bacterial metabolism genes formed part of the same expression cluster, even though they are physically separated on the genome. These genes-encoding photosystem II D1 ( psbA), high-light inducible protein (hli), transaldolase (talC) and ribonucleotide reductase (nrd)-are transcribed together with phage DNA replication genes and seem to make up a functional unit involved in energy and deoxynucleotide production for phage replication in resource-poor oceans. Also unique to this system was the upregulation of numerous genes in the host during infection. These may be host stress response genes and/or genes induced by the phage. Many of these host genes are located in genome islands and have homologues in cyanophage genomes. We hypothesize that phage have evolved to use upregulated host genes, leading to their stable incorporation into phage genomes and their subsequent transfer back to hosts in genome islands. Thus activation of host genes during infection may be directing the co-evolution of gene content in both host and phage genomes.
C1 MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, BioPolymers Facil, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Humboldt Univ, Inst Theoret Biol, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Freiburg, Inst Biol, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Humboldt University of Berlin; University of Freiburg
RP Chisholm, SW (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM chisholm@mit.edu
NR 25
TC 271
Z9 330
U1 1
U2 108
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7158
BP 83
EP 86
DI 10.1038/nature06130
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207ED
UT WOS:000249233500040
PM 17805294
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schiff, ND
   Giacino, JT
   Kalmar, K
   Victor, JD
   Baker, K
   Gerber, M
   Fritz, B
   Eisenberg, B
   O'Connor, J
   Kobylarz, EJ
   Farris, S
   Machado, A
   McCagg, C
   Plum, F
   Fins, JJ
   Rezai, AR
AF Schiff, N. D.
   Giacino, J. T.
   Kalmar, K.
   Victor, J. D.
   Baker, K.
   Gerber, M.
   Fritz, B.
   Eisenberg, B.
   O'Connor, J.
   Kobylarz, E. J.
   Farris, S.
   Machado, A.
   McCagg, C.
   Plum, F.
   Fins, J. J.
   Rezai, A. R.
TI Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe traumatic brain injury
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID minimally conscious state; intralaminar; projections; activation; attention; recovery; arousal
AB Widespread loss of cerebral connectivity is assumed to underlie the failure of brain mechanisms that support communication and goal-directed behaviour following severe traumatic brain injury. Disorders of consciousness that persist for longer than 12 months after severe traumatic brain injury are generally considered to be immutable; no treatment has been shown to accelerate recovery or improve functional outcome in such cases(1,2). Recent studies have shown unexpected preservation of large-scale cerebral networks in patients in the minimally conscious state (MCS)(3,4), a condition that is characterized by intermittent evidence of awareness of self or the environment(5). These findings indicate that there might be residual functional capacity in some patients that could be supported by therapeutic interventions. We hypothesize that further recovery in some patients in the MCS is limited by chronic underactivation of potentially recruitable large-scale networks. Here, in a 6-month double-blind alternating crossover study, we show that bilateral deep brain electrical stimulation (DBS) of the central thalamus modulates behavioural responsiveness in a patient who remained in MCS for 6 yr following traumatic brain injury before the intervention. The frequency of specific cognitively mediated behaviours (primary outcome measures) and functional limb control and oral feeding (secondary outcome measures) increased during periods in which DBS was on as compared with periods in which it was off. Logistic regression modelling shows a statistical linkage between the observed functional improvements and recent stimulation history. We interpret the DBS effects as compensating for a loss of arousal regulation that is normally controlled by the frontal lobe in the intact brain. These findings provide evidence that DBS can promote significant late functional recovery from severe traumatic brain injury. Our observations, years after the injury occurred, challenge the existing practice of early treatment discontinuation for patients with only inconsistent interactive behaviours and motivate further research to develop therapeutic interventions.
C1 Weill Cornell Med Coll, Dept Neurol & Neurosci, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   JFK Rehabil Inst, Edison, NJ 08818 USA.
   New Jersey Neurosci Inst, Edison, NJ 08818 USA.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Ctr Neurol Restorat, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   Weill Cornell Med Coll, Div Med Eth, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine
RP Schiff, ND (corresponding author), Weill Cornell Med Coll, Dept Neurol & Neurosci, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM nds2001@mail.med.cornell.edu
NR 23
TC 723
Z9 870
U1 4
U2 134
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 2
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7153
BP 600
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature06041
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 195XV
UT WOS:000248446700045
PM 17671503
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sakakura, A
   Ukai, A
   Ishihara, K
AF Sakakura, Akira
   Ukai, Atsushi
   Ishihara, Kazuaki
TI Enantioselective halocyclization of polyprenoids induced by nucleophilic phosphoramidites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine natural-products; cyclization; terpenes
AB Polycyclic bio-active natural products that contain halogen atoms have been isolated from a number of different marine organisms(1). The biosynthesis of these natural products appears to be initiated by an electrophilic halogenation reaction at a carbon - carbon double bond(2-4) via a mechanism that is similar to a proton-induced olefin polycyclization(5-8). Enzymes such as haloperoxidases generate an electrophilic halonium ion ( or its equivalent), which reacts with the terminal carbon - carbon double bond of the polyprenoid, enantioselectively inducing a cyclization reaction that produces a halogenated polycyclic terpenoid. Use of an enantioselective halocyclization reaction is one possible way to chemically synthesize these halogenated cyclic terpenoids; although several brominated cyclic terpenoids have been synthesized via a diastereoselective halocyclization reaction that uses stoichiometric quantities of a brominating reagent(9-12), the enantioselective halocyclization of isoprenoids induced by a chiral promoter has not yet been reported. Here we report the enantioselective halocyclization of simple polyprenoids using a nucleophilic promoter. Achiral nucleophilic phosphorus compounds are able to promote the diastereoselective halocyclization reaction to give a halogenated cyclic product in excellent yields. Moreover, chiral phosphoramidites promote the enantioselective halocyclization of simple polyprenoids with N-iodosuccinimide to give iodinated cyclic products in up to 99% enantiomeric excess and diastereomeric excess. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first successful example of the enantioselective halopolycyclization of polyprenoids.
C1 Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648603, Japan.
C3 Nagoya University
RP Ishihara, K (corresponding author), Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648603, Japan.
EM ishihara@cc.nagoya-u.ac.jp
NR 18
TC 361
Z9 399
U1 2
U2 97
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7130
BP 900
EP 903
DI 10.1038/nature05553
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 138CR
UT WOS:000244341200045
PM 17314976
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nurieva, R
   Yang, XXO
   Martinez, G
   Zhang, YL
   Panopoulos, AD
   Ma, L
   Schluns, K
   Tian, Q
   Watowich, SS
   Jetten, AM
   Dong, C
AF Nurieva, Roza
   Yang, Xuexian O.
   Martinez, Gustavo
   Zhang, Yongliang
   Panopoulos, Athanasia D.
   Ma, Li
   Schluns, Kimberly
   Tian, Qiang
   Watowich, Stephanie S.
   Jetten, Anton M.
   Dong, Chen
TI Essential autocrine regulation by IL-21 in the generation of inflammatory T cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; autoimmune inflammation; ror-gamma; th1 cells; differentiation; cytokine; expression; lineage; t(h)17; encephalomyelitis
AB After activation, CD4(+) helper T (T-H) cells differentiate into distinct effector subsets that are characterized by their unique cytokine expression and immunoregulatory function(1,2). During this differentiation, T(H)1 and T(H)2 cells produce interferon-gamma and interleukin (IL)-4, respectively, as autocrine factors necessary for selective lineage commitment. A distinct T-H subset, termed THIL-17, T(H)17 or inflammatory T-H (T(H)i), has been recently identified as a distinct T-H lineage mediating tissue inflammation(3,4). T(H)17 differentiation is initiated by transforming growth factor-beta and IL-6 (refs 5 - 7) and reinforced by IL-23 ( ref. 8), in which signal transduction and activators of transcription ( STAT) 3 and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR)-gamma mediate the lineage specification(8-10). T(H)17 cells produce IL-17, IL-17F and IL-22, all of which regulate inflammatory responses by tissue cells but have no importance in T(H)17 differentiation(11-14). Here we show that IL-21 is another cytokine highly expressed by mouse T(H)17 cells. IL-21 is induced by IL-6 in activated T cells, a process that is dependent on STAT3 but not ROR-gamma. IL-21 potently induces T(H)17 differentiation and suppresses Foxp3 expression, which requires STAT3 and ROR-gamma, which is encoded by Rorc. IL-21 deficiency impairs the generation of T(H)17 cells and results in protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. IL-21 is therefore an autocrine cytokine that is sufficient and necessary for T(H)17 differentiation, and serves as a target for treating inflammatory diseases.
C1 Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Immunol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Inst Syst Engn, Seattle, WA 98103 USA.
   NIEHS, Cell Biol Sect, LRB, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
RP Nurieva, R (corresponding author), Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Immunol, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM rnurieva@mdanderson.org; cdong@mdanderson.org
FU Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [ZIAES101586] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 28
TC 1247
Z9 1587
U1 1
U2 60
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 26
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7152
BP 480
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature05969
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 193VG
UT WOS:000248302700048
PM 17581589
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Suwa, G
   Kono, RT
   Katoh, S
   Asfaw, B
   Beyene, Y
AF Suwa, Gen
   Kono, Reiko T.
   Katoh, Shigehiro
   Asfaw, Berhane
   Beyene, Yonas
TI A new species of great ape from the late Miocene epoch in Ethiopia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID enamel thickness; early hominid; middle awash; humans; expression; patterns; aramis; origin; teeth
AB With the discovery of Ardipithecus, Orrorin and Sahelanthropus(1-7), our knowledge of hominid evolution before the emergence of Pliocene species of Australopithecus(8,9) has significantly increased, extending the hominid fossil record back to at least 6 million years (Myr) ago. However, because of the dearth of fossil hominoid remains in sub-Saharan Africa spanning the period 12-7 Myr ago, nothing is known of the actual timing and mode of divergence of the African ape and hominid lineages. Most genomic-based studies suggest a late divergence date-5-6 Myr ago and 6-8 Myr ago for the human-chimp and human-gorilla splits, respectively(10-14)-and some palaeontological and molecular analyses hypothesize a Eurasian origin of the African ape and hominid clade(15,16). We report here the discovery and recognition of a new species of great ape, Chororapithecus abyssinicus, from the 10-10.5-Myr-old deposits of the Chorora Formation at the southern margin of the Afar rift. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first fossils of a large-bodied Miocene ape from the African continent north of Kenya. They exhibit a gorilla-sized dentition that combines distinct shearing crests with thick enamel on its 'functional' side cusps. Visualization of the enamel-dentine junction by micro-computed tomography reveals shearing crest features that partly resemble the modern gorilla condition. These features represent genetically based structural modifications probably associated with an initial adaptation to a comparatively fibrous diet. The relatively flat cuspal enamel-dentine junction and thick enamel, however, suggest a concurrent adaptation to hard and/or abrasive food items. The combined evidence suggests that Chororapithecus may be a basal member of the gorilla clade, and that the latter exhibited some amount of adaptive and phyletic diversity at around 10-11 Myr ago.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Univ Museum, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Natl Museum Nat & Sci, Dept Anthropol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1690073, Japan.
   Hyogo Museum Nat & Human Activities, Div Nat Hist, Sanda, Hyogo 6691546, Japan.
   Rift Valley Res Serv, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
   Minist Culture & Tourism, Dept Archaeol & Paleontol, Author Res & Conservat Cultural Heritage, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
C3 University of Tokyo; National Museum of Nature and Science
RP Suwa, G (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Univ Museum, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM suwa@um.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 125
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 23
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7156
BP 921
EP 924
DI 10.1038/nature06113
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202OM
UT WOS:000248912900045
PM 17713533
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bertaux, JL
   Vandaele, AC
   Korablev, O
   Villard, E
   Fedorova, A
   Fussen, D
   Quémerais, E
   Belyaev, D
   Mahieux, A
   Montmessin, F
   Muller, C
   Neefs, E
   Nevejans, D
   Wilquet, V
   Dubois, JP
   Hauchecorne, A
   Stepanov, A
   Vinogradov, I
   Rodin, A
AF Bertaux, Jean-Loup
   Vandaele, Ann-Carine
   Korablev, Oleg
   Villard, E.
   Fedorova, A.
   Fussen, D.
   Quemerais, E.
   Belyaev, D.
   Mahieux, A.
   Montmessin, F.
   Muller, C.
   Neefs, E.
   Nevejans, D.
   Wilquet, V.
   Dubois, J. P.
   Hauchecorne, A.
   Stepanov, A.
   Vinogradov, I.
   Rodin, A.
TI A warm layer in Venus' cryosphere and high-altitude measurements of HF, HCl, H2O and HDO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water-vapor; night airglow; atmosphere; mesosphere; deuterium; spectra; fractionation; circulation
AB Venus has thick clouds of H2SO4 aerosol particles extending from altitudes of 40 to 60 km. The 60-100 km region (the mesosphere) is a transition region between the 4 day retrograde superrotation at the top of the thick clouds and the solar-antisolar circulation in the thermosphere (above 100 km), which has upwelling over the subsolar point and transport to the nightside(1,2). The mesosphere has a light haze of variable optical thickness, with CO, SO2, HCl, HF, H2O and HDO as the most important minor gaseous constituents, but the vertical distribution of the haze and molecules is poorly known because previous descent probes began their measurements at or below 60 km. Here we report the detection of an extensive layer of warm air at altitudes 90-120 km on the night side that we interpret as the result of adiabatic heating during air subsidence. Such a strong temperature inversion was not expected, because the night side of Venus was otherwise so cold that it was named the 'cryosphere' above 100 km. We also measured the mesospheric distributions of HF, HCl, H2O and HDO. HCl is less abundant than reported 40 years ago(3). HDO/H2O is enhanced by a factor of similar to 2.5 with respect to the lower atmosphere, and there is a general depletion of H2O around 80-90 km for which we have no explanation.
C1 CNRS, IPSL, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France.
   Univ Paris 06, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Belgian Inst Space Aeron, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium.
   Space Res Inst, IKI, Moscow 117810, Russia.
   Univ Versailles St Quentin, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, F-78280 Guyancourt, France.
   Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Phys, Moscow 119992, Russia.
   Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Dolgoprudnyi 141700, Russia.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Russian Academy of Sciences; Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Universite Paris Saclay; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Institute of Physics & Technology
RP Bertaux, JL (corresponding author), CNRS, IPSL, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France.
EM bertaux@aerov.jussieu.fr
NR 27
TC 167
Z9 179
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 29
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7170
BP 646
EP 649
DI 10.1038/nature05974
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 235BY
UT WOS:000251209700037
PM 18046397
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hocking, WK
   Carey-Smith, T
   Tarasick, DW
   Argall, PS
   Strong, K
   Rochon, Y
   Zawadzki, I
   Taylor, PA
AF Hocking, W. K.
   Carey-Smith, T.
   Tarasick, D. W.
   Argall, P. S.
   Strong, K.
   Rochon, Y.
   Zawadzki, I.
   Taylor, P. A.
TI Detection of stratospheric ozone intrusions by windprofiler radars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cross-tropopause exchange; dispersion model flexpart; troposphere exchange; background ozone; united-states; vhf; air
AB Stratospheric ozone attenuates harmful ultraviolet radiation and protects the Earth's biosphere(1). Ozone is also of fundamental importance for the chemistry of the lowermost part of the atmosphere, the troposphere(1-8). At ground level, ozone is an important by-product of anthropogenic pollution(7), damaging forests and crops(5,6), and negatively affecting human health(9). Ozone is critical to the chemical and thermal balance of the troposphere(10) because, via the formation of hydroxyl radicals, it controls the capacity of tropospheric air to oxidize and remove other pollutants(1). Moreover, ozone is an important greenhouse gas, particularly in the upper troposphere(1). Although photochemistry in the lower troposphere is the major source of tropospheric ozone(2,7,11), the stratosphere-troposphere transport of ozone(12-19) is important to the overall climatology, budget and long-term trends of tropospheric ozone(3,4,8,12). Stratospheric intrusion events, however, are still poorly understood. Here we introduce the use of modern windprofiler radars(20-22) to assist in such transport investigations. By hourly monitoring the radar-derived tropopause height(23-25) in combination with a series of frequent ozonesonde balloon launches, we find numerous intrusions of ozone from the stratosphere into the troposphere in southeastern Canada. On some occasions, ozone is dispersed at altitudes of two to four kilometres, but on other occasions it reaches the ground, where it can dominate the ozone density variability. We observe rapid changes in radar tropopause height immediately preceding these intrusion events. Such changes therefore serve as a valuable diagnostic for the occurrence of ozone intrusion events. Our studies emphasize the impact that stratospheric ozone can have on tropospheric ozone, and show that windprofiler data can be used to infer the possibility of ozone intrusions, as well as better represent tropopause motions in association with stratosphere-troposphere transport.
C1 Univ Western Ontario, Dept Phys & Astron, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
   Environm Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada.
   York Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci & Engn, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
C3 Western University (University of Western Ontario); Environment & Climate Change Canada; University of Toronto; McGill University; York University - Canada
RP Hocking, WK (corresponding author), Univ Western Ontario, Dept Phys & Astron, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
EM whocking@uwo.ca
NR 30
TC 74
Z9 81
U1 0
U2 61
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7167
BP 281
EP 284
DI 10.1038/nature06312
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228RC
UT WOS:000250746200057
PM 17994096
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mizutani, K
   Yoon, K
   Dang, L
   Tokunaga, A
   Gaiano, N
AF Mizutani, Ken-ichi
   Yoon, Keejung
   Dang, Louis
   Tokunaga, Akinori
   Gaiano, Nicholas
TI Differential Notch signalling distinguishes neural stem cells from intermediate progenitors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transgenic mice; cerebral-cortex; mouse-brain; neurogenesis; activation; expression; forebrain; promoters; neurons; ebna2
AB During brain development, neurons and glia are generated from a germinal zone containing both neural stem cells (NSCs) and more limited intermediate neural progenitors (INPs)(1-3). The signalling events that distinguish between these two proliferative neural cell types remain poorly understood. The Notch signalling pathway is known to maintain NSC character and to inhibit neurogenesis, although little is known about the role of Notch signalling in INPs. Here we show that both NSCs and INPs respond to Notch receptor activation, but that NSCs signal through the canonical Notch effector C-promoter binding factor 1 (CBF1), whereas INPs have attenuated CBF1 signalling. Furthermore, whereas knock-down of CBF1 promotes the conversion of NSCs to INPs, activation of CBF1 is insufficient to convert INPs back to NSCs. Using both transgenic and transient in vivo reporter assays we show that NSCs and INPs coexist in the telencephalic ventricular zone and that they can be prospectively separated on the basis of CBF1 activity. Furthermore, using in vivo transplantation we show that whereas NSCs generate neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes at similar frequencies, INPs are predominantly neurogenic. Together with previous work on haematopoietic stem cells(4), this study suggests that the use or blockade of the CBF1 cascade downstream of Notch is a general feature distinguishing stem cells from more limited progenitors in a variety of tissues.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Inst Cell Engn, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Gaiano, N (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Inst Cell Engn, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM gaiano@jhmi.edu
NR 29
TC 422
Z9 529
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7160
BP 351
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06090
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 211XP
UT WOS:000249557300047
PM 17721509
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mehta, RS
   Wainwright, PC
AF Mehta, Rita S.
   Wainwright, Peter C.
TI Raptorial jaws in the throat help moray eels swallow large prey
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bluegill sunfish; fishes; kinematics; mechanisms; strategy; evolution; predation; patterns; capture
AB Most bony fishes rely on suction mechanisms to capture and transport prey(1). Once captured, prey are carried by water movement inside the oral cavity to a second set of jaws in the throat, the pharyngeal jaws, which manipulate the prey and assist in swallowing(1,2). Moray eels display much less effective suction-feeding abilities(3). Given this reduction in a feeding mechanism that is widespread and highly conserved in aquatic vertebrates, it is not known how moray eels swallow large fish and cephalopods(4-7). Here we show that the moray eel (Muraena retifera) overcomes reduced suction capacity by launching raptorial pharyngeal jaws out of its throat and into its oral cavity, where the jaws grasp the struggling prey animal and transport it back to the throat and into the oesophagus. This is the first described case of a vertebrate using a second set of jaws to both restrain and transport prey, and is the only alternative to the hydraulic prey transport reported in teleost fishes. The extreme mobility of the moray pharyngeal jaws is made possible by elongation of the muscles that control the jaws(8), coupled with reduction of adjacent gill-arch structures(9). The discovery that pharyngeal jaws can reach up from behind the skull to grasp prey in the oral jaws reveals a major innovation that may have contributed to the success of moray eels as apex predators hunting within the complex matrix of coral reefs(10,11). This alternative prey transport mode is mechanically similar to the ratcheting mechanisms used in snakes(12,13)-a group of terrestrial vertebrates that share striking morphological, behavioural(14) and ecological convergence with moray eels.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Mehta, RS (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM rsmehta@ucdavis.edu
NR 30
TC 76
Z9 82
U1 3
U2 94
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 6
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7158
BP 79
EP U53
DI 10.1038/nature06062
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207ED
UT WOS:000249233500039
PM 17805293
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zaph, C
   Troy, AE
   Taylor, BC
   Berman-Booty, LD
   Guild, KJ
   Du, YR
   Yost, EA
   Gruber, AD
   May, MJ
   Greten, FR
   Eckmann, L
   Karin, M
   Artis, D
AF Zaph, Colby
   Troy, Amy E.
   Taylor, Betsy C.
   Berman-Booty, Lisa D.
   Guild, Katherine J.
   Du, Yurong
   Yost, Evan A.
   Gruber, Achim D.
   May, Michael J.
   Greten, Florian R.
   Eckmann, Lars
   Karin, Michael
   Artis, David
TI Epithelial-cell-intrinsic IKK-β expression regulates intestinal immune homeostasis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thymic stromal lymphopoietin; kappa-b activation; chronic inflammation; dendritic cells; inhibition; involvement; infections; resistance; survival
AB Intestinal epithelial cells ( IECs) provide a primary physical barrier against commensal and pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal ( GI) tract, but the influence of IECs on the development and regulation of immunity to infection is unknown(1). Here we show that IEC-intrinsic I kappa B kinase ( IKK)-beta-dependent gene expression is a critical regulator of responses of dendritic cells and CD4(+) T cells in the GI tract. Mice with an IEC-specific deletion of IKK-beta show a reduced expression of the epithelial-cell-restricted cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin in the intestine and, after infection with the gut-dwelling parasite Trichuris, fail to develop a pathogen-specific CD4(+) T helper type 2 (T(H)2) response and are unable to eradicate infection. Further, these animals show exacerbated production of dendritic-cell-derived interleukin-12/23p40 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha, increased levels of CD4(+) T-cell-derived interferon-gamma and interleukin-17, and develop severe intestinal inflammation. Blockade of proinflammatory cytokines during Trichuris infection ablates the requirement for IKK-beta in IECs to promote CD4(+) T(H)2 cell-dependent immunity, identifying an essential function for IECs in tissue-specific conditioning of dendritic cells and limiting type 1 cytokine production in the GI tract. These results indicate that the balance of IKK-beta-dependent gene expression in the intestinal epithelium is crucial in intestinal immune homeostasis by promoting mucosal immunity and limiting chronic inflammation.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Pathobiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Anim Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Free Univ Berlin, Dept Vet Pathol, D-14163 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; Free University of Berlin; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Artis, D (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Pathobiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM dartis@vet.upenn.edu
FU National Cancer Institute [T32CA009140] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 28
TC 440
Z9 534
U1 1
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 29
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7135
BP 552
EP 556
DI 10.1038/nature05590
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150TQ
UT WOS:000245242900052
PM 17322906
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ourjoumtsev, A
   Jeong, H
   Tualle-Brouri, R
   Grangier, P
AF Ourjoumtsev, Alexei
   Jeong, Hyunseok
   Tualle-Brouri, Rosa
   Grangier, Philippe
TI Generation of optical "Schrodinger cats' from photon number states
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coherent states; decoherence
AB Schrodinger's cat(1) is a Gedankenexperiment in quantum physics, in which an atomic decay triggers the death of the cat. Because quantum physics allow atoms to remain in superpositions of states, the classical cat would then be simultaneously dead and alive. By analogy, a 'cat' state of freely propagating light can be defined as a quantum superposition of well separated quasiclassical states(2,3) - it is a classical light wave that simultaneously possesses two opposite phases. Such states play an important role in fundamental tests of quantum theory(4-7) and in many quantum information processing tasks, including quantum computation(8), quantum teleportation(9,10) and precision measurements(11). Recently, optical Schrodinger 'kittens' were prepared(12-14); however, they are too small for most of the aforementioned applications and increasing their size is experimentally challenging. Here we demonstrate, theoretically and experimentally, a protocol that allows the generation of arbitrarily large squeezed Schrodinger cat states, using homodyne detection and photon number states as resources. We implemented this protocol with light pulses containing two photons, producing a squeezed Schrodinger cat state with a negative Wigner function. This state clearly exhibits several quantum phase- space interference fringes between the 'dead' and 'alive' components, and is large enough to become useful for quantum information processing and experimental tests of quantum theory.
C1 Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Lab Charles Fabry, Inst Opt,UMR 8501, F-91127 Palaiseau, France.
   Univ Queensland, Ctr Quantum Comp Technol, Dept Phys, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; Universite Paris Saclay; University of Queensland
RP Ourjoumtsev, A (corresponding author), Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Lab Charles Fabry, Inst Opt,UMR 8501, F-91127 Palaiseau, France.
EM alexei.ourjoumtsev@institutoptique.fr
NR 27
TC 614
Z9 650
U1 1
U2 83
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7155
BP 784
EP 786
DI 10.1038/nature06054
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200HJ
UT WOS:000248754200034
PM 17700695
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, A
   Dennis, C
   Campbell, P
AF Lee, Adrian
   Dennis, Carina
   Campbell, Philip
TI Nature's guide for mentors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ New S Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia.
C3 University of New South Wales Sydney
RP Lee, A (corresponding author), Univ New S Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia.
NR 0
TC 121
Z9 145
U1 3
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7146
BP 791
EP 797
DI 10.1038/447791a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 178FV
UT WOS:000247207500033
PM 17568738
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meyzen, CM
   Blichert-Toft, J
   Ludden, JN
   Humler, E
   Mével, C
   Albarède, F
AF Meyzen, Christine M.
   Blichert-Toft, Janne
   Ludden, John N.
   Humler, Eric
   Mevel, Catherine
   Albarede, Francis
TI Isotopic portrayal of the Earth's upper mantle flow field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southwest indian ridge; mid-atlantic ridge; australian-antarctic discordance; continental lithosphere; heterogeneity beneath; triple junction; oceanic mantle; basalts; plume; convection
AB It is now well established that oceanic plates sink into the lower mantle at subduction zones, but the reverse process of replacing lost upper-mantle material is not well constrained. Even whether the return flow is strongly localized as narrow upwellings or more broadly distributed remains uncertain. Here we show that the distribution of long-lived radiogenic isotopes along the world's mid-ocean ridges can be used to map geochemical domains, which reflect contrasting refilling modes of the upper mantle. New hafnium isotopic data along the Southwest Indian Ridge delineate a sharp transition between an Indian province with a strong lower-mantle isotopic flavour and a South Atlantic province contaminated by advection of upper-mantle material beneath the lithospheric roots of the Archaean African craton. The uppermantle of both domains appears to be refilled through the seismically defined anomaly underlying South Africa and the Afar plume. Because of the viscous drag exerted by the continental keels, refilling of the upper mantle in the Atlantic and Indian domains appears to be slow and confined to localized upwellings. By contrast, in the unencumbered Pacific domain, upwellings seem comparatively much wider and more rapid.
C1 Univ Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Super Lyon, CNRS UMR 5570, Lab Sci Terre, F-69364 Lyon 07, France.
   British Geol Survey, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England.
   Univ Nantes, CNRS UMR 6112, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, F-44322 Nantes 03, France.
   Inst Phys Globe, Lab Geosci Marines, CNRS UMR 7154, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
C3 Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); Universite Lyon 1; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Geological Survey; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Nantes Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite Paris Cite
RP Meyzen, CM (corresponding author), Univ Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Super Lyon, CNRS UMR 5570, Lab Sci Terre, 46 Allee Italie, F-69364 Lyon 07, France.
EM christine.meyzen@ens-lyon.fr
NR 52
TC 110
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7148
BP 1069
EP 1074
DI 10.1038/nature05920
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 183HT
UT WOS:000247564600029
PM 17597754
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Panowski, SH
   Wolff, S
   Aguilaniu, H
   Durieux, J
   Dillin, A
AF Panowski, Siler H.
   Wolff, Suzanne
   Aguilaniu, Hugo
   Durieux, Jenni
   Dillin, Andrew
TI PHA-4/Foxa mediates diet-restriction-induced longevity of C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superoxide-dismutase gene; nuclear factor 3-gamma; life-span; caenorhabditis-elegans; insulin-receptor; glucose-homeostasis; oxidative stress; daf-16; expression; hepatocyte
AB Reduced food intake as a result of dietary restriction increases the lifespan of a wide variety of metazoans and delays the onset of multiple age-related pathologies. Dietary restriction elicits a genetically programmed response to nutrient availability that cannot be explained by a simple reduction in metabolism or slower growth of the organism. In the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the transcription factor PHA-4 has an essential role in the embryonic development of the foregut and is orthologous to genes encoding the mammalian family of Foxa transcription factors, Foxa1, Foxa2 and Foxa3. Foxa family members have important roles during development, but also act later in life to regulate glucagon production and glucose homeostasis, particularly in response to fasting. Here we describe a newly discovered, adult-specific function for PHA-4 in the regulation of diet-restriction-mediated longevity in C. elegans. The role of PHA-4 in lifespan determination is specific for dietary restriction, because it is not required for the increased longevity caused by other genetic pathways that regulate ageing.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol & Cell Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Dillin, A (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol & Cell Biol Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM dillin@salk.edu
NR 50
TC 450
Z9 578
U1 0
U2 89
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 31
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7144
BP 550
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature05837
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 172YZ
UT WOS:000246842000039
PM 17476212
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knutson, HA
   Charbonneau, D
   Allen, LE
   Fortney, JJ
   Agol, E
   Cowan, NB
   Showman, AP
   Cooper, CS
   Megeath, ST
AF Knutson, Heather A.
   Charbonneau, David
   Allen, Lori E.
   Fortney, Jonathan J.
   Agol, Eric
   Cowan, Nicolas B.
   Showman, Adam P.
   Cooper, Curtis S.
   Megeath, S. Thomas
TI A map of the day-night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal emission; light curves; atmospheres; parameters; dynamics; spectra; period; system
AB 'Hot Jupiter' extrasolar planets are expected to be tidally locked because they are close (< 0.05 astronomical units, where 1 AU is the average Sun - Earth distance) to their parent stars, resulting in permanent daysides and nightsides. By observing systems where the planet and star periodically eclipse each other, several groups have been able to estimate the temperatures of the daysides of these planets(1-3). A key question is whether the atmosphere is able to transport the energy incident upon the dayside to the nightside, which will determine the temperature at different points on the planet's surface. Here we report observations of HD 189733, the closest of these eclipsing planetary systems(4-6), over half an orbital period, from which we can construct a 'map' of the distribution of temperatures. We detected the increase in brightness as the dayside of the planet rotated into view. We estimate a minimum brightness temperature of 973 +/- 33 K and a maximum brightness temperature of 1,212 +/- 11K at a wavelength of 8 mm, indicating that energy from the irradiated dayside is efficiently redistributed throughout the atmosphere, in contrast to a recent claim for another hot Jupiter 7. Our data indicate that the peak hemisphereintegrated brightness occurs 16 +/- 6 degrees before opposition, corresponding to a hotspot shifted east of the substellar point. The secondary eclipse ( when the planet moves behind the star) occurs 120 +/- 24 s later than predicted, which may indicate a slightly eccentric orbit.
C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Toledo, Dept Phys & Astron, Toledo, OH 43606 USA.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; SETI Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Arizona; University of Arizona; University System of Ohio; University of Toledo
RP Knutson, HA (corresponding author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM hknutson@cfa.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 642
Z9 746
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 10
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7141
BP 183
EP 186
DI 10.1038/nature05782
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 165WT
UT WOS:000246338700037
PM 17495920
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Borra, EF
   Seddiki, O
   Angel, R
   Eisenstein, D
   Hickson, P
   Seddon, KR
   Worden, SP
AF Borra, Ermanno F.
   Seddiki, Omar
   Angel, Roger
   Eisenstein, Daniel
   Hickson, Paul
   Seddon, Kenneth R.
   Worden, Simon P.
TI Deposition of metal films on an ionic liquid as a basis for a lunar telescope
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mirror; nanoparticles; fragmentation
AB An optical/infrared telescope of 20 - 100 m aperture located on the Moon would be able to observe objects 100 to 1,000 times fainter than the proposed next generation of space telescopes(1). The infrared region of the spectrum is particularly important for observations of objects at redshifts z > 7. The apparent simplicity and low mass of a liquid mirror telescope, compared with a traditional pointable glass mirror, suggest that the concept should be considered further. A previously proposed liquid mirror telescope, based upon a spinning liquid metallic alloy(2), is not appropriate for infrared applications, which will require a liquid below 130 K. Here we report the successful coating of an ionic liquid with silver. The surface is smooth and the silver coating is stable on a timescale of months. The underlying ionic liquid does not evaporate in a vacuum and remains liquid down to a temperature of 175 K. Given that there are similar to 10(6) simple and similar to 10(18) ternary ionic liquids, it should be possible to synthesize liquids with even lower melting temperatures.
C1 Univ Laval, Ctr Opt Photon & Laser, Dept Phys Genie Phys & Opt, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada.
   Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
   Queens Univ Belfast, QUILL Ctr, Belfast BT9 5AG, Antrim, North Ireland.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Off Director, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
C3 Laval University; University of Arizona; University of British Columbia; Queens University Belfast; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center
RP Borra, EF (corresponding author), Univ Laval, Ctr Opt Photon & Laser, Dept Phys Genie Phys & Opt, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada.
EM borra@phy.ulaval.ca
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/D029538/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 27
TC 207
Z9 238
U1 1
U2 131
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 21
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7147
BP 979
EP 981
DI 10.1038/nature05909
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180NU
UT WOS:000247373100041
PM 17581579
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amodeo, GA
   Rudolph, MJ
   Tong, L
AF Amodeo, Gabriele A.
   Rudolph, Michael J.
   Tong, Liang
TI Crystal structure of the heterotrimer core of Saccharomyces cerevisiae AMPK homologue SNF1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated protein-kinase; alpha-subunits; yeast snf1; domain; glycogen; binding; disease; complex; stress; models
AB AMP-activated protein kinase ( AMPK) is a central regulator of energy homeostasis in mammals and is an attractive target for drug discovery against diabetes, obesity and other diseases(1-5). The AMPK homologue in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, known as SNF1, is essential for responses to glucose starvation as well as for other cellular processes, although SNF1 seems to be activated by a ligand other than AMP(1,6-8). Here we report the crystal structure at 2.6 angstrom resolution of the heterotrimer core of SNF1. The ligand-binding site in the gamma-subunit (Snf4) has clear structural differences from that of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe enzyme(9), although our crystallographic data indicate that AMP can also bind to Snf4. The glycogen-binding domain in the beta-subunit (Sip2) interacts with Snf4 in the heterotrimer but should still be able to bind carbohydrates(10-13). Our structure is supported by a large body of biochemical and genetic data on this complex(1,6-8,14-18). Most significantly, the structure reveals that part of the regulatory sequence in the alpha-subunit (Snf1)(15,16,18,19) is sequestered by Snf4, demonstrating a direct interaction between the alpha- and gamma-subunits and indicating that our structure may represent the heterotrimer core of SNF1 in its activated state.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Tong, L (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM ltong@columbia.edu
NR 37
TC 136
Z9 168
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7161
BP 492
EP U13
DI 10.1038/nature06127
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214GQ
UT WOS:000249724800047
PM 17851534
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Travis, MA
   Reizis, B
   Melton, AC
   Masteller, E
   Tang, QZ
   Proctor, JM
   Wang, YL
   Bernstein, X
   Huang, XZ
   Reichardt, LF
   Bluestone, JA
   Sheppard, D
AF Travis, Mark A.
   Reizis, Boris
   Melton, Andrew C.
   Masteller, Emma
   Tang, Qizhi
   Proctor, John M.
   Wang, Yanli
   Bernstein, Xin
   Huang, Xiaozhu
   Reichardt, Louis F.
   Bluestone, Jeffrey A.
   Sheppard, Dean
TI Loss of integrin αvβ8 on dendritic cells causes autoimmunity and colitis in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulatory t-cells; transcription factor foxp3; tgf-beta-1; disease; homeostasis; activation; expression; inflammation; mechanisms; tolerance
AB The cytokine transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is an important negative regulator of adaptive immunity(1-3). TGF-beta is secreted by cells as an inactive precursor that must be activated to exert biological effects(4), but the mechanisms that regulate TGF-beta activation and function in the immune system are poorly understood. Here we show that conditional loss of the TGF-beta-activating integrin alpha(v)beta(8) on leukocytes causes severe inflammatory bowel disease and age-related autoimmunity in mice. This autoimmune phenotype is largely due to lack of alpha(v)beta(8) on dendritic cells, as mice lacking alpha(v)beta(8) principally on dendritic cells develop identical immunological abnormalities as mice lacking alpha(v)beta(8) on all leukocytes, whereas mice lacking alpha(v)beta(8) on T cells alone are phenotypically normal. We further show that dendritic cells lacking alpha(v)beta(8) fail to induce regulatory T cells (T-R cells) in vitro, an effect that depends on TGF-beta activity. Furthermore, mice lacking alpha(v)beta(8) on dendritic cells have reduced proportions of T-R cells in colonic tissue. These results suggest that alpha(v)beta(8)-mediated TGF-beta activation by dendritic cells is essential for preventing immune dysfunction that results in inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmunity, effects that are due, at least in part, to the ability of alpha(v)beta(8) on dendritic cells to induce and/or maintain tissue T-R cells.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, Lung Biol Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Microbiol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, Ctr Diabet, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Columbia University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Sheppard, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, Lung Biol Ctr, 1550 4th St,Room 545, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
EM dean.sheppard@ucsf.edu
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS019090] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 430
Z9 496
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7160
BP 361
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06110
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 211XP
UT WOS:000249557300049
PM 17694047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mochida, S
   Hunt, T
AF Mochida, Satoru
   Hunt, Tim
TI Calcineurin is required to release Xenopus egg extracts from meiotic M phase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytostatic factor; protein phosphatase; cell-cycle; metaphase arrest; map kinase; laevis eggs; phosphorylation; fertilization; degradation; inhibitor
AB Fertilization induces a transient increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration in animal eggs that releases them from cell cycle arrest in the second meiotic metaphase(1). In frog eggs, Ca2+ activates Ca2+/calmodulin-activated kinase, which inactivates cytostatic factor(2-5), allowing the anaphase-promoting factor to turn on and ubiquitinate cyclins and securin, which returns the cell cycle to interphase(6). Here we show that the calcium-activated protein phosphatase calcineurin(7) is also important in this process. Calcineurin is transiently activated after adding Ca2+ to egg extracts, and inhibitors of calcineurin such as cyclosporin A (ref. 8) delay the destruction of cyclins, the global dephosphorylation of M-phase-specific phosphoproteins and the re-formation of a fully functional nuclear envelope. We found that a second wave of phosphatase activity directed at mitotic phosphoproteins appears after the spike of calcineurin activity. This activity disappeared the next time the extract entered M phase and reappeared at the end of mitosis. We surmise that inhibition of this second phosphatase activity is important in allowing cells to enter mitosis, and, conversely, that its activation is required for a timely return to interphase. Calcineurin is required to break the deep cell cycle arrest imposed by the Mos-MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase pathway(4,5,9), and we show that Fizzy/Cdc20, a key regulator of the anaphase-promoting factor(6), is an excellent substrate for this phosphatase.
C1 Imperial Canc Res Fund, Clare Hall Labs, London Res Ctr, Canc Res UK, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
C3 Cancer Research UK
RP Hunt, T (corresponding author), Imperial Canc Res Fund, Clare Hall Labs, London Res Ctr, Canc Res UK, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
EM tim.hunt@cancer.org.uk
NR 32
TC 120
Z9 132
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 20
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7160
BP 336
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature06121
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 211XP
UT WOS:000249557300044
PM 17882219
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dietzl, G
   Chen, D
   Schnorrer, F
   Su, KC
   Barinova, Y
   Fellner, M
   Gasser, B
   Kinsey, K
   Oppel, S
   Scheiblauer, S
   Couto, A
   Marra, V
   Keleman, K
   Dickson, BJ
AF Dietzl, Georg
   Chen, Doris
   Schnorrer, Frank
   Su, Kuan-Chung
   Barinova, Yulia
   Fellner, Michaela
   Gasser, Beate
   Kinsey, Kaolin
   Oppel, Silvia
   Scheiblauer, Susanne
   Couto, Africa
   Marra, Vincent
   Keleman, Krystyna
   Dickson, Barry J.
TI A genome-wide transgenic RNAi library for conditional gene inactivation in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; interference; expression; identification; initiation; vector; system
AB Forward genetic screens in model organisms have provided important insights into numerous aspects of development, physiology and pathology. With the availability of complete genome sequences and the introduction of RNA-mediated gene interference (RNAi), systematic reverse genetic screens are now also possible. Until now, such genome-wide RNAi screens have mostly been restricted to cultured cells and ubiquitous gene inactivation in Caenorhabditis elegans. This powerful approach has not yet been applied in a tissue-specific manner. Here we report the generation and validation of a genome-wide library of Drosophila melanogaster RNAi transgenes, enabling the conditional inactivation of gene function in specific tissues of the intact organism. Our RNAi transgenes consist of short gene fragments cloned as inverted repeats and expressed using the binary GAL4/UAS system. We generated 22,270 transgenic lines, covering 88% of the predicted protein-coding genes in the Drosophila genome. Molecular and phenotypic assays indicate that the majority of these transgenes are functional. Our transgenic RNAi library thus opens up the prospect of systematically analysing gene functions in any tissue and at any stage of the Drosophila lifespan.
C1 Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Mol Biotechnol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Austrian Academy of Sciences; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA); Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
RP Dickson, BJ (corresponding author), Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Mol Biotechnol, Dr Bohr Gasse 3-5, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
EM dickson@imp.ac.at
NR 43
TC 2124
Z9 2663
U1 1
U2 250
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 12
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7150
BP 151
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature05954
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 188QN
UT WOS:000247934500033
PM 17625558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whitcome, KK
   Shapiro, LJ
   Lieberman, DE
AF Whitcome, Katherine K.
   Shapiro, Liza J.
   Lieberman, Daniel E.
TI Fetal load and the evolution of lumbar lordosis in bipedal hominins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sex-differences; back-pain; size; shape; morphology; pregnancy; posture; column
AB As predicted by Darwin(1), bipedal posture and locomotion are key distinguishing features of the earliest known hominins(2,3). Hominin axial skeletons show many derived adaptations for bipedalism, including an elongated lumbar region, both in the number of vertebrae and their lengths, as well as a marked posterior concavity of wedged lumbar vertebrae, known as a lordosis(4-6). The lordosis stabilizes the upper body over the lower limbs in bipeds by positioning the trunk's centre of mass ( COM) above the hips. However, bipedalism poses a unique challenge to pregnant females because the changing body shape and the extra mass associated with pregnancy shift the trunk's COM anterior to the hips. Here we show that human females have evolved a derived curvature and reinforcement of the lumbar vertebrae to compensate for this bipedal obstetric load. Similarly dimorphic morphologies in fossil vertebrae of Australopithecus suggest that this adaptation to fetal load preceded the evolution of Homo.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Anthropol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Texas Austin, Dept Anthropol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 Harvard University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Whitcome, KK (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Anthropol, 11 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM whitcome@fas.harvard.edu
NR 42
TC 213
Z9 258
U1 1
U2 86
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 13
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7172
BP 1075
EP U11
DI 10.1038/nature06342
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240HY
UT WOS:000251579900085
PM 18075592
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tylianakis, JM
   Tscharntke, T
   Lewis, OT
AF Tylianakis, Jason M.
   Tscharntke, Teja
   Lewis, Owen T.
TI Habitat modification alters the structure of tropical host-parasitoid food webs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biological-control; land-use; community; diversity; descriptors; stability; services; gradient; insects; bees
AB Global conversion of natural habitats to agriculture has led to marked changes in species diversity and composition(1). However, it is less clear how habitat modification affects interactions among species(2). Networks of feeding interactions ( food webs) describe the underlying structure of ecological communities, and might be crucially linked to their stability and function(3-7). Here, we analyse 48 quantitative food webs(8,9) for cavity-nesting bees, wasps and their parasitoids across five tropical habitat types. We found marked changes in food-web structure(10,11) across the modification gradient, despite little variation in species richness. The evenness of interaction frequencies declined with habitat modification, with most energy flowing along one or a few pathways in intensively managed agricultural habitats. In modified habitats there was a higher ratio of parasitoid to host species and increased parasitism rates, with implications for the important ecosystem services, such as pollination and biological control, that are performed by host bees and wasps(12). The most abundant parasitoid species was more specialized in modified habitats, with reduced attack rates on alternative hosts. Conventional community descriptors failed to discriminate adequately among habitats, indicating that perturbation of the structure and function of ecological communities might be overlooked in studies that do not document and quantify species interactions. Altered interaction structure therefore represents an insidious and functionally important hidden effect of habitat modification by humans.
C1 Univ Gottingen, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 University of Gottingen; University of Oxford
RP Tylianakis, JM (corresponding author), Univ Canterbury, Sch Biol Sci, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand.
EM jason.tylianakis@canterbury.ac.nz
NR 30
TC 740
Z9 862
U1 4
U2 502
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7124
BP 202
EP 205
DI 10.1038/nature05429
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124QF
UT WOS:000243384300050
PM 17215842
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gaal, P
   Kuehn, W
   Reimann, K
   Woerner, M
   Elsaesser, T
   Hey, R
AF Gaal, P.
   Kuehn, W.
   Reimann, K.
   Woerner, M.
   Elsaesser, T.
   Hey, R.
TI Internal motions of a quasiparticle governing its ultrafast nonlinear response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electric-field; polarons; plasma; space; transients; amplitudes
AB A charged particle modifies the structure of the surrounding medium: examples include a proton in ice(1), an ion in a DNA molecule(2), an electron at an interface(3), or an electron in an organic(4) or inorganic crystal(5-7). In turn, the medium acts back on the particle. In a polar or ionic solid, a free electron distorts the crystal lattice, displacing the atoms from their equilibrium positions. The electron, when considered together with its surrounding lattice distortion, is a single quasiparticle(5,6), known as the Frohlich polaron(8,9). The basic properties of polarons and their drift motion in a weak electric field are well known(10-12). However, their non-linear high- field properties - relevant for transport on nanometre length and ultrashort timescales - are not understood. Here we show that a high electric field in the terahertz range drives the polaron in a GaAs crystal into a highly nonlinear regime where, in addition to the drift motion, the electron is impulsively moved away from the centre of the surrounding lattice distortion. In this way, coherent lattice vibrations ( phonons) and concomitant drift velocity oscillations are induced that persist for several hundred femtoseconds. They modulate the optical response at infrared frequencies between absorption and stimulated emission. Such quantum coherent processes directly affect high- frequency transport in nanostructures and may be exploited in novel terahertz-driven optical modulators and switches.
C1 Mas Born Inst Nichtlineare Opt & Kurzzeitspekt, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   Paul Drude Inst Festkorperelekt, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Leibniz Association; Paul Drude Institute for Solid State Electronics
RP Woerner, M (corresponding author), Mas Born Inst Nichtlineare Opt & Kurzzeitspekt, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
EM woerner@mbi-berlin.de
NR 26
TC 123
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 75
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 20
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7173
BP 1210
EP 1213
DI 10.1038/nature06399
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243HA
UT WOS:000251786200045
PM 18097404
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pagel, M
   Atkinson, QD
   Meade, A
AF Pagel, Mark
   Atkinson, Quentin D.
   Meade, Andrew
TI Frequency of word-use predicts rates of lexical evolution throughout Indo-European history
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID divergence
AB Greek speakers say "ovpa", Germans "schwanz'' and the French "queue'' to describe what English speakers call a 'tail', but all of these languages use a related form of 'two' to describe the number after one. Among more than 100 Indo-European languages and dialects, the words for some meanings (such as 'tail') evolve rapidly, being expressed across languages by dozens of unrelated words, while others evolve much more slowly-such as the number 'two', for which all Indo-European language speakers use the same related word-form(1). No general linguistic mechanism has been advanced to explain this striking variation in rates of lexical replacement among meanings. Here we use four large and divergent language corpora (English(2), Spanish(3), Russian(4) and Greek(5)) and a comparative database of 200 fundamental vocabulary meanings in 87 Indo-European languages(6) to show that the frequency with which these words are used in modern language predicts their rate of replacement over thousands of years of Indo-European language evolution. Across all 200 meanings, frequently used words evolve at slower rates and infrequently used words evolve more rapidly. This relationship holds separately and identically across parts of speech for each of the four language corpora, and accounts for approximately 50% of the variation in historical rates of lexical replacement. We propose that the frequency with which specific words are used in everyday language exerts a general and law-like influence on their rates of evolution. Our findings are consistent with social models of word change that emphasize the role of selection, and suggest that owing to the ways that humans use language, some words will evolve slowly and others rapidly across all languages.
C1 Univ Reading, Sch Biol Sci, Reading RG6 6AS, Berks, England.
   Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
C3 University of Reading; The Santa Fe Institute
RP Pagel, M (corresponding author), Univ Reading, Sch Biol Sci, Reading RG6 6AS, Berks, England.
EM m.pagel@reading.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/C51992X/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 35
TC 313
Z9 350
U1 2
U2 71
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7163
BP 717
EP U7
DI 10.1038/nature06176
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 218VV
UT WOS:000250045000043
PM 17928860
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dunfield, PF
   Yuryev, A
   Senin, P
   Smirnova, AV
   Stott, MB
   Hou, SB
   Ly, B
   Saw, JH
   Zhou, ZM
   Ren, Y
   Wang, JM
   Mountain, BW
   Crowe, MA
   Weatherby, TM
   Bodelier, PLE
   Liesack, W
   Feng, L
   Wang, L
   Alam, M
AF Dunfield, Peter F.
   Yuryev, Anton
   Senin, Pavel
   Smirnova, Angela V.
   Stott, Matthew B.
   Hou, Shaobin
   Ly, Binh
   Saw, Jimmy H.
   Zhou, Zhemin
   Ren, Yan
   Wang, Jianmei
   Mountain, Bruce W.
   Crowe, Michelle A.
   Weatherby, Tina M.
   Bodelier, Paul L. E.
   Liesack, Werner
   Feng, Lu
   Wang, Lei
   Alam, Maqsudul
TI Methane oxidation by an extremely acidophilic bacterium of the phylum Verrucomicrobia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID methanotrophic bacteria; monooxygenase operons; identification; methylotrophy; populations; diversity; genome; key
AB Aerobic methanotrophic bacteria consume methane as it diffuses away from methanogenic zones of soil and sediment(1). They act as a biofilter to reduce methane emissions to the atmosphere, and they are therefore targets in strategies to combat global climate change. No cultured methanotroph grows optimally below pH 5, but some environments with active methane cycles are very acidic(2,3). Here we describe an extremely acidophilic methanotroph that grows optimally at pH 2.0-2.5. Unlike the known methanotrophs, it does not belong to the phylum Proteobacteria but rather to the Verrucomicrobia, a widespread and diverse bacterial phylum that primarily comprises uncultivated species with unknown genotypes. Analysis of its draft genome detected genes encoding particulate methane monooxygenase that were homologous to genes found in methanotrophic proteobacteria. However, known genetic modules for methanol and formaldehyde oxidation were incomplete or missing, suggesting that the bacterium uses some novel methylotrophic pathways. Phylogenetic analysis of its three pmoA genes ( encoding a subunit of particulate methane monooxygenase) placed them into a distinct cluster from proteobacterial homologues. This indicates an ancient divergence of Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria methanotrophs rather than a recent horizontal gene transfer of methanotrophic ability. The findings show that methanotrophy in the Bacteria is more taxonomically, ecologically and genetically diverse than previously thought, and that previous studies have failed to assess the full diversity of methanotrophs in acidic environments.
C1 GNS Sci, Extremophile Res Grp, Taupo, New Zealand.
   Ariadne Genom Inc, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Dept Microbiol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Coll Nat Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Nankai Univ, TEDA Sch Biol Sci & Biotechnol, Tianjin 300457, Peoples R China.
   Univ Hawaii Manoa, Biol Elect Microscopy Facil, Pacific Biosci Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Netherlands Inst Ecol, NIOO KNAW, Ctr Limnol, Dept Microbial Wetland Ecol, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands.
   Max Planck Inst Terr Microbiol, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
C3 Earth Sciences New Zealand; GNS Science - New Zealand; University of Hawaii System; Nankai University; University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Max Planck Society
RP Dunfield, PF (corresponding author), Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, 2500 Univ Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
EM p.dunfield@gns.cri.nz; wanglei@nankai.edu.cn; alam@hawaii.edu
NR 29
TC 461
Z9 575
U1 4
U2 365
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 6
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7171
BP 879
EP U18
DI 10.1038/nature06411
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237RU
UT WOS:000251394900056
PM 18004300
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Foerster, K
   Coulson, T
   Sheldon, BC
   Pemberton, JM
   Clutton-Brock, TH
   Kruuk, LEB
AF Foerster, Katharina
   Coulson, Tim
   Sheldon, Ben C.
   Pemberton, Josephine M.
   Clutton-Brock, Tim H.
   Kruuk, Loeske E. B.
TI Sexually antagonistic genetic variation for fitness in red deer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-populations; ontogenic conflict; mate choice; selection; heritability; dimorphism; pleiotropy; evolution; sexes; wild
AB Evolutionary theory predicts the depletion of genetic variation in natural populations as a result of the effects of selection, but genetic variation is nevertheless abundant for many traits that are under directional or stabilizing selection(1). Evolutionary geneticists commonly try to explain this paradox with mechanisms that lead to a balance between mutation and selection(2). However, theoretical predictions of equilibrium genetic variance under mutation-selection balance are usually lower than the observed values, and the reason for this is unknown(3). The potential role of sexually antagonistic selection in maintaining genetic variation has received little attention in this debate, surprisingly given its potential ubiquity in dioecious organisms. At fitness-related loci, a given genotype may be selected in opposite directions in the two sexes. Such sexually antagonistic selection will reduce the otherwise-expected positive genetic correlation between male and female fitness(4). Both theory(5-7) and experimental data(8-12) suggest that males and females of the same species may have divergent genetic optima, but supporting data from wild populations are still scarce(13-15). Here we present evidence for sexually antagonistic fitness variation in a natural population, using data from a long-term study of red deer (Cervus elaphus). We show that male red deer with relatively high fitness fathered, on average, daughters with relatively low fitness. This was due to a negative genetic correlation between estimates of fitness in males and females. In particular, we show that selection favours males that carry low breeding values for female fitness. Our results demonstrate that sexually antagonistic selection can lead to a trade-off between the optimal genotypes for males and females; this mechanism will have profound effects on the operation of selection and the maintenance of genetic variation in natural populations.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Evolutionary Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Edward Grey Inst, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Ctr Populat Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Div Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Cambridge; University of Oxford; Imperial College London; Imperial College London
RP Foerster, K (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Evolutionary Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM foerster@orn.mpg.de; loeske.kruuk@ed.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/B504314/1, cpb010001] Funding Source: researchfish; NERC [cpb010001] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 31
TC 308
Z9 350
U1 3
U2 173
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7148
BP 1107
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature05912
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 183HT
UT WOS:000247564600036
PM 17597758
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lydeard, JR
   Jain, S
   Yamaguchi, M
   Haber, JE
AF Lydeard, John R.
   Jain, Suvi
   Yamaguchi, Miyuki
   Haber, James E.
TI Break-induced replication and telomerase-independent telomere maintenance require Pol32
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-polymerase-delta; double-strand breaks; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; in-vivo; gene conversion; bypass pathway; recombination; yeast; repair; checkpoint
AB Break- induced replication ( BIR) is an efficient homologous recombination process to initiate DNA replication when only one end of a chromosome double- strand break shares homology with a template(1-5). BIR is thought to re- establish replication at stalled and broken replication forks and to act at eroding telomeres in cells that lack telomerase in pathways known as ' alternative lengthening of telomeres' ( reviewed in refs 2, 6). Here we show that, in haploid budding yeast, Rad51- dependent BIR induced by HO endonuclease requires the lagging strand DNA Pol alpha- primase complex as well as Pol delta to initiate new DNA synthesis. Pol epsilon is not required for the initial primer extension step of BIR but is required to complete 30 kb of new DNA synthesis. Initiation of BIR also requires the nonessential DNA Pol delta subunit Pol32 primarily through its interaction with another Pol delta subunit, Pol31. HO-induced gene conversion, in which both ends of a double- strand break engage in homologous recombination, does not require Pol32. Pol32 is also required for the recovery of both Rad51-dependent and Rad51- independent survivors in yeast strains lacking telomerase. These results strongly suggest that both types of telomere maintenance pathways occur by recombination-dependent DNA replication. Thus Pol32, dispensable for replication and for gene conversion, is uniquely required for BIR; this finding provides an opening into understanding how DNA replication re- start mechanisms operate in eukaryotes. We also note that Pol32 homologues have been identified both in fission yeast and in metazoans where telomerase- independent survivors with alternative telomere maintenance have also been identified(2,6,7).
C1 Brandeis Univ, Rosenstiel Ctr, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Brandeis University
RP Haber, JE (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Rosenstiel Ctr, MS029, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
EM haber@brandeis.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM076020, T32 GM007122, R01 GM020056] Funding Source: Medline
NR 32
TC 408
Z9 525
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 16
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7155
BP 820
EP U10
DI 10.1038/nature06047
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200HJ
UT WOS:000248754200043
PM 17671506
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Karnoub, AE
   Dash, AB
   Vo, AP
   Sullivan, A
   Brooks, MW
   Bell, GW
   Richardson, AL
   Polyak, K
   Tubo, R
   Weinberg, RA
AF Karnoub, Antoine E.
   Dash, Ajeeta B.
   Vo, Annie P.
   Sullivan, Andrew
   Brooks, Mary W.
   Bell, George W.
   Richardson, Andrea L.
   Polyak, Kornelia
   Tubo, Ross
   Weinberg, Robert A.
TI Mesenchymal stem cells within tumour stroma promote breast cancer metastasis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; progression; carcinoma; delivery; growth; rantes; microenvironment; chemokines; vehicles; reveals
AB Mesenchymal stem cells have been recently described to localize to breast carcinomas, where they integrate into the tumour-associated stroma. However, the involvement of mesenchymal stem cells (or their derivatives) in tumour pathophysiology has not been addressed. Here, we demonstrate that bone-marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells, when mixed with otherwise weakly metastatic human breast carcinoma cells, cause the cancer cells to increase their metastatic potency greatly when this cell mixture is introduced into a subcutaneous site and allowed to form a tumour xenograft. The breast cancer cells stimulate de novo secretion of the chemokine CCL5 (also called RANTES) from mesenchymal stem cells, which then acts in a paracrine fashion on the cancer cells to enhance their motility, invasion and metastasis. This enhanced metastatic ability is reversible and is dependent on CCL5 signalling through the chemokine receptor CCR5. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the tumour microenvironment facilitates metastatic spread by eliciting reversible changes in the phenotype of cancer cells.
C1 Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Genzyme Corp, Framingham, MA 01701 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Sanofi-Aventis; Genzyme Corporation; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP Weinberg, RA (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM weinberg@wi.mit.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA116235, P50 CA089393] Funding Source: Medline
NR 36
TC 2643
Z9 3121
U1 3
U2 395
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 4
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7162
BP 557
EP U4
DI 10.1038/nature06188
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 216QG
UT WOS:000249893500036
PM 17914389
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, L
   Head, JW
AF Wilson, Lionel
   Head, James W., III
TI An integrated model of kimberlite ascent and eruption
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID driven fluid fracture; mantle; pipes; explosions; origin; magma; moon
AB Diatremes are carrot-shaped bodies forming the upper parts of very deep magmatic intrusions of kimberlite rock. These unusual, enigmatic and complex features are famous as the source of diamonds. Here we present a new model of kimberlite ascent and eruption, emphasizing the extremely unsteady nature of this process to resolve many of the seemingly contradictory characteristics of kimberlites and diatremes. Dyke initiation in a deep CO2-rich source region in the mantle leads to rapid propagation of the dyke tip, below which CO2 fluid collects, with a zone of magmatic foam beneath. When the tip breaks the surface of the ground, gas release causes a depressurization wave to travel into the magma. This wave implodes the dyke walls, fragments the magma, and creates a `ringing' fluidization wave. Together, these processes form the diatreme. Catastrophic magma chilling seals the dyke. No precursor to the eruption is felt at the surface and the processes are complete in about an hour.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Univ Lancaster, Dept Environm Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England.
C3 Brown University; Lancaster University
RP Head, JW (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
EM james_head@brown.edu
NR 37
TC 145
Z9 168
U1 1
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 3
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7140
BP 53
EP 57
DI 10.1038/nature05692
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 163GY
UT WOS:000246149300041
PM 17476260
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rossi, DJ
   Bryder, D
   Seita, J
   Nussenzweig, A
   Hoeijmakers, J
   Weissman, IL
AF Rossi, Derrick J.
   Bryder, David
   Seita, Jun
   Nussenzweig, Andre
   Hoeijmakers, Jan
   Weissman, Irving L.
TI Deficiencies in DNA damage repair limit the function of haematopoietic stem cells with age
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID life-span; serial transplantation; self-renewal; mouse model; mice; telomerase; cancer; transcription; defects; stress
AB A diminished capacity to maintain tissue homeostasis is a central physiological characteristic of ageing. As stem cells regulate tissue homeostasis, depletion of stem cell reserves and/or diminished stem cell function have been postulated to contribute to ageing(1). It has further been suggested that accumulated DNA damage could be a principal mechanism underlying age-dependent stem cell decline(2). We have tested these hypotheses by examining haematopoietic stem cell reserves and function with age in mice deficient in several genomic maintenance pathways including nucleotide excision repair(3,4), telomere maintenance(5,6) and non-homologous end-joining(7,8). Here we show that although deficiencies in these pathways did not deplete stem cell reserves with age, stem cell functional capacity was severely affected under conditions of stress, leading to loss of reconstitution and proliferative potential, diminished self-renewal, increased apoptosis and, ultimately, functional exhaustion. Moreover, we provide evidence that endogenous DNA damage accumulates with age in wild-type stem cells. These data are consistent with DNA damage accrual being a physiological mechanism of stem cell ageing that may contribute to the diminished capacity of aged tissues to return to homeostasis after exposure to acute stress or injury.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Inst Stem Cell Biol & Regenerat Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   NCI, Expt Immunol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, Lab Receptor Biol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Erasmus MC, MGC CBG Dept Cell Biol & Genet, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus MC
RP Rossi, DJ (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM drossi@stanford.edu
FU National Cancer Institute [ZIABC010283] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 35
TC 924
Z9 1076
U1 1
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 7
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7145
BP 725
EP U15
DI 10.1038/nature05862
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 175RI
UT WOS:000247030700046
PM 17554309
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fischler, W
   Kong, P
   Marella, S
   Scott, K
AF Fischler, Walter
   Kong, Priscilla
   Marella, Sunanda
   Scott, Kristin
TI The detection of carbonation by the Drosophila gustatory system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID candidate taste receptors; responses; neurons; melanogaster; behavior; oxygen; brain
AB There are five known taste modalities in humans: sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami (the taste of monosodium glutamate). Although the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster tastes sugars, salts and noxious chemicals, the nature and number of taste modalities in this organism is not clear. Previous studies have identified one taste cell population marked by the gustatory receptor gene Gr5a that detects sugars, and a second population marked by Gr66a that detects bitter compounds(1-4). Here we identify a novel taste modality in this insect: the taste of carbonated water. We use a combination of anatomical, calcium imaging and behavioural approaches to identify a population of taste neurons that detects CO2 and mediates taste acceptance behaviour. The taste of carbonation may allow Drosophila to detect and obtain nutrients from growing microorganisms. Whereas CO2 detection by the olfactory system mediates avoidance(5), CO2 detection by the gustatory system mediates acceptance behaviour, demonstrating that the context of CO2 determines appropriate behaviour. This work opens up the possibility that the taste of carbonation may also exist in other organisms.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Helen Wills Neurosci Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Scott, K (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 291 Life Sci Addit, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM kscott@berkeley.edu
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC006252] Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 100
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 30
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7157
BP 1054
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature06101
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 205EU
UT WOS:000249097600039
PM 17728758
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gandhi, DD
   Lane, M
   Zhou, Y
   Singh, AP
   Nayak, S
   Tisch, U
   Eizenberg, M
   Ramanath, G
AF Gandhi, Darshan D.
   Lane, Michael
   Zhou, Yu
   Singh, Amit P.
   Nayak, Saroj
   Tisch, Ulrike
   Eizenberg, Moshe
   Ramanath, Ganapathiraman
TI Annealing-induced interfacial toughening using a molecular nanolayer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-assembled monolayers; diffusion-barriers; thermal-stability; cu metallization; adhesion; films; fracture; surfaces; glasses; layers
AB Self-assembled molecular nanolayers (MNLs) composed of short organic chains and terminated with desired functional groups are attractive for modifying surface properties for a variety of applications. For example, organosilane MNLs are used as lubricants 1, in nanolithography(2), for corrosion protection(3) and in the crystallization of biominerals(4). Recent work has explored uses of MNLs at thin-film interfaces, both as active components in molecular devices(5), and as passive layers, inhibiting interfacial diffusion(6-8), promoting adhesion(9,10) and toughening brittle nanoporous structures (11). The relatively low stability of MNLs on surfaces at temperatures above 350 - 400 degrees C (refs 12, 13), as a result of desorption(14) or degradation, limits the use of surface MNLs in high-temperature applications. Here we harness MNLs at thin-film interfaces at temperatures higher than the MNL desorption temperature to fortify copper - dielectric interfaces relevant to wiring in micro- and nano-electronic devices. Annealing Cu/MNL/SiO2 structures at 400 - 700 degrees C results in interfaces that are five times tougher than pristine Cu/SiO2 structures, yielding values exceeding similar to 20 J m(-2). Previously, similarly high toughness values have only been obtained using micrometre-thick interfacial layers(15-17). Electron spectroscopy of fracture surfaces and density functional theory modelling of molecular stretching and fracture show that toughening arises from thermally activated interfacial siloxane bridging that enables the MNL to be strongly linked to both the adjacent layers at the interface, and suppresses MNL desorption. We anticipate that our findings will open up opportunities for molecular-level tailoring of a variety of interfacial properties, at processing temperatures higher than previously envisaged, for applications where microlayers are not a viable option - such as in nanodevices or in thermally resistant molecular-inorganic hybrid devices.
C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
   Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Phys, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
   IBM Microelect, TJ Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
   Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Mat Engn, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
C3 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; Technion Israel Institute of Technology
RP Ramanath, G (corresponding author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
EM ramanath@rpi.edu
NR 28
TC 117
Z9 143
U1 0
U2 147
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 17
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7142
BP 299
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature05826
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 168JK
UT WOS:000246520300041
PM 17507979
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spillane, C
   Schmid, KJ
   Laoueillé-Duprat, S
   Pien, S
   Escobar-Restrepo, JM
   Baroux, C
   Gagliardini, V
   Page, DR
   Wolfe, KH
   Grossniklaus, U
AF Spillane, Charles
   Schmid, Karl J.
   Laoueille-Duprat, Sylvia
   Pien, Stephane
   Escobar-Restrepo, Juan-Miguel
   Baroux, Celia
   Gagliardini, Valeria
   Page, Damian R.
   Wolfe, Kenneth H.
   Grossniklaus, Ueli
TI Positive darwinian selection at the imprinted MEDEA locus in plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polycomb-group gene; detecting molecular adaptation; set domain proteins; arabidopsis-thaliana; seed development; endosperm development; expression patterns; dna polymorphism; evolution; genome
AB In mammals and seed plants, a subset of genes is regulated by genomic imprinting where an allele's activity depends on its parental origin. The parental conflict theory suggests that genomic imprinting evolved after the emergence of an embryo-nourishing tissue (placenta and endosperm), resulting in an intragenomic parental conflict over the allocation of nutrients from mother to offspring(1,2). It was predicted that imprinted genes, which arose through antagonistic co-evolution driven by a parental conflict, should be subject to positive darwinian selection(3). Here we show that the imprinted plant gene MEDEA (MEA)(4,5), which is essential for seed development, originated during a whole-genome duplication 35 to 85 million years ago. After duplication, MEA underwent positive darwinian selection consistent with neo-functionalization and the parental conflict theory. MEA continues to evolve rapidly in the out-crossing species Arabidopsis lyrata but not in the self-fertilizing species Arabidopsis thaliana, where parental conflicts are reduced. The paralogue of MEA, SWINGER (SWN; also called EZA1)(6), is not imprinted and evolved under strong purifying selection because it probably retained the ancestral function of the common precursor gene. The evolution of MEA suggests a late origin of genomic imprinting within the Brassicaceae, whereas imprinting is thought to have originated early within the mammalian lineage(7).
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Plant Biol, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Zurich, Zurich Basel Plant Sci Ctr, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Coll Cork, Genet & Biotechnol Lab, Dept Biochem, Cork, Ireland.
   Univ Coll Cork, Biosci Inst, Cork, Ireland.
   Max Planck Inst Chem Ecol, Dept Genet & Evolut, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Smurfit Inst Genet, Dublin, Ireland.
C3 University of Zurich; University of Zurich; University College Cork; University College Cork; Max Planck Society; Trinity College Dublin
RP Grossniklaus, U (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Plant Biol, Zollikerstr 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM c.spillane@ucc.ie; grossnik@botinst.uzh.ch
NR 40
TC 122
Z9 136
U1 1
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 19
PY 2007
VL 448
IS 7151
BP 349
EP U8
DI 10.1038/nature05984
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 191GC
UT WOS:000248118300057
PM 17637669
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zanazzi, A
   Kohn, MJ
   MacFadden, BJ
   Terry, DO
AF Zanazzi, Alessandro
   Kohn, Matthew J.
   MacFadden, Bruce J.
   Terry, Dennis O., Jr.
TI Large temperature drop across the Eocene-Oligocene transition in central North America
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extinctions; glaciation
AB The Eocene - Oligocene transition towards a cool climate (similar to 33.5 million years ago) was one of the most pronounced climate events during the Cenozoic era(1). The marine record of this transition has been extensively studied. However, significantly less research has focused on continental climate change at the time, yielding partly inconsistent results on the magnitude and timing of the changes(2-8). Here we use a combination of in vivo stable isotope compositions of fossil tooth enamel with diagenetic stable isotope compositions of fossil bone to derive a high-resolution ( about 40,000 years) continental temperature record for the Eocene - Oligocene transition. We find a large drop in mean annual temperature of 8.2 +/- 3.1 degrees C over about 400,000 years, the possibility of a small increase in temperature seasonality, and no resolvable change in aridity across the transition. The large change in mean annual temperature, exceeding changes in sea surface temperatures at comparable latitudes(9,10) and possibly delayed in time with respect to marine changes by up to 400,000 years, explains the faunal turnover for gastropods, amphibians and reptiles, whereas most mammals in the region were unaffected. Our results are in agreement with modelling studies that attribute the climate cooling at the Eocene - Oligocene transition to a significant drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
   Univ Florida, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Temple Univ, Dept Geol, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA.
C3 University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Temple University
RP Zanazzi, A (corresponding author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
EM azanazzi@geol.sc.edu; mjk@geol.sc.edu
NR 29
TC 232
Z9 297
U1 2
U2 84
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7128
BP 639
EP 642
DI 10.1038/nature05551
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133UM
UT WOS:000244039400042
PM 17287808
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Plantenberg, JH
   de Groot, PC
   Harmans, CJPM
   Mooij, JE
AF Plantenberg, J. H.
   de Groot, P. C.
   Harmans, C. J. P. M.
   Mooij, J. E.
TI Demonstration of controlled-NOT quantum gates on a pair of superconducting quantum bits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID states; qubits
AB Quantum computation requires quantum logic gates that use the interaction within pairs of quantum bits (qubits) to perform conditional operations(1). Superconducting qubits may offer an attractive route towards scalable quantum computing. In previous experiments on coupled superconducting qubits, conditional gate behaviour(2) and entanglement(3) were demonstrated. Here we demonstrate selective execution of the complete set of four different controlled-NOT ( CNOT) quantum logic gates, by applying microwave pulses of appropriate frequency to a single pair of coupled flux qubits. All two-qubit computational basis states and their superpositions are used as input, while two independent single-shot SQUID detectors measure the output state, including qubit - qubit correlations. We determined the gate's truth table by directly measuring the state transfer amplitudes and by acquiring the relevant quantum phase shift using a Ramsey-like interference experiment. The four conditional gates result from the symmetry of the qubits in the pair: either qubit can assume the role of control or target, and the gate action can be conditioned on either the 0-state or the 1-state. These gates are now sufficiently characterized to be used in quantum algorithms, and together form an efficient set of versatile building blocks.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst Nanosci, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
C3 Delft University of Technology
RP Plantenberg, JH (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst Nanosci, POB 5046, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
EM j.h.plantenberg@tudelft.nl; j.e.mooij@tudelft.nl
NR 18
TC 302
Z9 338
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7146
BP 836
EP 839
DI 10.1038/nature05896
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 178FV
UT WOS:000247207500039
PM 17568742
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Patel, N
AF Patel, Navroz
TI Quantum games: States of play
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 5
TC 22
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7124
BP 144
EP 146
DI 10.1038/445144a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124QF
UT WOS:000243384300023
PM 17215821
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chanock, SJ
   Manolio, T
   Boehnke, M
   Boerwinkle, E
   Hunter, DJ
   Thomas, G
   Hirschhorn, JN
   Abecasis, G
   Altshuler, D
   Bailey-Wilson, JE
   Brooks, LD
   Cardon, LR
   Daly, M
   Donnelly, P
   Fraumeni, JF
   Freimer, NB
   Gerhard, DS
   Gunter, C
   Guttmacher, AE
   Guyer, MS
   Harris, EL
   Hoh, J
   Hoover, R
   Kong, CA
   Merikangas, KR
   Morton, CC
   Palmer, LJ
   Phimister, EG
   Rice, JP
   Roberts, J
   Rotimi, C
   Tucker, MA
   Vogan, KJ
   Wacholder, S
   Wijsman, EM
   Winn, DM
   Collins, FS
AF Chanock, Stephen J.
   Manolio, Teri
   Boehnke, Michael
   Boerwinkle, Eric
   Hunter, David J.
   Thomas, Gilles
   Hirschhorn, Joel N.
   Abecasis, Goncalo
   Altshuler, David
   Bailey-Wilson, Joan E.
   Brooks, Lisa D.
   Cardon, Lon R.
   Daly, Mark
   Donnelly, Peter
   Fraumeni, Joseph F., Jr.
   Freimer, Nelson B.
   Gerhard, Daniela S.
   Gunter, Chris
   Guttmacher, Alan E.
   Guyer, Mark S.
   Harris, Emily L.
   Hoh, Josephine
   Hoover, Robert
   Kong, C. Augustine
   Merikangas, Kathleen R.
   Morton, Cynthia C.
   Palmer, Lyle J.
   Phimister, Elizabeth G.
   Rice, John P.
   Roberts, Jerry
   Rotimi, Charles
   Tucker, Margaret A.
   Vogan, Kyle J.
   Wacholder, Sholom
   Wijsman, Ellen M.
   Winn, Deborah M.
   Collins, Francis S.
TI Replicating genotype-phenotype associations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genome-wide association; single-nucleotide polymorphisms; common genetic-variants; factor-h polymorphism; parkinson-disease; prostate-cancer; dysbindin gene; risk locus; dtnbp1; susceptibility
C1 NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, Canc Res Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Biostat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Ctr Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Broad Inst MIT & Harvard,Cambridge Ctr 7, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Broad Inst MIT & Harvard, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Human Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, England.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Neurobehav Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   NCI, Off Canc Genom, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Nature, New York, NY 10013 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   DeCode Genet, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
   NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Western Australian Inst Med Res, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
   Univ Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Med Ctr, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
   New England Journal Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Howard Univ, Genet Epidemiol Unit, Natl Human Genome Ctr, Washington, DC 20060 USA.
   Nature Genet, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Univ Washington, Div Med Genet, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Biostat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   NCI, Epidemiol & Genet Res Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); NIH National Cancer Institute- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Texas System; University of Texas Health Science Center Houston; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; University of Oxford; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Center for Cancer Genomics (CCG); Yale University; Decode Genetics; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; University of Western Australia; Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre; University of Western Australia; Washington University (WUSTL); Howard University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Chanock, SJ (corresponding author), NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM chanocks@mail.nih.gov; manoliot@nhgri.nih.gov
NR 79
TC 1121
Z9 1266
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 7
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7145
BP 655
EP 660
DI 10.1038/447655a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 175RI
UT WOS:000247030700034
PM 17554299
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ziurys, LM
   Milam, SN
   Apponi, AJ
   Woolf, NJ
AF Ziurys, L. M.
   Milam, S. N.
   Apponi, A. J.
   Woolf, N. J.
TI Chemical complexity in the winds of the oxygen-rich supergiant star VY Canis Majoris
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mass-loss; bearing molecules; red giants; circumstellar; abundances; envelopes; chemistry; emission; hcn; convection
AB The interstellar medium is enriched primarily by matter ejected from old, evolved stars(1,2). The outflows from these stars create spherical envelopes, which foster gas-phase chemistry(3-5). The chemical complexity in circumstellar shells was originally thought to be dominated by the elemental carbon to oxygen ratio(6). Observations have suggested that envelopes with more carbon than oxygen have a significantly greater abundance of molecules than their oxygen-rich analogues(7). Here we report observations of molecules in the oxygen-rich shell of the red supergiant star VY Canis Majoris (VY CMa). A variety of unexpected chemical compounds have been identified, including NaCl, PN, HNC and HCO+. From the spectral line profiles, the molecules can be distinguished as arising from three distinct kinematic regions: a spherical outflow, a tightly collimated, blue-shifted expansion, and a directed, red-shifted flow. Certain species (SiO, PN and NaCl) exclusively trace the spherical flow, whereas HNC and sulphur-bearing molecules (amongst others) are selectively created in the two expansions, perhaps arising from shock waves. CO, HCN, CS and HCO+ exist in all three components. Despite the oxygen-rich environment, HCN seems to be as abundant as CO. These results suggest that oxygen-rich shells may be as chemically diverse as their carbon counterparts.
C1 Univ Arizona, Astrobiol Inst, NASA, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Arizona Radio Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); University of Arizona; University of Arizona; University of Arizona; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); University of Arizona
RP Ziurys, LM (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Astrobiol Inst, NASA, 1306 E Univ Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM lziurys@as.arizona.edu
NR 30
TC 117
Z9 125
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7148
BP 1094
EP 1097
DI 10.1038/nature05905
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 183HT
UT WOS:000247564600033
PM 17597755
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jia, D
   Jurkowska, RZ
   Zhang, X
   Jeltsch, A
   Cheng, XD
AF Jia, Da
   Jurkowska, Renata Z.
   Zhang, Xing
   Jeltsch, Albert
   Cheng, Xiaodong
TI Structure of Dnmt3a bound to Dnmt3L suggests a model for de novo DNA methylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histone modifications; mouse; regions; methyltransferases; spermatogenesis; stimulation; mechanism; igf2r; marks
AB Genetic imprinting, found in flowering plants and placental mammals, uses DNA methylation to yield gene expression that is dependent on the parent of origin(1). DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a) and its regulatory factor, DNA methyltransferase 3-like protein (Dnmt3L), are both required for the de novo DNA methylation of imprinted genes in mammalian germ cells. Dnmt3L interacts specifically with unmethylated lysine 4 of histone H3 through its amino-terminal PHD (plant homeodomain)-like domain(2). Here we show, with the use of crystallography, that the carboxy-terminal domain of human Dnmt3L interacts with the catalytic domain of Dnmt3a, demonstrating that Dnmt3L has dual functions of binding the unmethylated histone tail and activating DNA methyltransferase. The complexed C-terminal domains of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3L showed further dimerization through Dnmt3a-Dnmt3a interaction, forming a tetrameric complex with two active sites. Substitution of key non-catalytic residues at the Dnmt3a-Dnmt3L interface or the Dnmt3a-Dnmt3a interface eliminated enzymatic activity. Molecular modelling of a DNA Dnmt3a dimer indicated that the two active sites are separated by about one DNA helical turn. The C-terminal domain of Dnmt3a oligomerizes on DNA to form a nucleoprotein filament. A periodicity in the activity of Dnmt3a on long DNA revealed a correlation of methylated CpG sites at distances of eight to ten base pairs, indicating that oligomerization leads Dnmt3a to methylate DNA in a periodic pattern. A similar periodicity is observed for the frequency of CpG sites in the differentially methylated regions of 12 maternally imprinted mouse genes. These results suggest a basis for the recognition and methylation of differentially methylated regions in imprinted genes, involving the detection of both nucleosome modification and CpG spacing.
C1 Jacobs Univ Bremen, Sch Sci & Engn, Biochem Lab, D-28759 Bremen, Germany.
   Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
C3 Constructor University; Emory University
RP Jeltsch, A (corresponding author), Jacobs Univ Bremen, Sch Sci & Engn, Biochem Lab, D-28759 Bremen, Germany.
EM a.jeltsch@jacobs-university.de; xcheng@emory.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM049245] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 649
Z9 818
U1 0
U2 95
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 13
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7159
BP 248
EP U13
DI 10.1038/nature06146
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 209NF
UT WOS:000249394500056
PM 17713477
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tombola, F
   Pathak, MM
   Gorostiza, P
   Isacoff, EY
AF Tombola, Francesco
   Pathak, Medha M.
   Gorostiza, Pau
   Isacoff, Ehud Y.
TI The twisted ion-permeation pathway of a resting voltage-sensing domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID focused electric-field; shaker k+ channel; potassium channel; transmembrane movement; sensor; pore; displacement; activation; mechanism; models
AB Proteins containing voltage-sensing domains (VSDs) translate changes in membrane potential into changes in ion permeability or enzymatic activity(1-3). In channels, voltage change triggers a switch in conformation of the VSD, which drives gating in a separate pore domain, or, in channels lacking a pore domain, directly gates an ion pathway within the VSD4,5. Neither mechanism is well understood(6). In the Shaker potassium channel, mutation of the first arginine residue of the S4 helix to a smaller uncharged residue makes the VSD permeable to ions ('omega current') in the resting conformation ('S4 down')(7). Here we perform a structure-guided perturbation analysis of the omega conductance to map its VSD permeation pathway. We find that there are four omega pores per channel, which is consistent with one conduction path per VSD. Permeating ions from the extracellular medium enter the VSD at its peripheral junction with the pore domain, and then plunge into the core of the VSD in a curved conduction pathway. Our results provide a model of the resting conformation of the VSD.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Isacoff, EY (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM ehud@berkeley.edu
NR 25
TC 120
Z9 139
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7127
BP 546
EP 549
DI 10.1038/nature05396
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 131KI
UT WOS:000243867300045
PM 17187057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spitale, JN
   Porco, CC
AF Spitale, Joseph N.
   Porco, Carolyn C.
TI Association of the jets of Enceladus with the warmest regions on its south-polar fractures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Jets of material have been seen emanating from the south-polar terrain of Saturn's satellite Enceladus(1). Observations have shown that this region is anomalously warm(2), with the hottest measured temperatures coinciding with the four 'tiger stripe' fractures, named Alexandria, Cairo, Baghdad and Damascus, that straddle the region(1,2). Here we use Cassini images taken from a variety of viewing directions over two years to triangulate the source locations for the most prominent jets, and compare these with the infrared hotspot locations and the predictions from a recent model of tidally induced shear heating within the fractures(3). We find that the jets emanate from the four tiger stripes, with the strongest sources on Baghdad and Damascus. All the jets from each fracture seem to lie in the same nearly vertical plane. There is a strong spatial coincidence between our geographical sources and the locations of increased temperature revealed by the infrared experiment. Comparison with the shear heating model shows broad agreement; the exception is the prediction that Baghdad is the least active lineament, whereas we find it to be the most active. We predict that several new hotspots remain to be discovered by future thermal observations.
C1 Space Sci Inst, Cassini Imaging Cent Lab Operat, Boulder, CO 80301 USA.
RP Spitale, JN (corresponding author), Space Sci Inst, Cassini Imaging Cent Lab Operat, 4750 Walnut St, Boulder, CO 80301 USA.
EM spitale@lpl.arizona.edu
NR 7
TC 133
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 11
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7163
BP 695
EP 697
DI 10.1038/nature06217
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 218VV
UT WOS:000250045000037
PM 17928854
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, CGA
   Aylward, AD
   Millward, GH
   Miller, S
   Moore, LE
AF Smith, C. G. A.
   Aylward, A. D.
   Millward, G. H.
   Miller, S.
   Moore, L. E.
TI An unexpected cooling effect in Saturn's upper atmosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gravity-waves
AB The upper atmospheres of the four Solar System giant planets exhibit high temperatures(1,2) that cannot be explained by the absorption of sunlight(2,3). In the case of Saturn the temperatures predicted by models of solar heating(2,4) are 200 K, compared to temperatures of similar to 400 K observed independently in the polar regions(5) and at 30 degrees latitude(6). This unexplained 'energy crisis' represents a major gap in our understanding of these planets' atmospheres. An important candidate for the source of the missing energy is the magnetosphere(1,2,4,7-9), which injects energy mostly in the polar regions of the planet. This polar energy input is believed to be sufficient to explain the observed temperatures(9), provided that it is efficiently redistributed globally by winds(4,8), a process that is not well understood. Here we show, using a numerical model(4), that the net effect of the winds driven by the polar energy inputs is not to heat but to cool the low-latitude thermosphere. This surprising result allows us to rule out known polar energy inputs as the solution to the energy crisis at Saturn. There is either an unknown - and large - source of polar energy, or, more probably, some other process heats low latitudes directly.
C1 UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 University of London; University College London; Boston University
RP Aylward, AD (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, Mortimer St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM a.aylward@ucl.ac.uk
NR 25
TC 54
Z9 57
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7126
BP 399
EP 401
DI 10.1038/nature05518
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 128WD
UT WOS:000243689500032
PM 17251972
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, Y
   Sturgill, D
   Parisi, M
   Kumar, S
   Oliver, B
AF Zhang, Yu
   Sturgill, David
   Parisi, Michael
   Kumar, Sudhir
   Oliver, Brian
TI Constraint and turnover in sex-biased gene expression in the genus Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolutionary significance; mutation; rates; accumulation; selection; patterns; sequence; model
AB Both genome content and deployment contribute to phenotypic differences between species(1-5). Sex is the most important difference between individuals in a species and has long been posited to be rapidly evolving. Indeed, in the Drosophila genus, traits such as sperm length, genitalia, and gonad size are the most obvious differences between species(6). Comparative analysis of sex-biased expression should deepen our understanding of the relationship between genome content and deployment during evolution. Using existing(7,8) and newly assembled genomes(9), we designed species-specific microarrays to examine sex-biased expression of orthologues and species-restricted genes in D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. yakuba, D. ananassae, D. pseudoobscura, D. virilis and D. mojavensis. We show that averaged sex-biased expression changes accumulate monotonically over time within the genus. However, different genes contribute to expression variance within species groups compared to between groups. We observed greater turnover of species-restricted genes with male-biased expression, indicating that gene formation and extinction may play a significant part in species differences. Genes with male-biased expression also show the greatest expression and DNA sequence divergence. This higher divergence and turnover of genes with male-biased expression may be due to high transcription rates in the male germline, greater functional pleiotropy of genes expressed in females, and/or sexual competition.
C1 NIDDKD, Cellular & Dev Biol Lab, NIH, US Dept HHS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Ctr Evolutionary Funct Genom, Biodesign Inst, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Zhang, Y (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Cellular & Dev Biol Lab, NIH, US Dept HHS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM yuzhang@mail.nih.gov; oliver@helix.nih.gov
FU NHGRI NIH HHS [R01 HG002516] Funding Source: Medline; Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 DK015600] Funding Source: Medline
NR 39
TC 235
Z9 274
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 8
PY 2007
VL 450
IS 7167
BP 233
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature06323
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228RC
UT WOS:000250746200044
PM 17994089
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, X
   Tan, QW
   Wang, JM
   Zhao, XJ
   Tan, L
AF Xu, Xing
   Tan, Qingwei
   Wang, Jianmin
   Zhao, Xijin
   Tan, Lin
TI Agigantic bird-like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID theropoda; evolution; history
AB An evolutionary trend of decreasing size is present along the line to birds in coelurosaurian theropod evolution(1,2), but size increases are seen in many coelurosaurian subgroups, in which large forms are less bird-like(2,3). Here we report on a new non-avian dinosaur, Gigantoraptor erlianensis, gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation of Nei Mongol, China. Although it has a body mass of about 1,400 kg, a phylogenetic analysis positions this new taxon within the Oviraptorosauria, a group of small, feathered theropods rarely exceeding 40 kg in body mass(2,4-7). A histological analysis suggests that Gigantoraptor gained this size by a growth rate considerably faster than large North American tyrannosaurs such as Albertosaurus and Gorgosaurus(8). Gigantoraptor possesses several salient features previously unknown in any other dinosaur and its hind limb bone scaling and proportions are significantly different from those of other coelurosaurs(9,10), thus increasing the morphological diversity among dinosaurs. Most significantly, the gigantic Gigantoraptor shows many birdlike features absent in its smaller oviraptorosaurian relatives, unlike the evolutionary trend seen in many other coelurosaurian subgroups(2,3).
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Long Hao Inst Geol & Paleontol, Hohhot 010010, Nei Mongol, Peoples R China.
   Dept Land Resources, Hohhot 010010, Nei Mongol, Peoples R China.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS
RP Xu, X (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
EM xu.xing@ivpp.ac.cn
NR 30
TC 103
Z9 125
U1 1
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 14
PY 2007
VL 447
IS 7146
BP 844
EP 847
DI 10.1038/nature05849
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 178FV
UT WOS:000247207500041
PM 17565365
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yan, CT
   Boboila, C
   Souza, EK
   Franco, S
   Hickernell, TR
   Murphy, M
   Gumaste, S
   Geyer, M
   Zarrin, AA
   Manis, JP
   Rajewsky, K
   Alt, FW
AF Yan, Catherine T.
   Boboila, Cristian
   Souza, Ellen Kris
   Franco, Sonia
   Hickernell, Thomas R.
   Murphy, Michael
   Gumaste, Sunil
   Geyer, Mark
   Zarrin, Ali A.
   Manis, John P.
   Rajewsky, Klaus
   Alt, Frederick W.
TI IgH class switching and translocations use a robust non-classical end-joining pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-strand break; dna-ligase-iv; mammalian-cells; v(d)j recombination; repair; xrcc4; mice; lymphocytes; proteins; regions
AB Immunoglobulin variable region exons are assembled in developing B cells by V(D)J recombination. Once mature, these cells undergo class-switch recombination (CSR) when activated by antigen. CSR changes the heavy chain constant region exons (CH) expressed with a given variable region exon from Cm to a downstream CH (for example, C gamma, C epsilon or C alpha), thereby switching expression from IgM to IgG, IgE or IgA. Both V(D)J recombination and CSR involve the introduction of DNA double-strand breaks and their repair by means of end joining(1,2). For CSR, double-strand breaks are introduced into switch regions that flank Cm and a downstream CH, followed by fusion of the broken switch regions(1). In mammalian cells, the 'classical' non-homologous end joining (C-NHEJ) pathway repairs both general DNA double-strand breaks and programmed double-strand breaks generated by V(D)J recombination(2,3). C-NHEJ, as observed during V(D)J recombination, joins ends that lack homology to form 'direct' joins, and also joins ends with several base-pair homologies to form microhomology joins(3,4). CSR joins also display direct and microhomology joins, and CSR has been suggested to use C-NHEJ(5-8). Xrcc4 and DNA ligase IV (Lig4), which cooperatively catalyse the ligation step of C-NHEJ, are the most specific C-NHEJ factors; they are absolutely required for V(D)J recombination and have no known functions other than C-NHEJ(2). Here we assess whether C-NHEJ is also critical for CSR by assaying CSR in Xrcc4- or Lig4-deficient mouse B cells. C-NHEJ indeed catalyses CSR joins, because C-NHEJ-deficient B cells had decreased CSR and substantial levels of IgH locus (immunoglobulin heavy chain, encoded by Igh) chromosomal breaks. However, an alternative end-joining pathway, which is markedly biased towards microhomology joins, supports CSR at unexpectedly robust levels in C-NHEJ-deficient B cells. In the absence of C-NHEJ, this alternative end-joining pathway also frequently joins Igh locus breaks to other chromosomes to generate translocations.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Immune Dis Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Alt, FW (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM alt@enders.tch.harvard.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [P01 CA092625] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 478
Z9 605
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 27
PY 2007
VL 449
IS 7161
BP 478
EP U9
DI 10.1038/nature06020
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214GQ
UT WOS:000249724800044
PM 17713479
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taga, ME
   Larsen, NA
   Howard-Jones, AR
   Walsh, CT
   Walker, GC
AF Taga, Michiko E.
   Larsen, Nicholas A.
   Howard-Jones, Annaleise R.
   Walsh, Christopher T.
   Walker, Graham C.
TI BluB cannibalizes flavin to form the lower ligand of vitamin B12
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; escherichia-coli; reduced flavin; coenzyme b-12; biosynthesis; 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole; transformation; monooxygenase; riboflavin; mechanism
AB Vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) is among the largest known non-polymeric natural products, and the only vitamin synthesized exclusively by microorganisms(1). The biosynthesis of the lower ligand of vitamin B-12, 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole (DMB), is poorly understood(1-3). Recently, we discovered that a Sinorhizobium meliloti gene, bluB, is necessary for DMB biosynthesis(4). Here we show that BluB triggers the unprecedented fragmentation and contraction of the bound flavin mononucleotide cofactor and cleavage of the ribityl tail to form DMB and D-erythrose 4-phosphate. Our structural analysis shows that BluB resembles an NAD(P)H-flavin oxidoreductase, except that its unusually tight binding pocket accommodates flavin mononucleotide but not NAD( P) H. We characterize crystallographically an early intermediate along the reaction coordinate, revealing molecular oxygen poised over reduced flavin. Thus, BluB isolates and directs reduced flavin to activate molecular oxygen for its own cannibalization. This investigation of the biosynthesis of DMB provides clarification of an aspect of vitamin B-12 that was otherwise incomplete, and may contribute to a better understanding of vitamin B-12-related disease.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Walsh, CT (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM christopher_walsh@hms.harvard.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM031030, R01 GM020011] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 144
Z9 188
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 22
PY 2007
VL 446
IS 7134
BP 449
EP 453
DI 10.1038/nature05611
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 148MO
UT WOS:000245079500042
PM 17377583
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Evans, AR
   Wilson, GP
   Fortelius, M
   Jernvall, J
AF Evans, Alistair R.
   Wilson, Gregory P.
   Fortelius, Mikael
   Jernvall, Jukka
TI High-level similarity of dentitions in carnivorans and rodents
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tooth; morphology; diet
AB The study of mammalian evolution depends greatly on understanding the evolution of teeth and the relationship of tooth shape to diet. Links between gross tooth shape, function and diet have been proposed since antiquity, stretching from Aristotle(1) to Cuvier(2), Owen(3) and Osborn(4). So far, however, the possibilities for exhaustive, quantitative comparisons between greatly different tooth shapes have been limited. Cat teeth and mouse teeth, for example, are fundamentally distinct in shape and structure as a result of independent evolutionary change over tens of millions of years(5). There is difficulty in establishing homology between their tooth components or in summarizing their tooth shapes, yet both carnivorans and rodents possess a comparable spectrum of dietary specializations from animals to plants. Here we introduce homology-free techniques(6-8) to measure the phenotypic complexity of the three-dimensional shape of tooth crowns. In our geographic information systems (GIS) analysis of 441 teeth from 81 species of carnivorans and rodents, we show that the surface complexity of tooth crowns directly reflects the foods they consume. Moreover, the absolute values of dental complexity for individual dietary classes correspond between carnivorans and rodents, illustrating a high-level similarity between overall tooth shapes despite a lack of low-level similarity of specific tooth components. These results suggest that scale-independent forces have determined the high-level dental shape in lineages that are widely divergent in size, ecology and life history. This link between diet and phenotype will be useful for inferring the ecology of extinct species and illustrates the potential of fast-throughput, high-level analysis of the phenotype.
C1 Inst Biotechnol, Evolut & Dev Unit, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Denver Museum Nat & Sci, Dept Earth Sci, Denver, CO 80205 USA.
   Univ Helsinki, Dept Geol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
C3 University of Helsinki
RP Evans, AR (corresponding author), Inst Biotechnol, Evolut & Dev Unit, POB 56 Viikinkaari 9, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
EM arevans@fastmail.fm
NR 30
TC 337
Z9 400
U1 5
U2 84
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 2007
VL 445
IS 7123
BP 78
EP 81
DI 10.1038/nature05433
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122KG
UT WOS:000243225100039
PM 17167416
DA 2026-03-09
ER

